143:
1756:
1979:
155:
3180:
287:. Wine has been around for thousands of years in the countries on the Mediterranean but France has made it a part of their civilization and has considered wine-making as art for over two thousand years. The Gauls knew how to cultivate the vine and how to prune it. Pruning creates an important distinction in the difference between wild vines and wine-producing grapes. Before long, the wines produced in Gaul were popular all around the world. The Roman Empire licensed regions in the south to produce wines.
4250:
3958:
1699:, France had no tradition of labelling wines with details of the grape varieties used. Since New World wines made the names of individual grape varieties familiar to international consumers in the late 20th century, more French wineries started to use varietal labelling. In general, varietal labelling is most common for the Vin de Pays category, although some AOC wines now also display varietal names. For most AOC wines, if grape varieties are mentioned, they will be in small print on a back label.
409:), and subject to less restrictive regulations than AOC wines. For instance, it allows producers to distinguish wines that are made using grape varieties or procedures other than those required by the AOC rules, without having to use the simple and commercially non-viable table wine classification. In order to maintain a distinction from Vin de Table, the producers have to submit the wine for analysis and tasting, and the wines have to be made from certain varieties or blends.
505:
135:
1847:
33:
2271:, in the south-east and close to the Mediterranean. It is perhaps the warmest wine region of France and produces mainly rosé and red wine. It covers eight major appellations led by the Provence flagship, Bandol. Some Provence wine can be compared with the Southern Rhône wines as they share both grapes and, to some degree, style and climate. Provence also has a classification of its most prestigious estates, much like Bordeaux.
1720:"... dans la région de production": the wine was not bottled at the vineyard but by a larger business at its warehouse; this warehouse was within the same winemaking region of France as the appellation, but not necessarily within the boundary of the appellation itself. If a chateau or domaine is named, it may well not exist as a real vineyard, and the wine may be an assemblage from the grapes or the wines of several producers.
3192:
1621:
576:
and
Bordeaux. As an example of the rules, although climatic conditions would appear to be favorable, no Cabernet Sauvignon wines are produced in Rhône, Riesling wines in Loire, or Chardonnay wines in Bordeaux. (If such wines were produced, they would have to be declassified to Vin de Pays or French table wine. They would not be allowed to display any appellation name or even region of origin.)
1695:
level, will also include the geographical area where the wine was made. Sometimes that will simply be the wider region where the wine was made, but some labels, especially for higher quality wines, will also include details of the individual village or commune, and even the specific vineyard where the wine was sourced. With the exception of
572:" are of French origin, or became known and spread because of their cultivation in France. Since French appellation rules generally restrict wines from each region, district or appellation to a small number of allowed grape varieties, there are in principle no varieties that are commonly planted throughout all of France.
222:(AOC) system, replaced by the Appellation d'Origine Protégée (AOP) system in 2012. Appellation rules closely define which grape varieties and winemaking practices are approved for classification in each of France's several hundred geographically defined appellations, which can cover regions, villages or vineyards.
1763:
The recognized wine producing areas in France are regulated by the
Institut National des Appellations d'Origine – INAO in acronym. Every appellation in France is defined by INAO, in regards to the individual regions particular wine "character". If a wine fails to meet the INAO's strict criteria it is
1818:
grape. Gamay is characterized by an early ripening and acidic variety. Due to the carbonic maceration that producers use during the wine-making process
Beaujolais wines are brightly colored with a low level of soft tannin. They usually have an intense fruity flavor of raspberry and cranberry. Apart
303:
maintained vineyards and, more importantly, conserved wine-making knowledge and skills during that often turbulent period. Monasteries had the resources, security and inventiveness to produce a steady supply of wine for Mass and profit. The best vineyards were owned by the monasteries and their wine
1732:" is a special mark adopted by some independent wine-makers, to distinguish them from larger corporate winemaking operations and symbolize a return to the basics of the craft of wine-making. Bottles from these independent makers carry a special logo usually printed on the foil cap covering the cork.
575:
Most varieties of grape are primarily associated with a certain region, such as
Cabernet Sauvignon in Bordeaux and Syrah in Rhône, although there are some varieties that are found in two or more regions, such as Chardonnay in Bourgogne (including Chablis) and Champagne, and Sauvignon blanc in Loire
1694:
The amount of information included on French wine labels varies depending on which region the wine was made in, and what level of classification the wine carries. As a minimum, labels will usually state that classification, as well as the name of the producer, and, for wines above the Vin De Table
437:
The total French production for the 2005 vintage was 43.9 million hl (plus an additional 9.4 million hl destined for various brandies) of which 28.3% was white and 71.7% was red or rosé. The proportion of white wine is slightly higher for the higher categories, with 34.3% of the AOC wine
543:
In many respects, French wines have more of a regional than a national identity, as evidenced by different grape varieties, production methods and different classification systems in the various regions. Quality levels and prices vary enormously, and some wines are made for immediate consumption
319:
spread throughout the country and the rest of Europe, leaving vineyards desolate. Then came an economic downturn in Europe followed by two world wars and the French wine industry was depressed for decades. Competition threatened French brands such as
Champagne and Bordeaux. This resulted in the
492:
The largest changes will be in the Vin de France category, and to VDQS wines, which either need to qualify as AOP wines or be downgraded to an IGP category. For the former AOC wines, the move to AOP will only mean minor changes to the terminology of the label, while the actual names of the
2409:
France has traditionally been the largest consumer of its own wines. However, wine consumption has been dropping in France for 40 years. During the decade of the 1990s, per capita consumption dropped by nearly 20 percent. Therefore, French wine producers must rely increasingly on
1830:. There are 12 appellations in Beaujolais including Beaujolais AOC and Beaujolais-Villages AOC and 10 Crus: Brouilly, Regnié, Chiroubles, Cote de Brouilly, Fleurie, Saint-Amour, Chénas, Juliénas, Morgon and Moulin-a-Vent. The Beaujolais region is also notorious for the
245:) that are now planted throughout the world, as well as wine-making practices and styles of wine that have been adopted in other producing countries. Although some producers have benefited in recent years from rising prices and increased demand for prestige wines from
540:– are produced in France. In most of these styles, the French production ranges from cheap and simple versions to some of the world's most famous and expensive examples. An exception is French fortified wines, which tend to be relatively unknown outside France.
1996:
in eastern France is a region where red and white wines are equally important. Probably more terroir-conscious than any other region, Burgundy is divided into the largest number of appellations of any French region. The top wines from
Burgundy's heartland in
454:
The wine classification system of France was revised in 2006, with a new system fully introduced by 2012. The new system consists of three categories rather than four, since there will be no category corresponding to VDQS from 2012. The new categories are:
2069:, is the coldest of France's major wine regions and home to its major sparkling wine. Champagne wines can be both white and rosé. A small amount of still wine is produced in Champagne using (as AOC Coteaux Champenois) of which some can be red wine.
2039:
in the south, close to the Rhône Valley region, where mostly red wines are made in a fruity style that is usually consumed young. "Beaujolais
Nouveau" is the only wine that can be legally consumed in the year of its production (Third week end of
2080:
is an island in the
Mediterranean the wines of which are primarily consumed on the island itself. It has nine AOC regions and an island-wide vin de pays designation and is still developing its production methods as well as its regional style.
1764:
declassified into a lower appellation or even into Vin de Pays or Vin de Table. With the number of appellations in France too numerous to mention here, they are easily defined into one of the main wine producing regions listed below:
2157:
is a primarily white-wine region that stretches over a long distance along the Loire River in central and western France, and where grape varieties and wine styles vary along the river. Four sub-regions are situated along the river:
2119:, are produced. The region covers six appellations and is related to Burgundy through its extensive use of the Burgundian grapes Chardonnay and Pinot noir, though other varieties are used. It also shares cool climate with Burgundy.
555:
meal, or a full-fledged multi-course menu. Since the French tradition is to serve wine with food, wines have seldom been developed or styled as "bar wines" for drinking on their own, or to impress in tastings when young.
2316:, a somewhat heterogeneous collection of wine areas inland or south of Bordeaux. Some areas produce primarily red wines in a style reminiscent of red Bordeaux, while other produce dry or sweet white wines. Areas within
2050:
There are two main grape varieties used in
Burgundy – Chardonnay for white wines, and Pinot noir for red. White wines are also sometimes made from Aligoté, and other grape varieties will also be found occasionally.
1702:
Labels will also indicate where the wine was bottled, which can be an indication as to the quality level of the wine, and whether it was bottled by a single producer, or more anonymously and in larger quantities:
1684:
1666:
and wine laws across the globe. In other words: when the same grape variety is planted in different regions, it can produce wines that are significantly different from each other. In France the concept of
2510:
2432:
Immune from these problems has been the market for
Champagne as well as the market for the expensive ranked or classified wines. However, these constitute only about five percent of French production.
2822:
493:
appellations themselves will remain unchanged. While no new wines have been marketed under the old designations from 2012, bottles already in the distribution chain will not be relabelled.
2054:
Gustave Henri Laly, a renowned wine producer from Burgundy, supplied the French General Assembly with his Montrachet produced at Mont Dardon around the turn of the 20th century.
377:(QWPSR) designation. The categories and their shares of the total French production for the 2005 vintage, excluding wine destined for Cognac, Armagnac and other brandies, were
1710:"... au château, au domaine, à la propriété": these have a similar meaning, and indicate the wine was "estate bottled", on the same property on which it was grown or at a
1970:. Several small recreational vineyards were established in the last two decades e.g. in Rennes, Quimper, Morlaix, Le Quillo, Cléguérec, Sain Sulliac, Le Folgoët, etc.
1955:
that were to be on display for visitors from around the world. Brokers from the wine industry ranked the wines according to a château's reputation and trading price.
1656:(typical rain, winds, humidity, temperature variations, etc.). Even in the same area, no two vineyards have exactly the same terroir, thus being the base of the
2252:
is not an official wine region anymore. Yet it has a rich history related to grapegrowing and winemaking and has recently been demonstrating a revival of its
2237:
is not an official wine region anymore. Yet it has a rich history related to grapegrowing and winemaking and has recently been demonstrating a revival of its
2130:
is the largest region in terms of vineyard surface and production, hence the region in which much of France's cheap bulk wines have been produced. So-called "
2092:
is not an official wine region anymore. Yet it has a rich history related to grapegrowing and winemaking and has recently been demonstrating a revival of its
1966:
is not an official wine region anymore, but it has a rich history related to grapegrowing and winemaking and has recently been demonstrating a revival of its
425:(VDQS, 0.9%) – Less strict than AOC, usually used for smaller areas or as a "waiting room" for potential AOCs. This category was abolished at the end of 2011.
2475:
1868:
is a large region on the Atlantic coast, which has a long history of exporting its wines overseas. This is primarily a red wine region, famous for the wines
2830:
1779:
and borders Germany, a country with which it shares many grape varieties as well as a long tradition of varietal labelling. Grapes grown in Alsace include
2286:. The styles and varietal composition of northern and southern Rhône differ, but both parts compete with Bordeaux as traditional producers of red wines.
2421:. This has led to the distillation of wine into industrial alcohol as well as a government program to pay farmers to pull up their grape vines through
2260:
area and several small recreational vineyards were established in the last two decades e.g. in Coucy le Château, Gerberoy, Gouvieux, Clairoix, etc.
2241:. Several small recreational vineyards were established in the last two decades and at least one operates on a commercial scale in Grisy near Caen.
2046:, halfway between Côte d'Or and Paris, where white wines are produced on chalky soil giving a more crisp and steely style than the rest of Burgundy.
1775:
is primarily a white-wine region, though some red, rosé, sparkling and sweet wines are also produced. It is situated in eastern France on the river
4292:
547:
If there is one thing that most French wines have in common, it is that most styles have developed as wines meant to accompany food, be it a quick
438:
being white. In years with less favourable vintage conditions than 2005, the proportion of AOC wine tends to be a little lower. The proportion of
352:
1940:
1858:
142:
2555:
421:
2809:
373:
165:
corresponds well to the traditional image of a prestigious French château, but in reality, French wineries come in all sizes and shapes.
2797:
203:
times. The wines produced range from expensive wines sold internationally to modest wines usually only seen within France such as the
4405:
360:
for wine in the world and strict laws concerning winemaking and production and many European systems are modeled after it. The word "
2991:
1671:
manifests itself most extremely in the Burgundy region. The amount of influence and the scope that falls under the description of
472:
4184:
1658:
568:
are cultivated in France, including both internationally well-known and obscure local varieties. In fact, most of the so-called "
429:
346:
322:
218:
2100:
area and more than 200 small recreational vineyards were established in the last decades covering about 12 hectares altogether.
2755:
4285:
4006:
199:. French wine traces its history to the 6th century BCE, with many of France's regions dating their wine-making history to
2301:, primarily a white-wine region in the Alps close to Switzerland, where many grapes unique to this region are cultivated.
433:(AOC, 53.4%) – Wine from a particular area with many other restrictions, including grape varieties and winemaking methods.
97:
1755:
2401:
wines, and some, particularly those in more northern locations, are remnants of production areas that were once larger.
1729:
158:
69:
1717:"... par ..." the wine was bottled by the concern whose name follows. This may be the producing vineyard or it may not.
3268:
3148:
3110:
3089:
2951:
2897:
2859:
2608:
116:
4414:
371:
French law divides wine into four categories, two falling under the European Union Table Wine category and two the
368:
wine laws have been modeled after those of the French, this trend is likely to continue with further EU expansion.
76:
4372:
4278:
3243:
2309:
1632:
The concept of Terroir, which refers to the unique combination of natural factors associated with any particular
484:
357:
3557:
1928:. Bordeaux also makes dry and sweet white wines, including some of the world's most famous sweet wines from the
918:
4894:
3724:
2134:", Languedoc-Roussillon is also the home of some innovative producers who combine traditional French wine like
2093:
216:, which links the style of the wines to the locations where the grapes are grown and the wine is made, and the
196:
54:
4398:
4210:
1944:
83:
17:
2414:. However, consumption has also been dropping in other potential markets such as Italy, Spain and Portugal.
1978:
4765:
4215:
50:
1998:
1877:
1869:
4605:
442:
has decreased considerably over the last decades, while the proportion of AOC has increased somewhat and
2397:
There are also several smaller production areas situated outside these major regions. Many of those are
65:
4135:
4102:
3931:
3170:
3066:
3051:
2967:
1683:
2699:"A leader in an emerging new international market: the determinants of French wine exports, 1848–1938"
2582:
4347:
4225:
4115:
2366:
2127:
4884:
4391:
4220:
3999:
3941:
3870:
3762:
3363:
3346:
2884:
2257:
2238:
2978:
336:
yielded results in the 1970s and the following decades, creating the modern French wine industry.
4110:
3483:
3319:
2500:
2386:
2253:
2062:
1967:
1800:
569:
565:
43:
1893:
4889:
3973:
3896:
3341:
2556:"World wine production reaches record level in 2018, consumption is stable - BKWine Magazine -"
1948:
1740:
If a single varietal name is used, the wine must be made from a minimum of 85% of this variety.
1711:
1139:
266:
2889:
2879:
2111:, a small region in the mountains close to Switzerland where some unique wine styles, notably
1723:"... dans nos chais, dans nos caves": the wine was bottled by the business named on the label.
4695:
3911:
3680:
3324:
397:(33.9%) – Carries with it a specific region within France (for example Vin de Pays d'Oc from
2096:. 5 villages of Ile de France (north-east of the Seine et Marne department) are part of the
1933:
1885:
4879:
3562:
3314:
2440:
2211:
2203:
2138:, the world's oldest sparkling wine, and international styles while using lessons from the
2135:
398:
257:
has contributed to a decline in the domestic and international consumption of French wine.
3122:
2358:
1901:
402:
8:
4352:
4140:
4092:
3992:
3236:
2847:
2154:
2143:
1983:
1905:
1653:
288:
90:
3542:
2998:
4670:
4453:
4130:
3635:
2726:
2480:
2324:
2222:
1917:
1831:
1746:
If two or more varietal names are used, they must generally appear in descending order.
1649:
1003:
816:
697:
389:(11.7%) – Carries with it only the producer and the designation that it is from France.
226:
3023:
2798:
INAO statistics of vineyard surfaces and production volumes for the 2005–2006 campaign
2199:
1881:
154:
4084:
4031:
3615:
3353:
3144:
3106:
3085:
2947:
2893:
2855:
2751:
2730:
2718:
2459:
2422:
1173:
952:
305:
3552:
1909:
1897:
1873:
509:
4812:
4725:
4690:
4544:
4489:
3875:
3802:
3665:
3567:
2710:
2530:
2350:
2097:
2032:
There are two parts of Burgundy that are sometimes considered as separate regions:
2020:
1929:
1207:
2390:
2089:
304:
was considered to be superior. The nobility developed extensive vineyards but the
150:
in Burgundy, a village that is the source of some of France's most expensive wines
147:
4848:
4807:
4710:
4675:
4574:
4549:
4230:
4051:
3968:
3754:
3582:
3517:
3460:
3423:
3303:
2875:
2495:
2163:
1811:
1743:
If two or more varietal names are used, only the displayed varieties are allowed.
1428:
1224:
782:
579:
Traditionally, many French wines have been blended from several grape varieties.
364:" has been put to use by other countries, sometimes in a much looser meaning. As
271:
French wine originated in the 6th century BCE, with the colonization of Southern
238:
2380:
4858:
4838:
4828:
4760:
4740:
4655:
4610:
4559:
4524:
4479:
4458:
4438:
4120:
4069:
4023:
3880:
3852:
3827:
3748:
3737:
3732:
3630:
3597:
3413:
3391:
3358:
3334:
3229:
2505:
2426:
2198:-Saumur is similar to the Tourain wines with respect to varieties, but the dry
2185:
2013:
1925:
1835:
1784:
1258:
1071:
1054:
969:
731:
592:
Common grape varieties in France (2007 situation, all varieties over 1 000 ha)
537:
533:
365:
254:
4125:
2283:
4873:
4853:
4833:
4791:
4781:
4715:
4685:
4640:
4615:
4595:
4590:
4534:
4519:
4499:
4484:
4463:
4448:
4443:
4433:
4428:
4357:
4327:
4322:
4249:
4150:
4059:
3957:
3865:
3860:
3537:
3329:
3196:
3179:
2722:
2435:
French regulations in 1979 created simple rules for the then-new category of
2339:
2268:
2256:. 40 villages of Picardy (south of the Aisne department) are now part of the
2006:
1989:
1952:
1865:
1309:
1292:
850:
460:
250:
246:
204:
193:
4362:
2279:
1822:
Beaujolais region is situated in central East of France following the river
1714:(within the boundary of the appellation) of which that property is a member.
4843:
4786:
4750:
4745:
4730:
4720:
4680:
4665:
4620:
4600:
4569:
4514:
4509:
4337:
3936:
3527:
3465:
3455:
3408:
2511:
Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union
2218:
2195:
2177:
2167:
2077:
2043:
1854:
1850:
1776:
1445:
1394:
1105:
867:
583:
white wines have been, and are still, more common than varietal red wines.
327:
326:
to protect French interests. Large investments, the economic revival after
200:
189:
185:
3685:
884:
521:
4735:
4705:
4645:
4630:
4554:
4529:
4504:
4494:
4312:
4254:
4205:
4168:
3962:
3817:
3807:
3705:
3470:
3401:
3260:
3184:
2436:
2354:
2181:
1792:
1772:
1696:
1663:
1513:
586:
At the 2007 harvest, the most common grape varieties were the following:
504:
393:
361:
350:
system was established, which is governed by a powerful oversight board (
296:
280:
3587:
2698:
2635:, William Westcott Kibler, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, p. 964.
2176:
produces cold climate-styled white wines (dry, sweet or sparkling) from
2001:
command high prices. The Burgundy region is divided in four main parts:
1547:
1479:
833:
446:
has increased considerably. In 2005 there were 472 wine AOCs in France.
134:
4755:
4700:
4660:
4650:
4625:
4539:
4367:
4317:
4158:
4074:
4064:
4015:
3921:
3916:
3901:
3837:
3832:
3797:
3695:
3690:
3650:
3577:
3522:
3512:
3494:
3450:
3438:
3428:
3386:
3212:
3202:
2490:
2485:
2362:
2294:
2207:
2189:
2066:
2036:
1846:
1796:
1788:
1377:
1343:
1156:
1037:
765:
714:
646:
529:
525:
385:
316:
234:
230:
177:
3507:
2714:
1275:
468:, but allowing grape variety and vintage to be indicated on the label.
4564:
4342:
4332:
4036:
3926:
3906:
3842:
3822:
3812:
3772:
3710:
3592:
3532:
3433:
3278:
2927:
2912:
2782:. London: Websters International Publishers Ltd. pp. 20, 21, 69.
2418:
2139:
2131:
2108:
2026:
1496:
1326:
901:
344:
In 1935, laws were passed to control the quality of French wine. The
284:
2443:
region has taken advantage of its ability to market varietal wines.
180:
per year, or 7–8 billion bottles. France is one of the largest
32:
3782:
3777:
3767:
3660:
3640:
3607:
3572:
3418:
3381:
3293:
3288:
3273:
2328:
2234:
2173:
1963:
1780:
1633:
1462:
1411:
1241:
1020:
986:
680:
629:
580:
548:
517:
332:
292:
162:
4383:
3502:
2697:
Ayuda, María-Isabel; Ferrer‐Pérez, Hugo; Pinilla, Vicente (2019).
2376:
1889:
1819:
from Gamay grape some white and sparkling rosé are also produced.
311:
The advance of the French wine industry stopped abruptly as first
210:
Two concepts central to the better French wines are the notion of
4235:
4041:
3792:
3645:
3620:
3547:
3283:
2648:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1952, pp. 26–27.
2463:
2346:
2335:
2282:, primarily a red-wine region in south-eastern France, along the
2249:
1913:
1620:
1615:
1530:
1190:
1122:
799:
406:
212:
3396:
4200:
4163:
3787:
3675:
3670:
2411:
2370:
1921:
1625:
1088:
935:
612:
552:
312:
276:
173:
4270:
1838:
which is released annually on the third Thursday of November.
3984:
3700:
3655:
3625:
2674:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1952, p. 27.
2543:
1. France 5,106,751 – 2. Italy 4,063,165 – 3. Spain 3,370,910
2425:. A large part of this glut is caused by the re-emergence of
2417:
The result has been a continuing wine glut, often called the
1823:
1815:
1645:
748:
663:
300:
242:
3252:
3208:
2888:(Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
2398:
1827:
1641:
496:
272:
181:
2777:
488:(AOP), the highest category basically replacing AOC wines.
1360:
283:
soon flourished with the founding of the Greek colony of
2696:
2206:
are often more powerful than their upstream neighbours.
2065:, situated in northeastern France, close to Belgium and
1736:
If varietal names are displayed, common EU rules apply:
339:
3221:
2854:(5th ed.). London: Mitchell Beazley. p. 125.
2846:
1814:
is primarily a red-wine region generally made from the
2217:
Pays Nantais is situated closest to the Atlantic, and
225:
France is the source of many grape varieties (such as
3168:
3076:
3074:
2583:"French attempt to arrest drastic fall in wine sales"
1675:
has been a controversial topic in the wine industry.
2823:"What are the future developments for Alsace wines?"
2750:. London: Dorling Kindersly. 2004. pp. 49, 52.
2009:(from Marsannay-La-Cote down to Nuits-Saint-Georges)
1951:
requested a classification system for France's best
476:(IGP), an intermediate category basically replacing
2997:. Food Standards Agency. p. 20. Archived from
2548:
2531:"Production quantities by country (tonnes) in 2011"
1916:. The red wines produced are usually blended, from
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3133:
3095:
3071:
356:, INAO). France has one of the oldest systems for
2979:Gilles Garrigues, "Oenologie: conseils pratiques"
2793:
2791:
2789:
4871:
3115:
2946:pp. 88–89 Tandem Verlag GmbH, Königswinter 2004
138:French wines are usually made to accompany food.
3056:
3041:
2957:
2868:
544:while other are meant for long-time cellaring.
176:, in quantities between 50 and 60 million
2786:
4399:
4286:
4000:
3237:
2936:
2810:INAO: overview of AOC wine production in 2005
2687:. London: Mitchell Beazley, Publishers, 1979.
2476:List of Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée wines
2452:L'Office national interprofessionnel des vins
1941:Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2170:, but also consisting of several VDQS areas;
2142:. Much Languedoc-Roussillon wine is sold as
464:, a table wine category basically replacing
353:Institut national des appellations d'origine
3024:"Your 2022 guide to Beaujolais wine region"
1759:Map of the principal wine regions in France
374:Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions
308:led to the confiscation of many vineyards.
4406:
4392:
4293:
4279:
4007:
3993:
3244:
3230:
291:(316–397) spread Christianity and planted
2764:
2533:. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
1750:
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
3207:
2609:"When Did the French Start Making Wine?"
1977:
1853:is home to three of the five Bordeaux's
1845:
1754:
1619:
503:
153:
141:
133:
4185:Clarification and stabilization of wine
2661:. New York: Chelsea House, 1986, p. 11.
2122:
1662:(AOC) system that has been a model for
14:
4872:
3143:, pp. 243–47, Dorling Kindersley 2005
1678:
4387:
4274:
3988:
3225:
3206:
3062:
3047:
2963:
2815:
2778:Clarke, Oz; Spurrier, Steven (2001).
2742:
2740:
2626:
340:Quality levels and appellation system
3084:, pp. 224–28, Wiley Publishing 2001
3080:E. McCarthy & M. Ewing-Mulligan
2304:
55:adding citations to reliable sources
26:
4413:
3105:pp. 306–11 Workman Publishing 2001
2606:
184:producers in the world, along with
24:
2930:Les cepages blanc dans le vignoble
2915:Les cepages noirs dans le vignoble
2737:
2580:
2016:(from north of Beaune to Santenay)
1682:
559:
422:Vin délimité de qualité supérieure
25:
4906:
3269:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
3158:
3141:"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia"
2874:
2349:, also home to the production of
1591:
595:
497:Wine styles, grape varieties and
4248:
3956:
3190:
3178:
2633:Medieval France: an encyclopedia
2446:
2084:
1579:All red, pink and grey varieties
473:Indication géographique protégée
159:Château Pichon Longueville Baron
31:
4300:
3016:
2984:
2972:
2921:
2906:
2840:
2803:
2690:
1945:Exposition Universelle de Paris
1659:Appellation d'origine contrôlée
430:Appellation d'origine contrôlée
358:protected designation of origin
347:Appellation d'origine contrôlée
323:Appellation d'origine contrôlée
219:Appellation d'origine contrôlée
42:needs additional citations for
4014:
2992:"Guide to EU Wine Regulations"
2677:
2664:
2651:
2638:
2600:
2574:
2523:
2221:produces white wines from the
1640:. It includes such factors as
1576:
1561:
1544:
1527:
1510:
1493:
1476:
1459:
1442:
1425:
1408:
1391:
1374:
1357:
1340:
1323:
1306:
1289:
1272:
1255:
1238:
1221:
1204:
1187:
1170:
1153:
1136:
1119:
1102:
1085:
1068:
1051:
1034:
1017:
1000:
983:
966:
949:
932:
915:
898:
881:
864:
847:
830:
813:
796:
779:
762:
745:
728:
711:
694:
677:
660:
643:
626:
609:
485:Appellation d'origine protégée
13:
1:
4211:Glossary of viticulture terms
2672:Alcohol, Culture, and Society
2646:Alcohol, Culture, and Society
2516:
2162:Upper Loire is known for its
1806:
1644:, underlying rock, altitude,
320:establishment in 1935 of the
4216:Glossary of winemaking terms
2659:Alcohol: Customs and Rituals
2327:and other areas of upstream
2057:
1697:wines from the Alsace region
919:Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains
516:All common styles of wine –
7:
2850:; Robinson, Jancis (2001).
2703:The Economic History Review
2607:Fox, Stuart (3 June 2013).
2469:
2263:
2229:
1973:
1958:
1841:
1602:
1599:
1587:
1584:
1572:
1569:
1557:
1554:
1540:
1537:
1523:
1520:
1506:
1503:
1489:
1486:
1472:
1469:
1455:
1452:
1438:
1435:
1421:
1418:
1404:
1401:
1387:
1384:
1370:
1367:
1353:
1350:
1336:
1333:
1319:
1316:
1302:
1299:
1285:
1282:
1268:
1265:
1251:
1248:
1234:
1231:
1217:
1214:
1200:
1197:
1183:
1180:
1166:
1163:
1149:
1146:
1132:
1129:
1115:
1112:
1098:
1095:
1081:
1078:
1064:
1061:
1047:
1044:
1030:
1027:
1013:
1010:
996:
993:
979:
976:
962:
959:
945:
942:
928:
925:
911:
908:
894:
891:
877:
874:
860:
857:
843:
840:
826:
823:
809:
806:
792:
789:
775:
772:
758:
755:
741:
738:
724:
721:
707:
704:
690:
687:
673:
670:
656:
653:
639:
636:
622:
619:
172:is produced all throughout
10:
4911:
4136:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
2244:
2166:, producing wines such as
2072:
1650:orientation toward the sun
1613:
1609:
449:
264:
260:
4821:
4800:
4774:
4583:
4472:
4421:
4308:
4244:
4226:History of the wine press
4193:
4177:
4149:
4116:Sparkling wine production
4101:
4083:
4050:
4022:
3950:
3889:
3851:
3746:
3723:
3606:
3493:
3481:
3374:
3302:
3259:
3219:
3082:"French Wine for Dummies"
2404:
1878:Château Mouton-Rothschild
1870:Château Lafite-Rothschild
1826:below Burgundy and above
1767:
1636:, is important to French
591:
4221:Wine tasting descriptors
3942:Wine tasting descriptors
3871:Phenolic content in wine
3763:Alternative wine closure
3347:Great French Wine Blight
3251:
3123:"Wine Regions of France"
2885:Oxford Companion to Wine
2289:
2274:
2149:
330:and a new generation of
207:of the post-war period.
4111:Malolactic fermentation
2827:Sommelier International
2812:, accessed 26 May 2008.
2800:, accessed 26 May 2008.
2501:List of Vins de Primeur
2103:
1707:"Mis en bouteille ..."
570:international varieties
4606:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2928:Viniflhor stats 2008:
2913:Viniflhor stats 2008:
2829:. 2008. Archived from
1986:
1862:
1859:classification of 1855
1760:
1751:Wine regions of France
1691:
1629:
513:
267:History of French wine
197:wine-producing regions
166:
151:
139:
4895:Agriculture in France
3912:Wine and food pairing
2367:Pacherenc du Vic-Bilh
2320:include among other:
2188:in Bourgueil AOC and
1981:
1932:appellation, such as
1849:
1758:
1686:
1623:
528:(dry, semi-sweet and
507:
157:
145:
137:
129:Wine making in France
4348:Languedoc-Roussillon
3563:Muscat of Alexandria
2670:Patrick, Charles H.
2644:Patrick, Charles H.
2441:Languedoc-Roussillon
2212:Saumur-Champigny AOC
2204:Coteaux du Layon AOC
2136:blanquette de Limoux
2128:Languedoc-Roussillon
2123:Languedoc-Roussillon
1894:Château Cheval Blanc
1730:Vigneron indépendant
1688:Vigneron independent
1648:of hill or terrain,
1628:chateau and vineyard
399:Languedoc-Roussillon
51:improve this article
4141:Yeast in winemaking
4093:Carbonic maceration
3028:www.winetourism.com
2852:World Atlas of Wine
2363:Côtes de Saint-Mont
2184:and red wines from
1984:Nuits-Saint-Georges
1679:Labelling practices
1564:All white varieties
1140:Muscat d'Alexandrie
289:St. Martin of Tours
253:, competition from
4131:Traditional method
3932:Wine personalities
3636:Cabernet Sauvignon
3004:on 7 February 2012
2942:André Dominé (ed)
2748:Wines of the World
2481:List of VDQS wines
2334:Areas of upstream
2223:Melon de Bourgogne
2214:provides reds; and
1987:
1943:resulted from the
1918:Cabernet Sauvignon
1886:Château Haut-Brion
1863:
1832:Beaujolais Nouveau
1761:
1692:
1630:
1004:Muscat de Hambourg
817:Melon de Bourgogne
698:Cabernet Sauvignon
514:
401:or Vin de Pays de
227:Cabernet Sauvignon
167:
152:
140:
4867:
4866:
4381:
4380:
4373:South West France
4268:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4032:Late harvest wine
3982:
3981:
3719:
3718:
3616:Alicante Bouschet
3364:Judgment of Paris
2836:on 27 April 2011.
2757:978-0-13-178877-0
2715:10.1111/ehr.12878
2683:Seward, Desmond.
2423:vine pull schemes
2359:Côtes de Gascogne
2310:South West France
2305:South West France
1607:
1606:
953:Alicante Bouschet
403:Côtes de Gascogne
306:French Revolution
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
4902:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4272:
4271:
4253:
4252:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3986:
3985:
3961:
3960:
3876:Proteins in wine
3543:Grüner Veltliner
3491:
3490:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3174:
3152:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3127:Emporium Nostrum
3119:
3113:
3099:
3093:
3078:
3069:
3060:
3054:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2961:
2955:
2940:
2934:
2925:
2919:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2876:Robinson, Jancis
2872:
2866:
2865:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2784:
2783:
2775:
2762:
2761:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2694:
2688:
2681:
2675:
2668:
2662:
2655:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2527:
2144:Vin de Pays d'Oc
2021:Cote Chalonnaise
606:Area (hectares)
589:
588:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4885:Wine by country
4870:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4817:
4796:
4770:
4696:North Macedonia
4579:
4468:
4417:
4415:Wine by country
4412:
4382:
4377:
4304:
4299:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4255:Wine portal
4247:
4240:
4231:History of wine
4189:
4173:
4145:
4097:
4079:
4060:Deacidification
4046:
4018:
4013:
3983:
3978:
3963:Wine portal
3955:
3946:
3885:
3847:
3752:
3742:
3715:
3602:
3583:Sauvignon blanc
3518:Cayetana blanca
3486:
3484:grape varieties
3477:
3370:
3298:
3255:
3250:
3215:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3177:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3138:
3134:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3100:
3096:
3079:
3072:
3063:Robinson (2006)
3061:
3057:
3048:Robinson (2006)
3046:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2964:Robinson (2006)
2962:
2958:
2941:
2937:
2926:
2922:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2787:
2780:Fine Wine Guide
2776:
2765:
2758:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2695:
2691:
2682:
2678:
2669:
2665:
2657:Babor, Thomas.
2656:
2652:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2562:. 14 April 2019
2560:BKWine Magazine
2554:
2553:
2549:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2496:History of wine
2472:
2462:association of
2449:
2412:foreign markets
2407:
2389:areas, such as
2307:
2292:
2277:
2266:
2247:
2232:
2200:Savennières AOC
2164:Sauvignon blanc
2152:
2125:
2106:
2087:
2075:
2060:
1976:
1961:
1947:, when Emperor
1934:Château d'Yquem
1882:Château Margaux
1844:
1809:
1770:
1753:
1681:
1618:
1612:
1429:Piquepoul blanc
1225:Auxerrois blanc
783:Sauvignon blanc
566:grape varieties
562:
560:Grape varieties
502:
452:
342:
269:
263:
255:New World wines
239:Sauvignon blanc
130:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4908:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4766:United Kingdom
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4626:Czech Republic
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4121:Sugars in wine
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4070:Chaptalization
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4012:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3989:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3897:Classification
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3881:Sugars in wine
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3853:Wine chemistry
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3828:Wine dispenser
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3631:Cabernet Franc
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3598:Welschriesling
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3553:Müller-Thurgau
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:Ancient Greece
3317:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3200:
3199:
3187:
3160:
3159:External links
3157:
3154:
3153:
3132:
3114:
3103:The Wine Bible
3094:
3070:
3055:
3040:
3015:
2983:
2971:
2956:
2935:
2920:
2905:
2898:
2878:, ed. (2006).
2867:
2860:
2839:
2814:
2802:
2785:
2763:
2756:
2736:
2709:(3): 703–729.
2689:
2685:Monks and Wine
2676:
2663:
2650:
2637:
2625:
2613:Wine Spectator
2599:
2573:
2547:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2506:Old World wine
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2454:, abbreviated
2448:
2445:
2427:Languedoc wine
2406:
2403:
2395:
2394:
2387:Basque Country
2384:
2374:
2343:
2332:
2306:
2303:
2291:
2288:
2276:
2273:
2265:
2262:
2246:
2243:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2215:
2193:
2186:Cabernet Franc
2171:
2151:
2148:
2124:
2121:
2105:
2102:
2086:
2083:
2074:
2071:
2059:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2014:Cote de Beaune
2010:
1975:
1972:
1960:
1957:
1953:Bordeaux wines
1926:Cabernet Franc
1924:and sometimes
1910:Château Le Pin
1906:Château Pétrus
1898:Château Ausone
1874:Château Latour
1843:
1840:
1836:vin de primeur
1808:
1805:
1785:Gewurztraminer
1769:
1766:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1680:
1677:
1614:Main article:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1072:Gewurztraminer
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
999:
998:
995:
992:
989:
982:
981:
978:
975:
972:
970:Grenache blanc
965:
964:
961:
958:
955:
948:
947:
944:
941:
938:
931:
930:
927:
924:
921:
914:
913:
910:
907:
904:
897:
896:
893:
890:
887:
880:
879:
876:
873:
870:
863:
862:
859:
856:
853:
846:
845:
842:
839:
836:
829:
828:
825:
822:
819:
812:
811:
808:
805:
802:
795:
794:
791:
788:
785:
778:
777:
774:
771:
768:
761:
760:
757:
754:
751:
744:
743:
740:
737:
734:
732:Cabernet Franc
727:
726:
723:
720:
717:
710:
709:
706:
703:
700:
693:
692:
689:
686:
683:
676:
675:
672:
669:
666:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
642:
641:
638:
635:
632:
625:
624:
621:
618:
615:
608:
607:
604:
601:
598:
594:
593:
561:
558:
510:Côte de Beaune
501:
495:
490:
489:
481:
469:
451:
448:
435:
434:
426:
411:
410:
390:
366:European Union
341:
338:
265:Main article:
262:
259:
128:
125:
124:
107:September 2023
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4907:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4890:French drinks
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:South America
4820:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4792:United States
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:North America
4773:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4671:Liechtenstein
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4404:
4402:
4397:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4010:
4005:
4003:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:Acids in wine
3864:
3862:
3861:Aroma of wine
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3725:Major regions
3722:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:Montepulciano
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3150:
3149:0-7566-1324-8
3146:
3142:
3139:T. Stevenson
3136:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3111:1-56305-434-5
3108:
3104:
3098:
3091:
3090:0-7645-5354-2
3087:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3000:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2952:3-8331-1208-5
2949:
2945:
2939:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2901:
2899:0-19-860990-6
2895:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2863:
2861:1-84000-332-4
2857:
2853:
2849:
2848:Johnson, Hugh
2843:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2588:
2584:
2581:Henley, Jon.
2577:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2544:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2447:Organizations
2444:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2402:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2117:Vin de Paille
2114:
2110:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2090:Île-de-France
2085:Île-de-France
2082:
2079:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:Cote de Nuits
2004:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:Saint-Émilion
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1757:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1313:
1311:
1310:Grenache gris
1307:
1296:
1294:
1293:Folle blanche
1290:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1007:
1005:
1001:
990:
988:
984:
973:
971:
967:
956:
954:
950:
939:
937:
933:
922:
920:
916:
905:
903:
899:
888:
886:
882:
871:
869:
865:
854:
852:
851:Pinot Meunier
848:
837:
835:
831:
820:
818:
814:
803:
801:
797:
786:
784:
780:
769:
767:
763:
752:
750:
746:
735:
733:
729:
718:
716:
712:
701:
699:
695:
684:
682:
678:
667:
665:
661:
650:
648:
644:
633:
631:
627:
616:
614:
610:
605:
602:
599:
596:
590:
587:
584:
582:
577:
573:
571:
567:
557:
554:
550:
545:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
511:
506:
500:
494:
487:
486:
482:
479:
475:
474:
470:
467:
463:
462:
461:Vin de France
458:
457:
456:
447:
445:
441:
432:
431:
427:
424:
423:
419:
418:
417:
415:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:
391:
388:
387:
383:
382:
381:
378:
376:
375:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:
349:
348:
337:
335:
334:
329:
325:
324:
318:
314:
309:
307:
302:
298:
295:. During the
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
268:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
220:
215:
214:
208:
206:
205:Margnat wines
202:
198:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
164:
160:
156:
149:
148:Vosne-Romanée
146:Vineyards in
144:
136:
132:
121:
118:
110:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
66:"French wine"
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
18:France (wine)
4635:
4454:South Africa
4353:Loire Valley
4301:
4246:
4103:Fermentation
3954:
3937:Wine tasting
3558:Muscat blanc
3528:Chenin blanc
3325:Ancient Rome
3165:
3162:
3140:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3102:
3097:
3081:
3058:
3043:
3031:. Retrieved
3027:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
2999:the original
2986:
2974:
2959:
2943:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2914:
2908:
2883:
2870:
2851:
2842:
2831:the original
2826:
2817:
2805:
2779:
2747:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2666:
2658:
2653:
2645:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2612:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2587:the Guardian
2586:
2576:
2564:. Retrieved
2559:
2550:
2542:
2535:. Retrieved
2525:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2434:
2431:
2416:
2408:
2396:
2338:, including
2317:
2313:
2308:
2298:
2293:
2280:Rhône Valley
2278:
2267:
2248:
2233:
2219:Muscadet AOC
2178:Chenin blanc
2168:Sancerre AOC
2155:Loire valley
2153:
2126:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2088:
2076:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2031:
1993:
1988:
1962:
1949:Napoleon III
1938:
1892:sub-region;
1864:
1855:first growth
1834:, a popular
1821:
1810:
1771:
1762:
1735:
1701:
1693:
1687:
1672:
1668:
1657:
1654:microclimate
1637:
1631:
1593:
1578:
1563:
1446:Villard noir
1395:Terret blanc
1106:Gros Manseng
868:Chenin blanc
585:
578:
574:
563:
546:
542:
515:
508:Vineyard in
498:
491:
483:
477:
471:
466:Vin de Table
465:
459:
453:
443:
440:Vin de table
439:
436:
428:
420:
413:
412:
392:
386:Vin de Table
384:
380:Table wine:
379:
372:
370:
351:
345:
343:
331:
328:World War II
321:
310:
270:
224:
217:
211:
209:
169:
168:
131:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
4880:French wine
4813:New Zealand
4756:Switzerland
4701:Netherlands
4550:Philippines
4302:French wine
4206:Wine bottle
4178:Other steps
4169:Wine cellar
4126:Süssreserve
3818:Wine cellar
3808:Wine bottle
3749:accessories
3747:Packaging,
3706:Tempranillo
3335:Noah's wine
3315:Phoenicians
3261:Viticulture
3101:K. MacNeil
3008:21 November
2566:18 November
2437:Vin de pays
2284:Rhône River
2254:viticulture
2239:viticulture
2182:Vouvray AOC
2094:viticulture
1968:viticulture
1793:Pinot blanc
1712:cooperative
1664:appellation
1594:Grand total
1514:Pinot blanc
551:, a simple
478:Vin de Pays
444:Vin de Pays
394:Vin de Pays
362:appellation
297:Middle Ages
281:Viticulture
178:hectolitres
170:French wine
4874:Categories
4726:San Marino
4691:Montenegro
4676:Luxembourg
4530:Kazakhstan
4490:Azerbaijan
4318:Beaujolais
4085:Maceration
4075:Wine press
4065:Destemming
4016:Winemaking
3922:Wine fraud
3917:Wine fault
3902:Oenophilia
3838:Wine label
3833:Wine glass
3798:Port tongs
3696:Sangiovese
3691:Pinot noir
3651:Douce noir
3578:Rkatsiteli
3523:Chardonnay
3513:Catarratto
3487:by acreage
3461:Biodynamic
3424:Aromatized
3213:winemaking
3033:4 November
2517:References
2491:Wine label
2486:Winemaking
2379:, such as
2208:Saumur AOC
2202:and sweet
2190:Chinon AOC
2067:Luxembourg
2037:Beaujolais
1982:Wine from
1812:Beaujolais
1807:Beaujolais
1797:Pinot noir
1789:Pinot gris
1378:Muscadelle
1344:Nielluccio
1157:Pinot gris
1038:Vermentino
766:Pinot noir
715:Chardonnay
647:Ugni blanc
512:, Burgundy
317:Phylloxera
279:settlers.
235:Pinot noir
231:Chardonnay
77:newspapers
4829:Argentina
4808:Australia
4545:Palestine
4333:Champagne
4037:Noble rot
3927:Winemaker
3907:Sommelier
3843:Wine rack
3823:Wine cork
3813:Wine cave
3803:Screw cap
3773:Corkscrew
3738:New World
3733:Old World
3711:Zinfandel
3686:Mourvèdre
3593:Trebbiano
3533:Colombard
3434:Noble rot
3414:Fortified
3392:Sparkling
3359:New World
2731:199360879
2723:1468-0289
2419:wine lake
2391:Irouléguy
2345:Areas in
2318:Sud-Ouest
2314:Sud-Ouest
2258:Champagne
2140:New World
2132:wine lake
2113:Vin Jaune
2098:Champagne
2063:Champagne
2058:Champagne
2040:November)
2027:Maconnais
1999:Côte d'Or
1994:Bourgogne
1930:Sauternes
1888:from the
1638:vignerons
1497:Roussanne
1327:Chasselas
1174:Clairette
902:Colombard
885:Mourvèdre
564:Numerous
538:fortified
534:sparkling
333:Vignerons
315:and then
293:vineyards
285:Marseille
4849:Paraguay
4741:Slovenia
4736:Slovakia
4711:Portugal
4611:Bulgaria
4565:Thailand
4480:Abkhazia
4459:Tanzania
4439:Ethiopia
4358:Provence
4328:Burgundy
4323:Bordeaux
4052:Pressing
3974:Glossary
3890:Industry
3783:Jug wine
3778:Decanter
3768:Box wine
3666:Isabella
3661:Grenache
3641:Carignan
3588:Sémillon
3573:Riesling
3568:Palomino
3311:Ancient
3294:Vineyard
3289:Veraison
3274:Oenology
2880:"France"
2470:See also
2464:vintners
2381:Jurançon
2351:Armagnac
2329:Dordogne
2325:Bergerac
2269:Provence
2264:Provence
2235:Normandy
2230:Normandy
2174:Touraine
1990:Burgundy
1974:Burgundy
1964:Brittany
1959:Brittany
1866:Bordeaux
1851:Pauillac
1842:Bordeaux
1781:Riesling
1634:vineyard
1603:861 075
1588:601 945
1573:259 130
1548:Jacquère
1480:Négrette
1463:Marsanne
1412:Sylvaner
1242:Marselan
1208:Grolleau
1021:Riesling
987:Viognier
834:Sémillon
681:Carignan
630:Grenache
623:116 715
603:Area (%)
581:Varietal
549:baguette
251:Bordeaux
247:Burgundy
194:American
163:Pauillac
4859:Uruguay
4834:Bolivia
4801:Oceania
4761:Ukraine
4716:Romania
4686:Moldova
4661:Ireland
4656:Hungary
4646:Germany
4641:Georgia
4631:Denmark
4616:Croatia
4601:Belgium
4596:Austria
4591:Albania
4575:Vietnam
4535:Lebanon
4485:Armenia
4464:Tunisia
4449:Namibia
4444:Morocco
4429:Algeria
4338:Corsica
4236:Terroir
4194:Related
4042:Vintage
4024:Harvest
3969:Outline
3793:Muselet
3755:storage
3646:Cinsaut
3621:Barbera
3548:Macabeo
3508:Aligoté
3466:Organic
3456:Natural
3409:Dessert
3354:Georgia
3304:History
3284:Terroir
3279:Species
3171:Portals
3052:203-204
2968:693-695
2458:, is a
2456:ONIVINS
2355:Madiran
2347:Gascony
2336:Garonne
2250:Picardy
2245:Picardy
2078:Corsica
2073:Corsica
2044:Chablis
1914:Pomerol
1857:wines (
1673:terroir
1669:terroir
1616:Terroir
1610:Terroir
1531:Plantet
1276:Aligoté
1191:Caladoc
1123:Macabeu
861:11 335
844:11 864
827:12 483
810:22 239
800:Cinsaut
793:26 062
776:29 576
759:31 771
742:37 508
725:43 887
708:57 913
691:59 210
674:69 891
657:83 173
640:97 171
597:Variety
499:terroir
450:Reforms
407:Gascony
261:History
213:terroir
190:Spanish
186:Italian
91:scholar
4839:Brazil
4787:Mexico
4782:Canada
4751:Sweden
4731:Serbia
4721:Russia
4706:Poland
4651:Greece
4636:France
4621:Cyprus
4584:Europe
4570:Turkey
4560:Taiwan
4525:Jordan
4515:Israel
4495:Bhutan
4422:Africa
4313:Alsace
4201:Winery
4164:Solera
3788:Kvevri
3676:Merlot
3671:Malbec
3471:Kosher
3447:Other
3402:Orange
3375:Styles
3342:France
3197:France
3147:
3109:
3088:
2950:
2944:"Wein"
2896:
2858:
2754:
2729:
2721:
2618:26 May
2592:1 July
2537:26 May
2460:French
2439:. The
2405:Trends
2371:Tursan
2340:Cahors
2299:Savoie
2225:grape.
1922:Merlot
1904:; and
1801:Muscat
1799:, and
1773:Alsace
1768:Alsace
1652:, and
1626:Cahors
1600:100.0%
1558:1 052
1541:1 170
1524:1 304
1507:1 307
1490:1 319
1473:1 326
1456:1 399
1439:1 426
1422:1 447
1405:1 586
1388:1 618
1371:1 634
1354:1 647
1337:1 676
1320:1 756
1303:1 848
1286:1 946
1269:2 077
1259:Mauzac
1252:2 255
1235:2 330
1218:2 363
1201:2 449
1184:2 505
1167:2 582
1150:2 679
1133:2 778
1116:2 877
1099:3 001
1089:Tannat
1082:3 040
1065:3 304
1055:Aramon
1048:3 453
1031:3 480
1014:3 605
997:4 111
980:5 097
963:5 680
946:6 291
936:Malbec
929:7 634
912:7 710
895:9 494
878:9 756
613:Merlot
553:bistro
313:Mildew
192:, and
174:France
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
4844:Chile
4746:Spain
4681:Malta
4666:Italy
4555:Syria
4540:Nepal
4520:Japan
4505:India
4500:China
4434:Egypt
4368:Savoy
4363:Rhône
4151:Aging
3701:Syrah
3656:Gamay
3626:Bobal
3538:Glera
3503:Airén
3495:White
3451:Table
3439:Straw
3429:Fruit
3387:White
3330:China
3209:Wines
3065:, pp.
3050:, pp.
3002:(PDF)
2995:(PDF)
2966:, pp.
2834:(574)
2727:S2CID
2383:; and
2377:Béarn
2295:Savoy
2290:Savoy
2275:Rhône
2196:Anjou
2150:Loire
1890:Médoc
1824:Saone
1816:Gamay
1646:slope
1585:69.9%
1570:30.1%
1552:white
1535:white
1518:white
1501:white
1467:white
1433:white
1416:white
1399:white
1382:white
1331:white
1297:white
1280:white
1263:white
1229:white
1178:white
1144:white
1127:white
1110:white
1042:white
1025:white
991:white
974:white
923:white
906:white
872:white
838:white
821:white
787:white
749:Gamay
719:white
664:Syrah
651:white
637:11.3%
620:13.6%
600:Color
530:sweet
526:white
414:QWPSR
405:from
301:monks
277:Greek
243:Syrah
201:Roman
98:JSTOR
84:books
4854:Peru
4510:Iran
4473:Asia
4343:Jura
3753:and
3482:Top
3397:Rosé
3253:Wine
3211:and
3185:Wine
3145:ISBN
3107:ISBN
3086:ISBN
3035:2022
3010:2008
2948:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2856:ISBN
2752:ISBN
2719:ISSN
2620:2021
2594:2022
2568:2019
2539:2021
2399:VDQS
2369:and
2210:and
2115:and
2109:Jura
2104:Jura
2025:The
2019:The
2012:The
2005:The
1939:The
1908:and
1896:and
1884:and
1828:Lyon
1690:logo
1642:soil
1555:0.1%
1546:56.
1538:0.1%
1529:55.
1521:0.2%
1512:54.
1504:0.2%
1495:53.
1487:0.2%
1478:52.
1470:0.2%
1461:51.
1453:0.2%
1444:50.
1436:0.2%
1427:49.
1419:0.2%
1410:48.
1402:0.2%
1393:47.
1385:0.2%
1376:46.
1368:0.2%
1359:45.
1351:0.2%
1342:44.
1334:0.2%
1325:43.
1317:0.2%
1314:grey
1308:42.
1300:0.2%
1291:41.
1283:0.2%
1274:40.
1266:0.2%
1257:39.
1249:0.3%
1240:38.
1232:0.3%
1223:37.
1215:0.3%
1206:36.
1198:0.3%
1189:35.
1181:0.3%
1172:34.
1164:0.3%
1161:grey
1155:33.
1147:0.3%
1138:32.
1130:0.3%
1121:31.
1113:0.3%
1104:30.
1096:0.3%
1087:29.
1079:0.4%
1076:pink
1070:28.
1062:0.4%
1053:27.
1045:0.4%
1036:26.
1028:0.4%
1019:25.
1011:0.4%
1002:24.
994:0.5%
985:23.
977:0.6%
968:22.
960:0.7%
951:21.
943:0.8%
934:20.
926:0.9%
917:19.
909:0.9%
900:18.
892:1.1%
883:17.
875:1.1%
866:16.
858:1.3%
849:15.
841:1.4%
832:14.
824:1.4%
815:13.
807:2.6%
798:12.
790:3.0%
781:11.
773:3.4%
764:10.
756:3.7%
739:4.4%
722:5.1%
705:6.7%
688:6.9%
671:8.1%
654:9.7%
536:and
522:rosé
273:Gaul
249:and
182:wine
70:news
4159:Oak
3608:Red
3419:Ice
3382:Red
3067:378
2890:281
2711:doi
2312:or
2297:or
2180:in
1992:or
1912:in
1900:in
1777:Ill
1484:red
1450:red
1365:red
1361:Fer
1348:red
1246:red
1212:red
1195:red
1093:red
1059:red
1008:red
957:red
940:red
889:red
855:red
804:red
770:red
753:red
747:9.
736:red
730:8.
713:7.
702:red
696:6.
685:red
679:5.
668:red
662:4.
645:3.
634:red
628:2.
617:red
611:1.
532:),
518:red
275:by
161:in
53:by
4876::
3125:.
3073:^
3026:.
2892:.
2882:.
2825:.
2788:^
2766:^
2739:^
2725:.
2717:.
2707:73
2705:.
2701:.
2611:.
2585:.
2558:.
2541:.
2466:.
2429:.
2365:,
2361:,
2357:,
2353:,
2146:.
1936:.
1920:,
1880:,
1876:,
1872:,
1861:).
1803:.
1795:,
1791:,
1787:,
1783:,
1624:A
524:,
520:,
416::
299:,
241:,
237:,
233:,
229:,
188:,
4407:e
4400:t
4393:v
4294:e
4287:t
4280:v
4008:e
4001:t
3994:v
3751:,
3245:e
3238:t
3231:v
3173::
3151:.
3129:.
3092:.
3037:.
3012:.
2981:.
2954:.
2933:.
2918:.
2902:.
2864:.
2760:.
2733:.
2713::
2622:.
2596:.
2570:.
2393:.
2373:;
2342:;
2331:;
2192:;
1728:"
480:.
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
