515:
1262:
3581:
1584:
crisp, fresh styles in the early 1990s there was a resurgence in more active use of barrel fermenting whites as a throwback to the traditional, more oxidized styles of the 19th century. The use of oak has a long tradition in
Spanish winemaking, dating back even centuries before the French introduced the small 59 gallon (225 liter) barrica style barrels. Gradually Spanish winemakers in the late 19th and early 20th century started to develop a preference for the cheaper, and more strongly flavored,
2165:
5184:
4892:
1612:
1516:
2380:
948:
35:
1766:
1365:
303:
20:
1159:('protected geographic indication') – This is below the DOP level, and is wine originating from a specific place, a region or a country, which has a certain quality, reputation or another characteristic – including production phases – that can be essentially attributed to its geographical origin, at least one of which takes place in the defined geographical area. These can use the traditional term Vino de la Tierra (VT).
1668:– comes from the town of Sanlúcar de Barrameda by the sea, where flor yeast develops more vigorously. This wine is produced using exactly the same process as Fino, but as weather conditions are very different in Sanlucar district it develops into a slightly different kind of wine, slightly lighter and more saline than Fino. It is entirely dry (less than 1 gram of sugar per litre) and has to contain 15 to 17% of alcohol.
2177:
977:
806:
1114:(DOCG) designation, is for regions with a track record of consistent quality and is meant to be a step above DO level. Rioja was the first region afforded this designation in 1991 and was followed by Priorat in 2003. In 2008 Ribera del Duero was approved to receive DOCa classification, but acquiring the status was never pursued and Ribera del Duero remains a DO today.
1094:, which decides on the boundaries of the region, permitted varietals, maximum yields, limits of alcoholic strength and other quality standards or production limitations pertaining to the zone. As of 2019 there are 96 DOPs that are subdivided into DOCa, DO, VP, and VC. The sub-categories can be called DOP, or they can use the traditional terms of DOCa, DO, VP, and VC.
1356:. In years past, most harvesting had to be done in the early morning with wineries often refusing grapes after mid-day due to their prolonged exposure to the blistering heat. In recent years, aided in part by the wider spread of the use of mechanical harvesting, more harvests are now being done at the lower temperatures at night.
1197:, technically the wines have not been aged at all, but some will have undergone up to a few months oak wood aging. Depending on the producer, some of these wines will be meant to be consumed very young – often within a year of their release. Others will benefit from some time aging in the bottle. For the
1580:. In the warmer climate and regions of lower elevation, the red wines tilted towards being too high in alcohol and too low in acidity. The standard technique to rectify those wines was the addition of white wine grapes which balanced the acidity but diluted some of the fruit flavors of the red grapes.
1835:
For most of its existence, the production of Cava was not relegated to a particular region of DOP but rather to the grapes and method of production. Upon Spain's acceptance into the
European Union in 1986, efforts were undertaken to designate specific areas for Cava production. Today use of the term
967:
that make up the modern state of Spain. The central
Autonomous Community of Castilla – La Mancha is the largest wine producing region, producing 13 million hectolitres, a third of Spanish wine output. Catalonia is the second largest producer, producing 5.5 million hectolitres (14% of total), and La
1592:
and some wineries will use a combination of both as a blend. Most DOs require some minimum period of barrel ageing which will be stipulated on the wine label by the designations-Crianza, Reserva and Gran
Reserva depending on how long it spends in the barrel. The tradition of long barrel and bottle
1647:
system that also gradually blends the wines of different vintages together. Palomino wine, by itself, typically ferments to an alcohol level of around 12% with Sherry producers adding brandy to the wine in order to increase the alcohol level or kill the flor yeast which will not thrive in alcohol
790:
were lifted which gave winemakers greater control over yields and what areas could be planted. Soon the quality and production volume of premium wines began to overtake the presence of generic
Spanish bulk wines on the market and Spain's reputation entering the 21st century was that of a serious
1583:
The advent of temperature control stainless steel fermentation tanks radically changed the wine industry in warm climate regions like
Andalucia, La Mancha, and the Levante, allowing winemakers to make fresher and fruitier styles of wine-particularly whites. While many producers focused on these
1807:
and age in the bottle. The early Cava industry was nurtured by the phylloxera epidemic of the late 19th century, which caused the destruction and uprooting of vineyards planted with red grape varieties. Inspired by the success of
Champagne, vineyard owners started to replant with white grape
1547:
with some wines, even whites, spending as much as two decades ageing in the barrel. This created distinctly identifiable flavors that were internationally associated with the wines from regions such as the Rioja. In the 19th century, wine writers held negative views about
Spanish winemaking.
1054:. Wineries that are seeking to have their wine sold under DOP status must submit their wines to the Consejo Regulador laboratory and tasting panel for testing and evaluation. Wines that have been granted DOP status will feature the regional stamp of the Consejo Regulador on the label.
931:, temperatures often reach 113 °F (45 °C) in the summer. To adapt to these high temperatures, many Spanish vineyards will be planted on higher elevations, with many vineyards located over 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level. These high altitudes create a large
1289:. In these parts, the threat of drought and the poor fertility of the land has encouraged Spanish vineyard owners to plant their vines with widely spaced rows so that there is less competition between vines for resources. One widely adopted system is known as
1676:– starts as a Fino, but it loses its layer of flor as it grows older. It is therefore characterized by biological ageing (under flor) but also oxidative ageing (in contact with air). It is full, dry and nutty and by law it has to contain 16 to 22% of alcohol.
968:
Rioja is the third largest, producing almost 5 million hectolitres (13% of total). These larger wine regions are further divided into smaller wine regions that are classified under the
Spanish wine law system, with 138 identifiable wine regions.
1542:
philosophy. This relates to the view that the winemaker acts as more of a nurturer of the grapes and wine rather than as a producer. For many years, Spanish winemaking was very rustic and steeped in tradition. This included the judicious use of
1150:('quality wine with geographic indication'), a category formed in 2003 along with VP. The VC category is used for wines that do not fully meet the stringent standards of the DO category, but are above the standards of the IGP category.
1293:
and involves having 2.5 metres (8 ft) of space between vines in all directions. These areas, mostly in the south and central regions, have some of the lowest vine density in the world—often ranging between 375–650 vines per
1692:– is a very rare style. It is made from the finest base wines but like Oloroso it is aged oxidatively. Palo Cortado is said to combine the nose of Amontillado with the depth and body of Oloroso. It contains 17 to 22% of alcohol.
825:
known as the Meseta
Central that covers much of central Spain. Several of Spain's principal rivers that are at the heart of many Spanish wine regions flow to the sea from that central area. These include the eastward flowing
1375:
Some records estimate that over 600 grape varieties are planted throughout Spain, but 88% of the country's wine production is focused on only 20 grape varieties. The most widely planted grape is the white wine grape
1684:– is deeper/darker in color due to oxidative ageing from the start. Like the previous styles it is entirely dry (less than 5 grams of sugar/l). It is full-bodied, complex and round and contains 17 to 22% of alcohol.
1071:
1631:. In the 1990s, the European Union restricted the use of the name "Sherry" to the wine made from this region. It is mostly made from the Palomino grape, accounting for nearly 95% of the region's plantings, but
114:. The country is second in wine exports and ninth in worldwide consumption, with Spaniards drinking, on average, 21.6 litres (5.7 US gal) per person a year. The country has an abundance of native
3205:
2231:
460:
owned vineyards and drank wine. While there were laws written that outlawed the sale of wine, it was included on lists of items that were subject to taxation in Moorish territories. The Spanish
903:
conditions. Many regions receive less than 12 inches (300 mm) of rain annually with most of the rain falling during sudden downpours in the spring and autumn that can pose the risk of
1588:. Winemakers in regions like the Rioja found that the Tempranillo grape, in particular, responded well to new American oak. In the 1990s, more winemakers started to rediscover the use of
1126:('denomination of origin') – This level is for the mainstream quality-wine regions which are regulated by the Consejo Regulador who is also responsible for marketing the wines of that DO.
678:. Phylloxera eventually reached Spain, devastating regions like Malaga in 1878 and reaching Rioja in 1901. Its slow progress was due in part to the wide tracts of land, including the
1400:
that may appear on Spanish wine labels including Cencibel, Tinto Fino and Ull de Llebre. Both Tempranillo and Garnacha are used to make the full-bodied red wines associated with the
5675:
613:
and succeeding monarchs issuing decrees and declarations ordering the uprooting of New World vineyards and halting the production of wine by the colonies. In some countries, like
5433:
1061:, Spanish wine laws were brought in line to be more consistent with other European systems. One development was a five-tier classification system that is administered by each
593:. Spain became more dependent on the income from its Spanish colonies, including the exportation of Spanish wine to the Americas. The emergence of growing wine industries in
899:
The climate gets more extreme further inland towards the Meseta Central and is characterized by hot summers with temperatures that can reach 104 °F (40 °C) with
892:
on the northwest coast, the region receives annual rainfall that ranges from 39 inches (990 mm) on the coast to 79 inches (2.0 m) near the mountainous border of
1560:
that Spanish gave "rude treatment" to the grapes. Some of these criticisms were rooted in the traditional manners of winemaking that were employed in Spain. Crushing and
1248:
wines typically appear in above average vintages with the red wines requiring at least 5 years aging, a minimum of 2 years in oak and a minimum of 3 years in the bottle.
5680:
1333:
in those years. In 1996, the practice of using irrigation in all Spanish wine regions was legalized with many regions quickly adopting the practice. In the province of
1176:
from the late 20th century, some Spanish winemakers will intentionally declassify their wines so that they have greater flexibility in blending and winemaking methods.
1273:
Viticulture in Spain has developed in adaptation to the varied and extreme climate of the region. The dry weather in many parts of Spain reduces the threat of common
907:. Winters in these regions are characterized by cold temperatures that can often fall below freezing around −8 °F (−22 °C). Towards the southeast, around
3088:
935:
with low night time temperatures that allow the grapes to maintain acidity levels and colouring. Regions with lower altitude vineyards, such as along the southern
1820:
to use for sparkling wine production. These grapes are still the primary grapes of Cava today though some producers are experimenting with the use of the typical
5685:
5362:
762:
of Spain. The late 1970s and 1980s saw periods of modernization and a renewed emphasis on quality wine production. The 1986 acceptance of Spain into the
682:, that separated the major Spanish wine regions from each other. By the time the Spanish wine industry felt the full force of phylloxera, the remedy of
498:. The full-bodied and high alcohol in most Spanish wines made them favoured blending partners for the "weaker" wines from the cooler climate regions of
5919:
1475:. As the Spanish wine industry becomes more modern, there has been a larger presence of international grape varieties appearing in both blends and
1352:
While traditionally Spanish vineyards would harvest their grapes by hand, the modernization of the Spanish wine industry has seen increased use of
1110:
671:, bringing with them their expertise and winemaking methods. One of these developments was the introduction of the 59 gallon (225 liter)
639:
and Rioja. However the Spanish wine industry was falling behind those of other European countries who were embracing the developments of the early
118:, with over 400 varieties planted throughout Spain, though 88 percent of the country's wine production is from only 20 grapes — including the reds
1593:
ageing has meant that most Spanish wines are ready to drink once they hit the market. A new generation of winemakers have started to produce more
1704:
made from Moscatel grapes with partial fermentation and oxidative ageing. It contains 200–300 grams of sugar per litre and 15 to 22% of alcohol.
1349:. The widespread use of irrigation has encouraged higher density of vine plantings and has contributed to higher yields in some parts of Spain.
5497:
5427:
2209:
3305:
5914:
5833:
1730:
1380:, prized for its hardiness and resistance to drop. It is found throughout central Spain and for many years served as the base for Spanish
558:. During this period Spanish exports to England began to wane as Spanish-English relations steadily deteriorated following the divorce of
3285:
1046:
practices. These regulations govern everything from the types of grapes that are permitted to be planted, the maximum yields that can be
1803:
until Spanish producers officially adopted the term "Cava" (cellar) in 1970 in reference to the underground cellars in which the wines
963:
Spain can be traditionally divided into 12 main wine regions. These wine regions somewhat follow the administrative borders of the 17
5976:
3672:
1726:
of dry and sweet styles of sherry also exist – they were very popular in the 1970s and 1980s but their popularity is now in decline.
734:
It wasn't till the 1950s that domestic stability helped to usher in a period of revival for the Spanish wine industry. Several large
1740:
is a blend of Amontillado or Oloroso with Moscatel or Pedro Ximénez, less than 115 grams of sugar and between 15 and 22% of alcohol.
1643:, will develop and distinguish certain styles of Sherry. The flor needs fresh wine in order to survive and is added by the use of a
5418:
325:, Spanish wine was widely exported and traded throughout the Roman empire. The two largest wine-producing regions at the time were
1172:
and are made from unclassified vineyards or grapes that have been declassified through "illegal" blending. Similar to the Italian
862:
at the Sherry producing village of Sanlúcar de Barrameda. In addition to the Meseta Central, several mountain ranges are known as
5951:
5118:
3295:
1140:
is a Spanish term for a vineyard estate) which in some cases also have DO or VdlT appellations. This category was formed in 2003.
999:
872:
that spur westward from the Pyrenees and protect regions like the Rioja from the rain and the cool of westerlies coming from the
1917:
5702:
5226:
3529:
254:
believe that these grapes were first cultivated sometime between 4000 and 3000 BC, long before the wine-growing culture of the
3424:
1734:
is a blend of Fino / Manzanilla with Moscatel or grape must, between 45 and 115 grams of sugar and less than 15.5% of alcohol.
5971:
1005:
881:
635:
The 17th and 18th centuries saw periods of popularity for various Spanish wines, namely Sherry (known in Britain as "sack"),
4940:
1090:('protected denomination of origin'), is the mainstay of Spain's wine quality control system. Each region is governed by a
1065:. Non-autonomous areas or wine regions whose boundaries overlap with other autonomous communities (such as Cava, Rioja and
1011:
697:
industry with the development of Cava in Catalonia. As the 20th century progressed, the production of Cava would rival the
679:
490:
established the maximum price of wine sold in England with the Spanish wines being priced at the same level as wines from
5339:
3377:
1467:
as well as still white wines. In the southern Sherry and Malaga producing regions of Andalusia, the principal grapes are
750:. In the 1960s, Sherry was rediscovered by the international wine market and soon Rioja wine was in demand. The death of
5624:
3156:
2202:
701:
region in worldwide production. Civil and political upheaval would mark most of the 20th century, including a military
3326:
3321:
1945:
1660:– a very dry and delicate Sherry. These wines are characterized by flor yeast. It has to contain 15 to 17% of alcohol.
5712:
4202:
3372:
2440:
2425:
2131:
2107:
2083:
2059:
2038:
2017:
1903:
586:
514:
3341:
1748:
is usually a blend of Oloroso with Pedro Ximénez, more than 115 grams of sugar and between 15.5% and 22% of alcohol.
589:
greatly reduced the strength of the Spanish navy and contributed to the country's debt incurred during the reign of
5465:
5304:
3681:
3300:
3270:
91:
1310:. Many Spanish vineyards are several decades old, with the old vines producing even lower yields of fruit. In the
1050:, the minimum length of time that the wine must be aged and what type of information is required to appear on the
5727:
5670:
5540:
5492:
5487:
5460:
5423:
5329:
4177:
3456:
1062:
964:
755:
4491:
3566:
1720:
of Pedro Ximénez grapes dried in the sun. It contains 400–500 grams of sugar per litre and 15 to 22% of alcohol.
775:
4658:
3387:
3362:
1015:(DOC) system. As of 2019, there were 138 DOP and IGP areas across Spain. Within the DOP category, there is the
916:
3245:
1329:
In the 1990s, the use of irrigation became more popular after droughts in 1994, and 1995 severely reduced the
5742:
5560:
5334:
5144:
3665:
3124:
2195:
1023:) status for DOPs that have a consistent track record for quality. There are currently two DOCa/DOQ regions:
932:
3235:
5665:
5629:
5455:
5149:
4032:
3519:
3477:
3440:
3382:
3182:
2640:
5732:
5256:
3872:
1451:
respectively. In the Cava producing regions of Catalonia and elsewhere in Spain, the principal grapes of
809:
The mountain ranges of Spain influence the climates of many Spanish wine regions, isolating regions like
436:
during this period but there is evidence that some viable form of the wine industry was present when the
417:
1628:
5592:
5289:
5219:
5069:
5036:
4865:
3524:
3230:
3140:
2155:
486:. The quality of some of these exported Spanish wines appears to have been high. In 1364, the court of
279:
267:
3290:
1849:
5986:
5766:
5692:
5438:
5382:
5377:
5159:
5049:
3367:
1464:
3487:
2389:
2291:
1122:
989:
711:
6080:
5961:
5607:
5482:
5279:
5154:
4933:
4875:
4804:
4696:
4297:
4280:
3658:
3021:
1038:, which acts as a governing control body that enforces the DOP regulations and standards involving
993:(DO) system in 1932 that were later revised in 1970, and recently updated in 2016 to be called DOP
648:
2732:
834:
which flows westward through the Ribera del Duero region in Spain before crossing the border into
567:
6075:
5722:
5580:
5319:
5044:
4417:
4253:
1635:
and Pedro Ximenez can also be used. While the wine is aging in the barrel, a naturally occurring
1396:
is the second most widely planted grape variety. It is known throughout Spain under a variety of
698:
997:('protected denomination of origin'). The system shares many similarities with the hierarchical
723:
saw vineyards neglected and wineries destroyed throughout Spain with regions like Catalonia and
452:, the Moorish rulers held an ambiguous stance on wine and winemaking during their rule. Several
5660:
5309:
5299:
4907:
4830:
4275:
706:
621:, they served to stunt growth and development until independence was gained from Spanish rule.
542:. This opened up a new export market as well as a new opportunity for wine production. Spanish
5503:
3255:
3240:
2635:
868:
serve to isolate and influence the climate of several Spanish wine regions. These include the
5999:
5956:
5853:
5813:
5788:
5597:
5545:
5212:
4845:
4614:
4258:
3962:
3250:
1549:
1353:
924:
912:
884:
receiving an average of 59 inches (1,500 mm) while the winemaking region of Rioja, near
758:
allowed more economic freedom for winemakers and created an emerging market with the growing
640:
630:
559:
539:
297:
275:
5886:
5818:
5808:
5655:
5614:
5602:
5269:
4496:
4248:
3001:
2579:
2218:
1866:
1261:
958:
951:
869:
531:
445:
186:
111:
1844:, Navarre, Basque Country, and Rioja. Around 95% of Spain's total Cava production is from
1302:). This is less than 1/8 of the vine density commonly found in other wine regions such as
1079:. With updates in 2016, the five-tier became a six-tier classification and is as follows:
8:
5936:
5823:
5803:
5793:
5575:
5550:
5314:
5074:
5026:
4926:
4170:
3593:
3482:
3177:
3172:
2996:
2986:
2939:
2908:
2845:
2793:
2788:
2772:
2650:
2584:
2528:
2523:
2476:
2461:
2245:
1804:
1760:
1561:
928:
791:
wine-producing country that could compete with other producers in the world wine market.
724:
610:
575:
563:
519:
358:
307:
266:
introduced new advances to the region-including the teachings of the early viticulturist
155:
4476:
3275:
2696:
2513:
1552:
noted in 1846 that the Spanish made wine in an "unscientific and careless manner" while
1444:
893:
731:
closed off European markets to Spanish exports and further damaged the Spanish economy.
311:
197:
5931:
5926:
5828:
5798:
5747:
5587:
5570:
5509:
5406:
5372:
5264:
5064:
4569:
3937:
3720:
3601:
3545:
3403:
3336:
3280:
3026:
2819:
2589:
2574:
2518:
2497:
1774:
1480:
1334:
800:
779:
590:
255:
2706:
1796:
1228:
For Rioja red wines these are aged for 1 year, with at least 6 months in oak barrels.
5946:
5858:
5843:
5838:
5778:
5717:
5707:
5619:
5528:
5514:
5470:
5449:
5387:
5018:
4965:
4549:
4287:
3503:
3331:
3260:
3214:
2737:
2554:
2430:
2410:
2127:
2103:
2079:
2055:
2034:
2013:
1899:
1664:
1338:
1035:
787:
738:
wineries were founded during this period and an international market was created for
720:
79:
4486:
3580:
3408:
2814:
2260:
1504:
778:
from abroad and broader acceptance of the use of international grape varieties like
709:. One of the measures instituted by Primo de Rivera was the early groundwork of the
209:
6040:
6033:
5878:
5737:
5643:
5565:
5475:
5443:
5357:
5247:
5239:
4809:
4736:
4599:
4501:
4079:
3992:
3957:
3811:
3756:
3265:
2625:
2492:
2435:
2265:
1782:
1528:
1468:
1405:
1286:
1020:
751:
743:
728:
660:
606:
406:
382:
229:
205:
178:
147:
50:
2691:
1708:
1472:
1209:) to appear on the label, a minimum of 85% of the grapes must be from that year's
5906:
5901:
5697:
5392:
5324:
5164:
4985:
4902:
4688:
4516:
4451:
4394:
4357:
4237:
4115:
4074:
3977:
3942:
3841:
3816:
3472:
3346:
3108:
3093:
3067:
3036:
3031:
2991:
2861:
2829:
2767:
1627:
produced in southern Spain around the towns of Jerez, Sanlúcar de Barrameda, and
1500:
1496:
1342:
1307:
1303:
1252:
whites and rosés must be aged for at least 4 years with at least 6 months in oak.
1242:
whites and rosés must be aged for at least 2 years with at least 6 months in oak.
889:
767:
390:
370:
366:
115:
2742:
2466:
939:
coast are suitable for producing grapes of high alcohol levels and low acidity.
213:
110:
and wide spacing of the old vines planted on the dry soils found in some of the
6049:
5966:
5941:
5868:
5783:
5367:
5294:
5054:
5003:
4957:
4814:
4786:
4761:
4682:
4671:
4666:
4564:
4531:
4347:
4325:
4292:
4268:
4163:
4125:
4105:
4095:
4027:
4007:
3922:
3877:
3826:
3791:
3746:
3725:
3705:
2809:
2762:
2676:
2620:
2610:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2456:
2415:
1624:
1611:
1572:. Afterward, the wine was stored in wooden barrels or pig skin bags lined with
1417:
1330:
1282:
1266:
1210:
1186:
1102:
denominación de origen calificada / denominació d'origen qualificada in Catalan
1058:
1047:
904:
888:, around 62 miles (100 km) away receives only 18 inches (460 mm). In
885:
851:
821:
One of the dominant geographical influences of Spanish viticulture is the vast
810:
763:
747:
694:
582:
555:
551:
503:
449:
201:
190:
72:
28:
5059:
3041:
2752:
2686:
1836:"Cava" is restricted to production around select municipalities in Catalonia,
1238:
red wines are aged for at least 3 years, with at least 1 year in oak barrels.
522:, Spain became more dependent on income from exporting wines to South America.
6069:
6007:
5863:
5183:
5084:
4993:
4891:
4799:
4794:
4471:
4263:
4120:
4100:
4058:
4048:
3982:
3952:
3907:
3882:
3862:
3857:
3801:
3786:
3766:
3751:
3730:
3715:
3710:
3700:
3695:
3635:
3625:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2727:
2564:
2164:
1778:
1553:
1413:
1274:
1104:('qualified denomination of origin') – This designation, which is similar to
1028:
936:
908:
873:
739:
636:
547:
499:
378:
374:
326:
263:
251:
217:
103:
3011:
2970:
2701:
397:
noting the high quality associated with some wines from Terraconensis while
6054:
6012:
5896:
4870:
4461:
4399:
4389:
4342:
4110:
4053:
4017:
3997:
3987:
3947:
3932:
3887:
3867:
3836:
3781:
3776:
3620:
3597:
3083:
2954:
2903:
2882:
2824:
2757:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2605:
2250:
2181:
1744:
1713:
1701:
1688:
1636:
1585:
1520:
1515:
1401:
1278:
1173:
1168:('table wine') – These are wines that are the equivalent of most country's
1066:
855:
839:
814:
759:
735:
702:
602:
543:
346:
322:
182:
174:
107:
95:
4619:
2379:
947:
5994:
5891:
5284:
5188:
5139:
5102:
4896:
4751:
4741:
4639:
4404:
4335:
4194:
4002:
3972:
3912:
3902:
3897:
3821:
3796:
3771:
3761:
2877:
2747:
2722:
2615:
2333:
2255:
2169:
1841:
1672:
1616:
1565:
1393:
1346:
1039:
1024:
877:
716:
652:
495:
483:
462:
440:
conquered the land during the early 8th century AD. While the Moors were
239:
119:
99:
87:
34:
24:
4521:
3057:
1817:
1765:
1499:. Other Spanish grape varieties that have significant plantings include
1460:
1436:
1368:
163:
135:
5092:
5008:
4998:
4949:
4855:
4850:
4835:
4771:
4766:
4731:
4629:
4624:
4584:
4511:
4456:
4446:
4428:
4384:
4372:
4362:
4320:
4146:
4136:
4022:
3967:
3927:
3917:
3892:
3806:
3605:
3006:
2887:
2544:
2365:
2349:
2317:
2270:
2187:
2147:
1861:
1829:
1825:
1589:
1544:
1539:
1523:
has long been associated with Spanish wine from regions like the Rioja.
1484:
1448:
1428:
have significant plantings, being used for both dark red wines and dry
1421:
1364:
1323:
1169:
1136:('estate wine'), a special term for high-quality, single-estate wines (
1051:
1043:
981:
864:
827:
783:
690:
to the European vines had already been discovered and widely utilized.
672:
644:
487:
433:
341:) in the south. During this period more Spanish wine was exported into
271:
131:
86:
has over 1.2 million hectares (3.0 million acres) planted in
68:
4441:
1409:
1213:. The three most common aging designations on Spanish wine labels are
655:, many countries turned to Spain, with French winemakers crossing the
5848:
5555:
4970:
4860:
4840:
4776:
4756:
4746:
4706:
4644:
4526:
4466:
4367:
4212:
3831:
3550:
2645:
2471:
1845:
1821:
1813:
1456:
1389:
1385:
920:
843:
771:
687:
668:
618:
535:
429:
421:
338:
330:
159:
571:
5274:
4716:
4711:
4701:
4594:
4574:
4541:
4506:
4352:
4315:
4227:
4222:
4207:
2630:
2275:
1950:
1922:
1696:
1632:
1476:
1232:
whites and rosés must be aged for at least 6 months in oak barrels.
859:
835:
683:
656:
566:. English merchants from the Sherry producing regions of Jerez and
386:
362:
354:
350:
302:
284:
247:
127:
90:, making it the most widely planted wine-producing nation, but the
64:
39:
4436:
3650:
1377:
1371:
is one of the principal grapes of the Spanish sparkling wine Cava.
830:
that runs through the Rioja and several Catalan wine regions; the
643:. A major turning point occurred in the mid-19th century when the
470:
emerged as a large trading port; introducing Spanish wines to the
389:. The quality of Spanish wine during Roman times was varied, with
259:
139:
19:
5204:
5169:
4975:
4726:
4579:
4554:
4481:
4217:
3630:
3016:
1809:
1717:
1680:
1452:
1440:
1397:
1311:
1299:
1198:
900:
822:
664:
491:
475:
471:
394:
334:
315:
167:
151:
143:
4330:
1429:
976:
5134:
5097:
4721:
4609:
4604:
2420:
2280:
1946:"Global leading countries in wine export 2023, based on volume"
1837:
1644:
1606:
1492:
1381:
1315:
1076:
594:
506:
though there were laws that explicitly outlawed this practice.
479:
467:
453:
441:
193:
1341:
flying winemakers helped to popularize the use of underground
693:
The end of the 19th century also saw the emergence of Spain's
5235:
4918:
4634:
4589:
4559:
3062:
1573:
1488:
1425:
1105:
831:
805:
614:
437:
425:
235:
123:
83:
75:
1788:
Vino Espumoso de Calidad Producido en una Región Determinada
4186:
4142:
3204:
2126:, Third Edition, pp. 145–145, Oxford University Press 2006
2102:, Third Edition, pp. 623–627, Oxford University Press 2006
1799:
in the late 19th century. The wine was originally known as
1656:
1640:
1295:
1185:
Spanish wines are often labeled according to the amount of
919:. In the south, the Sherry and Malaga producing regions of
847:
817:
region from the rain and cool winds from the Bay of Biscay.
598:
457:
401:
notes that one popular Spanish wine sold in Rome, known as
398:
342:
243:
2230:
2012:, Third Edition. pp. 652–65, Oxford University Press 2006
1852:
being home to many of Spain's largest production houses.
1597:(young wines) that are released with very little ageing.
1319:
923:
contain some of the hottest parts of Spain. North of the
617:, these orders were largely ignored; but in others, like
204:
that is known for its white wines made from Albariño and
1123:
denominación de origen / denominació d'origen in Catalan
432:. Little is known about the progress of viticulture and
4155:
2150:
Information about all Spanish DOCa and DOP wine regions
2153:
2070:
2068:
1918:"Leading countries in wine production worldwide 2023"
766:
brought economic aid to the rural wine industries of
291:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
574:
fled the area due to the fear of persecution by the
466:
reopened the possibility of exporting Spanish wine.
181:, which are known for their Tempranillo production;
2118:
2116:
2094:
2092:
2078:, Third Edition, pp. 232–246, Abbeville Press 2003
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
742:bulk wines that were sold under names like Spanish
647:epidemic ravaged European vineyards – most notably
2065:
2044:
1879:
6067:
2113:
2089:
1965:
1795:). It originated in the Catalonia region at the
1111:Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita
624:
509:
78:produced throughout the country. Located on the
262:around 1100 BC. Following the Phoenicians, the
1538:(to produce/make) when describing the Spanish
1435:In the northwest, the white wine varieties of
1318:, for example, yields are often less than 1.1
1072:Instituto Nacional de Denominaciones de Origen
5220:
4934:
4171:
3666:
2203:
1786:
1773:Cava is a Spanish sparkling wine made in the
719:system first developed in Rioja in 1926. The
353:being found in ruins of Roman settlements in
58:
2023:
5227:
5213:
4941:
4927:
4178:
4164:
3673:
3659:
2210:
2196:
1412:with Garnacha being the main grape of the
1269:, vines are widely spaced in the vineyard.
1384:. Wines made from this grape can be very
1148:vino de calidad con indicación geográfica
4141:
2217:
1764:
1610:
1514:
1363:
1260:
1180:
975:
946:
804:
794:
526:Following the completion of the Spanish
513:
301:
212:and still wine-producing regions of the
106:; this is due, in part, to the very low
33:
18:
5119:Clarification and stabilization of wine
3296:Sierras de las Estancias y los Filabres
3206:PGI: Protected Geographical Indications
2054:, pp. 302–311, Dorling Kindersley 2005
1898:, pp. 410–422, Workman Publishing 2001
1651:Sherry has a wide diversity of styles:
1558:History and Description of Modern wines
185:, known for its Monastrell production;
173:Major Spanish wine regions include the
6068:
2232:PDO: Protected Denominations of Origin
1943:
1915:
1265:In many Spanish wine regions, such as
1057:Following Spain's acceptance into the
94:producer of wine in the world, behind
5498:Natural Sites of Community Importance
5208:
4922:
4159:
4140:
3654:
3203:
2229:
2191:
238:varieties fostered an early start to
42:are common sights in the countryside.
1012:Denominazione di origine controllata
876:. The Cantabrian Mountains act as a
813:in the northwest and protecting the
373:. Spanish wine was also provided to
5977:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
3680:
2148:Spain – Wine regions and their wine
1712:– is very rich and naturally sweet
1527:In Spain, winemakers often use the
1003:(AOC) system of France, Portugal's
405:, was merely good for getting your
27:wine, from Bodegues Ramon Roqueta,
13:
5234:
1769:A semi-seco (semi-dry) rosado Cava
1359:
1189:has received. When the label says
609:was a threat to this income, with
292:From Roman rule to the Reconquista
282:of the Spanish mainland, known as
14:
6092:
4203:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
2141:
2052:"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia"
2033:, p. 85, Simon and Schuster 1989
1017:Denominación de Origen Calificada
971:
774:. The 1990s saw the influence of
727:being particularly hard hit. The
5182:
4890:
3579:
2431:Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda
2378:
2175:
2163:
1088:denominación de origen protegida
1006:Denominação de Origem Controlada
995:denominación de origen protegida
880:with the coastal regions of the
5541:Autonomous communities of Spain
3327:Ribera del Gállego-Cinco Villas
1639:native to the region, known as
1157:indicación geográfica protegida
1000:Appellation d'origine contrôlée
942:
786:. In 1996, the restrictions on
756:Spanish transition to democracy
420:, Spain was invaded by various
377:guarding border settlements in
5952:National and regional identity
4948:
3388:Serra de Tramuntana-Costa Nord
2124:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
2100:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
2010:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
1937:
1909:
1840:, Castile and León, Valencia,
1285:as well as the development of
1256:
987:Spanish wine laws created the
651:. With the sudden shortage of
23:A glass and bottle of Spanish
1:
5145:Glossary of viticulture terms
3592:Multi-regional wine regions:
2076:Jancis Robinson's Wine Course
1872:
1519:Extended periods of aging in
1510:
1443:are popular plantings in the
933:diurnal temperature variation
625:From phylloxera to modern day
538:under the sponsorship of the
510:Colonization of the New World
5150:Glossary of winemaking terms
1785:. The definition of Cava is
258:founded the trading post of
7:
5972:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
1944:Conway, Jan (5 June 2024).
1916:Conway, Jan (5 June 2024).
1855:
1534:(to elaborate) rather than
1345:to minimize the effects of
494:and higher than those from
418:decline of the Roman Empire
200:in the northwest region of
10:
6097:
5070:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
3231:Altiplano de Sierra Nevada
2031:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1758:
1604:
1069:) are administered by the
956:
798:
628:
295:
227:
223:
6027:
5985:
5877:
5774:
5765:
5651:
5642:
5536:
5527:
5414:
5405:
5350:
5255:
5246:
5178:
5160:History of the wine press
5127:
5111:
5083:
5050:Sparkling wine production
5035:
5017:
4984:
4956:
4884:
4823:
4785:
4680:
4657:
4540:
4427:
4415:
4308:
4236:
4193:
4153:
4088:
4067:
4041:
3850:
3739:
3688:
3588:
3577:
3559:
3538:
3512:
3496:
3465:
3449:
3433:
3417:
3396:
3355:
3314:
3223:
3212:
3199:
3165:
3149:
3133:
3117:
3106:
3076:
3050:
2979:
2963:
2952:
2917:
2896:
2870:
2854:
2838:
2802:
2781:
2715:
2659:
2641:Tierra del Vino de Zamora
2598:
2537:
2506:
2485:
2449:
2403:
2387:
2376:
2358:
2342:
2326:
2310:
2289:
2238:
2225:
1600:
1465:sparkling wine production
842:which is at the heart of
5630:Wars and armed conflicts
5270:Ancient History Timeline
5155:Wine tasting descriptors
4876:Wine tasting descriptors
4805:Phenolic content in wine
4697:Alternative wine closure
4281:Great French Wine Blight
4185:
1629:El Puerto de Santa María
554:vines with them as they
234:The abundance of native
5330:Transition to democracy
5305:Reaction and revolution
5045:Malolactic fermentation
3306:Villaviciosa de Córdoba
3286:Sierra Norte de Sevilla
1754:
1700:– is a naturally sweet
917:Mediterranean influence
850:which runs through the
556:colonized the new lands
448:that forbid the use of
278:that would lead to the
242:with evidence of grape
5920:International Interest
5728:Science and technology
5424:Autonomous communities
3873:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3089:Pago de Los Balagueses
1848:, with the village of
1787:
1770:
1620:
1556:noted in his work the
1524:
1372:
1270:
990:Denominación de Origen
984:
965:Autonomous Communities
954:
911:, the climate is more
818:
712:Denominación de Origen
707:Miguel Primo de Rivera
562:from his Spanish wife
523:
318:
270:. Carthage would wage
59:
54:
43:
31:
5957:National Day of Spain
4846:Wine and food pairing
3251:Cumbres del Guadalfeo
1768:
1614:
1518:
1392:. The red wine grape
1367:
1354:mechanical harvesting
1264:
1181:Spanish labeling laws
979:
952:Wine regions of Spain
950:
858:which flows into the
808:
795:Geography and climate
631:History of Rioja wine
568:Sanlúcar de Barrameda
560:Henry VIII of England
517:
305:
298:Ancient Rome and wine
37:
22:
5561:Constitutional Court
4497:Muscat of Alexandria
3002:Dominio de Valdepusa
2219:Spanish wine regions
1867:Agriculture in Spain
1850:Sant Sadurní d'Anoia
1623:Sherry is a heavily
1564:would take place in
1479:forms, most notably
1298:(900–1600 vines per
1275:viticultural hazards
959:Spanish wine regions
870:Cantabrian Mountains
532:Christopher Columbus
446:Islamic dietary laws
187:Jerez de la Frontera
112:Spanish wine regions
16:Wine making in Spain
5504:Plazas de soberanía
5075:Yeast in winemaking
5027:Carbonic maceration
3488:Val do Miño-Ourense
3483:Ribeiras do Morrazo
3256:Desierto de Almería
3178:Valles de Benavente
3173:Sierra de Salamanca
2997:Dehesa del Carrizal
2987:Campo de La Guardia
2789:Ribera del Guadiana
2585:Valle de la Orotava
929:Guadalquivir Valley
576:Spanish Inquisition
564:Catherine of Aragon
518:Under the reign of
333:) in the north and
246:dating back to the
208:which includes the
5733:Telecommunications
5434:Biosphere Reserves
5335:Contemporary Spain
5325:Spain under Franco
5265:Prehistoric Iberia
5065:Traditional method
4866:Wine personalities
4570:Cabernet Sauvignon
3602:Ribera del Queiles
3546:Ribera del Queiles
3530:Campo de Cartagena
3404:Costa de Cantabria
3337:Ribera del Queiles
3291:Sierra Sur de Jaén
3281:Ribera del Andarax
2590:Ycoden-Daute-Isora
2575:Tacoronte-Acentejo
2524:Txakoli de Getaria
2519:Txakoli de Bizkaia
2421:Jerez-Xeres-Sherry
2281:Jerez-Xeres-Sherry
2122:J. Robinson (ed).
2098:J. Robinson (ed).
2008:J. Robinson (ed).
1775:traditional method
1771:
1714:dessert-style wine
1702:dessert-style wine
1648:levels above 16%.
1621:
1525:
1481:Cabernet Sauvignon
1373:
1271:
1193:("young wine") or
1009:(DOC) and Italy's
985:
955:
819:
801:Geography of Spain
780:Cabernet Sauvignon
581:The defeat of the
524:
319:
274:with the emerging
189:, the home of the
44:
32:
6063:
6062:
6023:
6022:
5947:Myths and legends
5915:National Interest
5761:
5760:
5713:Largest companies
5638:
5637:
5625:Political parties
5593:Foreign relations
5523:
5522:
5471:Iberian Peninsula
5419:Autonomous cities
5401:
5400:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5195:
4966:Late harvest wine
4916:
4915:
4653:
4652:
4550:Alicante Bouschet
4298:Judgment of Paris
4134:
4133:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3575:
3574:
3504:Valles de Sadacia
3434:Castile–La Mancha
3332:Ribera del Jiloca
3261:Laderas del Genil
3215:Vino de la tierra
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3102:
3101:
2980:Castile–La Mancha
2948:
2947:
2738:Costers del Segre
2660:Castile–La Mancha
2441:Sierras de Málaga
2411:Condado de Huelva
2374:
2373:
2302:calificada (DOCa)
1716:. It's made from
1092:consejo regulador
1063:autonomous region
1036:Consejo Regulador
927:mountains in the
776:flying winemakers
721:Spanish Civil War
587:Anglo-Spanish War
444:and subjected to
102:and ahead of the
80:Iberian Peninsula
6088:
6043:
6036:
5772:
5771:
5703:Financial crisis
5693:Economic history
5649:
5648:
5566:Cortes Generales
5534:
5533:
5476:Peninsular Spain
5412:
5411:
5363:Pre-Roman Iberia
5358:General overview
5253:
5252:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5206:
5205:
5187:
5186:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4920:
4919:
4895:
4894:
4810:Proteins in wine
4477:Grüner Veltliner
4425:
4424:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4157:
4156:
4138:
4137:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3583:
3425:Castile and León
3418:Castile and León
3356:Balearic Islands
3276:Norte de Almería
3266:Laujar-Alpujarra
3221:
3220:
3201:
3200:
3166:Castile and León
3115:
3114:
2961:
2960:
2733:Conca de Barberà
2697:Ribera del Júcar
2626:Ribera del Duero
2599:Castile and León
2514:Txakoli de Álava
2486:Balearic Islands
2436:Montilla-Moriles
2401:
2400:
2393:
2382:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2266:Ribera del Duero
2227:
2226:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2135:
2120:
2111:
2096:
2087:
2072:
2063:
2048:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2006:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1913:
1907:
1892:
1790:
1406:Ribera del Duero
1287:Botrytis cinerea
1215:Crianza, Reserva
1075:(INDO) based in
1019:(DOCa or DOQ in
980:A Reserva level
915:with the strong
894:Castile and León
846:production; the
754:in 1975 and the
752:Francisco Franco
729:Second World War
474:wine markets in
383:Limes Germanicus
312:Castile and León
272:a series of wars
230:History of Spain
179:Ribera del Duero
154:; and the three
62:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6081:Wine by country
6066:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6019:
6014:Toro de Osborne
5981:
5962:Public holidays
5873:
5834:Life expectancy
5757:
5723:Property bubble
5634:
5519:
5397:
5393:Spanish miracle
5346:
5320:Second Republic
5242:
5233:
5203:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5189:Wine portal
5181:
5174:
5165:History of wine
5123:
5107:
5079:
5031:
5013:
4994:Deacidification
4980:
4952:
4947:
4917:
4912:
4897:Wine portal
4889:
4880:
4819:
4781:
4686:
4676:
4649:
4536:
4517:Sauvignon blanc
4452:Cayetana blanca
4420:
4418:grape varieties
4411:
4304:
4232:
4189:
4184:
4149:
4135:
4130:
4084:
4063:
4037:
3963:North Macedonia
3846:
3735:
3684:
3682:Wine by country
3679:
3649:
3640:
3584:
3571:
3555:
3534:
3508:
3492:
3473:Barbanza e Iria
3461:
3445:
3429:
3413:
3392:
3378:Isla de Menorca
3351:
3347:Valle del Cinca
3310:
3217:
3208:
3187:
3161:
3145:
3129:
3111:
3109:Vino de calidad
3098:
3094:Vera de Estenas
3072:
3068:Prado de Irache
3046:
3037:Pago Florentino
3032:Pago Calzadilla
2992:Casa del Blanco
2975:
2957:
2944:
2913:
2892:
2866:
2862:Vinos de Madrid
2850:
2834:
2798:
2777:
2711:
2655:
2594:
2580:Valle de Güímar
2533:
2502:
2481:
2445:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2383:
2370:
2354:
2338:
2322:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2285:
2234:
2221:
2216:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2162:
2154:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2121:
2114:
2097:
2090:
2073:
2066:
2049:
2045:
2028:
2024:
2007:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1914:
1910:
1893:
1880:
1875:
1858:
1808:varieties like
1797:Codorníu Winery
1781:sparkling wine
1763:
1757:
1609:
1603:
1513:
1501:Cayetana Blanca
1497:Sauvignon blanc
1416:region. In the
1362:
1360:Grape varieties
1343:drip irrigation
1259:
1183:
1034:Each DOP has a
974:
961:
945:
803:
797:
649:those of France
633:
627:
534:discovered the
512:
424:-including the
422:barbaric tribes
391:Pliny the Elder
300:
294:
232:
226:
116:grape varieties
17:
12:
11:
5:
6094:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6076:Spanish drinks
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6045:
6044:
6037:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6010:
6005:
6004:Cultural icons
6002:
5997:
5991:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5652:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5581:Prime Minister
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5500:
5495:
5493:National parks
5490:
5488:Municipalities
5485:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5468:
5463:
5461:Extreme points
5458:
5453:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5421:
5415:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5368:Spanish Empire
5365:
5360:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5310:First Republic
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5280:Medieval Spain
5277:
5275:Roman Hispania
5272:
5267:
5261:
5259:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5232:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5209:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5193:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5055:Sugars in wine
5052:
5047:
5041:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5004:Chaptalization
5001:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4946:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4923:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4831:Classification
4827:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4815:Sugars in wine
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4787:Wine chemistry
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4762:Wine dispenser
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4565:Cabernet Franc
4562:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4532:Welschriesling
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4487:Müller-Thurgau
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4422:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4254:Ancient Greece
4251:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4183:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4033:United Kingdom
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3893:Czech Republic
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3157:Islas Canarias
3153:
3151:
3150:Canary Islands
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2636:Tierra de León
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2538:Canary Islands
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2507:Basque Country
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2462:Campo de Borja
2459:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2398:
2395:de origen (DO)
2388:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2311:Basque Country
2305:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2142:External links
2140:
2137:
2136:
2112:
2088:
2064:
2050:T. Stevenson.
2043:
2022:
1964:
1936:
1908:
1896:The Wine Bible
1877:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1759:Main article:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1721:
1705:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1625:fortified wine
1605:Main article:
1602:
1599:
1568:jars known as
1512:
1509:
1361:
1358:
1283:powdery mildew
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1233:
1187:aging the wine
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1160:
1151:
1141:
1127:
1115:
1095:
1059:European Union
973:
972:Classification
970:
957:Main article:
944:
941:
905:flash flooding
882:Basque Country
796:
793:
764:European Union
705:under General
695:sparkling wine
680:Meseta Central
641:Industrial Age
626:
623:
583:Spanish Armada
552:European grape
511:
508:
416:Following the
375:Roman soldiers
293:
290:
280:Roman conquest
276:Roman Republic
252:Archaeologists
225:
222:
191:fortified wine
60:vino de España
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6093:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5686:median income
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5556:Head of State
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5300:Enlightenment
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5225:
5223:
5218:
5216:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5177:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4939:
4937:
4932:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4800:Acids in wine
4798:
4796:
4795:Aroma of wine
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4659:Major regions
4656:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4615:Montepulciano
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4176:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:South America
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4059:United States
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:North America
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Liechtenstein
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3626:Galician wine
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3582:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:Illes Balears
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Los Cerrillos
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Utiel-Requena
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Ribeira Sacra
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2498:Pla i Llevant
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2386:
2381:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:Major regions
2241:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2133:
2132:0-19-860990-6
2129:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2108:0-19-860990-6
2105:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2084:0-7892-0883-0
2081:
2077:
2074:J. Robinson.
2071:
2069:
2061:
2060:0-7566-1324-8
2057:
2053:
2047:
2040:
2039:0-671-68702-6
2036:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2018:0-19-860990-6
2015:
2011:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1904:1-56305-434-5
1901:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1762:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1709:Pedro Ximénez
1706:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:Cyrus Redding
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:Pedro Ximénez
1470:
1466:
1463:are used for
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:and prone to
1387:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1322:per acre (20
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1175:
1174:Super Tuscans
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:
996:
992:
991:
983:
978:
969:
966:
960:
953:
949:
940:
938:
937:Mediterranean
934:
930:
926:
925:Sierra Nevada
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:Bay of Biscay
871:
867:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
816:
812:
807:
802:
792:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
632:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:conquistadors
545:
541:
540:Spanish crown
537:
533:
529:
521:
516:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:Terraconensis
324:
317:
313:
310:built in the
309:
304:
299:
289:
287:
286:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:Carthaginians
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
231:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:; the whites
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:United States
101:
97:
93:
92:third largest
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
61:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
30:
29:Catalunya DOP
26:
21:
6013:
6000:Coat of arms
5897:Bullfighting
5887:Architecture
5854:Prostitution
5814:Homelessness
5789:Demographics
5752:
5743:Trade unions
5681:unemployment
5666:Car industry
5598:Human rights
5546:Constitution
5502:
5448:
5428:ranked lists
5340:1975–present
5180:
5037:Fermentation
4888:
4871:Wine tasting
4492:Muscat blanc
4462:Chenin blanc
4259:Ancient Rome
4012:
3721:South Africa
3621:Catalan wine
3616:Spanish wine
3615:
3301:Torreperogil
3271:Los Palacios
3084:El Terrerazo
2955:Vino de Pago
2758:Pla de Bages
2555:Gran Canaria
2390:Denominación
2292:Denominación
2123:
2099:
2075:
2051:
2046:
2030:
2029:H. Johnson.
2025:
2009:
1955:. Retrieved
1949:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1921:
1911:
1895:
1894:K. MacNeil.
1834:
1800:
1792:
1772:
1745:Cream Sherry
1743:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1707:
1695:
1689:Palo Cortado
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1622:
1594:
1586:American oak
1582:
1577:
1569:
1562:fermentation
1557:
1550:Richard Ford
1535:
1531:
1529:Spanish word
1526:
1521:American oak
1434:
1374:
1351:
1328:
1290:
1279:downy mildew
1272:
1250:Gran Reserva
1249:
1246:Gran Reserva
1245:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1219:Gran Reserva
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1166:vino de mesa
1165:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1134:vino de pago
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1070:
1056:
1040:viticultural
1033:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
994:
988:
986:
962:
943:Wine regions
898:
863:
856:Guadalquivir
840:Douro Valley
820:
760:middle class
746:and Spanish
736:co-operative
733:
710:
703:dictatorship
692:
675:
634:
580:
544:missionaries
527:
525:
461:
415:
411:Ars amatoria
410:
402:
359:Loire Valley
347:Italian wine
337:(modern-day
329:(modern-day
320:
283:
233:
216:as well the
172:
55:vino español
47:Spanish wine
46:
45:
38:Traditional
5819:Immigration
5809:Health care
5671:Communities
5656:Agriculture
5456:Earthquakes
5315:Restoration
5285:Reconquista
5140:Wine bottle
5112:Other steps
5103:Wine cellar
5060:Süssreserve
4752:Wine cellar
4742:Wine bottle
4683:accessories
4681:Packaging,
4640:Tempranillo
4269:Noah's wine
4249:Phoenicians
4195:Viticulture
4080:New Zealand
4023:Switzerland
3968:Netherlands
3817:Philippines
3457:Extremadura
3450:Extremadura
3322:Bajo Aragón
3042:Vallegarcía
2815:Rías Baixas
2782:Extremadura
2261:Rías Baixas
1842:Extremadura
1673:Amontillado
1617:Amontillado
1615:A glass of
1566:earthenware
1445:Rías Baixas
1394:Tempranillo
1347:evaporation
1257:Viticulture
1195:Sin crianza
1170:table wines
878:rain shadow
865:cordilleras
717:appellation
653:French wine
570:as well as
528:Reconquista
520:Phillip III
496:La Rochelle
484:Southampton
463:Reconquista
256:Phoenicians
240:viticulture
198:Rías Baixas
120:Tempranillo
88:wine grapes
63:) includes
25:Tempranillo
6070:Categories
5937:Mass media
5932:Literature
5824:Irreligion
5804:Euthanasia
5794:Disability
5576:Government
5551:Corruption
5373:Golden Age
5019:Maceration
5009:Wine press
4999:Destemming
4950:Winemaking
4856:Wine fraud
4851:Wine fault
4836:Oenophilia
4772:Wine label
4767:Wine glass
4732:Port tongs
4630:Sangiovese
4625:Pinot noir
4585:Douce noir
4512:Rkatsiteli
4457:Chardonnay
4447:Catarratto
4421:by acreage
4395:Biodynamic
4358:Aromatized
4147:winemaking
3993:San Marino
3958:Montenegro
3943:Luxembourg
3797:Kazakhstan
3757:Azerbaijan
3363:Formentera
3342:Valdejalón
3183:Valtiendas
3012:Finca Élez
3007:El Vicario
2971:Pago Aylés
2830:Valdeorras
2768:Terra Alta
2707:Valdepeñas
2493:Binissalem
1873:References
1862:Winemaking
1830:Pinot noir
1826:Chardonnay
1824:grapes of
1731:Pale Cream
1665:Manzanilla
1595:vino joven
1590:French oak
1540:winemaking
1511:Winemaking
1485:Chardonnay
1422:Monastrell
1339:Australian
1314:region of
1291:marco real
1191:vino joven
1052:wine label
1044:winemaking
828:Ebro river
799:See also:
788:irrigation
784:Chardonnay
645:phylloxera
629:See also:
611:Philip III
488:Edward III
434:winemaking
413:3.645-6).
323:Roman rule
296:See also:
228:See also:
132:Monastrell
5927:Languages
5829:Languages
5799:Education
5748:Transport
5588:Elections
5571:Judiciary
5510:Provinces
5407:Geography
5388:Civil War
5295:Expansion
4971:Noble rot
4861:Winemaker
4841:Sommelier
4777:Wine rack
4757:Wine cork
4747:Wine cave
4737:Screw cap
4707:Corkscrew
4672:New World
4667:Old World
4645:Zinfandel
4620:Mourvèdre
4527:Trebbiano
4467:Colombard
4368:Noble rot
4348:Fortified
4326:Sparkling
4293:New World
4096:Argentina
4075:Australia
3812:Palestine
3551:3 Riberas
3397:Cantabria
3224:Andalusia
3118:Andalusia
3022:La Jaraba
2810:Monterrei
2763:Tarragona
2728:Catalunya
2716:Catalonia
2682:Manchuela
2677:La Mancha
2570:Lanzarote
2560:La Gomera
2550:El Hierro
2472:Somontano
2457:Calatayud
2404:Andalusia
2327:Catalonia
2297:de origen
1846:Catalonia
1822:Champagne
1814:Parellada
1783:Champagne
1576:known as
1457:Parellada
1390:oxidation
1386:alcoholic
1048:harvested
921:Andalusia
852:La Mancha
844:Port wine
772:La Mancha
744:sauternes
699:Champagne
688:rootstock
686:American
669:Catalonia
619:Argentina
607:Argentina
591:Philip II
536:New World
530:in 1492,
430:Visigoths
339:Andalucia
331:Tarragona
206:Catalonia
160:Parellada
73:sparkling
40:vineyards
6050:Category
5911:Fiestas
5859:Religion
5844:Pensions
5839:Naturism
5779:Abortion
5718:Taxation
5708:Forestry
5620:Monarchy
5615:Military
5608:Intersex
5529:Politics
5515:Wildlife
5450:Comarcas
5383:Military
5378:Economic
5351:By topic
5257:Timeline
5240:articles
4986:Pressing
4908:Glossary
4824:Industry
4717:Jug wine
4712:Decanter
4702:Box wine
4600:Isabella
4595:Grenache
4575:Carignan
4522:Sémillon
4507:Riesling
4502:Palomino
4245:Ancient
4228:Vineyard
4223:Veraison
4208:Oenology
4116:Paraguay
4008:Slovenia
4003:Slovakia
3978:Portugal
3878:Bulgaria
3832:Thailand
3747:Abkhazia
3726:Tanzania
3706:Ethiopia
3612:See also
3567:Castelló
3560:Valencia
3520:Abanilla
3497:La Rioja
3478:Betanzos
3441:Castilla
3383:Mallorca
3134:Asturias
3077:Valencia
3058:Arínzano
2935:Valencia
2925:Alicante
2918:Valencia
2839:La Rioja
2748:Montsant
2692:Mondéjar
2687:Méntrida
2565:La Palma
2467:Cariñena
2343:La Rioja
1951:Statista
1923:Statista
1856:See also
1818:Xarel·lo
1697:Moscatel
1633:Moscatel
1536:fabricar
1532:elaborar
1477:varietal
1469:Palomino
1461:Xarel·lo
1437:Albariño
1420:region,
1398:synonyms
1369:Xarel·lo
1308:Burgundy
1304:Bordeaux
1203:vendimia
1098:DOCa/DOQ
913:moderate
909:Valencia
860:Atlantic
854:region;
836:Portugal
725:Valencia
684:grafting
657:Pyrenees
550:brought
428:and the
409:drunk. (
407:mistress
403:Saguntum
387:Germania
381:and the
371:Bordeaux
367:Provence
363:Brittany
355:Normandy
351:amphorae
314:city of
308:aqueduct
285:Hispania
250:period.
248:Tertiary
220:region.
164:Xarel·lo
148:Palomino
136:Albariño
128:Garnacha
6034:Outline
5987:Symbols
5907:Cuisine
5879:Culture
5767:Society
5738:Tourism
5644:Economy
5483:Islands
5466:Forests
5444:Climate
5439:Borders
5248:History
5170:Terroir
5128:Related
4976:Vintage
4958:Harvest
4903:Outline
4727:Muselet
4689:storage
4580:Cinsaut
4555:Barbera
4482:Macabeo
4442:Aligoté
4400:Organic
4390:Natural
4343:Dessert
4288:Georgia
4238:History
4218:Terroir
4213:Species
4126:Uruguay
4101:Bolivia
4068:Oceania
4028:Ukraine
3983:Romania
3953:Moldova
3928:Ireland
3923:Hungary
3913:Germany
3908:Georgia
3898:Denmark
3883:Croatia
3868:Belgium
3863:Austria
3858:Albania
3842:Vietnam
3802:Lebanon
3752:Armenia
3731:Tunisia
3716:Namibia
3711:Morocco
3696:Algeria
3631:Txakoli
3598:Jumilla
3539:Navarre
3466:Galicia
3409:Liébana
3246:Córdoba
3125:Lebrija
3051:Navarre
3017:Guijoso
2904:Navarra
2897:Navarre
2883:Jumilla
2825:Ribeiro
2803:Galicia
2753:Penedès
2743:Empordà
2672:Jumilla
2667:Almansa
2621:Cigales
2611:Arribes
2606:Arlanza
2416:Granada
2359:Navarre
2334:Priorat
2256:Priorat
2251:Navarra
2156:Portals
1957:21 June
1929:21 June
1810:Macabeo
1805:ferment
1801:Champan
1777:of the
1718:raisins
1681:Oloroso
1570:tinajas
1453:Macabeo
1441:Verdejo
1418:Levante
1414:Priorat
1410:Penedès
1331:harvest
1312:Jumilla
1300:hectare
1267:Galicia
1240:Reserva
1236:Reserva
1230:Crianza
1226:Crianza
1211:harvest
1207:cosecha
1199:vintage
1067:Jumilla
1029:Priorat
1021:Catalan
901:drought
890:Galicia
823:plateau
811:Galicia
768:Galicia
748:chablis
740:generic
676:barrica
665:Navarre
585:in the
504:Germany
492:Gascony
476:Bristol
472:English
454:caliphs
450:alcohol
395:Martial
379:Britain
349:, with
335:Baetica
316:Segovia
224:History
218:Priorat
214:Penedès
202:Galicia
183:Jumilla
168:Macabeo
158:grapes
152:Macabeo
144:Verdejo
51:Spanish
6055:Portal
5995:Anthem
5902:Cinema
5849:People
5698:Energy
5238:
5135:Winery
5098:Solera
4722:Kvevri
4610:Merlot
4605:Malbec
4405:Kosher
4381:Other
4336:Orange
4309:Styles
4276:France
4106:Brazil
4054:Mexico
4049:Canada
4018:Sweden
3998:Serbia
3988:Russia
3973:Poland
3918:Greece
3903:France
3888:Cyprus
3851:Europe
3837:Turkey
3827:Taiwan
3792:Jordan
3782:Israel
3762:Bhutan
3689:Africa
3636:Malaga
3525:Murcia
3513:Murcia
3315:Aragon
3236:Bailén
3141:Cangas
2964:Aragon
2878:Bullas
2871:Murcia
2855:Madrid
2723:Alella
2616:Bierzo
2450:Aragon
2426:Málaga
2392:
2299:
2294:
2130:
2106:
2082:
2058:
2037:
2016:
1902:
1838:Aragon
1816:, and
1793:VECPRD
1779:French
1738:Medium
1724:Blends
1645:solera
1619:Sherry
1607:Sherry
1601:Sherry
1578:cueros
1505:Mencía
1493:Merlot
1459:, and
1382:brandy
1335:Toledo
1326:/ha).
1316:Murcia
1201:year (
1077:Madrid
637:Malaga
595:Mexico
572:Málaga
500:France
480:London
468:Bilbao
442:Muslim
357:, the
321:Under
306:Roman
194:Sherry
166:, and
150:, and
130:, and
108:yields
100:France
71:, and
6041:Index
5967:Sport
5942:Music
5869:Women
5784:Crime
5661:Banks
5290:Union
5236:Spain
5085:Aging
4635:Syrah
4590:Gamay
4560:Bobal
4472:Glera
4437:Airén
4429:White
4385:Table
4373:Straw
4363:Fruit
4321:White
4264:China
4143:Wines
4111:Chile
4013:Spain
3948:Malta
3933:Italy
3822:Syria
3807:Nepal
3787:Japan
3772:India
3767:China
3701:Egypt
3606:Rioja
3368:Ibiza
3241:Cádiz
3063:Otazu
2888:Yecla
2702:Uclés
2631:Rueda
2545:Abona
2366:Rioja
2350:Rioja
2318:Rioja
2276:Rueda
2271:Rioja
2182:Spain
1637:yeast
1574:resin
1489:Syrah
1449:Rueda
1426:Bobal
1402:Rioja
1378:Airén
1277:like
1106:Italy
1025:Rioja
982:Rioja
832:Duero
815:Rioja
715:(DO)
661:Rioja
615:Chile
603:Chile
458:emirs
438:Moors
426:Suebi
345:than
260:Cádiz
236:grape
175:Rioja
140:Airén
124:Bobal
96:Italy
84:Spain
76:wines
69:white
6008:Flag
5864:Time
5753:Wine
5603:LGBT
4687:and
4416:Top
4331:Rosé
4187:Wine
4145:and
4121:Peru
3777:Iran
3740:Asia
3594:Cava
2940:Cava
2909:Cava
2846:Cava
2794:Cava
2773:Cava
2651:Cava
2646:Toro
2529:Cava
2477:Cava
2246:Cava
2170:Wine
2128:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2056:ISBN
2035:ISBN
2014:ISBN
1959:2024
1931:2024
1900:ISBN
1828:and
1761:Cava
1755:Cava
1657:Fino
1641:flor
1503:and
1495:and
1471:and
1447:and
1439:and
1430:rosé
1424:and
1408:and
1306:and
1296:acre
1281:and
1217:and
1138:pago
1042:and
1027:and
886:Haro
848:Tajo
782:and
770:and
667:and
605:and
599:Peru
546:and
502:and
482:and
456:and
399:Ovid
393:and
369:and
343:Gaul
268:Mago
244:pips
210:Cava
177:and
156:Cava
98:and
5892:Art
5676:GDP
5093:Oak
4542:Red
4353:Ice
4316:Red
1545:oak
1320:ton
1205:or
1163:VdM
1154:IGP
1108:'s
1084:DOP
838:'s
673:oak
659:to
385:in
65:red
57:or
6072::
3604:·
3600:·
3596:·
2115:^
2091:^
2067:^
1967:^
1948:.
1920:.
1881:^
1832:.
1812:,
1507:.
1491:,
1487:,
1483:,
1455:,
1432:.
1404:,
1337:,
1324:hl
1221:.
1146:–
1144:VC
1132:–
1130:VP
1120:–
1118:DO
1100:–
1086:–
1031:.
896:.
663:,
601:,
597:,
578:.
478:,
365:,
361:,
288:.
196:;
170:.
162:,
146:,
142:,
138:,
126:,
122:,
82:,
67:,
53::
5430:)
5426:(
5228:e
5221:t
5214:v
4942:e
4935:t
4928:v
4685:,
4179:e
4172:t
4165:v
3674:e
3667:t
3660:v
2211:e
2204:t
2197:v
2158::
2134:.
2110:.
2086:.
2062:.
2041:.
2020:.
1961:.
1933:.
1906:.
1791:(
49:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
