132:
1745:
1968:
144:
3169:
276:. Wine has been around for thousands of years in the countries on the Mediterranean but France has made it a part of their civilization and has considered wine-making as art for over two thousand years. The Gauls knew how to cultivate the vine and how to prune it. Pruning creates an important distinction in the difference between wild vines and wine-producing grapes. Before long, the wines produced in Gaul were popular all around the world. The Roman Empire licensed regions in the south to produce wines.
4239:
3947:
1688:, France had no tradition of labelling wines with details of the grape varieties used. Since New World wines made the names of individual grape varieties familiar to international consumers in the late 20th century, more French wineries started to use varietal labelling. In general, varietal labelling is most common for the Vin de Pays category, although some AOC wines now also display varietal names. For most AOC wines, if grape varieties are mentioned, they will be in small print on a back label.
398:), and subject to less restrictive regulations than AOC wines. For instance, it allows producers to distinguish wines that are made using grape varieties or procedures other than those required by the AOC rules, without having to use the simple and commercially non-viable table wine classification. In order to maintain a distinction from Vin de Table, the producers have to submit the wine for analysis and tasting, and the wines have to be made from certain varieties or blends.
494:
124:
1836:
22:
2260:, in the south-east and close to the Mediterranean. It is perhaps the warmest wine region of France and produces mainly rosé and red wine. It covers eight major appellations led by the Provence flagship, Bandol. Some Provence wine can be compared with the Southern Rhône wines as they share both grapes and, to some degree, style and climate. Provence also has a classification of its most prestigious estates, much like Bordeaux.
1709:"... dans la région de production": the wine was not bottled at the vineyard but by a larger business at its warehouse; this warehouse was within the same winemaking region of France as the appellation, but not necessarily within the boundary of the appellation itself. If a chateau or domaine is named, it may well not exist as a real vineyard, and the wine may be an assemblage from the grapes or the wines of several producers.
3181:
1610:
565:
and
Bordeaux. As an example of the rules, although climatic conditions would appear to be favorable, no Cabernet Sauvignon wines are produced in Rhône, Riesling wines in Loire, or Chardonnay wines in Bordeaux. (If such wines were produced, they would have to be declassified to Vin de Pays or French table wine. They would not be allowed to display any appellation name or even region of origin.)
1684:
level, will also include the geographical area where the wine was made. Sometimes that will simply be the wider region where the wine was made, but some labels, especially for higher quality wines, will also include details of the individual village or commune, and even the specific vineyard where the wine was sourced. With the exception of
561:" are of French origin, or became known and spread because of their cultivation in France. Since French appellation rules generally restrict wines from each region, district or appellation to a small number of allowed grape varieties, there are in principle no varieties that are commonly planted throughout all of France.
211:(AOC) system, replaced by the Appellation d'Origine Protégée (AOP) system in 2012. Appellation rules closely define which grape varieties and winemaking practices are approved for classification in each of France's several hundred geographically defined appellations, which can cover regions, villages or vineyards.
1752:
The recognized wine producing areas in France are regulated by the
Institut National des Appellations d'Origine – INAO in acronym. Every appellation in France is defined by INAO, in regards to the individual regions particular wine "character". If a wine fails to meet the INAO's strict criteria it is
1807:
grape. Gamay is characterized by an early ripening and acidic variety. Due to the carbonic maceration that producers use during the wine-making process
Beaujolais wines are brightly colored with a low level of soft tannin. They usually have an intense fruity flavor of raspberry and cranberry. Apart
292:
maintained vineyards and, more importantly, conserved wine-making knowledge and skills during that often turbulent period. Monasteries had the resources, security and inventiveness to produce a steady supply of wine for Mass and profit. The best vineyards were owned by the monasteries and their wine
1721:" is a special mark adopted by some independent wine-makers, to distinguish them from larger corporate winemaking operations and symbolize a return to the basics of the craft of wine-making. Bottles from these independent makers carry a special logo usually printed on the foil cap covering the cork.
564:
Most varieties of grape are primarily associated with a certain region, such as
Cabernet Sauvignon in Bordeaux and Syrah in Rhône, although there are some varieties that are found in two or more regions, such as Chardonnay in Bourgogne (including Chablis) and Champagne, and Sauvignon blanc in Loire
1683:
The amount of information included on French wine labels varies depending on which region the wine was made in, and what level of classification the wine carries. As a minimum, labels will usually state that classification, as well as the name of the producer, and, for wines above the Vin De Table
426:
The total French production for the 2005 vintage was 43.9 million hl (plus an additional 9.4 million hl destined for various brandies) of which 28.3% was white and 71.7% was red or rosé. The proportion of white wine is slightly higher for the higher categories, with 34.3% of the AOC wine
532:
In many respects, French wines have more of a regional than a national identity, as evidenced by different grape varieties, production methods and different classification systems in the various regions. Quality levels and prices vary enormously, and some wines are made for immediate consumption
308:
spread throughout the country and the rest of Europe, leaving vineyards desolate. Then came an economic downturn in Europe followed by two world wars and the French wine industry was depressed for decades. Competition threatened French brands such as
Champagne and Bordeaux. This resulted in the
481:
The largest changes will be in the Vin de France category, and to VDQS wines, which either need to qualify as AOP wines or be downgraded to an IGP category. For the former AOC wines, the move to AOP will only mean minor changes to the terminology of the label, while the actual names of the
2398:
France has traditionally been the largest consumer of its own wines. However, wine consumption has been dropping in France for 40 years. During the decade of the 1990s, per capita consumption dropped by nearly 20 percent. Therefore, French wine producers must rely increasingly on
1819:. There are 12 appellations in Beaujolais including Beaujolais AOC and Beaujolais-Villages AOC and 10 Crus: Brouilly, Regnié, Chiroubles, Cote de Brouilly, Fleurie, Saint-Amour, Chénas, Juliénas, Morgon and Moulin-a-Vent. The Beaujolais region is also notorious for the
234:) that are now planted throughout the world, as well as wine-making practices and styles of wine that have been adopted in other producing countries. Although some producers have benefited in recent years from rising prices and increased demand for prestige wines from
529:– are produced in France. In most of these styles, the French production ranges from cheap and simple versions to some of the world's most famous and expensive examples. An exception is French fortified wines, which tend to be relatively unknown outside France.
1985:
in eastern France is a region where red and white wines are equally important. Probably more terroir-conscious than any other region, Burgundy is divided into the largest number of appellations of any French region. The top wines from
Burgundy's heartland in
443:
The wine classification system of France was revised in 2006, with a new system fully introduced by 2012. The new system consists of three categories rather than four, since there will be no category corresponding to VDQS from 2012. The new categories are:
2058:, is the coldest of France's major wine regions and home to its major sparkling wine. Champagne wines can be both white and rosé. A small amount of still wine is produced in Champagne using (as AOC Coteaux Champenois) of which some can be red wine.
2028:
in the south, close to the Rhône Valley region, where mostly red wines are made in a fruity style that is usually consumed young. "Beaujolais
Nouveau" is the only wine that can be legally consumed in the year of its production (Third week end of
2069:
is an island in the
Mediterranean the wines of which are primarily consumed on the island itself. It has nine AOC regions and an island-wide vin de pays designation and is still developing its production methods as well as its regional style.
1753:
declassified into a lower appellation or even into Vin de Pays or Vin de Table. With the number of appellations in France too numerous to mention here, they are easily defined into one of the main wine producing regions listed below:
2146:
is a primarily white-wine region that stretches over a long distance along the Loire River in central and western France, and where grape varieties and wine styles vary along the river. Four sub-regions are situated along the river:
2108:, are produced. The region covers six appellations and is related to Burgundy through its extensive use of the Burgundian grapes Chardonnay and Pinot noir, though other varieties are used. It also shares cool climate with Burgundy.
544:
meal, or a full-fledged multi-course menu. Since the French tradition is to serve wine with food, wines have seldom been developed or styled as "bar wines" for drinking on their own, or to impress in tastings when young.
2305:, a somewhat heterogeneous collection of wine areas inland or south of Bordeaux. Some areas produce primarily red wines in a style reminiscent of red Bordeaux, while other produce dry or sweet white wines. Areas within
2039:
There are two main grape varieties used in
Burgundy – Chardonnay for white wines, and Pinot noir for red. White wines are also sometimes made from Aligoté, and other grape varieties will also be found occasionally.
1691:
Labels will also indicate where the wine was bottled, which can be an indication as to the quality level of the wine, and whether it was bottled by a single producer, or more anonymously and in larger quantities:
1673:
1655:
and wine laws across the globe. In other words: when the same grape variety is planted in different regions, it can produce wines that are significantly different from each other. In France the concept of
2499:
2421:
Immune from these problems has been the market for
Champagne as well as the market for the expensive ranked or classified wines. However, these constitute only about five percent of French production.
2811:
482:
appellations themselves will remain unchanged. While no new wines have been marketed under the old designations from 2012, bottles already in the distribution chain will not be relabelled.
2043:
Gustave Henri Laly, a renowned wine producer from Burgundy, supplied the French General Assembly with his Montrachet produced at Mont Dardon around the turn of the 20th century.
366:(QWPSR) designation. The categories and their shares of the total French production for the 2005 vintage, excluding wine destined for Cognac, Armagnac and other brandies, were
1699:"... au château, au domaine, à la propriété": these have a similar meaning, and indicate the wine was "estate bottled", on the same property on which it was grown or at a
1959:. Several small recreational vineyards were established in the last two decades e.g. in Rennes, Quimper, Morlaix, Le Quillo, Cléguérec, Sain Sulliac, Le Folgoët, etc.
1944:
that were to be on display for visitors from around the world. Brokers from the wine industry ranked the wines according to a château's reputation and trading price.
1645:(typical rain, winds, humidity, temperature variations, etc.). Even in the same area, no two vineyards have exactly the same terroir, thus being the base of the
2241:
is not an official wine region anymore. Yet it has a rich history related to grapegrowing and winemaking and has recently been demonstrating a revival of its
2226:
is not an official wine region anymore. Yet it has a rich history related to grapegrowing and winemaking and has recently been demonstrating a revival of its
2119:
is the largest region in terms of vineyard surface and production, hence the region in which much of France's cheap bulk wines have been produced. So-called "
2081:
is not an official wine region anymore. Yet it has a rich history related to grapegrowing and winemaking and has recently been demonstrating a revival of its
1955:
is not an official wine region anymore, but it has a rich history related to grapegrowing and winemaking and has recently been demonstrating a revival of its
414:(VDQS, 0.9%) – Less strict than AOC, usually used for smaller areas or as a "waiting room" for potential AOCs. This category was abolished at the end of 2011.
2464:
1857:
is a large region on the Atlantic coast, which has a long history of exporting its wines overseas. This is primarily a red wine region, famous for the wines
2819:
1768:
and borders Germany, a country with which it shares many grape varieties as well as a long tradition of varietal labelling. Grapes grown in Alsace include
2275:. The styles and varietal composition of northern and southern Rhône differ, but both parts compete with Bordeaux as traditional producers of red wines.
2410:. This has led to the distillation of wine into industrial alcohol as well as a government program to pay farmers to pull up their grape vines through
2249:
area and several small recreational vineyards were established in the last two decades e.g. in Coucy le Château, Gerberoy, Gouvieux, Clairoix, etc.
2230:. Several small recreational vineyards were established in the last two decades and at least one operates on a commercial scale in Grisy near Caen.
2035:, halfway between Côte d'Or and Paris, where white wines are produced on chalky soil giving a more crisp and steely style than the rest of Burgundy.
1764:
is primarily a white-wine region, though some red, rosé, sparkling and sweet wines are also produced. It is situated in eastern France on the river
4281:
536:
If there is one thing that most French wines have in common, it is that most styles have developed as wines meant to accompany food, be it a quick
427:
being white. In years with less favourable vintage conditions than 2005, the proportion of AOC wine tends to be a little lower. The proportion of
341:
1929:
1847:
131:
2544:
410:
2798:
362:
154:
corresponds well to the traditional image of a prestigious French château, but in reality, French wineries come in all sizes and shapes.
2786:
192:
times. The wines produced range from expensive wines sold internationally to modest wines usually only seen within France such as the
4394:
349:
for wine in the world and strict laws concerning winemaking and production and many European systems are modeled after it. The word "
2980:
1660:
manifests itself most extremely in the Burgundy region. The amount of influence and the scope that falls under the description of
461:
4173:
1647:
557:
are cultivated in France, including both internationally well-known and obscure local varieties. In fact, most of the so-called "
418:
335:
311:
207:
2089:
area and more than 200 small recreational vineyards were established in the last decades covering about 12 hectares altogether.
2744:
4274:
3995:
188:. French wine traces its history to the 6th century BCE, with many of France's regions dating their wine-making history to
2290:, primarily a white-wine region in the Alps close to Switzerland, where many grapes unique to this region are cultivated.
422:(AOC, 53.4%) – Wine from a particular area with many other restrictions, including grape varieties and winemaking methods.
86:
1744:
2390:
wines, and some, particularly those in more northern locations, are remnants of production areas that were once larger.
1718:
147:
58:
1706:"... par ..." the wine was bottled by the concern whose name follows. This may be the producing vineyard or it may not.
3257:
3137:
3099:
3078:
2940:
2886:
2848:
2597:
105:
4403:
360:
French law divides wine into four categories, two falling under the European Union Table Wine category and two the
357:
wine laws have been modeled after those of the French, this trend is likely to continue with further EU expansion.
65:
4361:
4267:
3232:
2298:
1621:
The concept of Terroir, which refers to the unique combination of natural factors associated with any particular
473:
346:
3546:
1917:. Bordeaux also makes dry and sweet white wines, including some of the world's most famous sweet wines from the
907:
4883:
3713:
2123:", Languedoc-Roussillon is also the home of some innovative producers who combine traditional French wine like
2082:
205:, which links the style of the wines to the locations where the grapes are grown and the wine is made, and the
185:
43:
4387:
4199:
1933:
72:
2403:. However, consumption has also been dropping in other potential markets such as Italy, Spain and Portugal.
1967:
4754:
4204:
39:
1987:
1866:
1858:
4594:
431:
has decreased considerably over the last decades, while the proportion of AOC has increased somewhat and
2386:
There are also several smaller production areas situated outside these major regions. Many of those are
54:
4124:
4091:
3920:
3159:
3055:
3040:
2956:
1672:
2688:"A leader in an emerging new international market: the determinants of French wine exports, 1848–1938"
2571:
4336:
4214:
4104:
2355:
2116:
4873:
4380:
4209:
3988:
3930:
3859:
3751:
3352:
3335:
2873:
2246:
2227:
2967:
325:
yielded results in the 1970s and the following decades, creating the modern French wine industry.
4099:
3472:
3308:
2489:
2375:
2242:
2051:
1956:
1789:
558:
554:
32:
1882:
4878:
3962:
3885:
3330:
2545:"World wine production reaches record level in 2018, consumption is stable - BKWine Magazine -"
1937:
1729:
If a single varietal name is used, the wine must be made from a minimum of 85% of this variety.
1700:
1128:
255:
2878:
2868:
2100:, a small region in the mountains close to Switzerland where some unique wine styles, notably
1712:"... dans nos chais, dans nos caves": the wine was bottled by the business named on the label.
4684:
3900:
3669:
3313:
386:(33.9%) – Carries with it a specific region within France (for example Vin de Pays d'Oc from
2085:. 5 villages of Ile de France (north-east of the Seine et Marne department) are part of the
1922:
1874:
4868:
3551:
3303:
2429:
2200:
2192:
2127:, the world's oldest sparkling wine, and international styles while using lessons from the
2124:
387:
246:
has contributed to a decline in the domestic and international consumption of French wine.
3111:
2347:
1890:
391:
8:
4341:
4129:
4081:
3981:
3225:
2836:
2143:
2132:
1972:
1894:
1642:
277:
79:
3531:
2987:
4659:
4442:
4119:
3624:
2715:
2469:
2313:
2211:
1906:
1820:
1735:
If two or more varietal names are used, they must generally appear in descending order.
1638:
992:
805:
686:
378:(11.7%) – Carries with it only the producer and the designation that it is from France.
215:
3012:
2787:
INAO statistics of vineyard surfaces and production volumes for the 2005–2006 campaign
2188:
1870:
143:
4073:
4020:
3604:
3342:
3133:
3095:
3074:
2936:
2882:
2844:
2740:
2719:
2707:
2448:
2411:
1162:
941:
294:
3541:
1898:
1886:
1862:
498:
4801:
4714:
4679:
4533:
4478:
3864:
3791:
3654:
3556:
2699:
2519:
2339:
2086:
2021:
There are two parts of Burgundy that are sometimes considered as separate regions:
2009:
1918:
1196:
2379:
2078:
293:
was considered to be superior. The nobility developed extensive vineyards but the
139:
in Burgundy, a village that is the source of some of France's most expensive wines
136:
4837:
4796:
4699:
4664:
4563:
4538:
4219:
4040:
3957:
3743:
3571:
3506:
3449:
3412:
3292:
2864:
2484:
2152:
1800:
1732:
If two or more varietal names are used, only the displayed varieties are allowed.
1417:
1213:
771:
568:
Traditionally, many French wines have been blended from several grape varieties.
353:" has been put to use by other countries, sometimes in a much looser meaning. As
260:
French wine originated in the 6th century BCE, with the colonization of Southern
227:
2369:
4847:
4827:
4817:
4749:
4729:
4644:
4599:
4548:
4513:
4468:
4447:
4427:
4109:
4058:
4012:
3869:
3841:
3816:
3737:
3726:
3721:
3619:
3586:
3402:
3380:
3347:
3323:
3218:
2494:
2415:
2187:-Saumur is similar to the Tourain wines with respect to varieties, but the dry
2174:
2002:
1914:
1824:
1773:
1247:
1060:
1043:
958:
720:
581:
Common grape varieties in France (2007 situation, all varieties over 1 000 ha)
526:
522:
354:
243:
4114:
2272:
4862:
4842:
4822:
4780:
4770:
4704:
4674:
4629:
4604:
4584:
4579:
4523:
4508:
4488:
4473:
4452:
4437:
4432:
4422:
4417:
4346:
4316:
4311:
4238:
4139:
4048:
3946:
3854:
3849:
3526:
3318:
3185:
3168:
2711:
2424:
French regulations in 1979 created simple rules for the then-new category of
2328:
2257:
2245:. 40 villages of Picardy (south of the Aisne department) are now part of the
1995:
1978:
1941:
1854:
1298:
1281:
839:
449:
239:
235:
193:
182:
4351:
2268:
1811:
Beaujolais region is situated in central East of France following the river
1703:(within the boundary of the appellation) of which that property is a member.
4832:
4775:
4739:
4734:
4719:
4709:
4669:
4654:
4609:
4589:
4558:
4503:
4498:
4326:
3925:
3516:
3454:
3444:
3397:
2500:
Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union
2207:
2184:
2166:
2156:
2066:
2032:
1843:
1839:
1765:
1434:
1383:
1094:
856:
572:
white wines have been, and are still, more common than varietal red wines.
316:
315:
to protect French interests. Large investments, the economic revival after
189:
178:
174:
3674:
873:
510:
4724:
4694:
4634:
4619:
4543:
4518:
4493:
4483:
4301:
4243:
4194:
4157:
3951:
3806:
3796:
3694:
3459:
3390:
3249:
3173:
2425:
2343:
2170:
1781:
1761:
1685:
1652:
1502:
575:
At the 2007 harvest, the most common grape varieties were the following:
493:
382:
350:
339:
system was established, which is governed by a powerful oversight board (
285:
269:
3576:
2687:
2624:, William Westcott Kibler, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, p. 964.
2165:
produces cold climate-styled white wines (dry, sweet or sparkling) from
1990:
command high prices. The Burgundy region is divided in four main parts:
1536:
1468:
822:
435:
has increased considerably. In 2005 there were 472 wine AOCs in France.
123:
4744:
4689:
4649:
4639:
4614:
4528:
4356:
4306:
4147:
4063:
4053:
4004:
3910:
3905:
3890:
3826:
3821:
3786:
3684:
3679:
3639:
3566:
3511:
3501:
3483:
3439:
3427:
3417:
3375:
3201:
3191:
2479:
2474:
2351:
2283:
2196:
2178:
2055:
2025:
1835:
1785:
1777:
1366:
1332:
1145:
1026:
754:
703:
635:
518:
514:
374:
305:
223:
219:
166:
3496:
2703:
1264:
457:, but allowing grape variety and vintage to be indicated on the label.
4553:
4331:
4321:
4025:
3915:
3895:
3831:
3811:
3801:
3761:
3699:
3581:
3521:
3422:
3267:
2916:
2901:
2771:. London: Websters International Publishers Ltd. pp. 20, 21, 69.
2407:
2128:
2120:
2097:
2015:
1485:
1315:
890:
333:
In 1935, laws were passed to control the quality of French wine. The
273:
2432:
region has taken advantage of its ability to market varietal wines.
169:
per year, or 7–8 billion bottles. France is one of the largest
21:
3771:
3766:
3756:
3649:
3629:
3596:
3561:
3407:
3370:
3282:
3277:
3262:
2317:
2223:
2162:
1952:
1769:
1622:
1451:
1400:
1230:
1009:
975:
669:
618:
569:
537:
506:
321:
281:
151:
4372:
3491:
2686:
Ayuda, María-Isabel; Ferrer‐Pérez, Hugo; Pinilla, Vicente (2019).
2365:
1878:
1808:
from Gamay grape some white and sparkling rosé are also produced.
300:
The advance of the French wine industry stopped abruptly as first
199:
Two concepts central to the better French wines are the notion of
4224:
4030:
3781:
3634:
3609:
3536:
3272:
2637:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1952, pp. 26–27.
2452:
2335:
2324:
2271:, primarily a red-wine region in south-eastern France, along the
2238:
1902:
1609:
1604:
1519:
1179:
1111:
788:
395:
201:
3385:
4189:
4152:
3776:
3664:
3659:
2400:
2359:
1910:
1614:
1077:
924:
601:
541:
301:
265:
162:
4259:
1827:
which is released annually on the third Thursday of November.
3973:
3689:
3644:
3614:
2663:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1952, p. 27.
2532:
1. France 5,106,751 – 2. Italy 4,063,165 – 3. Spain 3,370,910
2414:. A large part of this glut is caused by the re-emergence of
2406:
The result has been a continuing wine glut, often called the
1812:
1804:
1634:
737:
652:
289:
231:
3241:
3197:
2877:(Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
2387:
1816:
1630:
485:
261:
170:
2766:
477:(AOP), the highest category basically replacing AOC wines.
1349:
272:
soon flourished with the founding of the Greek colony of
2685:
2195:
are often more powerful than their upstream neighbours.
2054:, situated in northeastern France, close to Belgium and
1725:
If varietal names are displayed, common EU rules apply:
328:
3210:
2843:(5th ed.). London: Mitchell Beazley. p. 125.
2835:
1803:
is primarily a red-wine region generally made from the
2206:
Pays Nantais is situated closest to the Atlantic, and
214:
France is the source of many grape varieties (such as
3157:
3065:
3063:
2572:"French attempt to arrest drastic fall in wine sales"
1664:
has been a controversial topic in the wine industry.
2812:"What are the future developments for Alsace wines?"
2739:. London: Dorling Kindersly. 2004. pp. 49, 52.
1998:(from Marsannay-La-Cote down to Nuits-Saint-Georges)
1940:
requested a classification system for France's best
465:(IGP), an intermediate category basically replacing
2986:. Food Standards Agency. p. 20. Archived from
2537:
2520:"Production quantities by country (tonnes) in 2011"
1905:. The red wines produced are usually blended, from
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3122:
3084:
3060:
345:, INAO). France has one of the oldest systems for
2968:Gilles Garrigues, "Oenologie: conseils pratiques"
2782:
2780:
2778:
4860:
3104:
2935:pp. 88–89 Tandem Verlag GmbH, Königswinter 2004
127:French wines are usually made to accompany food.
3045:
3030:
2946:
2857:
533:while other are meant for long-time cellaring.
165:, in quantities between 50 and 60 million
2775:
4388:
4275:
3989:
3226:
2925:
2799:INAO: overview of AOC wine production in 2005
2676:. London: Mitchell Beazley, Publishers, 1979.
2465:List of Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée wines
2441:L'Office national interprofessionnel des vins
1930:Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2159:, but also consisting of several VDQS areas;
2131:. Much Languedoc-Roussillon wine is sold as
453:, a table wine category basically replacing
342:Institut national des appellations d'origine
3013:"Your 2022 guide to Beaujolais wine region"
1748:Map of the principal wine regions in France
363:Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions
297:led to the confiscation of many vineyards.
4395:
4381:
4282:
4268:
3996:
3982:
3233:
3219:
280:(316–397) spread Christianity and planted
2753:
2522:. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
1739:
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
3196:
2598:"When Did the French Start Making Wine?"
1966:
1842:is home to three of the five Bordeaux's
1834:
1743:
1608:
492:
142:
130:
122:
4174:Clarification and stabilization of wine
2650:. New York: Chelsea House, 1986, p. 11.
2111:
1651:(AOC) system that has been a model for
4861:
3132:, pp. 243–47, Dorling Kindersley 2005
1667:
4376:
4263:
3977:
3214:
3195:
3051:
3036:
2952:
2804:
2767:Clarke, Oz; Spurrier, Steven (2001).
2731:
2729:
2615:
329:Quality levels and appellation system
3073:, pp. 224–28, Wiley Publishing 2001
3069:E. McCarthy & M. Ewing-Mulligan
2293:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
4402:
3094:pp. 306–11 Workman Publishing 2001
2595:
173:producers in the world, along with
13:
2919:Les cepages blanc dans le vignoble
2904:Les cepages noirs dans le vignoble
2726:
2569:
2005:(from north of Beaune to Santenay)
1671:
548:
411:Vin délimité de qualité supérieure
14:
4895:
3258:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
3147:
3130:"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia"
2863:
2338:, also home to the production of
1580:
584:
486:Wine styles, grape varieties and
4237:
3945:
3179:
3167:
2622:Medieval France: an encyclopedia
2435:
2073:
1568:All red, pink and grey varieties
462:Indication géographique protégée
148:Château Pichon Longueville Baron
20:
4289:
3005:
2973:
2961:
2910:
2895:
2829:
2792:
2679:
1934:Exposition Universelle de Paris
1648:Appellation d'origine contrôlée
419:Appellation d'origine contrôlée
347:protected designation of origin
336:Appellation d'origine contrôlée
312:Appellation d'origine contrôlée
208:Appellation d'origine contrôlée
31:needs additional citations for
4003:
2981:"Guide to EU Wine Regulations"
2666:
2653:
2640:
2627:
2589:
2563:
2512:
2210:produces white wines from the
1629:. It includes such factors as
1565:
1550:
1533:
1516:
1499:
1482:
1465:
1448:
1431:
1414:
1397:
1380:
1363:
1346:
1329:
1312:
1295:
1278:
1261:
1244:
1227:
1210:
1193:
1176:
1159:
1142:
1125:
1108:
1091:
1074:
1057:
1040:
1023:
1006:
989:
972:
955:
938:
921:
904:
887:
870:
853:
836:
819:
802:
785:
768:
751:
734:
717:
700:
683:
666:
649:
632:
615:
598:
474:Appellation d'origine protégée
1:
4200:Glossary of viticulture terms
2661:Alcohol, Culture, and Society
2635:Alcohol, Culture, and Society
2505:
2151:Upper Loire is known for its
1795:
1633:, underlying rock, altitude,
309:establishment in 1935 of the
4205:Glossary of winemaking terms
2648:Alcohol: Customs and Rituals
2316:and other areas of upstream
2046:
1686:wines from the Alsace region
908:Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains
505:All common styles of wine –
7:
2839:; Robinson, Jancis (2001).
2692:The Economic History Review
2596:Fox, Stuart (3 June 2013).
2458:
2252:
2218:
1962:
1947:
1830:
1591:
1588:
1576:
1573:
1561:
1558:
1546:
1543:
1529:
1526:
1512:
1509:
1495:
1492:
1478:
1475:
1461:
1458:
1444:
1441:
1427:
1424:
1410:
1407:
1393:
1390:
1376:
1373:
1359:
1356:
1342:
1339:
1325:
1322:
1308:
1305:
1291:
1288:
1274:
1271:
1257:
1254:
1240:
1237:
1223:
1220:
1206:
1203:
1189:
1186:
1172:
1169:
1155:
1152:
1138:
1135:
1121:
1118:
1104:
1101:
1087:
1084:
1070:
1067:
1053:
1050:
1036:
1033:
1019:
1016:
1002:
999:
985:
982:
968:
965:
951:
948:
934:
931:
917:
914:
900:
897:
883:
880:
866:
863:
849:
846:
832:
829:
815:
812:
798:
795:
781:
778:
764:
761:
747:
744:
730:
727:
713:
710:
696:
693:
679:
676:
662:
659:
645:
642:
628:
625:
611:
608:
161:is produced all throughout
10:
4902:
4125:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
2233:
2155:, producing wines such as
2061:
1639:orientation toward the sun
1602:
1598:
438:
253:
249:
4810:
4789:
4763:
4572:
4461:
4410:
4297:
4233:
4215:History of the wine press
4182:
4166:
4138:
4105:Sparkling wine production
4090:
4072:
4039:
4011:
3939:
3878:
3840:
3735:
3712:
3595:
3482:
3470:
3363:
3291:
3248:
3208:
3071:"French Wine for Dummies"
2393:
1867:Château Mouton-Rothschild
1859:Château Lafite-Rothschild
1815:below Burgundy and above
1756:
1625:, is important to French
580:
4210:Wine tasting descriptors
3931:Wine tasting descriptors
3860:Phenolic content in wine
3752:Alternative wine closure
3336:Great French Wine Blight
3240:
3112:"Wine Regions of France"
2874:Oxford Companion to Wine
2278:
2263:
2138:
319:and a new generation of
196:of the post-war period.
4100:Malolactic fermentation
2816:Sommelier International
2801:, accessed 26 May 2008.
2789:, accessed 26 May 2008.
2490:List of Vins de Primeur
2092:
1696:"Mis en bouteille ..."
559:international varieties
4595:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2917:Viniflhor stats 2008:
2902:Viniflhor stats 2008:
2818:. 2008. Archived from
1975:
1851:
1848:classification of 1855
1749:
1740:Wine regions of France
1680:
1618:
502:
256:History of French wine
186:wine-producing regions
155:
140:
128:
4884:Agriculture in France
3901:Wine and food pairing
2356:Pacherenc du Vic-Bilh
2309:include among other:
2177:in Bourgueil AOC and
1970:
1921:appellation, such as
1838:
1747:
1675:
1612:
517:(dry, semi-sweet and
496:
146:
134:
126:
118:Wine making in France
4337:Languedoc-Roussillon
3552:Muscat of Alexandria
2659:Patrick, Charles H.
2633:Patrick, Charles H.
2430:Languedoc-Roussillon
2201:Saumur-Champigny AOC
2193:Coteaux du Layon AOC
2125:blanquette de Limoux
2117:Languedoc-Roussillon
2112:Languedoc-Roussillon
1883:Château Cheval Blanc
1719:Vigneron indépendant
1677:Vigneron independent
1637:of hill or terrain,
1617:chateau and vineyard
388:Languedoc-Roussillon
40:improve this article
4130:Yeast in winemaking
4082:Carbonic maceration
3017:www.winetourism.com
2841:World Atlas of Wine
2352:Côtes de Saint-Mont
2173:and red wines from
1973:Nuits-Saint-Georges
1668:Labelling practices
1553:All white varieties
1129:Muscat d'Alexandrie
278:St. Martin of Tours
242:, competition from
4120:Traditional method
3921:Wine personalities
3625:Cabernet Sauvignon
2993:on 7 February 2012
2931:André Dominé (ed)
2737:Wines of the World
2470:List of VDQS wines
2323:Areas of upstream
2212:Melon de Bourgogne
2203:provides reds; and
1976:
1932:resulted from the
1907:Cabernet Sauvignon
1875:Château Haut-Brion
1852:
1821:Beaujolais Nouveau
1750:
1681:
1619:
993:Muscat de Hambourg
806:Melon de Bourgogne
687:Cabernet Sauvignon
503:
390:or Vin de Pays de
216:Cabernet Sauvignon
156:
141:
129:
4856:
4855:
4370:
4369:
4362:South West France
4257:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4021:Late harvest wine
3971:
3970:
3708:
3707:
3605:Alicante Bouschet
3353:Judgment of Paris
2825:on 27 April 2011.
2746:978-0-13-178877-0
2704:10.1111/ehr.12878
2672:Seward, Desmond.
2412:vine pull schemes
2348:Côtes de Gascogne
2299:South West France
2294:South West France
1596:
1595:
942:Alicante Bouschet
392:Côtes de Gascogne
295:French Revolution
116:
115:
108:
90:
4891:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4374:
4373:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4242:
4241:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3950:
3949:
3865:Proteins in wine
3532:Grüner Veltliner
3480:
3479:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3193:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3141:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3116:Emporium Nostrum
3108:
3102:
3088:
3082:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3043:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2950:
2944:
2929:
2923:
2914:
2908:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2865:Robinson, Jancis
2861:
2855:
2854:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2751:
2750:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2683:
2677:
2670:
2664:
2657:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2516:
2133:Vin de Pays d'Oc
2010:Cote Chalonnaise
595:Area (hectares)
578:
577:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
4901:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4874:Wine by country
4859:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4806:
4785:
4759:
4685:North Macedonia
4568:
4457:
4406:
4404:Wine by country
4401:
4371:
4366:
4293:
4288:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4244:Wine portal
4236:
4229:
4220:History of wine
4178:
4162:
4134:
4086:
4068:
4049:Deacidification
4035:
4007:
4002:
3972:
3967:
3952:Wine portal
3944:
3935:
3874:
3836:
3741:
3731:
3704:
3591:
3572:Sauvignon blanc
3507:Cayetana blanca
3475:
3473:grape varieties
3466:
3359:
3287:
3244:
3239:
3204:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3166:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3127:
3123:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3089:
3085:
3068:
3061:
3052:Robinson (2006)
3050:
3046:
3037:Robinson (2006)
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2953:Robinson (2006)
2951:
2947:
2930:
2926:
2915:
2911:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2776:
2769:Fine Wine Guide
2765:
2754:
2747:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2667:
2658:
2654:
2646:Babor, Thomas.
2645:
2641:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2551:. 14 April 2019
2549:BKWine Magazine
2543:
2542:
2538:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2485:History of wine
2461:
2451:association of
2438:
2401:foreign markets
2396:
2378:areas, such as
2296:
2281:
2266:
2255:
2236:
2221:
2189:Savennières AOC
2153:Sauvignon blanc
2141:
2114:
2095:
2076:
2064:
2049:
1965:
1950:
1936:, when Emperor
1923:Château d'Yquem
1871:Château Margaux
1833:
1798:
1759:
1742:
1670:
1607:
1601:
1418:Piquepoul blanc
1214:Auxerrois blanc
772:Sauvignon blanc
555:grape varieties
551:
549:Grape varieties
491:
441:
331:
258:
252:
244:New World wines
228:Sauvignon blanc
119:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
4899:
4898:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4755:United Kingdom
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4615:Czech Republic
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4400:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4287:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4264:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4110:Sugars in wine
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4059:Chaptalization
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3886:Classification
3882:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3870:Sugars in wine
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3842:Wine chemistry
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3817:Wine dispenser
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3620:Cabernet Franc
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3587:Welschriesling
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3542:Müller-Thurgau
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3309:Ancient Greece
3306:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3189:
3188:
3176:
3149:
3148:External links
3146:
3143:
3142:
3121:
3103:
3092:The Wine Bible
3083:
3059:
3044:
3029:
3004:
2972:
2960:
2945:
2924:
2909:
2894:
2887:
2867:, ed. (2006).
2856:
2849:
2828:
2803:
2791:
2774:
2752:
2745:
2725:
2698:(3): 703–729.
2678:
2674:Monks and Wine
2665:
2652:
2639:
2626:
2614:
2602:Wine Spectator
2588:
2562:
2536:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2495:Old World wine
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2443:, abbreviated
2437:
2434:
2416:Languedoc wine
2395:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2376:Basque Country
2373:
2363:
2332:
2321:
2295:
2292:
2280:
2277:
2265:
2262:
2254:
2251:
2235:
2232:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2204:
2182:
2175:Cabernet Franc
2160:
2140:
2137:
2113:
2110:
2094:
2091:
2075:
2072:
2063:
2060:
2048:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2003:Cote de Beaune
1999:
1964:
1961:
1949:
1946:
1942:Bordeaux wines
1915:Cabernet Franc
1913:and sometimes
1899:Château Le Pin
1895:Château Pétrus
1887:Château Ausone
1863:Château Latour
1832:
1829:
1825:vin de primeur
1797:
1794:
1774:Gewurztraminer
1758:
1755:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1669:
1666:
1603:Main article:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1061:Gewurztraminer
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
988:
987:
984:
981:
978:
971:
970:
967:
964:
961:
959:Grenache blanc
954:
953:
950:
947:
944:
937:
936:
933:
930:
927:
920:
919:
916:
913:
910:
903:
902:
899:
896:
893:
886:
885:
882:
879:
876:
869:
868:
865:
862:
859:
852:
851:
848:
845:
842:
835:
834:
831:
828:
825:
818:
817:
814:
811:
808:
801:
800:
797:
794:
791:
784:
783:
780:
777:
774:
767:
766:
763:
760:
757:
750:
749:
746:
743:
740:
733:
732:
729:
726:
723:
721:Cabernet Franc
716:
715:
712:
709:
706:
699:
698:
695:
692:
689:
682:
681:
678:
675:
672:
665:
664:
661:
658:
655:
648:
647:
644:
641:
638:
631:
630:
627:
624:
621:
614:
613:
610:
607:
604:
597:
596:
593:
590:
587:
583:
582:
550:
547:
499:Côte de Beaune
490:
484:
479:
478:
470:
458:
440:
437:
424:
423:
415:
400:
399:
379:
355:European Union
330:
327:
254:Main article:
251:
248:
117:
114:
113:
96:September 2023
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4897:
4896:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4879:French drinks
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:South America
4809:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4781:United States
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:North America
4762:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4660:Liechtenstein
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4393:
4391:
4386:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4280:
4278:
4273:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:Acids in wine
3853:
3851:
3850:Aroma of wine
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3714:Major regions
3711:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:Montepulciano
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3139:
3138:0-7566-1324-8
3135:
3131:
3128:T. Stevenson
3125:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3100:1-56305-434-5
3097:
3093:
3087:
3080:
3079:0-7645-5354-2
3076:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3018:
3014:
3008:
2989:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2941:3-8331-1208-5
2938:
2934:
2928:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2888:0-19-860990-6
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2852:
2850:1-84000-332-4
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:Johnson, Hugh
2832:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2770:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2656:
2649:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2577:
2573:
2570:Henley, Jon.
2566:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2533:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2436:Organizations
2433:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2107:
2106:Vin de Paille
2103:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:Île-de-France
2074:Île-de-France
2071:
2068:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:Cote de Nuits
1993:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:Saint-Émilion
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1746:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1302:
1300:
1299:Grenache gris
1296:
1285:
1283:
1282:Folle blanche
1279:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1013:
1011:
1007:
996:
994:
990:
979:
977:
973:
962:
960:
956:
945:
943:
939:
928:
926:
922:
911:
909:
905:
894:
892:
888:
877:
875:
871:
860:
858:
854:
843:
841:
840:Pinot Meunier
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450:Vin de France
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283:
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137:Vosne-Romanée
135:Vineyards in
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71:
67:
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57: –
56:
55:"French wine"
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
4624:
4443:South Africa
4342:Loire Valley
4290:
4235:
4092:Fermentation
3943:
3926:Wine tasting
3547:Muscat blanc
3517:Chenin blanc
3314:Ancient Rome
3154:
3151:
3129:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3091:
3086:
3070:
3047:
3032:
3020:. Retrieved
3016:
3007:
2995:. Retrieved
2988:the original
2975:
2963:
2948:
2932:
2927:
2918:
2912:
2903:
2897:
2872:
2859:
2840:
2831:
2820:the original
2815:
2806:
2794:
2768:
2736:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2673:
2668:
2660:
2655:
2647:
2642:
2634:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2601:
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2576:the Guardian
2575:
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2548:
2539:
2531:
2524:. Retrieved
2514:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2423:
2420:
2405:
2397:
2385:
2327:, including
2306:
2302:
2297:
2287:
2282:
2269:Rhône Valley
2267:
2256:
2237:
2222:
2208:Muscadet AOC
2167:Chenin blanc
2157:Sancerre AOC
2144:Loire valley
2142:
2115:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2077:
2065:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2020:
1982:
1977:
1951:
1938:Napoleon III
1927:
1881:sub-region;
1853:
1844:first growth
1823:, a popular
1810:
1799:
1760:
1751:
1724:
1690:
1682:
1676:
1661:
1657:
1646:
1643:microclimate
1626:
1620:
1582:
1567:
1552:
1435:Villard noir
1384:Terret blanc
1095:Gros Manseng
857:Chenin blanc
574:
567:
563:
552:
535:
531:
504:
497:Vineyard in
487:
480:
472:
466:
460:
455:Vin de Table
454:
448:
442:
432:
429:Vin de table
428:
425:
417:
409:
402:
401:
381:
375:Vin de Table
373:
369:Table wine:
368:
361:
359:
340:
334:
332:
320:
317:World War II
310:
299:
259:
213:
206:
200:
198:
158:
157:
120:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
4869:French wine
4802:New Zealand
4745:Switzerland
4690:Netherlands
4539:Philippines
4291:French wine
4195:Wine bottle
4167:Other steps
4158:Wine cellar
4115:Süssreserve
3807:Wine cellar
3797:Wine bottle
3738:accessories
3736:Packaging,
3695:Tempranillo
3324:Noah's wine
3304:Phoenicians
3250:Viticulture
3090:K. MacNeil
2997:21 November
2555:18 November
2426:Vin de pays
2273:Rhône River
2243:viticulture
2228:viticulture
2171:Vouvray AOC
2083:viticulture
1957:viticulture
1782:Pinot blanc
1701:cooperative
1653:appellation
1583:Grand total
1503:Pinot blanc
540:, a simple
467:Vin de Pays
433:Vin de Pays
383:Vin de Pays
351:appellation
286:Middle Ages
270:Viticulture
167:hectolitres
159:French wine
4863:Categories
4715:San Marino
4680:Montenegro
4665:Luxembourg
4519:Kazakhstan
4479:Azerbaijan
4307:Beaujolais
4074:Maceration
4064:Wine press
4054:Destemming
4005:Winemaking
3911:Wine fraud
3906:Wine fault
3891:Oenophilia
3827:Wine label
3822:Wine glass
3787:Port tongs
3685:Sangiovese
3680:Pinot noir
3640:Douce noir
3567:Rkatsiteli
3512:Chardonnay
3502:Catarratto
3476:by acreage
3450:Biodynamic
3413:Aromatized
3202:winemaking
3022:4 November
2506:References
2480:Wine label
2475:Winemaking
2368:, such as
2197:Saumur AOC
2191:and sweet
2179:Chinon AOC
2056:Luxembourg
2026:Beaujolais
1971:Wine from
1801:Beaujolais
1796:Beaujolais
1786:Pinot noir
1778:Pinot gris
1367:Muscadelle
1333:Nielluccio
1146:Pinot gris
1027:Vermentino
755:Pinot noir
704:Chardonnay
636:Ugni blanc
501:, Burgundy
306:Phylloxera
268:settlers.
224:Pinot noir
220:Chardonnay
66:newspapers
4818:Argentina
4797:Australia
4534:Palestine
4322:Champagne
4026:Noble rot
3916:Winemaker
3896:Sommelier
3832:Wine rack
3812:Wine cork
3802:Wine cave
3792:Screw cap
3762:Corkscrew
3727:New World
3722:Old World
3700:Zinfandel
3675:Mourvèdre
3582:Trebbiano
3522:Colombard
3423:Noble rot
3403:Fortified
3381:Sparkling
3348:New World
2720:199360879
2712:1468-0289
2408:wine lake
2380:Irouléguy
2334:Areas in
2307:Sud-Ouest
2303:Sud-Ouest
2247:Champagne
2129:New World
2121:wine lake
2102:Vin Jaune
2087:Champagne
2052:Champagne
2047:Champagne
2029:November)
2016:Maconnais
1988:Côte d'Or
1983:Bourgogne
1919:Sauternes
1877:from the
1627:vignerons
1486:Roussanne
1316:Chasselas
1163:Clairette
891:Colombard
874:Mourvèdre
553:Numerous
527:fortified
523:sparkling
322:Vignerons
304:and then
282:vineyards
274:Marseille
4838:Paraguay
4730:Slovenia
4725:Slovakia
4700:Portugal
4600:Bulgaria
4554:Thailand
4469:Abkhazia
4448:Tanzania
4428:Ethiopia
4347:Provence
4317:Burgundy
4312:Bordeaux
4041:Pressing
3963:Glossary
3879:Industry
3772:Jug wine
3767:Decanter
3757:Box wine
3655:Isabella
3650:Grenache
3630:Carignan
3577:Sémillon
3562:Riesling
3557:Palomino
3300:Ancient
3283:Vineyard
3278:Veraison
3263:Oenology
2869:"France"
2459:See also
2453:vintners
2370:Jurançon
2340:Armagnac
2318:Dordogne
2314:Bergerac
2258:Provence
2253:Provence
2224:Normandy
2219:Normandy
2163:Touraine
1979:Burgundy
1963:Burgundy
1953:Brittany
1948:Brittany
1855:Bordeaux
1840:Pauillac
1831:Bordeaux
1770:Riesling
1623:vineyard
1592:861 075
1577:601 945
1562:259 130
1537:Jacquère
1469:Négrette
1452:Marsanne
1401:Sylvaner
1231:Marselan
1197:Grolleau
1010:Riesling
976:Viognier
823:Sémillon
670:Carignan
619:Grenache
612:116 715
592:Area (%)
570:Varietal
538:baguette
240:Bordeaux
236:Burgundy
183:American
152:Pauillac
4848:Uruguay
4823:Bolivia
4790:Oceania
4750:Ukraine
4705:Romania
4675:Moldova
4650:Ireland
4645:Hungary
4635:Germany
4630:Georgia
4620:Denmark
4605:Croatia
4590:Belgium
4585:Austria
4580:Albania
4564:Vietnam
4524:Lebanon
4474:Armenia
4453:Tunisia
4438:Namibia
4433:Morocco
4418:Algeria
4327:Corsica
4225:Terroir
4183:Related
4031:Vintage
4013:Harvest
3958:Outline
3782:Muselet
3744:storage
3635:Cinsaut
3610:Barbera
3537:Macabeo
3497:Aligoté
3455:Organic
3445:Natural
3398:Dessert
3343:Georgia
3293:History
3273:Terroir
3268:Species
3160:Portals
3041:203-204
2957:693-695
2447:, is a
2445:ONIVINS
2344:Madiran
2336:Gascony
2325:Garonne
2239:Picardy
2234:Picardy
2067:Corsica
2062:Corsica
2033:Chablis
1903:Pomerol
1846:wines (
1662:terroir
1658:terroir
1605:Terroir
1599:Terroir
1520:Plantet
1265:Aligoté
1180:Caladoc
1112:Macabeu
850:11 335
833:11 864
816:12 483
799:22 239
789:Cinsaut
782:26 062
765:29 576
748:31 771
731:37 508
714:43 887
697:57 913
680:59 210
663:69 891
646:83 173
629:97 171
586:Variety
488:terroir
439:Reforms
396:Gascony
250:History
202:terroir
179:Spanish
175:Italian
80:scholar
4828:Brazil
4776:Mexico
4771:Canada
4740:Sweden
4720:Serbia
4710:Russia
4695:Poland
4640:Greece
4625:France
4610:Cyprus
4573:Europe
4559:Turkey
4549:Taiwan
4514:Jordan
4504:Israel
4484:Bhutan
4411:Africa
4302:Alsace
4190:Winery
4153:Solera
3777:Kvevri
3665:Merlot
3660:Malbec
3460:Kosher
3436:Other
3391:Orange
3364:Styles
3331:France
3186:France
3136:
3098:
3077:
2939:
2933:"Wein"
2885:
2847:
2743:
2718:
2710:
2607:26 May
2581:1 July
2526:26 May
2449:French
2428:. The
2394:Trends
2360:Tursan
2329:Cahors
2288:Savoie
2214:grape.
1911:Merlot
1893:; and
1790:Muscat
1788:, and
1762:Alsace
1757:Alsace
1641:, and
1615:Cahors
1589:100.0%
1547:1 052
1530:1 170
1513:1 304
1496:1 307
1479:1 319
1462:1 326
1445:1 399
1428:1 426
1411:1 447
1394:1 586
1377:1 618
1360:1 634
1343:1 647
1326:1 676
1309:1 756
1292:1 848
1275:1 946
1258:2 077
1248:Mauzac
1241:2 255
1224:2 330
1207:2 363
1190:2 449
1173:2 505
1156:2 582
1139:2 679
1122:2 778
1105:2 877
1088:3 001
1078:Tannat
1071:3 040
1054:3 304
1044:Aramon
1037:3 453
1020:3 480
1003:3 605
986:4 111
969:5 097
952:5 680
935:6 291
925:Malbec
918:7 634
901:7 710
884:9 494
867:9 756
602:Merlot
542:bistro
302:Mildew
181:, and
163:France
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
4833:Chile
4735:Spain
4670:Malta
4655:Italy
4544:Syria
4529:Nepal
4509:Japan
4494:India
4489:China
4423:Egypt
4357:Savoy
4352:Rhône
4140:Aging
3690:Syrah
3645:Gamay
3615:Bobal
3527:Glera
3492:Airén
3484:White
3440:Table
3428:Straw
3418:Fruit
3376:White
3319:China
3198:Wines
3054:, pp.
3039:, pp.
2991:(PDF)
2984:(PDF)
2955:, pp.
2823:(574)
2716:S2CID
2372:; and
2366:Béarn
2284:Savoy
2279:Savoy
2264:Rhône
2185:Anjou
2139:Loire
1879:Médoc
1813:Saone
1805:Gamay
1635:slope
1574:69.9%
1559:30.1%
1541:white
1524:white
1507:white
1490:white
1456:white
1422:white
1405:white
1388:white
1371:white
1320:white
1286:white
1269:white
1252:white
1218:white
1167:white
1133:white
1116:white
1099:white
1031:white
1014:white
980:white
963:white
912:white
895:white
861:white
827:white
810:white
776:white
738:Gamay
708:white
653:Syrah
640:white
626:11.3%
609:13.6%
589:Color
519:sweet
515:white
403:QWPSR
394:from
290:monks
266:Greek
232:Syrah
190:Roman
87:JSTOR
73:books
4843:Peru
4499:Iran
4462:Asia
4332:Jura
3742:and
3471:Top
3386:Rosé
3242:Wine
3200:and
3174:Wine
3134:ISBN
3096:ISBN
3075:ISBN
3024:2022
2999:2008
2937:ISBN
2883:ISBN
2845:ISBN
2741:ISBN
2708:ISSN
2609:2021
2583:2022
2557:2019
2528:2021
2388:VDQS
2358:and
2199:and
2104:and
2098:Jura
2093:Jura
2014:The
2008:The
2001:The
1994:The
1928:The
1897:and
1885:and
1873:and
1817:Lyon
1679:logo
1631:soil
1544:0.1%
1535:56.
1527:0.1%
1518:55.
1510:0.2%
1501:54.
1493:0.2%
1484:53.
1476:0.2%
1467:52.
1459:0.2%
1450:51.
1442:0.2%
1433:50.
1425:0.2%
1416:49.
1408:0.2%
1399:48.
1391:0.2%
1382:47.
1374:0.2%
1365:46.
1357:0.2%
1348:45.
1340:0.2%
1331:44.
1323:0.2%
1314:43.
1306:0.2%
1303:grey
1297:42.
1289:0.2%
1280:41.
1272:0.2%
1263:40.
1255:0.2%
1246:39.
1238:0.3%
1229:38.
1221:0.3%
1212:37.
1204:0.3%
1195:36.
1187:0.3%
1178:35.
1170:0.3%
1161:34.
1153:0.3%
1150:grey
1144:33.
1136:0.3%
1127:32.
1119:0.3%
1110:31.
1102:0.3%
1093:30.
1085:0.3%
1076:29.
1068:0.4%
1065:pink
1059:28.
1051:0.4%
1042:27.
1034:0.4%
1025:26.
1017:0.4%
1008:25.
1000:0.4%
991:24.
983:0.5%
974:23.
966:0.6%
957:22.
949:0.7%
940:21.
932:0.8%
923:20.
915:0.9%
906:19.
898:0.9%
889:18.
881:1.1%
872:17.
864:1.1%
855:16.
847:1.3%
838:15.
830:1.4%
821:14.
813:1.4%
804:13.
796:2.6%
787:12.
779:3.0%
770:11.
762:3.4%
753:10.
745:3.7%
728:4.4%
711:5.1%
694:6.7%
677:6.9%
660:8.1%
643:9.7%
525:and
511:rosé
262:Gaul
238:and
171:wine
59:news
4148:Oak
3597:Red
3408:Ice
3371:Red
3056:378
2879:281
2700:doi
2301:or
2286:or
2169:in
1981:or
1901:in
1889:in
1766:Ill
1473:red
1439:red
1354:red
1350:Fer
1337:red
1235:red
1201:red
1184:red
1082:red
1048:red
997:red
946:red
929:red
878:red
844:red
793:red
759:red
742:red
736:9.
725:red
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702:7.
691:red
685:6.
674:red
668:5.
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