Shinto - Knowledge

62: 4828: 4454:, the physical remains of the dead are not stored at the shrine. Although not common, there have been examples of funerals conducted through Shinto rites. The earliest examples are known from the mid-17th century; these occurred in certain areas of Japan and had the support of the local authorities. Following the Meiji Restoration, in 1868 the government recognised specifically Shinto funerals for Shinto priests. Five years later, this was extended to cover the entire Japanese population. Despite this Meiji promotion of Shinto funerals, the majority of the population continued to have Buddhist funeral rites. In recent decades, Shinto funerals have usually been reserved for Shinto priests and for members of certain Shinto sects. After 1068: 673: 3058: 2265:, not in things that should be believed but in things that should be done." The scholar of religion Clark B. Offner stated that Shinto's focus was on "maintaining communal, ceremonial traditions for the purpose of human (communal) well-being". It is often difficult to distinguish Shinto practices from Japanese customs more broadly, with Picken observing that the "worldview of Shinto" provided the "principal source of self-understanding within the Japanese way of life". Nelson stated that "Shinto-based orientations and values lie at the core of Japanese culture, society, and character". 4634: 3999: 3150: 5142: 2913:

around 90% of priests were male, 10% female, contributing to accusations that Shinto discriminates against women. Priests are free to marry and have children. At smaller shrines, priests often have other full-time jobs, and serve only as priests during special occasions. Before certain major festivals, priests may undergo a period of abstinence from sexual relations. Some of those involved in festivals also abstain from a range of other things, such as consuming tea, coffee, or alcohol, immediately prior to the events.

1977: 1629: 2209: 2748: 2289: 13487: 1342: 5262: 4408:, entails a child's first visit to a Shinto shrine. A tradition holds that, if a boy he should be brought to the shrine on the thirty-second day after birth, and if a girl she should be brought on the thirty-third day. Historically, the child was commonly brought to the shrine not by the mother, who was considered impure after birth, but by another female relative; since the late 20th century it has been more common for the mother to do so. Another rite of passage, the 3881: 19988: 18706: 4255: 3229: 2882: 2093: 5296:

Shinto activities than cite Shinto as their religious identity. There are no formal rituals to become a practitioner of "folk Shinto". Thus, "Shinto membership" is often estimated counting only those who do join organized Shinto sects. Shinto has about 81,000 shrines and about 85,000 priests in the country. According to surveys carried out in 2006 and 2008, less than 40% of the population of Japan identifies with an organised religion: around 35% are

3756: 5411: 18716: 4486: 153: 5325: 2518: 19977: 5397: 5043: 5059:"State Shinto period" because, "during these decades, Shinto elements came under a great deal of overt state influence and control as the Japanese government systematically utilized shrine worship as a major force for mobilizing imperial loyalties on behalf of modern nation-building." However, the government had already been treating shrines as an extension of government before Meiji; see for example the 4145: 453: 5425: 4160:, although this term has varied meanings—"festival", "worship", "celebration", "rite", or "prayer"—and no direct translation into English. Picken suggested that the festival was "the central act of Shinto worship" because Shinto was a "community- and family-based" religion. Most mark the seasons of the agricultural year and involve offerings being directed to the 3541: 5274:

exclusivist worldviews. Determining the proportions of the country's population who engage in Shinto activity is hindered by the fact that, if asked, Japanese people will often say "I have no religion". Many Japanese avoid the term "religion", in part because they dislike the connotations of the word which most closely matches it in the Japanese language,

5204:, Mie Prefecture, paid four Shinto priests to purify the site where the municipal athletic hall was to be built. Critics brought the case to court, claiming it contravened the constitutional separation of religion and state; in 1971 the high court ruled that the city administration's act had been unconstitutional, although this was overturned by the 3113:("purification for road safety"). Similarly, transport companies often request purification rites for new buses or airplanes which are about to go into service. Before a building is constructed, it is common for either private individuals or the construction company to employ a Shinto priest to come to the land being developed and perform the 4182:, were generally avoided for festivities. However, since the late 20th century, many shrines have held their festival celebrations on the Saturday or Sunday closest to the date so that fewer individuals will be working and will be able to attend. Each town or village often has its own festival, centred on a local shrine. For instance, the 307:, to the religion's adherents. Shinto places a major conceptual focus on ensuring purity, largely by cleaning practices such as ritual washing and bathing, especially before worship. Little emphasis is placed on specific moral codes or particular afterlife beliefs, although the dead are deemed capable of becoming 5199:

In the post-war decades, many Japanese blamed Shinto for encouraging the militarism which had led to defeat and occupation. Others remained nostalgic for State Shinto, and concerns were repeatedly expressed that sectors of Japanese society were conspiring to restore it. Various legal debates revolved

2244:

credentials; several shrines have collaborated with local environmentalist campaigns, while an international interfaith conference on environmental sustainability was held at the Ise shrine in 2014. Critical commentators have characterised the presentation of Shinto as an environmentalist movement as

5121:

and obedience to the emperor. This campaign was discontinued in 1884. In 1906, thousands of village shrines were merged so that most small communities had only a single shrine, where rites in honor of the emperor could be held. Shinto effectively became the state cult, one promoted with growing zeal

5100:

shrines. Much Buddhist material was destroyed. In 1871, a new hierarchy of shrines was introduced, with imperial and national shrines at the top. Hereditary priesthoods were abolished and a new state-sanctioned system for appointing priests was introduced. In 1872, the Jingikan was replaced with the

2819:. Priests can rise through the ranks over the course of their careers. The number of priests at a particular shrine can vary; some shrines can have dozens, and others have none, instead being administered by local lay volunteers. Some priests administer to multiple small shrines, sometimes over ten. 2155:. Attitudes to sex and fertility tend to be forthright in Shinto. Shinto's flexibility regarding morality and ethics has been a source of frequent criticism, especially from those arguing that the religion can readily become a pawn for those wishing to use it to legitimise their authority and power. 5023:

and rise in Buddhist influence. The establishment of the imperial city in partnership with Taihō Code is important to Shinto as the office of the Shinto rites becomes more powerful in assimilating local clan shrines into the imperial fold. New shrines are built and assimilated each time the city is

3397:

are not considered appropriate offerings, as the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings. The choice

2679:

where priests undergo forms of abstinence and purification prior to conducting rituals, and other buildings such as a priests' quarters and a storehouse. Various kiosks often sell amulets to visitors. Since the late 1940s, shrines have had to be financially self-sufficient, relying on the donations

2326:

is usually translated as "shrine" in English, although in earlier literature was sometimes translated as "temple", a term now more commonly reserved for Japan's Buddhist structures. There are around 100,000 public shrines in Japan; about 80,000 are affiliated with the Association of Shinto Shrines,

599:

Some scholars suggest we talk about types of Shintō such as popular Shintō, folk Shintō, domestic Shintō, sectarian Shintō, imperial house Shintō, shrine Shintō, state Shintō, new Shintō religions, etc. rather than regard Shintō as a single entity. This approach can be helpful but begs the question

2912:

by lay practitioners. Historically, there were female priests although they were largely pushed out of their positions in 1868. During the Second World War, women were again allowed to become priests to fill the void caused by large numbers of men being enlisted in the military. By the late 1990s,

2695:

shrines to be demolished and rebuilt at a nearby location in order to remove any pollutants and ensure purity. This has continued into recent times at certain sites, such as the Ise Grand Shrine, which is moved to an adjacent site every two decades. Separate shrines can also be merged in a process

577:

as one of Japan's two main religions, and the two often differ in focus, with Buddhism emphasising the idea of transcending the cosmos, which it regards as being replete with suffering, while Shinto focuses on adapting to life's pragmatic requirements. Shinto has integrated elements from religions

5074:

of 1868 was fuelled by a renewal of Confucian ethics and imperial patriotism among Japan's ruling class. Among these reformers, Buddhism was seen as a corrupting influence that had undermined what they envisioned as Japan's original purity and greatness. They wanted to place a renewed emphasis on

5058:

Breen and Teeuwen characterise the period between 1868 and 1915, during the Meiji era, as being the "formative years" of modern Shinto. It is in this period that various scholars have argued that Shinto was essentially "invented". Fridell argues that scholars call the period from 1868 to 1945 the

2004:

theatre undergo a purification rite before they carry out their performances. Among the things regarded as particular pollutants in Shinto are death, disease, witchcraft, the flaying alive of an animal, incest, bestiality, excrement, and blood associated with either menstruation or childbirth. To

637:

worship was "an expression" of the Japanese "native racial faith which arose in the mystic days of remote antiquity" and that it was "as indigenous as the people that brought the Japanese nation into existence". Many scholars regard this classification as inaccurate. Earhart noted that Shinto, in

5273:

Most Japanese participate in several religious traditions, with Breen and Teeuwen noting that, "with few exceptions", it is not possible to differentiate between Shintoists and Buddhists in Japan. The main exceptions are members of minority religious groups, including Christianity, which promote

2951:

receive only a small salary but gain respect from members of the local community and learn skills such as cooking, calligraphy, painting, and etiquette which can benefit them when later searching for employment or a marriage partner. They generally do not live at the shrines. Sometimes they fill

5295:

Official statistics show Shinto to be Japan's largest religion, with over 80 per cent of its population engaging in Shinto activities. Conversely, in questionnaires only a small minority of Japanese describe themselves as "Shintoists." This indicates that a far larger number of people engage in

3674:

and include amulets obtained from public shrines. They often contain a stand on which to place offerings; daily offerings of rice, salt, and water are placed there, with sake and other items also offered on special days. These domestic rituals often take place early in the morning, and prior to

435:

Shinto is primarily found in Japan, where there are around 100,000 public shrines, although practitioners are also found abroad. Numerically, it is Japan's largest religion, the second being Buddhism. Most of the country's population takes part in both Shinto and Buddhist activities, especially

2056:

sprang from his body. An alternative is immersion beneath a waterfall. Salt is often regarded as a purifying substance; some Shinto practitioners will for instance sprinkle salt on themselves after a funeral, while those running restaurants may put a small pile of salt outside before business

516:

religion of Japan, which lived symbiotically with organized Buddhism, and only later was institutionalized as Shinto." While several institutions and practices now associated with Shinto existed in Japan by the 8th century, various scholars have argued that Shinto as a distinct religion was

5252:

During the 20th century, most academic research on Shinto was conducted by Shinto theologians, often priests, bringing accusations that it often blurred theology with historical analysis. From the 1980s onward, there was a renewed academic interest in Shinto both in Japan and abroad.

2327:

with another 20,000 being unaffiliated. They are found all over the country, from isolated rural areas to dense metropolitan ones. More specific terms are sometimes used for certain shrines depending on their function; some of the grand shrines with imperial associations are termed

1186:

are seen to inhabit both the living and the dead, organic and inorganic matter, and natural disasters like earthquakes, droughts, and plagues; their presence is seen in natural forces such as the wind, rain, fire, and sunshine. Accordingly, Nelson commented that Shinto regards "the

2050:. Full immersion in the sea is often regarded as the most ancient and efficacious form of purification. This act links with the mythological tale in which Izanagi immersed himself in the sea to purify himself after discovering his deceased wife; it was from this act that other 1665:. Drawing heavily on Chinese influence, these texts were commissioned by ruling elites to legitimize and consolidate their rule. Although never of great importance to Japanese religious life, in the early 20th century the government proclaimed that their accounts were factual. 1596:, unquiet or vengeful spirits, particularly of those who died violently and without appropriate funerary rites. These are believed to inflict suffering on the living, meaning that they must be pacified, usually through Buddhist rites but sometimes through enshrining them as a 4353:. These can be raucous, with many participants being drunk; Breen and Teeuwen characterised them as having a "carnivalesque atmosphere". They are often understood as having a regenerative effect on both the participants and the community. During these processions, the 3777:, small wooden plaques onto which practitioners will write a wish or desire that they would like to see fulfilled. The practitioner's message is written on one side of the plaque, while on the other is usually a printed picture or pattern related to the shrine itself. 4435:

In Japan, funerals tend to take place at Buddhist temples and involve cremation, with Shinto funerals being rare. Bocking noted that most Japanese people are "still 'born Shinto' yet 'die Buddhist'." In Shinto thought, contact with death is seen as imparting impurity

1924:

as a realm of the dead, although this plays no role in modern Shinto. Modern Shinto ideas about the afterlife largely revolve around the idea that the spirit survives bodily death and continues to assist the living. After 33 years, it then becomes part of the family

5174:; Shinto rituals performed by the imperial family became their own private affair. This disestablishment ended government subsidies to shrines and gave them renewed freedom to organise their own affairs. In 1946 many shrines formed a voluntary organisation, the 4720:

cults. Migrant groups and Japanese who increasingly aligned with these foreign influences built Buddhist temples in various parts of the Japanese islands. Several rival clans who were more hostile to these foreign influences began adapting the shrines of their

569:, Shinto has no single founder, nor any single canonical text. Western religions tend to stress exclusivity, but in Japan, it has long been considered acceptable to practice different religious traditions simultaneously. Japanese religion is therefore highly 3969:. The recipient makes a wish and paints one eye; when the goal is accomplished, the recipient paints the other eye. While this is a Buddhist practice, darumas can be found at shrines, as well. These dolls are very common. Other protective items include 2680:

of worshippers and visitors. These funds are used to pay the wages of the priests, to finance the upkeep of the buildings, to cover the shrine's membership fees of various regional and national Shinto groups, and to contribute to disaster relief funds.

4393:

are paraded down to Ohato, where they are placed in a shrine there for several days before being paraded back to Suwa. These sort of celebrations are often organized largely by members of the local community rather than by the priests themselves.

4653:

Earhart commented that Shinto ultimately "emerged from the beliefs and practices of prehistoric Japan", although Kitagawa noted that it was questionable whether prehistoric Japanese religions could be accurately termed "early Shinto". It was the

3612:, Buddhist altars enshrining the ancestors of the family; ancestral reverence remains an important aspect of Japanese religious tradition. In the rare instances where Japanese individuals are given a Shinto funeral rather than a Buddhist one, a 5018:

due to the death of the emperor. This practice was necessary due to the Shinto belief in the impurity of death and the need to avoid this pollution. However, this practice of moving the capital due to "death impurity" is then abolished by the

2984:. Some individuals visit the shrines daily, often on their morning route to work; they typically take only a few minutes. Usually, a worshipper will approach the honden, placing a monetary offering in a box and then ringing a bell to call the 466:

There is no universally agreed definition of Shinto. However, the authors Joseph Cali and John Dougill stated that if there was "one single, broad definition of Shinto" that could be put forward, it would be that "Shinto is a belief in

3180:. For many centuries, people have also visited the shrines for primarily cultural and recreational reasons, as opposed to spiritual ones. Many of the shrines are recognised as sites of historical importance and some are classified as 3981:

are paper dogs that are used to induce and to bless good births. Collectively, these talismans through which home to manipulate events and influence spirits, as well as related mantras and rites for the same purpose, are known as

1906:, which contains four aspects. While indigenous ideas about an afterlife were probably well-developed prior to Buddhism's arrival, contemporary Japanese people often adopt Buddhist afterlife beliefs. Mythological stories like the 630:

and Meiji periods; this view promoted the idea that Shinto's origins were prehistoric and that it represented something like the "underlying will of Japanese culture". The prominent Shinto theologian Sokyo Ono, for instance, said

2100:

Shinto incorporates morality tales and myths but no codified ethical doctrine, and thus no "unified, systematized code of behaviour". An ethical system nevertheless arises from its practice, with emphasis placed on sincerity

2930:

are typically unmarried, although not necessarily virgins. In many cases they are the daughters of a priest or a practitioner. They are subordinate to the priests in the shrine hierarchy. Their most important role is in the

5336:, which also led to the spread of Shinto in the colonized territories. In total, from 1868 to 1945, 1,640 shrines were built in territories under Japanese control. In addition, starting in 1885, Japanese began to move to 2193:, or the union of religious authority and political authority, has long been prominent. In the modern world, Shinto has tended toward conservatism, as well as nationalism, an association that results in various Japanese 1995:

This notion of purity is present in many facets of Japanese culture, such as the focus it places on bathing. Purification is for instance regarded as important in preparation for the planting season, while performers of

626:, although this generates debates over the different definitions of "indigenous" in the Japanese context. The notion of Shinto as Japan's "indigenous religion" stemmed from the growth of modern nationalism between the 4664:

were worshipped at various landscape features during this period; at this point, their worship consisted largely of beseeching and placating them, with little evidence that they were viewed as compassionate entities.

655:

are venerated in the home. Some scholars have used the term "Folk Shinto" to designate localised Shinto practices, or practices outside of an institutionalised setting. In various eras of the past, there was also a

1452:

are venerated only in a single location, others have shrines across many areas. Hachiman for instance has around 25,000 shrines dedicated to him, while Inari has 40,000. The act of establishing a new shrine to a

2069:, or "ceremony of great purification", is often used for end-of-year purification rites, and is conducted twice a year at many shrines. Before the Meiji period, rites of purification were generally performed by 660:", in which Shinto beliefs and practices were closely interlinked with the Japanese state. In representing "a portmanteau term" for many varied traditions across Japan, the term "Shinto" is similar to the term " 4379:("going down to the beach"), a process by which they are carried to the sea shore and sometimes into the sea, either by bearers or a boat. For instance, in the Okunchi festival held in the southwestern city of 3203:

in Nagoya are among Japan's most popular tourist sites. Many shrines have a unique rubber-stamp seal which visitors can get printed into their stamp book, demonstrating the different shrines they have visited.

2186:

is deemed bad, contributing to it is thought good; as such, subordination of the individual to the larger social unit has long been a characteristic of the religion. Throughout Japanese history, the notion of

4595:

becomes her tutelary spirit and she will henceforth be able to call upon it, and a range of other spirits, in the future. Through contacting these spirits, she is able to convey their messages to the living.

3101:("rain-soliciting") have been found across Japan, with Inari a popular choice for such requests. Other prayers reflect more contemporary concerns. For instance, people may ask that the priest approaches the 638:

having absorbed much Chinese and Buddhist influence, was "too complex to be labelled simply indigenous religion". In the early 21st century it became increasingly common for practitioners to call Shinto a

4582:

from childhood, memorialising sacred texts and prayers, fasting, and undertaking acts of severe asceticism, through which they are believed to cultivate supernatural powers. In an initiation ceremony, a

3865:. These are small slips of paper which are obtained from the shrine (for a donation) and which are then read to reveal a prediction for the future. Those who receive a bad prediction often then tie the 1165:

is "conceptually fluid", being "vague and imprecise". In Japanese it is often applied to the power of phenomena that inspire a sense of wonder and awe in the beholder. Kitagawa referred to this as "the

3900:

act as amulets to keep off misfortune and also serve as talismans to bring benefits and good luck. They typically comprise a tapering piece of wood onto which the name of the shrine and its enshrined

901:. Here, it may be a generic term for popular belief, or alternatively reference Taoism, as many Taoist practices had recently been imported from mainland Asia. In these early Japanese uses, the word 5067:, It is inaccurate to describe shrines as constituting a "state religion" or a "theocracy" during this period since they had neither organization, nor doctrine, and were uninterested in conversion. 4239:, or festival of new rice, is held across many Shinto shrines on 23 November. The emperor also conducts a ceremony to mark this festival, at which he presents the first fruits of the harvest to the 525:

should "be approached with caution". Inoue Nobutaka stated that "Shinto cannot be considered as a single religious system that existed from the ancient to the modern period", while the historian

3804:

Divination is the focus of many Shinto rituals, with various forms of divination used by its practitioners, some introduced from China. Among the ancient forms of divination found in Japan are

4857:

omits any reference to Buddhism, in part because it sought to ignore foreign influences and emphasise a narrative stressing indigenous elements of Japanese culture. Several years later, the

4251:

often feature on welcoming in the spring, expelling evil, and calling in good influences for the future. There is little difference between winter festivals and specific new year festivals.

3134:

to help offset inauspicious events that may affect them. For instance, in Japanese culture, the age 33 is seen as being unlucky for women and the age 42 for men, and thus people can ask the

4420:, is a coming of age ritual marking the transition to adulthood and occurs when an individual is around twenty. Wedding ceremonies are often carried out at Shinto shrines; these are called 3532:

style, with their legs tucked beneath their bottom. To avoid cramps, individuals who hold this position for a lengthy period of time may periodically move their legs and flex their heels.

1226:

are usually associated with a specific place, often a prominent landscape feature such as a waterfall, mountain, large rock, or distinctive tree. Physical objects or places in which the

3840:. Kitagawa stated that there could be "no doubt" that various types of "shamanic diviners" played a role in early Japanese religion. A form of divination previously common in Japan was 3140:

to offset any ill-fortune associated with being this age. Certain directions can also be seen as being inauspicious for certain people at certain times and thus people can approach the

1931:. These ancestral spirits are sometimes thought to reside in the mountains, from where they descend to take part in agricultural events. Shinto's afterlife beliefs also include the 13347: 4798:. The Jingikan was located in the palace precincts and maintained a register of shrines and priests. An annual calendar of state rites were introduced to help unify Japan through 221:, although adherents rarely use that term themselves. There is no central authority in control of Shinto, with much diversity of belief and practice evident among practitioners. 2644:, statues of lion or dog like animals perceived to scare off malevolent spirits; typically these will come as a pair, one with its mouth open, the other with its mouth closed. 645:

Shinto displays substantial local variation; the anthropologist John K. Nelson noted it was "not a unified, monolithic entity that has a single center and system all its own".

2801:

take on the role in a line of hereditary succession traced down specific families. In contemporary Japan, there are two main training universities for those wishing to become

600:

of what is meant by 'Shintō' in each case, particularly since each category incorporates or has incorporated Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, folk religious and other elements.

2257:. The philosophers James W. Boyd and Ron G. Williams stated that Shinto is "first and foremost a ritual tradition", while Picken observed that "Shinto is interested not in 410:, which some historians regard as the origin of Shinto as a distinct religion. Shrines came under growing government influence, and citizens were encouraged to worship the 5081:

worship as an indigenous form of ritual, an attitude that was also fuelled by anxieties about Western expansionism and fear that Christianity would take hold in Japan.

164:

in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, one of the most famous examples in the country. Torii mark the entrance to Shinto shrines and are recognizable symbols of the religion.

4932:

worship and Buddhism were thoroughly intertwined in Japanese society. While the emperor and court performed Buddhist rites, they also performed others to honor the

4867:, this made various references to Buddhism, and was aimed at a foreign audience. Both of these texts sought to establish the imperial clan's descent from the sun 4909:, and in both cases they were designed to highlight the divine origins of these respective lineages. A government order in 713 called on each region to produce 5129:". The number and name of the sects given this formal designation varied; often they merged ideas with Shinto from Buddhism, Christian, Confucian, Daoist, and 1815:, to rule Japan, giving him curved beads, a mirror, and a sword: the symbols of Japanese imperial authority. Amaterasu remains probably Japan's most venerated 5219:

was probably the most successful, although in 1970 it repudiated its Shinto identity. Shinto perspectives also influenced popular culture. The film director

4328:, which are smaller and more colourful; their purpose is to keep away misfortune and attract good fortune. In many places, new year celebrations incorporate 4191: 1302:

to gain their blessings and to dissuade them from destructive actions. Shinto seeks to cultivate and ensure a harmonious relationship between humans and the

6269:), one finds that the four seasons never deviate, and so the sage establishes his teachings on the basis of this Way, and all under Heaven submit to him". 2767:

Shrines may be cared for by priests, by local communities, or by families on whose property the shrine is found. Shinto priests are known in Japanese as

1799:) from his nose. Susanoo behaved in a destructive manner, to escape him Amaterasu hid herself within a cave, plunging the earth into darkness. The other 4306:. There, they buy amulets and talismans to bring them good fortune over the coming year. To celebrate this festival, many Japanese put up rope known as 2228:

debated whether to invite the crew of a U.S. Navy vessel docked at the port city to their festival celebrations given the sensitivities surrounding the

1136: 15168: 4851:

in 712. Designed to legitimate the ruling dynasty, this text created a fixed version of various stories previously circulating in oral tradition. The

3168:. A round of pilgrimages, whereby individuals visit a series of shrines and other sacred sites that are part of an established circuit, is known as a 3054:

are believed to dwell there. Unlike in certain other religions, Shinto shrines do not have weekly services that practitioners are expected to attend.

2137:

is regarded as a virtue, encompassing honesty, uprightness, veracity, and frankness. Shinto sometimes includes reference to four virtues known as the

5359: 12139: 5344:

also began, where the Japanese worked on coffee plantations. The emigrants built shrines to preserve their culture and worship traditional deities.

2390:, this can include artworks, clothing, weapons, musical instruments, bells, and mirrors. Typically, worshippers carry out their acts outside of the 61: 17659: 5196:"), to summarise what they regarded as Shinto's principles. By the late 1990s around 80% of Japan's Shinto shrines were part of this association. 1208:

they were regarded as being formless and invisible, later coming to be depicted anthropomorphically under Buddhist influence. Now, statues of the

19684: 17508: 12069: 4461:

Ancestral reverence remains an important part of Japanese religious custom. The invocation of the dead, and especially the war dead, is known as

2822:

Priestly regalia is largely based on the clothes worn at the imperial court during the Heian period. It includes a tall, rounded hat known as an

2628:

are internationally recognised symbols of Japan. Their architectural form is distinctly Japanese, although the decision to paint most of them in

4432:"). Prior to the Meiji period, weddings were commonly performed in the home, although shrines now regard them as an important source of income. 506:

Scholars have debated at what point in history it is legitimate to start talking about Shinto as a specific phenomenon. The scholar of religion

18565: 4946:, a form of priestess, at the Ise Shrine on his behalf, a tradition continued by subsequent emperors. From the 8th century onward up until the 5381:

in countries like Brazil, while Shinto's lack of doctrinal focus has attracted interest from non-Japanese; in the United States, for example,

5133:

traditions. In the Meiji period, many local traditions died out and were replaced by nationally standardised practices encouraged from Tokyo.

2229: 2011:, priests and other practitioners may engage in abstinence and avoid various activities prior to a festival or ritual. Various words, termed 4824:("official shrines") and given specific privileges and responsibilities. Hardacre saw the Jingikan as "the institutional origin of Shinto". 610:

Scholars of religion have debated how to classify Shinto. Inoue considered it part of "the family of East-Asian religions". The philosopher

18517: 15870: 13682: 3524:

style of music and dance, which originated from rice-planting songs. During rituals, people visiting the shrine are expected to sit in the

1847:

encompasses misfortune, unhappiness, and disaster, although it does not correspond precisely with the Western concept of evil. There is no

12073: 4827: 4037:"). Throughout Japanese history, dance has played an important culture role and in Shinto it is regarded as having the capacity to pacify 1763:

Izanagi bathed in the sea to rid himself from the pollution brought about by witnessing Izanami's putrefaction. Through this act, further

1730:

instructed Izanagi and Izanami to create land on earth. To this end, the siblings stirred the briny sea with a jewelled spear, from which

1493:

are not believed to have their power diminished by their residence in multiple locations, and there is no limit on the number of places a

19554: 19025: 4782:") was created to conduct rites of state and coordinate provincial ritual with that in the capital. This was done according to a code of 1894:

Modern Shinto places greater emphasis on this life than on any afterlife, although it does espouse belief in a human spirit or soul, the

1314:

may be subject to feelings of intimacy and familiarity from members of the local community that are not directed towards more widespread

710:", although its meaning has varied throughout Japanese history. Other terms are sometimes used synonymously with "Shinto"; these include 1144:, a term which connotes an infinite number, and Shinto practitioners believe that they are present everywhere. They are not regarded as 1039: 17553: 17480: 14693: 13794: 5102: 557:

and restore Shinto's historical links with the Japanese state. Moreover, many of the categories of religion and religiosity defined in

17358: 13772: 3975:, which are earthenware bells that are used to pray for good fortune. These bells are usually in the shapes of the zodiacal animals. 3843: 2354:

Jinja typically consist of complexes of multiple buildings, with the architectural styles of shrines having largely developed by the

889:; this was possibly first used as a Buddhist term to refer to non-Buddhist deities. Among the earliest known appearances of the term 17804: 17644: 17518: 17503: 1018:

to describe what they believed was an ancient, enduring and indigenous Japanese tradition that predated Buddhism; they argued that

440:

that the beliefs and practices of different religions need not be exclusive. Aspects of Shinto have been incorporated into various

3783:

are provided both at Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples in Japan; unlike most amulets, which are taken away from the shrine, the

1258:

are concealed from the view of visitors, and may be hidden inside boxes so that even the priests do not know what they look like.

642:, which critics saw as a strategy to disassociate the tradition from controversial issues surrounding militarism and imperialism. 13098:

Endress, Gerhild (1979). "On the Dramatic Tradition in Kagura: A Study of the Medieval Kehi Songs as Recorded in the Jotokubon".

12355: 5304:. In 2008, 26% of the participants reported often visiting Shinto shrines, while only 16.2% expressed belief in the existence of 1805:

eventually succeeded in coaxing her out. Susanoo was then banished to earth, where he married and had children. According to the

649:

have been identified. "Shrine Shinto" refers to the practices centred around shrines, and "Domestic Shinto" to the ways in which

4458:, the normal funerary process in Japan, the ashes of a priest may be interred near to the shrine, but not inside its precincts. 18752: 13717: 13520: 4714:. Korean migration during the Kofun period brought Confucianism and Buddhism to Japan. Buddhism had a particular impact on the 4741:("great king") and established hegemony over much of Japan. From the early 6th century CE, the style of ritual favored by the 1973:. Rites of purification are conducted so as to restore an individual to "spiritual" health and render them useful to society. 313:. The religion has no single creator or specific doctrine, and instead exists in a diverse range of local and regional forms. 20027: 19327: 18841: 17664: 13318: 13287: 13232: 13205: 13166: 13139: 13062: 13035: 12995: 12976: 12921: 12893: 12813: 12763: 12741: 12710: 12691: 12637: 12615: 12538: 12491: 12472: 12426: 12407: 12299: 11605: 5301: 19201: 5168:

and separated religion from the state, a measure designed to eradicate State Shinto. The emperor declared that he was not a

4602:

usually carry out their rituals independent of the shrine system. Japanese culture also includes spiritual healers known as

19438: 18129: 15163: 12823:

Suga, Kōji (2010). "A Concept of "Overseas Shinto Shrines": A Pantheistic Attempt by Ogasawara Shōzō and Its Limitations".

5115:("national evangelists") were sent through the country to promote Japan's "Great Teaching", which included respect for the 3957:(an "evil-destroying arrows"), which people can purchase and keep in their home over the coming year to bring good luck. A 1841:. Within traditional Japanese thought, there is no concept of an overarching duality between good and evil. The concept of 521:. The scholar of religion Brian Bocking stressed that, especially when dealing with periods before the Meiji era, the term 1863:

portray multiple realms in Shinto cosmology. These present a universe divided into three parts: the Plane of High Heaven (

1754:

to retrieve his sister, but there he saw her body putrefying. Embarrassed to be seen in this state, she chased him out of

19497: 18247: 17528: 17129: 13379: 5125:

In 1882, the Meiji government designated 13 religious movements that were neither Buddhist nor Christian to be forms of "

3918:

are provided both at Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples. Another type of amulet provided at shrines and temples are the

3379:

included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the

2952:

other roles, such as being secretaries in the shrine offices or clerks at the information desks, or as waitresses at the

1891:), where unclean spirits reside. The mythological texts nevertheless do not draw firm demarcations between these realms. 3268:. Another form of purification at the start of a Shinto rite entails waving a white paper streamer or wand known as the 2466:. In some shrines, there is a separate building in which to conduct additional ceremonies, such as weddings, known as a 2201:

in Tokyo, devoted to Japan's war dead. In 1979 it enshrined 14 men who had been declared Class-A defendants at the 1946

19821: 19445: 18457: 18187: 18069: 17523: 16108: 14057: 7363: 4344:

loincloth engage in a particular activity, such as fighting over a specific object or immersing themselves in a river.

1129:

deemed these English translations "quite unsatisfactory and misleading", and various scholars urge against translating

12111: 4658:

of Japanese prehistory which first left traces of material and iconography prefiguring that later included in Shinto.

19460: 19224: 18507: 17333: 14578: 13421: 13390: 13088: 6164: 4751:

shrines around Japan as the Yamato extended their territorial influence. Buddhism was also growing. According to the

495:

worship and related theologies, rituals and practices". Various scholars have referred to practitioners of Shinto as

19517: 19428: 18560: 16118: 4477:, by which lanterns are inserted into small boats, often made of paper, and placed in a river to float downstream. 554: 11628: 7143: 20057: 19579: 19455: 19287: 18776: 18765: 18522: 18417: 17543: 17538: 17494: 17124: 15968: 15227: 14212: 7335: 5242: 3871:

to a nearby tree or frame set up for the purpose. This act is seen as rejecting the prediction, a process called

17: 3569:

Having seen their popularity increase in the Meiji era, many Shinto practitioners also have a family shrine, or

1252:. Objects commonly chosen for this purpose include mirrors, swords, stones, beads, and inscribed tablets. These 19524: 18377: 18202: 17475: 16494: 16435: 16322: 16201: 16133: 14556: 14194: 14113: 12988: 11653: 6287: 4845:

commissioned a compilation of the legends and genealogies of Japan's clans, resulting in the completion of the

4219:

and are usually focused on protecting the crops against pests and other threats. Autumn festivals are known as

3232:

Shinto rituals begin with a process of purification, often involving the washing of the hands and mouth at the

2245:

a rhetorical ploy rather than a concerted effort by Shinto institutions to become environmentally sustainable.

19142: 16614: 16489: 5375:

within its conquered territories, many of which were later disbanded. Japanese migrants have also established

3675:

conducting them, practitioners often bathe, rinse their mouth, or wash their hands as a form of purification.

20022: 19282: 18836: 18527: 17942: 17679: 17343: 17192: 17114: 16536: 15578: 15126: 13765: 13525: 5175: 5146: 3926:, which are traditionally small, brightly colored drawstring bags with the name of the shrine written on it. 1266:

are deemed capable of both benevolent and destructive deeds; if warnings about good conduct are ignored, the

3589:

can also be found in workplaces, restaurants, shops, and ocean-going ships. Some public shrines sell entire

3583:

shelf"), in their home. These usually consist of shelves placed at an elevated position in the living room.

2616:

varies and there are at least twenty different styles. These are regarded as demarcating the area where the

19465: 19277: 18824: 18585: 18387: 15600: 14345: 13280:

The Religious Heritage of Japan: Foundations for Cross-Cultural Understanding in a Religiously Plural World

12775:"Sacred Forests, Sacred Nation: The Shinto Environmentalist Paradigm and the Rediscovery of Chinju no Mori" 5364: 4966:(rebirth) and that to escape this they had to follow Buddhist teachings. Alternative approaches viewed the 16624: 3516:("eastern entertainment") music is performed on April 8. Also in Kyoto, various festivals make use of the 19088: 18595: 18307: 18302: 18074: 16597: 16558: 16113: 16027: 15595: 13962: 12309:

Boyd, James W.; Williams, Ron G. (2005). "Japanese Shinto: An Interpretation of a Priestly Perspective".

12132: 5106: 4917:, records of local geography, products, and stories, with the latter revealing more traditions about the 4471:, the souls of the ancestors are believed to visit the living, and are then sent away in a ritual called 2990:'s attention. Then, they bow, clap, and stand while silently offering a prayer. The clapping is known as 1067: 16629: 16619: 13077: 12939:

Averbuch, Irit (1998). "Shamanic Dance in Japan: The Choreography of Possession in Kagura Performance".

5094:

worship from Buddhism was implemented, with Buddhist monks, deities, buildings, and rituals banned from

5006:

This period hosted many changes to the country, government, and religion. The capital is moved again to

4873:

Amaterasu, although there were many differences in the cosmogonic narrative they provided. Quickly, the

4082:

every December. It is also performed at the Imperial harvest festival and at major shrines such as Ise,

3892:

are widely sanctioned and popular in Japan. These may be made of paper, wood, cloth, metal, or plastic.

3316:, in which the priest sprinkles water, salt, or brine over those assembled from a wooden box called the 3107:

so as to purify their car in the hope that this will prevent it from being involved in an accident; the

2236:

in the early 2000s, a priest was pressured to resign after opposing the sale of shrine lands to build a

2197:

groups and neighboring countries regarding Shinto suspiciously. Particularly controversial has been the

672: 424:

in the early 20th century, Shinto was exported to other areas of East Asia. Following Japan's defeat in

20047: 19714: 19384: 19257: 19229: 19013: 18745: 17373: 17318: 17014: 15754: 15271: 13957: 13899: 4883:

in terms of its influence. Other texts written at this time also drew on oral traditions regarding the

15352: 4130:

or by actors wearing masks to portray various mythological figures. These actors are accompanied by a

3057: 2602:

Shrine entrances are marked by a two-post gateway with either one or two crossbeams atop it, known as

1374:, being regarded as protector or ancestral figures. One of the most prominent examples is that of the 246:

are believed to inhabit all things, including forces of nature and prominent landscape locations. The

19894: 19608: 19490: 19450: 19372: 19322: 19184: 19154: 19073: 18971: 18846: 18831: 18620: 18409: 18267: 17719: 16607: 16386: 16017: 15647: 15207: 14339: 14091: 13928: 13883: 5544: 5499: 5246: 5028:

and are required to account for incomes, priests, and practices due to their national contributions.

4402:

The formal recognition of events is given great importance in Japanese culture. A common ritual, the

4294:. Many people visit public shrines to celebrate new year; this "first visit" of the year is known as 4288:, practitioners usually clean their household shrines in preparation for New Year's Day (1 January), 2240:. In the 21st century, Shinto has increasingly been portrayed as a nature-centred spirituality with 16725: 10929: 10445: 8468: 7311: 4737: 4322:("gateway pine"), an arrangement of pine branches, plum tree, and bamboo sticks. Also displayed are 3349:, who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar. Offerings are then presented to the 2659:), which vary in size from just a few trees to sizeable areas of woodland. Large lanterns, known as 905:

did not apply to a distinct religious tradition nor to anything uniquely Japanese; the 11th century

19709: 19620: 19418: 19401: 19307: 19292: 19196: 19164: 19137: 18124: 18084: 18039: 17829: 17819: 17624: 17378: 17203: 17139: 17109: 16999: 16764: 16673: 16641: 16602: 16514: 15421: 14673: 14609: 14079: 14064: 13758: 13677: 13540: 13019: 10989: 10778: 5469: 4079: 646: 316:

Although historians debate at what point it is suitable to refer to Shinto as a distinct religion,

183: 15116: 13352: 9293: 8385: 3083:

directly, but rather request that a priest offer them on their behalf; these prayers are known as

2878:. This regalia is generally more ornate than the sombre garments worn by Japanese Buddhist monks. 2096:

The actions of priests at the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo have generated controversy across East Asia

907: 19584: 19512: 19502: 19379: 19312: 19111: 18575: 18512: 18462: 18422: 18367: 18002: 17997: 17887: 17834: 17724: 17654: 17450: 17261: 17176: 16381: 16359: 16158: 15980: 15505: 15158: 15085: 14769: 14140: 13940: 13849: 13365: 8777: 7171: 4728: 4589:

is believed to possess the young woman, and the two are then ritually "married". After this, the

2720:. These sometimes also record miracles associated with the shrine. From the Heian period on, the 2202: 1880: 1532:), while Hachiman's is a dove. Shinto cosmology also includes spirits who cause malevolent acts, 813: 587: 31: 8568: 3662:

associated with the house's occupants or their profession. They can be decorated with miniature

2864:, which is modelled on Heian-style hunting garments. Also part of standard priestly attire is a 1734:

was formed. Izanagi and Izanami then descended to Earth, where the latter gave birth to further

19569: 19406: 19317: 19297: 19018: 18861: 18856: 18851: 18442: 18337: 18297: 18277: 18134: 18109: 18014: 17987: 17937: 17907: 17897: 17814: 17779: 17764: 17749: 17704: 17639: 17313: 17244: 17149: 17144: 16885: 16808: 16570: 16452: 16376: 16173: 16163: 16022: 15990: 15928: 15899: 15416: 15411: 15222: 15103: 15063: 14848: 14189: 14184: 14164: 14160: 13505: 13158: 13150: 12061: 10071: 9001: 5820: 5212: 5205: 4390: 3506:). Other musical styles performed at shrines can have a more limited focus. At shrines such as 3254:. At shrines, this entails sprinkling this water onto the face and hands, a procedure known as 2221: 1623: 1101:(神祇). In Japanese, no distinction is made here between singular and plural, and hence the term 441: 11776: 8621: 5551: 3146:

asking them to offset this problem if they have to travel in one of these unlucky directions.

2904:. As with teachers, instructors, and Buddhist clergy, Shinto priests are often referred to as 549:. Some practitioners instead view Shinto as a "way", thus characterising it more as custom or 20052: 19937: 19869: 19859: 19761: 19699: 19665: 19635: 19564: 19389: 19357: 18909: 18738: 18683: 18628: 18545: 18497: 18472: 18272: 18094: 18089: 17957: 17947: 17769: 17445: 17388: 17208: 17154: 16575: 16553: 16472: 16413: 16079: 15518: 15379: 14536: 14135: 14047: 13414: 5161: 5064: 2808: 2017:, are also regarded as taboo, and people avoid speaking them when at a shrine; these include 850: 18996: 15399: 15347: 12610:. Translated by Mark Teeuwan and John Breen. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 1–10. 5332:

The end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries were marked by the expansion of the

2689:

are venerated be kept clean and not neglected. Through to the Edo period, it was common for

1499:

can be enshrined. In some periods, fees were charged for the right to enshrine a particular

479:

stated that "Shinto encompasses doctrines, institutions, ritual, and communal life based on

20032: 19952: 19694: 19433: 19394: 19302: 19262: 18879: 18673: 18663: 18648: 18555: 18482: 18452: 18427: 18392: 18352: 18347: 18322: 18192: 18114: 18064: 18044: 18034: 17922: 17869: 17844: 17694: 17689: 17669: 17634: 17619: 17563: 17338: 17271: 17239: 17119: 17054: 16920: 16798: 16651: 16531: 16430: 16342: 16310: 16305: 16153: 15885: 15175: 14759: 14519: 14130: 14074: 14025: 14010: 13863: 13692: 5234: 3192: 3184: 2873: 2293: 685: 681: 591: 397: 346: 202: 105: 14372: 9516: 7271: 4186:

festival, held on 15 May to pray for an abundant grain harvest, takes place at shrines in

561:"do not readily apply" to Shinto. Unlike religions familiar in Western countries, such as 8: 20042: 19942: 19874: 19864: 19747: 19625: 19507: 19477: 19174: 18678: 18653: 18633: 18610: 18537: 18487: 18467: 18382: 18372: 18327: 18287: 18242: 18237: 18227: 18217: 18212: 18207: 18197: 18182: 18177: 18172: 18167: 18162: 18139: 18049: 18024: 17902: 17892: 17854: 17824: 17809: 17794: 17784: 17774: 17739: 17734: 17684: 17629: 17604: 17548: 17405: 17393: 17281: 17276: 17266: 17134: 16935: 16848: 16793: 16769: 16656: 16541: 16499: 16294: 16143: 15771: 15563: 15448: 15244: 15041: 14926: 14854: 14744: 14665: 14492: 14145: 13969: 13815: 13578: 13530: 13242:

Kobayashi, Kazushige; Knecht, Peter (1981). "On the Meaning of Masked Dances in Kagura".

12751: 12729: 10560: 5494: 5341: 5200:

around the involvement of public officials in Shinto. In 1965, for instance, the city of

5165: 5130: 3642:

and include symbols of the resident ancestral spirit, for instance a mirror or a scroll.

2812: 2283: 2237: 2205:, generating domestic and international condemnation, particularly from China and Korea. 1967:

is therefore seen as being a temporary condition that can be corrected through achieving

1431:. In the State Shinto system of the Meiji era, the emperor of Japan was declared to be a 1191:

of the world itself" as being "divine". This perspective has been characterised as being

623: 611: 570: 210: 9536: 5233:. Shinto also spread abroad through both emigration and conversion by non-Japanese. The 4633: 3998: 3696:

or extended kinship group. A small shrine for the ancestors of a household are known as

3160:

has long been important in Japanese religion, with pilgrimages to Shinto shrines called

3036:. At the shrine, individuals offering prayers are not necessarily praying to a specific 2834:. The outer garment worn by a priest, usually colored black, red, or light blue, is the 20037: 19884: 19796: 19719: 19672: 19645: 19640: 19589: 19362: 19272: 19245: 19116: 19068: 19046: 18991: 18964: 18658: 18638: 18605: 18502: 18492: 18437: 18432: 18362: 18342: 18332: 18317: 18312: 18292: 18262: 18257: 18232: 18222: 18154: 18119: 18104: 18009: 17982: 17972: 17932: 17917: 17912: 17864: 17859: 17799: 17754: 17714: 17609: 17596: 17383: 17308: 17181: 17004: 16678: 16636: 16477: 16445: 16420: 16347: 16327: 16148: 16096: 16084: 16062: 15654: 15612: 15485: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15136: 14920: 14896: 14275: 14199: 13947: 13893: 13672: 13515: 13476: 13471: 13307: 13259: 13115: 12968: 12956: 12625: 12594: 12565: 12527: 12510: 12326: 12278: 10433: 7291: 5514: 5382: 4069:

performed a dance to entice Amaterasu out of the cave in which she had hidden herself.

3720:

shrines and the household shrines, Shinto also features small wayside shrines known as

3304:, a branch of evergreen to which strips of paper have been attached. The waving of the 3149: 2790: 357: 161: 15766: 15325: 14948: 14678: 12802: 4772:

was adopted to establish a Chinese-style centralised government. As part of this, the

4732: 3066: 2232:. In other cases, priests have opposed construction projects on shrine-owned land; at 1036:

has been commonly used only since the early 20th century, when it superseded the term

1028:

worship from traditions like Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. This use of the term

19806: 19704: 19677: 19650: 19341: 19098: 19083: 18981: 18809: 18715: 18709: 18643: 18600: 18590: 18580: 18570: 18477: 18397: 18357: 18282: 18252: 18144: 18099: 18079: 18054: 18029: 17992: 17977: 17952: 17927: 17839: 17789: 17744: 17729: 17709: 17699: 17674: 17614: 17558: 17323: 17099: 16695: 16666: 16590: 16585: 16546: 16484: 16440: 16425: 16408: 16403: 16398: 16337: 16072: 15958: 15724: 15694: 15674: 15495: 15300: 15281: 15276: 15217: 15180: 14901: 14816: 14739: 14637: 14627: 14595: 14583: 14551: 14528: 14510: 14406: 14261: 14169: 14155: 14118: 14106: 13935: 13854: 13806: 13722: 13687: 13667: 13573: 13314: 13293: 13283: 13228: 13211: 13201: 13172: 13162: 13135: 13084: 13072: 13058: 13041: 13031: 13024: 12984: 12927: 12917: 12889: 12867: 12850: 12809: 12759: 12737: 12706: 12687: 12643: 12633: 12611: 12534: 12487: 12468: 12454: 12437: 12422: 12403: 12339: 12330: 12295: 12282: 11649: 11601: 6918: 6283: 5484: 5430: 5141: 5071: 5047: 4623: 4273: 4195: 4087: 2622:

resides; passing under them is often viewed as a form of purification. More broadly,

2420:

inhabiting this shrine is not necessarily perceived as being inferior to that in the

1505:

in a new place. Shrines are not necessarily always designed as permanent structures.

1296:, are regarded as malevolent and destructive. Offerings and prayers are given to the 1172:

nature", stating that he thought it "somewhat analogous" to the Western ideas of the

1072: 931: 921:, indicating these terms were being used to describe religions outside Japan itself. 546: 500: 206: 174: 126: 16178: 15776: 15436: 15185: 12791: 12774: 7683: 3507: 20017: 19947: 19786: 19739: 19724: 19660: 19542: 19485: 19367: 18986: 18791: 18781: 18668: 18550: 18447: 18059: 18019: 17967: 17962: 17879: 17849: 17759: 17649: 17513: 17465: 17460: 17024: 16989: 16962: 16720: 16705: 16580: 16504: 16354: 16332: 16240: 16101: 15880: 15843: 15699: 15684: 15632: 15426: 15406: 15374: 15369: 15340: 15335: 15259: 15249: 15073: 15037: 15029: 15000: 14913: 14833: 14828: 14791: 14781: 14707: 14645: 14487: 14324: 14174: 13832: 13407: 13251: 13107: 12948: 12862: 12786: 12664: 12586: 12557: 12449: 12384: 12318: 12270: 9733: 8192: 5504: 5459: 4727:

to more closely resemble the new Buddhist structures. In the late 5th century, the

4265: 3394: 2999: 2667:, are often found within these precincts. Shrines often have an office, known as a 2241: 2220:

Shinto priests face ethical conundrums. In the 1980s, for instance, priests at the

1699: 1619: 1559: 871: 689: 677: 619: 437: 411: 361: 327: 296: 141: 18914: 16317: 13003: 12680: 12669: 12656: 12606:

Inoue, Nobutaka (2003). "Introduction: What is Shinto?". In Nobutaka Inoue (ed.).

7994: 7235: 7037: 5060: 4956:

were incorporated into a Buddhist cosmology in various ways. One view is that the

4758: 4467:. Various rites reference this. For instance, at the largely Buddhist festival of 4448:

and is associated with various taboos. In cases when dead humans are enshrined as

4176:

or "clear" days", the days of the new, full, and half moons. Other days, known as

4124:

and performed at shrines across Japan. Depending on the style, it is performed by

529:

noted that "before modern times Shinto did not exist as an independent religion".

20012: 19811: 19781: 19776: 19689: 19655: 19574: 19267: 19159: 19078: 19058: 18959: 18819: 18719: 17348: 17328: 16818: 16710: 16700: 16369: 16037: 15828: 15808: 15739: 15704: 15637: 15357: 15330: 15305: 15254: 15232: 15020: 14963: 14734: 14251: 14052: 13978: 13918: 13873: 13842: 13727: 13707: 13659: 13394: 13383: 13342: 12877: 12522: 12274: 12115: 11632: 5464: 5416: 5333: 5319: 3188: 2583: 2437: 2429: 2198: 2194: 1976: 1126: 837: 639: 421: 281:

enshrined at that location. This is done to cultivate harmony between humans and

214: 18884: 10504: 9697: 6678: 6228: 3200: 2561: 2320:-place"); this term applies to the location rather than to a specific building. 1628: 1375: 693: 19991: 19927: 19879: 19836: 19729: 19630: 19008: 18814: 17470: 17363: 17303: 17019: 16994: 16779: 16683: 16565: 16509: 16462: 15875: 15823: 15719: 15689: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15642: 15538: 15458: 15441: 15394: 15384: 14423: 14086: 14069: 13888: 13868: 13837: 12914:

The Gods Come Dancing: A Study of the Japanese Ritual Dance of Yamabushi Kagura

12657:"Shinto Deities that Crossed the Sea: Japan's "Overseas Shrines," 1868 to 1945" 6349: 5489: 5220: 5015: 5007: 4998:, transformations of the Buddhas in their attempt to help all sentient beings. 4962:

realised that like all other life-forms, they too were trapped in the cycle of

4805: 4331: 4167: 3561: 2816: 2208: 2149:, meaning "purity and cheerfulness of heart", which are linked to the state of 1985: 1731: 976: 879: 615: 486: 476: 85: 15431: 14688: 13558: 13376: 8645: 3196: 2757: 2057:

commences each day. Fire, also, is perceived as a source of purification. The

1526:, that generally take animal forms. Inari's messenger, for example, is a fox ( 20006: 19889: 19801: 19790: 19559: 19423: 19179: 17398: 16952: 16833: 16225: 16220: 16168: 16005: 15943: 15838: 15729: 15627: 15558: 15490: 15480: 15453: 15389: 15286: 15264: 15197: 15093: 15056: 14975: 14883: 14334: 14285: 13990: 13623: 13497: 13337: 13215: 13127: 12882: 7195: 5474: 5229: 5224: 4993: 4794: 4742: 4136:

band using flutes and drums. There are also other, regional types of kagura.

3062: 2761: 2747: 2566: 2309: 2277: 1413:

of a village founder. In some cases, living human beings were also viewed as

558: 526: 475:", the supernatural entities at the centre of the religion. The Japanologist 429: 261: 19132: 18904: 16067: 13297: 13176: 13045: 12931: 12647: 6280:

Imperial Politics and Symbolics in Ancient Japan: The Tenmu Dynasty, 650–800

5025: 5020: 4677:

bronze bells, bronze weapons, and metal mirrors played an important role in

3423:. After the offerings have been given, people often sip rice wine known as 2288: 1125:

has sometimes been rendered as "god" or "spirit". The historian of religion

19981: 19957: 19900: 19766: 19594: 19413: 18938: 18926: 18921: 18899: 18894: 18889: 17533: 17435: 17296: 16984: 16979: 16957: 16947: 16828: 16260: 16195: 16138: 16123: 16089: 15714: 15622: 14655: 14546: 14541: 14392: 14362: 14236: 14204: 13952: 13923: 13910: 13732: 13712: 13702: 13553: 13184: 12261:

Azegami, Naoki (2012). "Local Shrines and the Creation of 'State Shinto'".

12108: 6938: 6492: 5509: 5402: 5037: 4938:. Tenmu for example appointed a virginal imperial princess to serve as the 4691: 4684: 4655: 4468: 4213:

ceremonies, in which rice is ritually planted. Summer festivals are termed

4083: 4078:. This style was developed in the imperial court and is still performed on 4072:

There are two broad types of kagura. One is Imperial kagura, also known as

4066: 3795:. Those administering the shrine will then often burn all of the collected 3772: 3286:

horizontally over a person or object being purified in a movement known as

2355: 2078: 1866: 1703: 1341: 1205: 657: 579: 562: 507: 425: 407: 331: 323: 19149: 18976: 15761: 14443: 13697: 13631: 13486: 13387: 13361: 12548:

Kobayashi, Kazushige (1981). "On the Meaning of Masked Dances in Kagura".

12438:"Comparative Analysis of Life after Death in Folk Shinto and Christianity" 12322: 12133:"2008 NHK survey of religion in Japan — 宗教的なものにひかれる日本人〜ISSP国際比較調査（宗教）から〜" 5261: 4982:, or beings who had achieved enlightenment. In this, they could be either 4509:

can possess a human being and then speak through them, a process known as

841:

referring to the divine order of nature. Around the time of the spread of

19169: 18933: 17455: 17430: 17254: 17222: 17213: 17159: 17089: 17074: 16967: 16858: 16519: 16467: 16255: 15973: 15953: 15793: 15734: 15472: 15468: 15291: 14806: 14754: 14724: 14561: 14415: 14307: 14231: 14096: 14032: 13983: 13607: 12389: 12372: 11600:(1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc. pp. 18–19. 7438: 6890: 5999: 5238: 5126: 4947: 4666: 4496: 4234: 4207:

and often incorporate prayers for a good harvest. They sometimes involve

4183: 4093: 3966: 3960: 3880: 3385:

while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred

2870:

fan, while during rituals, priests carry a flat piece of wood known as a

2633: 1937:, restless spirits who died in bad circumstances and often seek revenge. 1848: 1660: 1605: 1473:

is invited to enter a new place, with the instalment ceremony known as a

1359: 1153: 1149: 1145: 982: 896: 846: 381: 94: 19003: 16774: 16715: 15818: 15239: 15068: 14617: 12514: 11829: 11028: 7391: 7255: 6743: 6590: 6460: 5920: 4767: 3456:

are believed to enjoy music. One style of music performed at shrines is

2517: 1961:("purity"). In Japanese thought, humans are seen as fundamentally pure. 19826: 19191: 19093: 19041: 18954: 17421: 17416: 17291: 17286: 17249: 17227: 17084: 17064: 17059: 16900: 16890: 16853: 16457: 16235: 16183: 15923: 15568: 15548: 15121: 15046: 14985: 14749: 14729: 14650: 14302: 14270: 14241: 14020: 14015: 14000: 13510: 13461: 13263: 13119: 12980: 12960: 12569: 12419:

Shinto Shrines: A Guide to the Sacred Sites of Japan's Ancient Religion

11692: 11625: 10802: 10604: 9624: 9153: 9125: 8433: 8303: 8161: 8061: 7667: 6633: 6196: 5768: 5439: 5369:. When the Japanese Empire collapsed in the 1940s, there were over 600 5266: 5084:

In 1868, all shrine priests were placed under the authority of the new

5011: 4814: 4697: 4563: 4254: 3228: 3157: 2886: 2881: 2629: 2551: 2254: 2233: 2092: 1707: 1086: 627: 335: 300: 287:

and to solicit the latter's blessing. Other common rituals include the

225: 78: 16265: 15141: 13737: 13278:

Ueda, Kenji (1999). "The Concept of Kami". In John Ross Carter (ed.).

12598: 11529: 11300: 11284: 11268: 10750: 9854: 8504: 7900: 7537: 7509: 7407: 7073: 5444: 5211:

During the post-war period, Shinto themes often blended into Japanese

3912:

is then wrapped inside white paper and tied up with a colored thread.

3755: 3119:, or earth sanctification ritual. This purifies the site and asks the 2714:. Shrines may have legends about their foundation, which are known as 2539: 2072: 1437:, while several Shinto sects have also viewed their leaders as living 19916: 19219: 19063: 19053: 17368: 17164: 17079: 17069: 16940: 16895: 16880: 16813: 16661: 16128: 16050: 16010: 16000: 15963: 15938: 15918: 15813: 15679: 15533: 15523: 15295: 15148: 14958: 14943: 14908: 14891: 14873: 14786: 14566: 14482: 14461: 14456: 14433: 14428: 14387: 14382: 14319: 14256: 14179: 14150: 14101: 14042: 13995: 13647: 13548: 12836:

Teeuwen, Mark (2002). "From Jindō to Shintō. A Concept Takes Shape".

12577:

Kuroda, Toshio (1981). "Shinto in the History of Japanese Religion".

11096: 10206: 10163: 6822: 6790: 6527: 6133: 5454: 5449: 4906: 4455: 4317: 4309: 4101: 4044: 3952: 3854:, which often used tortoise shells; it is still used in some places. 3553: 2729: 2662: 2545: 1780: 1770: 1362:

different from humanity, with it being possible for humans to become

550: 518: 393: 67: 14838: 14367: 13255: 13111: 12952: 12724:(fourth ed.). Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press. pp. 191–218. 12561: 11151: 10830: 10639: 8846: 7852: 7620: 7592: 7454: 6317: 5054:, Korea, established during the Japanese occupation of the peninsula 4523:, were founded by individuals claiming to be guided by a possessing 17171: 16915: 16905: 16760: 16250: 16230: 16057: 15933: 15788: 15362: 15111: 15051: 14970: 14878: 14865: 14843: 14823: 14801: 14796: 14776: 14716: 14683: 14622: 14466: 14451: 14329: 14290: 14246: 14037: 13974: 13878: 13781: 13370: 12590: 12373:"'Conventional Wisdom' and the Politics of Shinto in Postwar Japan" 11056: 10886: 10846: 10464: 10428:. Tokyo: International Cultural Workshop Inc. 2006. pp. 39–41. 10361: 10333: 10135: 10107: 9717: 9422: 8801: 7884: 7868: 7778: 6715: 6574: 6476: 6333: 6107: 6105: 5904: 5410: 5297: 5216: 5201: 5085: 4901: 4896: 4773: 4516: 4485: 4380: 4339: 3941: 3823: 3607: 3572: 3263: 2770: 2589: 2484:. Collectively, the central buildings of a shrine are known as the 2225: 1575: 1567: 1535: 1384: 1173: 1009: 1006:

became common in the 15th century. During the late Edo period, the

842: 661: 622:

called it a "major religion". Shinto is also often described as an

574: 538: 270: 255: 194: 152: 19910: 11896: 9990: 9807: 9069: 8922: 7794: 7057: 6850: 6774: 6558: 6444: 6212: 5740: 5519: 5324: 5241:, Mie Prefecture, was the first to establish a branch abroad: the 4347:

A common feature of festivals are processions or parades known as

2533: 2434:. On a lower level can be found the hall of offerings, known as a 1829:

In Shinto, the creative principle permeating all life is known as

1591: 1583: 1393:

of war. In Japanese culture, ancestors can be viewed as a form of

232:

religion, Shinto revolves around supernatural entities called the

19922: 19849: 19844: 18730: 17440: 17044: 17009: 16930: 16843: 16784: 16688: 16391: 16245: 15995: 15948: 15833: 15709: 15528: 14990: 14953: 14764: 14314: 14280: 14123: 13824: 13568: 13563: 13466: 13272:

Japan's holy war: the ideology of radical Shintō ultranationalism

12088: 10695: 10655: 9681: 9214: 6806: 5572: 5227:

for instance acknowledged Shinto influences on his films such as

5150: 4985: 4979: 4963: 4761:

converted to Buddhism and under his sponsorship Buddhism spread.

4362: 4155: 3921: 3860: 3817: 3737: 3519: 2639: 2577: 1790: 1721: 1717: 1636: 1632: 1528: 1346: 1235: 1192: 948:

increasingly referred to "the authority, power, or activity of a

941: 859: 854: 229: 12734:

Essentials of Shinto: An Analytical Guide to Principal Teachings

11948: 9109: 6102: 4941: 1044:('great religion') as the name for the Japanese state religion. 344:

worship and Buddhism functionally inseparable, a process called

19854: 19831: 19816: 19771: 19105: 17353: 17232: 17217: 17036: 16925: 16910: 16868: 16646: 16524: 15798: 15553: 15543: 15192: 15153: 14995: 14573: 14297: 13639: 13615: 13595: 13456: 13451: 13356: 12501:

Kenney, Elizabeth (2000). "Shinto Funerals in the Edo Period".

12162: 12160: 9768: 8224: 5479: 5337: 5088:, or Council of Kami Affairs. A project of forcibly separating 5042: 4912: 4891: 4672: 4567: 4536: 4520: 4515:. Several new religious movements drawing upon Shinto, such as 4014: 3889: 3857:

A form of divination that is popular at Shinto shrines are the

3723: 3459: 3388: 3181: 3163: 3025: 2934: 2907: 2595: 2367: 2171: 2044:

involves the use of fresh water, salt water, or salt to remove

1948: 1812: 1652: 1462: 1402: 1272:

can mete out punishment, often illness or sudden death, called

1177: 864: 583: 373: 304: 290: 90: 15744: 12703:

Enduring Identities: The Guise of Shinto in Contemporary Japan

11742: 11740: 11727: 11725: 11723: 7972: 7970: 5190:("general characteristics of a life lived in reverence of the 4144: 3174:. An individual leading these pilgrims, is sometimes termed a 2922:, sometimes referred to as "shrine-maidens" in English. These 590:

practices, and shares features like its polytheism with other

452: 19906: 19756: 19752: 18761: 17049: 16823: 16803: 16788: 16364: 16190: 15985: 15848: 15803: 15783: 14980: 14377: 14223: 14005: 13373:– The Official Japanese Organization of 80,000 Shinto Shrines 12720:

Offner, Clark B. (1979). "Shinto". In Norman Anderson (ed.).

11764: 11670: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11662: 11398: 11396: 10907: 10905: 9918: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9496: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8452: 6611: 6609: 5546:

Japan in the 21st Century: Environment, Economy, and Society,

5154: 5051: 4842: 4551: 4187: 3895: 3527: 3223: 2898:. Larger shrines may also have an assistant head priest, the 2647:

Shrines are often set within gardens or wooded groves called

2605: 2527: 2426:. At some places, halls of worship have been erected, termed 2077:, a type of diviner whose practices derived from the Chinese 2063:

is a form of harae designed to prevent misfortune, while the

1989: 1956: 1551: 1476: 566: 489:

observed the term "Shinto" was "often used" in "reference to

299:, and seasonal festivals. Public shrines facilitate forms of 198: 157: 116: 66:

Ise grand shrine, the main shrine to the chief god in shinto

12196: 12157: 11680: 9097: 8363: 8361: 8125: 8113: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6656: 6654: 6652: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5340:, most of whom left Japan for economic reasons; Since 1908, 4818:

of 927. Under the Jingikan, some shrines were designated as

4690:

In this early period, Japan was not a unified state; by the

4170:, Shinto shrines should hold their festival celebrations on 3310:

is often followed by an additional act of purification, the

3077:

Some Shinto practitioners do not offer their prayers to the

2683:

In Shinto, it is seen as important that the places in which

2180:("benign harmony") being inherent in all things. Disrupting 1649:

and of Japan itself are recounted in two 8th-century texts,

1643:

Although the narratives differ in detail, the origin of the

1032:

became increasingly popular from the 18th century. The term

16974: 16863: 14811: 13750: 13446: 13227:. Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. 12630:

Shinto: Origins, Rituals, Festivals, Spirits, Sacred Places

12585:(1). Translated by James C. Dobbins and Suzanne Gay: 1–21. 11936: 11862: 11860: 11737: 11720: 11072: 10548: 10377: 10349: 10184: 10182: 9245: 8336: 8334: 8319: 8019: 8017: 7967: 7608: 7570: 7568: 7497: 7428: 7426: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5184:). In 1956 the association issued a creedal statement, the 4972:

as benevolent entities who protected Buddhism, or that the

4804:

worship. These legally mandated rites were outlined in the

3540: 3414: 3095:

asking for pragmatic requests. Requests for rain, known as

2925: 1981: 1749: 1135:

into English. In Japanese, it is often said that there are

1062: 517:

essentially "invented" during the 19th century, in Japan's

470: 235: 13225:

Myth and Deity in Japan: The Interplay of Kami and Buddhas

12808:(second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 12184: 12029: 12027: 12012: 12000: 11807: 11805: 11803: 11708: 11659: 11557: 11517: 11505: 11495: 11493: 11468: 11466: 11464: 11449: 11437: 11415: 11413: 11411: 11393: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11167: 10965: 10902: 10452: 10311: 10309: 10282: 10258: 10095: 10042: 9908: 9906: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9556: 9493: 9450: 9412: 9410: 9042: 9040: 8943: 8941: 8874: 8755: 8753: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8520: 8449: 8149: 8051: 8049: 8047: 7957: 7955: 7830: 7828: 7223: 7131: 6606: 6154: 6152: 5948: 5796: 5560: 4831:

A page from the 14th-century Shinpukuji manuscript of the

3331:

The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as

2339:, and those linked to mountains deemed to be inhabited by 1119:. Although lacking a direct English translation, the term 275:, who oversee offerings of food and drink to the specific 16873: 16838: 15513: 14887: 13399: 12240: 12238: 11244: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11203: 11141: 11139: 11018: 11016: 10874: 10740: 10738: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10536: 10401: 10294: 10246: 10061: 10059: 10057: 9966: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9785: 9783: 9758: 9756: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9573: 9571: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9361: 9359: 9322: 9320: 9257: 9235: 9233: 9204: 9202: 9059: 9057: 9055: 8953: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8728: 8726: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8670: 8668: 8358: 8255: 8182: 8180: 8137: 7815: 7813: 7720: 7718: 7703: 7109: 7107: 7002: 6764: 6762: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6649: 6548: 6546: 6060: 5706: 5704: 5684: 5645: 5643: 5553:

Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths,

4112:

flute, and a six-stringed zither. The other main type is

3441:. On important occasions, a feast is then held, known as 1999: 1543: 823: 664:", used to describe varied traditions across South Asia. 108:(The emperor is believed to be the head priest of Shinto) 11857: 11591: 11589: 10179: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9189: 9187: 9174: 9172: 8544: 8331: 8279: 8212: 8101: 8077: 8034: 8032: 8014: 7982: 7655: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7580: 7565: 7525: 7487: 7485: 7423: 7094: 7092: 6393: 6092: 6090: 5989: 5987: 5883: 5849: 5847: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5588: 4314:

on their homes and places of business. Some also put up

3447:, inside a banquet hall attached to the shrine complex. 3242:

Shinto rituals begin with a process of purification, or

835:, "the Way of the Gods") was a term already used in the 811:

derives from the combination of two Chinese characters:

13052: 12172: 12106:

Dentsu Communication Institute, Japan Research Center:

12024: 11988: 11964: 11924: 11800: 11752: 11576: 11574: 11572: 11545: 11490: 11478: 11461: 11425: 11408: 11381: 11369: 11357: 11345: 11328: 11316: 11191: 11179: 10766: 10683: 10592: 10580: 10492: 10480: 10389: 10306: 10151: 9942: 9903: 9870: 9795: 9612: 9595: 9481: 9407: 9281: 9037: 8938: 8910: 8862: 8765: 8750: 8738: 8711: 8592: 8532: 8245: 8243: 8044: 7952: 7940: 7825: 7553: 7119: 6978: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6420: 6410: 6408: 6149: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 4008:

traditional dance performed at the Yamanashi-oka shrine

3789:

are typically left there as a message for the resident

3769:

A common feature of Shinto shrines is the provision of

1980:

Shinto purification rite after a ceremonial children's

13793: 13241: 12686:. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. 12235: 12223: 12213: 12211: 11976: 11912: 11884: 11845: 11227: 11215: 11136: 11112: 11044: 11013: 10953: 10917: 10862: 10818: 10735: 10723: 10711: 10620: 10524: 10234: 10222: 10194: 10054: 10030: 10018: 10006: 9823: 9780: 9753: 9669: 9657: 9640: 9583: 9568: 9462: 9395: 9356: 9344: 9332: 9317: 9269: 9230: 9199: 9085: 9052: 9025: 8817: 8723: 8692: 8680: 8665: 8421: 8346: 8177: 8089: 7928: 7840: 7810: 7730: 7715: 7211: 7104: 6906: 6866: 6838: 6759: 6731: 6698: 6543: 6432: 6381: 6305: 6293: 6077: 6075: 6026: 6024: 6022: 5701: 5640: 5385:

have played a significant role in introducing Shinto.

2306:

are worshipped are often known under the generic term

499:, although this term has no direct translation in the 392:

was adopted by Japan's Imperial household. During the

188: 12916:. Ithaca, NY: East Asia Program, Cornell University. 12533:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 11872: 11586: 11256: 11124: 11084: 10977: 10671: 10321: 10270: 10123: 9978: 9954: 9930: 9882: 9842: 9438: 9383: 9371: 9184: 9169: 9141: 8989: 8977: 8965: 8834: 8609: 8556: 8492: 8409: 8029: 7754: 7742: 7636: 7482: 7470: 7089: 6966: 6954: 6621: 6121: 6087: 6048: 5984: 5972: 5859: 5844: 5808: 5756: 5667: 4148:

Participants in a procession for Aoi Matsuri in Kyoto

1326:

of a particular community is referred to it as their

12039: 11817: 11569: 8898: 8886: 8373: 8291: 8267: 8240: 7916: 7766: 7025: 6990: 6878: 6666: 6508: 6405: 6036: 5871: 5609: 5392: 5245:, initially located in California and then moved to 5031: 5024:

moved. All of the grand shrines are regulated under

3407:

Offerings of food and drink are specifically termed

3398:

of offerings will often be tailored to the specific

3248:. Using fresh water or salt water, this is known as 1580:. Japanese folklore also incorporates belief in the 1089:, involving the veneration of many deities known as 704:

is often translated into English as "the way of the

688:, which is associated with the mythological tale of 13313:. Tokyo; New York; London: Kodansha International. 12208: 11620:Wilbur M. Fridell, "A Fresh Look at State Shintō", 6369: 6072: 6019: 5960: 5784: 5728: 5655: 4336:("naked festivals") in which men dressed only in a 3938:are sometimes placed within a charm bag known as a 1746:, whose birth killed Izanami. Izanagi descended to 911:for instance refers to a woman in China practicing 13306: 13132:Historicizing "Tradition" in the Study of Religion 13076: 13023: 12973:Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society 12881: 12801: 12679: 12526: 5936: 5716: 2084: 1639:-no-Mikoto, by Kobayashi Eitaku, late 19th century 1602:. Other Japanese supernatural figures include the 831:), which means "way", "road" or "path". "Shintō" ( 13157:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 12875: 12851:"Contemporary Social Change and Shinto Tradition" 12094: 5628: 4442:); the period following this contact is known as 4090:. It is performed by singers and musicians using 3877:, and thus avoiding the misfortune it predicted. 3417:, or rice wine, is a very common offering to the 3355:by being placed on a table. This act is known as 3280:is usually kept in a stand. The priest waves the 1610:, animal-like creatures who can take human form. 1204:have been venerated since prehistory. During the 20004: 13083:. World Religions. London; New York: Routledge. 4480: 4019:describes the music and dance performed for the 3702:. Small village shrines containing the tutelary 3656:of a nearby public shrine as well as a tutelary 3630:shrine may be erected in the home in place of a 2636:. Also set at the entrances to many shrines are 2402:can sometimes be found a subsidiary shrine, the 1308:and thus with the natural world. More localised 553:, partly as an attempt to circumvent the modern 12070:Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications 11595: 5105:, or Ministry of Edification. This coordinated 3745: 2255:focuses on ritual behavior rather than doctrine 849:(206 BCE – 220 CE), it was used to distinguish 578:imported from mainland Asia, such as Buddhism, 209:, its practitioners often regard it as Japan's 13309:The Essence of Shinto, Japan's Spiritual Heart 13026:The Cambridge Illustrated History of Religions 12340:"Shinto Perspectives in Miyazaki's Anime Film 10420: 10418: 10416: 5376: 5370: 5353: 5347: 5305: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5169: 5116: 5110: 5095: 5089: 5076: 4991: 4983: 4973: 4967: 4957: 4951: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4918: 4910: 4884: 4878: 4868: 4862: 4852: 4846: 4832: 4819: 4799: 4783: 4777: 4765: 4752: 4746: 4722: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4695: 4678: 4670: 4659: 4644: 4638: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4590: 4584: 4577: 4571: 4557: 4549: 4540: 4530: 4524: 4510: 4504: 4490: 4472: 4462: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4384: 4374: 4368: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4337: 4329: 4323: 4315: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4259: 4246: 4240: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4177: 4171: 4161: 4153: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4099: 4091: 4073: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4012: 4003: 3983: 3976: 3970: 3958: 3950: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3893: 3872: 3866: 3858: 3849: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3821: 3811: 3805: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3770: 3760: 3746: 3735: 3729: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3605: 3599: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3570: 3559: 3551: 3545: 3525: 3517: 3511: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3457: 3451: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3408: 3399: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3233: 3214: 3208: 3175: 3169: 3161: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2932: 2923: 2917: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2802: 2796: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2768: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2726:were often retold on picture scrolls known as 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2690: 2684: 2674: 2668: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2637: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2603: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2435: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2365: 2359: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2321: 2315: 2307: 2301: 2188: 2181: 2175: 2165: 2159: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 1997: 1968: 1962: 1954: 1946: 1932: 1926: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1886: 1878: 1872: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1816: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1784: 1774: 1764: 1755: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1725: 1711: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1658: 1650: 1644: 1603: 1597: 1589: 1581: 1573: 1565: 1557: 1549: 1541: 1533: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1474: 1468: 1467:("dividing the spirit"). As part of this, the 1460: 1454: 1447: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1400: 1394: 1388: 1379: 1369: 1363: 1353: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1261: 1253: 1247: 1241: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1209: 1199: 1181: 1167: 1160: 1139: 1130: 1120: 1114: 1108: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1076: 1053: 1037: 1023: 1007: 997: 991: 968: 961: 955: 949: 935: 925: 916: 894: 799: 792: 785: 778: 771: 764: 757: 751: 745: 739: 732: 725: 719: 712: 705: 650: 632: 511: 490: 480: 468: 457: 415: 401: 387: 379: 371: 365: 351: 339: 317: 308: 288: 282: 276: 268: 267:. The latter are staffed by priests, known as 253: 247: 241: 233: 49: 18746: 13766: 13415: 13030:. New York City: Cambridge University Press. 12337: 11942: 4282:. On the last day of the year (31 December), 3435:wine is seen as a form of communion with the 3292:("left-right-left"). Sometimes, instead of a 2852:, used for formal occasions, is known as the 2632:reflects a Chinese influence dating from the 1885:), where humans dwell; and the Nether World ( 1760:, and he closed its entrance with a boulder. 1680:, the separation of light and pure elements ( 960:, or, in short, the state or attributes of a 930:-worship was generally seen as being part of 13377:Kokugakuin University Encyclopedia of Shinto 13153:. In Paul L. Swanson; Clark Chilson (eds.). 13126: 12758:(second ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press. 12397: 12308: 12018: 11746: 11731: 11714: 11698: 11686: 11674: 11003: 10947: 10911: 10812: 10796: 10570: 10426:Handy Bilingual Reference For Kami and Jinja 9546: 9311: 8482: 8462: 8443: 8325: 7976: 7448: 6643: 6615: 6596: 6498: 5695: 4764:In the mid-7th century, a legal code called 4053:dance came into existence. According to the 4025:; the term may have originally derived from 3728:. Other open spaces used for the worship of 3678:Household Shinto can focus attention on the 3238:basin; this example is at Itsukushima Jinja. 2828:, and black lacquered wooden clogs known as 2756:ceremony performed by Shinto priests at the 2296:in Kyoto, one of the oldest shrines in Japan 2230:1945 U.S. use of the atomic bomb on the city 1953:("pollution" or "impurity"), while ensuring 1387:, believed to be a protector of Japan and a 966:." It appears in this form in texts such as 400:leadership expelled Buddhist influence from 217:. Scholars sometimes call its practitioners 13282:. Portland, OR: Book East. pp. 65–72. 13134:. Walter de Gruyter, Inc. pp. 92–108. 12996:"Shinto and the Sacred Dimension of Nature" 12467:(fourth ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 12416: 12338:Boyd, James W.; Nishimura, Tetsuya (2016). 12127: 12125: 12100: 11622:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 10413: 10288: 10264: 9924: 9634: 9550: 9530: 9510: 8880: 8795: 8639: 8586: 8514: 8486: 8403: 8367: 8313: 8171: 8155: 7697: 7677: 7397: 7381: 7353: 7325: 7301: 7281: 7261: 7249: 7229: 7205: 7165: 7083: 7051: 7019: 6948: 6928: 6832: 6753: 6692: 6660: 6537: 6502: 6470: 6143: 5930: 5898: 5838: 5778: 5603: 3965:is a round, paper doll of the Indian monk, 3343:. This is followed by an appearance by the 2885:Miko performing a Shinto ceremony near the 2333:, those devoted to the war dead are termed 2216:at the Fushimi Inari-taisha shrine in Kyoto 1481:. The new, subsidiary shrine is known as a 1246:that are placed in the shrine are known as 1232:are believed to have a presence are termed 541:, a term first translated into Japanese as 364:. The earliest written tradition regarding 322:veneration has been traced back to Japan's 18753: 18739: 13773: 13759: 13422: 13408: 5328:The Karafuto Shrine in the Sakhalin Region 4643:bell; these probably played a key role in 3884:A frame at a shrine where omikuji are tied 3636:. This will be typically placed below the 3298:, the purification is carried out with an 3042:. A worshipper may not know the name of a 1945:A key theme in Shinto is the avoidance of 1877:live; the Phenomenal or Manifested World ( 1824: 1716:followed, including a brother and sister, 1332:, while that of a particular house is the 915:, and also to people in India worshipping 885:) was originally adopted into Japanese as 13195: 12866: 12790: 12705:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 12668: 12624: 12547: 12453: 12421:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 12388: 11770: 11535: 11306: 11290: 11274: 11102: 10943: 10792: 10760: 10566: 10486: 10188: 10173: 10085: 9526: 9159: 8578: 8550: 8202: 8131: 8119: 8107: 7661: 7626: 7614: 7598: 7586: 7574: 7547: 7460: 7432: 7185: 7157: 6944: 6924: 6900: 6749: 6584: 6466: 6238: 5914: 5830: 5566: 5122:in the build-up to the Second World War. 4895:for example was probably composed by the 3690:who are perceived to be ancestral to the 1368:. Dead humans are sometimes venerated as 16293: 13346:) is being considered for deletion. See 13304: 13200:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 13053:Breen, John; Mark Teeuwen, eds. (2000). 12938: 12911: 12654: 12521: 12481: 12269:(1). Translated by Mark Teeuwen: 63–85. 12202: 12178: 12166: 12122: 11982: 11866: 11786: 11596:Richard Pilgrim, Robert Ellwood (1985). 11563: 11551: 11539: 11523: 11511: 11499: 11484: 11472: 11455: 11443: 11431: 11419: 11402: 11387: 11375: 11363: 11351: 11339: 11322: 11310: 11294: 11278: 10510: 10498: 10315: 9774: 9019: 8143: 7559: 7531: 7515: 7417: 7413: 7401: 7385: 7373: 7357: 7345: 7329: 7317: 7305: 7297: 7285: 7277: 7265: 7181: 7153: 7137: 6932: 6725: 6709: 6600: 6552: 6486: 6438: 6363: 6327: 6234: 6174: 6066: 5926: 5678: 5622: 5323: 5265:A Shinto rite carried out at a jinja in 5260: 5140: 5041: 4826: 4632: 4484: 4253: 4143: 3997: 3879: 3816:. Several forms of divination entailing 3754: 3539: 3464:. Instruments used include three reeds ( 3373:. Historically, the offerings given the 3227: 3148: 3056: 2880: 2746: 2516: 2378:may be stored material belonging to the 2287: 2207: 2091: 1975: 1674:recounts that the universe started with 1627: 1378:, who on his death was enshrined as the 1340: 1066: 671: 485:worship", while the scholar of religion 451: 370:worship was recorded in the 8th-century 151: 19026:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 17585: 13183: 13097: 13071: 12993: 12835: 12632:. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. 12556:(1). Translated by Peter Knecht: 1–22. 12462: 12435: 12289: 12260: 12033: 12006: 11994: 11970: 11930: 11890: 11851: 11839: 11835: 11811: 11794: 11790: 11758: 11702: 11648:. University of Chicago Press. p. 133. 11262: 11250: 11238: 11221: 11209: 11197: 11185: 11157: 11118: 11106: 11078: 11062: 11050: 11038: 11022: 10999: 10959: 10939: 10880: 10868: 10856: 10840: 10808: 10772: 10756: 10744: 10701: 10689: 10661: 10649: 10633: 10610: 10586: 10554: 10542: 10530: 10514: 10474: 10458: 10407: 10395: 10383: 10367: 10355: 10339: 10252: 10240: 10228: 10212: 10169: 10157: 10145: 10141: 10117: 10113: 10089: 10065: 10024: 10012: 10000: 9948: 9912: 9876: 9864: 9836: 9817: 9801: 9789: 9743: 9723: 9707: 9687: 9663: 9651: 9618: 9606: 9589: 9577: 9562: 9487: 9432: 9416: 9307: 9287: 9275: 9263: 9251: 9239: 9220: 9208: 9135: 9103: 9091: 9075: 9063: 9046: 9031: 9011: 8959: 8947: 8932: 8916: 8868: 8856: 8807: 8791: 8787: 8771: 8759: 8744: 8732: 8717: 8705: 8686: 8674: 8655: 8631: 8615: 8603: 8538: 8526: 8510: 8439: 8427: 8399: 8395: 8186: 8167: 8067: 8055: 8004: 7961: 7946: 7934: 7894: 7874: 7862: 7834: 7819: 7800: 7724: 7693: 7673: 7543: 7519: 7503: 7444: 7377: 7349: 7321: 7241: 7217: 7201: 7189: 7161: 7125: 7113: 7098: 7063: 7043: 6972: 6960: 6912: 6896: 6872: 6856: 6844: 6800: 6768: 6737: 6721: 6568: 6533: 6521: 6482: 6454: 6359: 6343: 6323: 6311: 6299: 6206: 6186: 6178: 6158: 5993: 5954: 5762: 5710: 5578: 5358:("overseas shrines"), a term coined by 5313: 4495:at the autumn Inako Taisai festival at 3820:are also practiced in Shintō, known as 2708:from one building to another is called 2490:, while its precincts are known as the 510:suggested that one could "speak of the 436:festivals, reflecting a common view in 260:household shrines, family shrines, and 14: 20005: 13521:Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines 13274:. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. 13222: 13148: 13018: 12876:Williams, George; Bhar, Ann Marie B.; 12750: 12728: 12719: 12700: 12677: 12576: 12500: 12465:Japanese Religion: Unity and Diversity 12294:(revised ed.). Richmond: Curzon. 12244: 12190: 12056: 12054: 12045: 11954: 11918: 11878: 11580: 11173: 11161: 11145: 11130: 11090: 11066: 11034: 11007: 10995: 10983: 10971: 10935: 10923: 10896: 10892: 10852: 10836: 10824: 10788: 10784: 10729: 10717: 10705: 10677: 10665: 10645: 10614: 10598: 10574: 10518: 10470: 10371: 10343: 10327: 10300: 10276: 10216: 10200: 10129: 10101: 10081: 10077: 10048: 10036: 9996: 9984: 9972: 9960: 9936: 9897: 9860: 9848: 9813: 9762: 9747: 9739: 9727: 9711: 9703: 9691: 9675: 9630: 9542: 9522: 9475: 9456: 9444: 9428: 9401: 9389: 9377: 9365: 9350: 9338: 9326: 9303: 9299: 9224: 9193: 9178: 9163: 9147: 9131: 9119: 9079: 9015: 9007: 8995: 8983: 8971: 8928: 8852: 8840: 8828: 8811: 8783: 8659: 8651: 8635: 8627: 8582: 8574: 8562: 8498: 8478: 8474: 8415: 8391: 8379: 8352: 8340: 8309: 8218: 8206: 8198: 8095: 8083: 8071: 8038: 8023: 8008: 8000: 7988: 7922: 7910: 7906: 7890: 7878: 7858: 7846: 7804: 7788: 7784: 7772: 7760: 7748: 7736: 7709: 7689: 7649: 7630: 7602: 7491: 7476: 7464: 7369: 7341: 7245: 7177: 7149: 7079: 7067: 7047: 7031: 6996: 6984: 6884: 6860: 6828: 6816: 6812: 6796: 6784: 6780: 6688: 6684: 6672: 6639: 6627: 6580: 6564: 6450: 6426: 6414: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6355: 6339: 6242: 6222: 6218: 6202: 6190: 6182: 6170: 6139: 6127: 6115: 6111: 6096: 6054: 6042: 6030: 6009: 6005: 5978: 5910: 5877: 5865: 5853: 5834: 5826: 5814: 5802: 5774: 5750: 5746: 5734: 5649: 4990:, the pure spirits of the Buddhas, or 4841:In the early 8th century, the Emperor 4702:(clans), each with their own tutelary 4503:Shinto practitioners believe that the 4245:at midnight. Winter festivals, called 4166:in thanks. According to a traditional 3742:, an area surrounded by sacred rocks. 3016:. More broadly, ritual prayers to the 3010:. This individual worship is known as 2737: 2472:, or a specific building in which the 1940: 821:), which means "spirit" or "god", and 614:suggested that Shinto be classed as a 456:A torii gateway to the Yobito Shrine ( 303:and supply religious objects, such as 18734: 17584: 16742: 16292: 13792: 13754: 13403: 13057:. Honolulu: Hawaii University Press. 12855:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 12838:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 12825:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 12799: 12779:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 12682:A Year in the Life of a Shinto Shrine 12661:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 12605: 12503:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 12442:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 12370: 12076:from the original on 10 December 2015 11906: 5966: 5942: 5790: 5722: 5661: 5634: 5063:. Moreover, according to the scholar 4152:Public festivals are commonly termed 3604:, many Japanese households also have 2502:. This precinct is surrounded by the 2442:. Together, the building housing the 893:in Japan is in the 8th-century text, 13277: 12848: 12822: 12772: 12417:Cali, Joseph; Dougill, John (2013). 12229: 12217: 11958: 11902: 11823: 11782: 9115: 8904: 8892: 8297: 8285: 8273: 8261: 8249: 8234: 8230: 6282:. University of Hawaii Press, 2009. 6081: 6013: 5582: 4628: 4566:, traditionally in Japan's northern 4562:are blind women who train to become 4359:travel in portable shrines known as 4225:and primarily focus on thanking the 3946:, typically worn by small children. 3048:residing at the shrine nor how many 2967: 2892:The chief priest at a shrine is the 2702:, while the act of transferring the 2514:gate, which can be closed at night. 1811:, Amaterasu then sent her grandson, 334:(300 to 538 AD) and spread rapidly. 13055:Shintō in History: Ways of the Kami 12486:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12398:Breen, John; Teeuwen, Mark (2010). 12358:from the original on 1 January 2020 12051: 4837:, itself written in the 8th century 4397: 4231:for the rice or other harvest. The 3708:of an extended family are known as 2358:. The inner sanctuary in which the 605:— Scholar of religion Brian Bocking 537:Many scholars describe Shinto as a 169: 24: 19202:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 18760: 17554:Religions and spiritual traditions 13795:Religious groups and denominations 13485: 13198:The Invention of Religion in Japan 13155:Nanzan Guide to Japanese Religions 12904: 12736:. Westport and London: Greenwood. 12529:On Understanding Japanese Religion 12145:from the original on 12 April 2019 12138:. NHK Culture Research Institute. 11646:The Invention of Religion in Japan 5302:Shinto sects and derived religions 4905:was probably put together for the 4608:whose work involves invoking both 3207: 3004:; the prayers or supplications as 1407:is used to describe the enshrined 573:. Shinto is often cited alongside 25: 20069: 19069:Imperial Constitution (1890–1947) 13350:to help reach a consensus. › 13329: 5032:Meiji era and the Empire of Japan 4923:which were present at this time. 4792:, itself modelled on the Chinese 2478:dance is performed, known as the 2038:A purification ceremony known as 1835:, and is associated with its own 1686:, "heaven") from heavy elements ( 532: 19987: 19986: 19975: 18714: 18705: 18704: 18518:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 17660:Democratic Republic of the Congo 13196:Josephson, Jason Ānanda (2012). 13189:Shinto The Fountainhead of Japan 12868:10.18874/jjrs.6.1-2.1979.303-327 12455:10.18874/jjrs.4.2-3.1977.151-182 12109:Sixty Countries' Values Databook 11644:Josephson, Jason Ānanda (2012). 11638: 11614: 6265:: "Viewing the Way of the Gods ( 5423: 5409: 5395: 3089:. Many individuals approach the 2972:Visits to the shrine are termed 2268: 940:themselves often interpreted as 555:separation of religion and state 442:Japanese new religious movements 330:entered Japan at the end of the 60: 17125:Evolutionary origin of religion 12884:Shinto (Religions of the World) 12792:10.18874/jjrs.42.2.2015.205-233 12756:Historical Dictionary of Shinto 12402:. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. 12095:Williams, Bhar & Marty 2004 6272: 6248: 5280:. The latter term derives from 5256: 5243:Tsubaki Grand Shrine of America 4194:takes place on 2–3 December in 3949:At new year, many shrines sell 3535: 2858:. Another priestly robe is the 360:and were increasingly depicted 19555:Agriculture, forestry, fishing 17476:Separation of church and state 16134:Polytheistic reconstructionism 12292:A Popular Dictionary of Shinto 5537: 5160:During the U.S. occupation, a 5001: 3361:; the offerings themselves as 3030:, while the coins offered are 2846:. A white silk version of the 1779:) was born from his left eye, 1459:who already has one is called 1022:should be used to distinguish 1014:scholars began using the term 983:Japanese Portuguese Dictionary 13: 1: 15127:Traditional Sabahan religions 13526:Association of Shinto Shrines 13335: 13130:; Grieve, Gregory P. (2005). 13079:Introducing Japanese Religion 12670:10.18874/jjrs.37.1.2010.21-46 12377:Politics and Religion Journal 12066:Statistical Yearbook of Japan 5526: 5215:. Of the Sect Shinto groups, 5176:Association of Shinto Shrines 5164:was drawn up. This enshrined 5147:Association of Shinto Shrines 4481:Spirit mediumship and healing 3765:hanging up at a Shinto shrine 2610:. The exact details of these 1851:in Shinto. Texts such as the 1399:. In Western Japan, the term 1345:A 3000 year old sacred tree ( 447: 356:came to be viewed as part of 20028:History of religion in Japan 13780: 12348:Journal of Religion and Film 12275:10.1080/0048721X.2012.641806 5531: 5300:, 30% to 40% are members of 4808:of 718, and expanded in the 4201:Spring festivals are called 4139: 3906:are written or printed. The 2916:The priests are assisted by 2248: 1613: 1113:and the collective group of 990:is defined as referring to " 853:from the imported religion. 851:indigenous Chinese religions 667: 462:) in Abashiri City, Hokkaido 420:. With the formation of the 27:Religion originated in Japan 7: 19143:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 19089:Abolition of the han system 17334:National religiosity levels 16559:Nauruan Indigenous religion 16114:Hellenism (modern religion) 13305:Yamakage, Motohisa (2007). 12579:Journal of Japanese Studies 5388: 5377: 5371: 5354: 5348: 5306: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5170: 5136: 5117: 5111: 5096: 5090: 5077: 4992: 4984: 4974: 4968: 4958: 4952: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4919: 4911: 4885: 4879: 4869: 4863: 4853: 4847: 4833: 4820: 4800: 4784: 4778: 4766: 4753: 4747: 4723: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4696: 4679: 4671: 4660: 4645: 4639: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4591: 4585: 4578: 4572: 4558: 4550: 4541: 4531: 4525: 4511: 4505: 4491: 4473: 4463: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4385: 4375: 4369: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4338: 4330: 4324: 4316: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4260: 4247: 4241: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4178: 4172: 4162: 4154: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4100: 4092: 4074: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4013: 4004: 3984: 3977: 3971: 3959: 3951: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3894: 3873: 3867: 3859: 3850: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3822: 3812: 3806: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3771: 3761: 3747: 3736: 3730: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3606: 3600: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3571: 3560: 3552: 3546: 3526: 3518: 3512: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3458: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3409: 3400: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3234: 3215: 3209: 3176: 3170: 3162: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2960: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2933: 2924: 2918: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2803: 2797: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2769: 2752: 2740: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2691: 2685: 2675: 2669: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2638: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2604: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2436: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2366: 2360: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2322: 2316: 2308: 2302: 2300:Public spaces in which the 2189: 2182: 2176: 2166: 2160: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 1998: 1969: 1963: 1955: 1947: 1933: 1927: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1887: 1879: 1873: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1817: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1785: 1775: 1765: 1756: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1726: 1712: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1659: 1651: 1645: 1604: 1598: 1590: 1582: 1574: 1566: 1558: 1550: 1542: 1534: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1501: 1495: 1489: 1483: 1475: 1469: 1461: 1455: 1448: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1380: 1370: 1364: 1354: 1334: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1262: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1240:; objects inhabited by the 1234: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1200: 1182: 1168: 1161: 1140: 1131: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1077: 1054: 1038: 1024: 1008: 998: 992: 969: 962: 956: 950: 936: 926: 917: 895: 793: 779: 765: 758: 733: 726: 713: 706: 651: 633: 512: 491: 481: 469: 458: 416: 402: 388: 380: 372: 366: 352: 340: 318: 309: 289: 283: 277: 269: 254: 248: 242: 234: 189: 10: 20074: 16743: 13429: 13191:. New York: Stein and Day. 12463:Earhart, H. Byron (2004). 12436:Doerner, David L. (1977). 12253: 5543:Karan, Pradyumna. (2010). 5317: 5035: 4621: 4617: 4499:, Aomori Prefecture, Japan 3260:, using a font known as a 3221: 2281: 2275: 1789:) from his right eye, and 1740:. One of these was a fire 1617: 1514:have messengers, known as 1107:refers both to individual 1060: 1047: 944:. At this point, the term 29: 19970: 19738: 19616: 19607: 19550: 19541: 19476: 19353: 19349: 19340: 19253: 19244: 19212: 19155:Japan during World War II 19125: 19034: 18972:Mongol invasions of Japan 18947: 18872: 18799: 18790: 18772: 18700: 18619: 18536: 18408: 18153: 17878: 17595: 17591: 17580: 17489: 17414: 17190: 17098: 17035: 16753: 16749: 16738: 16301: 16288: 16213: 16036: 16018:Transcendental Meditation 15911: 15898: 15863: 15611: 15588: 15577: 15504: 15467: 15206: 15102: 15084: 15028: 15019: 14936: 14864: 14715: 14706: 14664: 14636: 14594: 14527: 14518: 14509: 14475: 14442: 14414: 14405: 14355: 14222: 13909: 13823: 13814: 13805: 13801: 13788: 13658: 13587: 13539: 13496: 13483: 13439: 13393:30 September 2007 at the 12655:Nakajima, Michio (2010). 11943:Boyd & Nishimura 2016 5500:Shinto in popular culture 5352:outside Japan are termed 5247:Granite Falls, Washington 5187:keishin seikatsu no kōryō 5162:new Japanese constitution 4745:began spreading to other 4683:-based ritual during the 3991: 3751:, divination, and amulets 3488:, and the "three drums" ( 2958:feasts. They also assist 2775:, meaning "proprietor of 2653:("forest of the tutelary 1071:An artistic depiction by 996:or matters pertaining to 800: 786: 772: 752: 746: 740: 720: 647:Different types of Shinto 178: 140: 132: 122: 112: 101: 84: 74: 59: 50: 46: 41: 19429:House of Representatives 19225:2019 imperial transition 19197:Great Hanshin earthquake 19165:Second Sino-Japanese War 19138:Japan during World War I 17645:Central African Republic 14674:Vietnamese folk religion 14065:Charismatic Christianity 13678:List of Japanese deities 13348:templates for discussion 12994:Blacker, Carmen (2003). 12971:, & Akiko Yamagata. 12701:Nelson, John K. (2000). 12678:Nelson, John K. (1996). 12482:Hardacre, Helen (2017). 12311:Philosophy East and West 12114:27 February 2018 at the 12019:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 11747:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 11732:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 11715:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 11699:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 11687:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 11675:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 11004:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 10948:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 10912:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 10813:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 10797:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 10571:Boyd & Williams 2005 9547:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 9312:Boyd & Williams 2005 8483:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 8463:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 8444:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 8326:Boyd & Williams 2005 7977:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 7449:Boyd & Williams 2005 6644:Boyd & Williams 2005 6616:Boyd & Williams 2005 6597:Boyd & Williams 2005 6499:Boyd & Williams 2005 5696:Breen & Teeuwen 2010 5470:List of Japanese deities 5145:The headquarters of the 4861:was written. Unlike the 4539:that is passed from the 2508:fence, with entry via a 1081:Inari appearing to a man 790:, "the great way"), and 762:from time immemorial"), 430:separated from the state 396:(1868 to 1912), Japan's 386:. In ensuing centuries, 336:Religious syncretization 19112:First Sino-Japanese War 17539:New religious movements 17177:Theories about religion 17130:Evolutionary psychology 16159:Modern Finnish paganism 14141:Independent Catholicism 13366:Encyclopedia Britannica 13149:Havens, Norman (2006). 12912:Averbuch, Irit (1995). 12608:Shinto: A Short History 12400:A New History of Shinto 12290:Bocking, Brian (1997). 11631:7 November 2018 at the 10289:Cali & Dougill 2013 10265:Cali & Dougill 2013 9925:Cali & Dougill 2013 9635:Cali & Dougill 2013 9551:Cali & Dougill 2013 9531:Cali & Dougill 2013 9511:Cali & Dougill 2013 8881:Cali & Dougill 2013 8796:Cali & Dougill 2013 8640:Cali & Dougill 2013 8587:Cali & Dougill 2013 8515:Cali & Dougill 2013 8487:Cali & Dougill 2013 8404:Cali & Dougill 2013 8368:Cali & Dougill 2013 8314:Cali & Dougill 2013 8172:Cali & Dougill 2013 8156:Cali & Dougill 2013 7698:Cali & Dougill 2013 7678:Cali & Dougill 2013 7398:Cali & Dougill 2013 7382:Cali & Dougill 2013 7354:Cali & Dougill 2013 7326:Cali & Dougill 2013 7302:Cali & Dougill 2013 7282:Cali & Dougill 2013 7262:Cali & Dougill 2013 7250:Cali & Dougill 2013 7230:Cali & Dougill 2013 7206:Cali & Dougill 2013 7166:Cali & Dougill 2013 7084:Cali & Dougill 2013 7052:Cali & Dougill 2013 7020:Cali & Dougill 2013 6949:Cali & Dougill 2013 6929:Cali & Dougill 2013 6833:Cali & Dougill 2013 6754:Cali & Dougill 2013 6693:Cali & Dougill 2013 6661:Cali & Dougill 2013 6538:Cali & Dougill 2013 6503:Cali & Dougill 2013 6471:Cali & Dougill 2013 6144:Cali & Dougill 2013 5931:Cali & Dougill 2013 5899:Cali & Dougill 2013 5839:Cali & Dougill 2013 5779:Cali & Dougill 2013 5604:Cali & Dougill 2013 5213:new religious movements 4669:evidence suggests that 4426:("a wedding before the 4367:. In various cases the 3274:. When not in use, the 2781:", or alternatively as 2203:Tokyo War Crimes Trials 2125:) directed towards the 1825:Cosmology and afterlife 1769:emerged from his body: 1540:, a category including 1052: 970:Nakatomi no harai kunge 804:, "the imperial way"). 545:around the time of the 32:Shinto (disambiguation) 20058:Japanese folk religion 19580:Science and technology 19019:Council of Five Elders 19014:Azuchi–Momoyama period 18188:Bosnia and Herzegovina 16174:Erzyan native religion 16023:Unitarian Universalism 15412:Native American Church 14185:Oneness Pentecostalism 13506:List of Shinto shrines 13490: 13371:Jinja Honcho – English 13244:Asian Folklore Studies 13100:Asian Folklore Studies 12941:Asian Folklore Studies 12800:Smart, Ninian (1998). 12773:Rots, Aike P. (2015). 12550:Asian Folklore Studies 9777:, pp. xvii–xviii. 6255:Commentary on Judgment 5329: 5270: 5157: 5065:Jason Ānanda Josephson 5055: 4926:From the 8th century, 4838: 4650: 4500: 4274:season of the new year 4269: 4149: 4088:Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū 4009: 3885: 3766: 3759:A selection of wooden 3566: 3239: 3154: 3074: 2889: 2764: 2599: 2531:, 2. stone stairs, 3. 2297: 2217: 2097: 2088:, morality, and ethics 1992: 1704:Takamimusuhi no Mikoto 1640: 1624:Japanese creation myth 1350: 1082: 908:Konjaku monogatarishui 776:, "the ancient way"), 697: 618:, while the historian 602: 463: 428:, Shinto was formally 165: 19525:Deputy Prime Minister 18910:Asuka Kiyomihara Code 18508:Saint Kitts and Nevis 17805:São Tomé and Príncipe 17665:Republic of the Congo 15871:Aboriginal Australian 14537:Chinese folk religion 13489: 13440:Practices and beliefs 13388:Shinto Jinja Database 13223:Kamata, Tōji (2017). 12804:The World's Religions 12722:The World's Religions 12323:10.1353/pew.2004.0039 11624:44.3 (1976), 547–561 6209:, pp. viii, 173. 5327: 5264: 5144: 5045: 4830: 4812:of circa 872 and the 4694:it was divided among 4636: 4488: 4257: 4147: 4001: 3883: 3758: 3714:. In addition to the 3543: 3231: 3153:Torii of Atsuta Jingū 3152: 3128:People often ask the 3065:being blessed at the 3060: 2964:in ceremonial rites. 2884: 2809:Kokugakuin University 2750: 2520: 2291: 2211: 2170:") is the law of the 2119:), and thanksgiving ( 2095: 1979: 1631: 1344: 1284:, referred to as the 1070: 675: 597: 455: 155: 20023:East Asian religions 19434:House of Councillors 19328:World Heritage Sites 18130:United Arab Emirates 16921:Religious experience 16295:Historical religions 14694:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 14026:Schwenkfelder Church 13693:Edo neo-Confucianism 13588:Important literature 13382:3 April 2009 at the 12849:Ueda, Kenji (1979). 12752:Picken, Stuart D. B. 12730:Picken, Stuart D. B. 12390:10.54561/prj0401068b 12371:Breen, John (2010). 12068:. Statistics Japan, 11037:, pp. 212–213; 10613:, pp. 117–118; 9742:, pp. 190–196; 9525:, pp. 201–202; 9106:, pp. 168, 171. 8264:, pp. 205, 207. 7909:, pp. 141–142; 7372:, pp. 196–197; 6899:, pp. 214–215; 5805:, pp. xxiv–xxv. 5342:emigration to Brazil 5314:Shinto outside Japan 5235:Tsubaki Grand Shrine 3193:Fushimi Inari Taisha 3185:World Heritage Sites 2294:Fushimi Inari-taisha 2212:Assemblage of small 1708:Kamimusuhi no Mikoto 1419:; these were called 1320:like Amaterasu. The 686:Kagoshima Prefecture 676:A torii gate at the 592:East Asian religions 326:(300 BC to 300 AD). 207:scholars of religion 106:The emperor of Japan 30:For other uses, see 19451:Self-Defense Forces 18523:Trinidad and Tobago 18418:Antigua and Barbuda 17586:Religion by country 16647:Cult of Magna Mater 15164:Philippine Dayawism 14745:Nimbarka Sampradaya 14493:Chinese Manichaeism 14165:Jehovah's Witnesses 13970:Proto-Protestantism 13531:Shinto architecture 13006:on 22 December 2007 12975:. Routledge, 2011. 12626:Littleton, C. Scott 12523:Kitagawa, Joseph M. 12205:, pp. 404–406. 12193:, pp. 273–274. 12169:, pp. 431–432. 11842:, pp. 207–208. 11773:, pp. 100–101. 11176:, pp. 240–241. 11081:, pp. 178–179. 10974:, pp. 152–154. 10557:, pp. 82, 155. 10386:, pp. 135–136. 10358:, pp. 137–138. 10104:, pp. 200–201. 10051:, pp. 214–215. 9863:, pp. 39, 46; 9459:, pp. 124–125. 9254:, pp. 58, 146. 9138:, pp. 99, 102. 8288:, pp. 205–206. 7506:, pp. 153–154. 5957:, pp. 173–174. 5495:Shinto architecture 5166:freedom of religion 4192:Chichibu Yo-Matsuri 4098:wooden clappers, a 3650:often enshrine the 2813:Kogakkan University 2284:Shinto architecture 2238:nuclear power plant 2140:akaki kiyoki kokoro 1941:Purity and impurity 924:In medieval Japan, 624:indigenous religion 612:Stuart D. B. Picken 406:worship and formed 362:anthropomorphically 211:indigenous religion 203:East Asian religion 201:. Classified as an 19585:Telecommunications 19117:Russo-Japanese War 19047:Tokugawa shogunate 18997:Nanboku-chō period 18992:Ashikaga shogunate 18965:Kamakura shogunate 18458:Dominican Republic 17504:Abrahamic prophets 16598:Proto-Indo-Iranian 15137:Aliran Kepercayaan 14340:Non-denominational 14262:Modernist Salafism 13948:Oriental Orthodoxy 13718:Mythical creatures 13673:Glossary of Shinto 13516:Twenty-Two Shrines 13491: 13472:Japanese festivals 13073:Ellwood, Robert S. 12969:Theodore C. Bestor 12967:Bestor, Victoria, 12119:(世界60カ国価値観データブック). 12009:, pp. 4, 214. 10461:, pp. 114–15. 10303:, pp. 43, 73. 9975:, pp. 40, 53. 9565:, pp. 43, 90. 8529:, pp. 71, 72. 8134:, pp. 11, 57. 8122:, pp. 58, 61. 8074:, pp. 34, 82. 7712:, pp. 45, 82. 7284:, pp. 19–20; 7204:, pp. 33–34; 6947:, pp. 31–32; 6402:, pp. 11, 12. 5569:, pp. 70, 72. 5515:Twenty-Two Shrines 5383:European Americans 5330: 5271: 5158: 5056: 4892:Sendari kuji hongi 4839: 4651: 4649:rites at the time. 4576:train under other 4501: 4270: 4258:Procession of the 4150: 4010: 3886: 3767: 3567: 3337:are spoken to the 3240: 3187:. Shrines such as 3155: 3075: 2890: 2765: 2600: 2298: 2218: 2098: 1993: 1984:tournament at the 1692:, "earth"). Three 1641: 1351: 1095:, or sometimes as 1083: 756:, "the way of the 734:kannagara no michi 724:, "the way of the 698: 588:Chinese divination 464: 358:Buddhist cosmology 252:are worshipped at 166: 162:Itsukushima Shrine 20048:Religion in Japan 20000: 19999: 19966: 19965: 19715:Sexual minorities 19603: 19602: 19537: 19536: 19533: 19532: 19446:Political parties 19385:Foreign relations 19336: 19335: 19240: 19239: 19230:COVID-19 pandemic 19099:Satsuma Rebellion 19084:Meiji Restoration 18982:Kenmu Restoration 18842:Foreign relations 18728: 18727: 18696: 18695: 18692: 18691: 17680:Equatorial Guinea 17576: 17575: 17572: 17571: 17115:Cognitive science 16734: 16733: 16667:Mysteries of Isis 16441:Frankish paganism 16284: 16283: 16280: 16279: 16276: 16275: 16028:White Brotherhood 15894: 15893: 15859: 15858: 15198:Sundanese Wiwitan 15015: 15014: 15011: 15010: 14740:Brahma Sampradaya 14702: 14701: 14505: 14504: 14501: 14500: 14483:Assianism/Uatsdin 14401: 14400: 14170:British Israelism 14156:Nontrinitarianism 14119:Plymouth Brethren 14114:Nondenominational 14048:Congregationalism 13936:Eastern Orthodoxy 13884:Reconstructionist 13748: 13747: 13688:Japanese Buddhism 13668:Religion in Japan 13386:and its Japanese 13320:978-4-7700-3044-3 13289:978-0-9647040-4-6 13234:978-4-916055-84-2 13207:978-0-226-41234-4 13168:978-0-8248-3002-1 13141:978-3-11-018875-2 13064:978-0-8248-2362-7 13037:978-0-521-81037-1 12923:978-1-885445-67-4 12895:978-0-7910-8097-9 12888:. Chelsea House. 12815:978-0-521-63748-0 12765:978-0-8108-7172-4 12743:978-0-313-26431-3 12712:978-0-8248-2259-0 12693:978-0-295-97500-9 12639:978-0-19-521886-2 12617:978-0-415-31913-3 12540:978-0-691-10229-0 12493:978-0-19-062171-1 12484:Shinto: A History 12474:978-0-534-17694-5 12428:978-0-8248-3713-6 12409:978-1-4051-5515-1 12301:978-0-7007-1051-5 12232:, pp. 59–60. 11909:, pp. 71–72. 11607:978-0-13-509282-8 11598:Japanese Religion 11566:, pp. 82–83. 11526:, pp. 64–45. 11514:, pp. 57–59. 11458:, pp. 47–48. 11446:, pp. 33–34. 11405:, pp. 17–18. 11253:, pp. 63–64. 11212:, pp. 85–86. 11010:, pp. 87–88. 10883:, pp. 39–40. 10577:, pp. 9, 86. 10545:, pp. 81–82. 10410:, pp. 43–44. 10255:, pp. 25–26. 10219:, pp. 75–76. 9927:, pp. 13–14. 9266:, pp. 89–90. 9166:, pp. 31–32. 9022:, pp. 79–80. 8962:, pp. 72–73. 8394:, p. xviii; 8221:, pp. 66–67. 8209:, pp. 18–19. 8086:, pp. 84–85. 8003:, p. xxiii; 7991:, pp. 80–81. 7617:, pp. 89–91. 7388:, pp. 53–54. 7208:, pp. 18–19. 7140:, pp. 48–49. 6987:, pp. 35–36. 6803:, pp. 36–37. 6429:, pp. 10–11. 5485:Ryukyuan religion 5431:Philosophy portal 5269:, Southern Europe 5072:Meiji Restoration 4735:declared himself 4629:Early development 4624:History of Shinto 4564:spiritual mediums 4268:festival in Tokyo 4118:, descended from 3395:Animal sacrifices 3110:kotsu anzen harai 3071:kotsu anzen harai 2968:Visits to shrines 2292:The main gate to 1349:) of Takeo Shrine 1287:magatsuhi-no-kami 1152:, or necessarily 1073:Utagawa Kuniyoshi 932:Japanese Buddhism 863:as a synonym for 547:Meiji Restoration 501:Japanese language 187: 150: 149: 142:Places of worship 16:(Redirected from 20065: 19990: 19989: 19982:Japan portal 19980: 19979: 19978: 19895:National symbols 19614: 19613: 19548: 19547: 19351: 19350: 19347: 19346: 19251: 19250: 19185:Economic miracle 18987:Muromachi period 18797: 18796: 18755: 18748: 18741: 18732: 18731: 18718: 18708: 18707: 18586:Papua New Guinea 18561:Marshall Islands 18388:Northern Ireland 17593: 17592: 17582: 17581: 17466:Secular theology 17461:Secular humanism 16751: 16750: 16740: 16739: 16615:Ancestral Pueblo 16290: 16289: 15909: 15908: 15586: 15585: 15026: 15025: 14782:Shaiva Siddhanta 14713: 14712: 14646:Korean shamanism 14525: 14524: 14516: 14515: 14412: 14411: 14325:Mahdawi movement 14195:Swedenborgianism 14175:Christadelphians 13821: 13820: 13812: 13811: 13803: 13802: 13790: 13789: 13775: 13768: 13761: 13752: 13751: 13433: 13424: 13417: 13410: 13401: 13400: 13324: 13312: 13301: 13267: 13238: 13219: 13192: 13180: 13145: 13123: 13094: 13082: 13068: 13049: 13029: 13015: 13013: 13011: 13002:. Archived from 12964: 12935: 12899: 12887: 12878:Marty, Martin E. 12872: 12870: 12861:(1–2): 303–327. 12845: 12832: 12819: 12807: 12796: 12794: 12769: 12747: 12725: 12716: 12697: 12685: 12674: 12672: 12651: 12621: 12602: 12573: 12544: 12532: 12518: 12509:(3/4): 239–271. 12497: 12478: 12459: 12457: 12432: 12413: 12394: 12392: 12367: 12365: 12363: 12334: 12305: 12286: 12248: 12242: 12233: 12227: 12221: 12215: 12206: 12200: 12194: 12188: 12182: 12176: 12170: 12164: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12150: 12144: 12137: 12129: 12120: 12104: 12098: 12092: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12062:"宗教団体数，教師数及び信者数" 12058: 12049: 12043: 12037: 12031: 12022: 12016: 12010: 12004: 11998: 11992: 11986: 11980: 11974: 11968: 11962: 11952: 11946: 11940: 11934: 11928: 11922: 11916: 11910: 11900: 11894: 11888: 11882: 11876: 11870: 11864: 11855: 11849: 11843: 11833: 11827: 11821: 11815: 11809: 11798: 11780: 11774: 11768: 11762: 11756: 11750: 11744: 11735: 11729: 11718: 11712: 11706: 11696: 11690: 11684: 11678: 11672: 11657: 11642: 11636: 11618: 11612: 11611: 11593: 11584: 11578: 11567: 11561: 11555: 11549: 11543: 11533: 11527: 11521: 11515: 11509: 11503: 11497: 11488: 11482: 11476: 11470: 11459: 11453: 11447: 11441: 11435: 11429: 11423: 11417: 11406: 11400: 11391: 11385: 11379: 11373: 11367: 11361: 11355: 11349: 11343: 11337: 11326: 11320: 11314: 11304: 11298: 11288: 11282: 11272: 11266: 11260: 11254: 11248: 11242: 11236: 11225: 11219: 11213: 11207: 11201: 11195: 11189: 11183: 11177: 11171: 11165: 11155: 11149: 11143: 11134: 11128: 11122: 11116: 11110: 11100: 11094: 11088: 11082: 11076: 11070: 11060: 11054: 11048: 11042: 11032: 11026: 11020: 11011: 10993: 10987: 10981: 10975: 10969: 10963: 10957: 10951: 10933: 10927: 10921: 10915: 10909: 10900: 10890: 10884: 10878: 10872: 10866: 10860: 10850: 10844: 10834: 10828: 10822: 10816: 10806: 10800: 10782: 10776: 10770: 10764: 10754: 10748: 10742: 10733: 10727: 10721: 10715: 10709: 10699: 10693: 10687: 10681: 10675: 10669: 10659: 10653: 10643: 10637: 10631: 10618: 10608: 10602: 10596: 10590: 10584: 10578: 10564: 10558: 10552: 10546: 10540: 10534: 10528: 10522: 10508: 10502: 10496: 10490: 10484: 10478: 10468: 10462: 10456: 10450: 10449: 10443: 10439: 10437: 10429: 10422: 10411: 10405: 10399: 10393: 10387: 10381: 10375: 10365: 10359: 10353: 10347: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10313: 10304: 10298: 10292: 10286: 10280: 10274: 10268: 10262: 10256: 10250: 10244: 10238: 10232: 10226: 10220: 10210: 10204: 10198: 10192: 10186: 10177: 10167: 10161: 10155: 10149: 10139: 10133: 10127: 10121: 10111: 10105: 10099: 10093: 10080:, pp. 200; 10075: 10069: 10063: 10052: 10046: 10040: 10034: 10028: 10022: 10016: 10010: 10004: 9994: 9988: 9982: 9976: 9970: 9964: 9958: 9952: 9946: 9940: 9934: 9928: 9922: 9916: 9910: 9901: 9895: 9880: 9874: 9868: 9858: 9852: 9846: 9840: 9834: 9821: 9811: 9805: 9799: 9793: 9787: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9751: 9737: 9731: 9721: 9715: 9701: 9695: 9685: 9679: 9673: 9667: 9661: 9655: 9649: 9638: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9610: 9604: 9593: 9587: 9581: 9575: 9566: 9560: 9554: 9540: 9534: 9520: 9514: 9508: 9491: 9485: 9479: 9473: 9460: 9454: 9448: 9442: 9436: 9426: 9420: 9414: 9405: 9399: 9393: 9387: 9381: 9375: 9369: 9363: 9354: 9348: 9342: 9336: 9330: 9324: 9315: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9255: 9249: 9243: 9237: 9228: 9218: 9212: 9206: 9197: 9191: 9182: 9176: 9167: 9157: 9151: 9145: 9139: 9129: 9123: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9073: 9067: 9061: 9050: 9044: 9035: 9029: 9023: 9005: 8999: 8993: 8987: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8936: 8926: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8815: 8805: 8799: 8781: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8757: 8748: 8742: 8736: 8730: 8721: 8715: 8709: 8703: 8690: 8684: 8678: 8672: 8663: 8649: 8643: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8590: 8572: 8566: 8560: 8554: 8548: 8542: 8536: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8508: 8502: 8496: 8490: 8477:, p. xxxi; 8472: 8466: 8460: 8447: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8407: 8389: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8343:, p. xxxii. 8338: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8247: 8238: 8228: 8222: 8216: 8210: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8175: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8042: 8036: 8027: 8026:, p. xxiii. 8021: 8012: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7980: 7974: 7965: 7959: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7904: 7898: 7888: 7882: 7872: 7866: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7823: 7817: 7808: 7798: 7792: 7782: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7758: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7713: 7707: 7701: 7687: 7681: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7634: 7624: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7458: 7452: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7421: 7411: 7405: 7395: 7389: 7367: 7361: 7339: 7333: 7315: 7309: 7295: 7289: 7275: 7269: 7259: 7253: 7239: 7233: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7199: 7193: 7175: 7169: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7102: 7096: 7087: 7077: 7071: 7061: 7055: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6942: 6936: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6826: 6820: 6810: 6804: 6794: 6788: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6757: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6696: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6647: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6604: 6594: 6588: 6578: 6572: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6541: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6506: 6496: 6490: 6480: 6474: 6464: 6458: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6390:, pp. 9–10. 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6353: 6347: 6342:, pp. 4–5; 6337: 6331: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6276: 6270: 6252: 6246: 6232: 6226: 6221:, p. xxiv; 6216: 6210: 6200: 6194: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6147: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6109: 6100: 6094: 6085: 6079: 6070: 6069:, p. xviii. 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6017: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5924: 5918: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5842: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5777:, p. xxiv; 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5749:, p. xvii; 5744: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5699: 5693: 5682: 5676: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5652:, p. xviii. 5647: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5607: 5601: 5586: 5581:, p. viii; 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5541: 5505:Shinto in Taiwan 5460:Iwakura (Shinto) 5433: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5357: 5351: 5309: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5173: 5131:Western esoteric 5120: 5114: 5099: 5093: 5080: 5014:), in AD 710 by 4997: 4989: 4978:were themselves 4977: 4971: 4961: 4955: 4945: 4937: 4931: 4922: 4916: 4888: 4882: 4872: 4866: 4856: 4850: 4836: 4823: 4803: 4787: 4781: 4771: 4756: 4750: 4729:imperial dynasty 4726: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4682: 4676: 4663: 4648: 4642: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4594: 4588: 4581: 4575: 4561: 4555: 4545:via the medium. 4544: 4534: 4528: 4514: 4508: 4494: 4476: 4466: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4398:Rites of passage 4388: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4358: 4352: 4343: 4335: 4327: 4321: 4313: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4266:Fukagawa Matsuri 4263: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4181: 4175: 4165: 4159: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4097: 4080:imperial grounds 4077: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4007: 3987: 3980: 3974: 3964: 3956: 3945: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3853: 3847: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3815: 3809: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3764: 3750: 3741: 3733: 3727: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3603: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3565: 3557: 3549: 3531: 3523: 3515: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3455: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3412: 3403: 3392: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3237: 3218: 3212: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2963: 2957: 2950: 2944: 2939:dance, known as 2938: 2929: 2921: 2911: 2903: 2897: 2877: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2811:in Tokyo and at 2806: 2800: 2794: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2755: 2743: 2733: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2694: 2688: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2658: 2652: 2643: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2433: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2363: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2305: 2242:environmentalist 2192: 2185: 2179: 2169: 2163: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2076: 2068: 2062: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2003: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1952: 1936: 1930: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1890: 1884: 1876: 1870: 1862: 1856: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1820: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1788: 1778: 1768: 1759: 1753: 1745: 1739: 1729: 1715: 1700:Amenominakanushi 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1664: 1656: 1648: 1620:Amenominakanushi 1609: 1601: 1595: 1587: 1579: 1571: 1563: 1555: 1547: 1539: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1472: 1466: 1458: 1451: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1424: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1398: 1392: 1383: 1373: 1367: 1357: 1337: 1331: 1325: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1203: 1189:actual phenomena 1185: 1171: 1164: 1143: 1134: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1094: 1080: 1057: 1043: 1027: 1013: 1001: 995: 972: 965: 959: 953: 939: 929: 920: 900: 877: 834: 830: 820: 803: 802: 796: 789: 788: 782: 775: 774: 768: 761: 755: 754: 749: 748: 743: 742: 736: 729: 723: 722: 716: 709: 694:descent to earth 690:Ninigi-no-Mikoto 678:Takachiho-gawara 654: 636: 620:H. Byron Earhart 606: 515: 494: 484: 474: 461: 438:Japanese culture 419: 405: 391: 385: 377: 369: 355: 343: 321: 312: 297:rites of passage 294: 286: 280: 274: 259: 251: 245: 239: 192: 182: 180: 171: 64: 55: 53: 52: 39: 38: 21: 20073: 20072: 20068: 20067: 20066: 20064: 20063: 20062: 20003: 20002: 20001: 19996: 19976: 19974: 19962: 19782:Class S (genre) 19734: 19710:Sex trafficking 19685:Life expectancy 19621:Anti-monarchism 19599: 19529: 19472: 19439:List of members 19419:Law enforcement 19332: 19236: 19208: 19160:Mukden Incident 19121: 19079:Meiji oligarchy 19059:Empire of Japan 19030: 18960:Kamakura period 18943: 18868: 18786: 18768: 18759: 18729: 18724: 18688: 18615: 18596:Solomon Islands 18532: 18404: 18308:North Macedonia 18149: 17874: 17587: 17568: 17529:Mass gatherings 17497: 17492: 17485: 17424: 17419: 17410: 17349:Religiocentrism 17329:National church 17197: 17194: 17186: 17101: 17094: 17031: 16953:Bodies of water 16745: 16730: 16515:Jamaican Maroon 16297: 16272: 16209: 16039: 16032: 15903: 15901: 15890: 15855: 15829:Trinidad Orisha 15614: 15607: 15580: 15573: 15500: 15463: 15209: 15202: 15098: 15080: 15007: 14981:Srilankan Vedda 14932: 14860: 14735:Sri Vaishnavism 14698: 14660: 14632: 14590: 14497: 14471: 14438: 14397: 14351: 14276:Twelver Shi'ism 14218: 14080:Neo-charismatic 14053:Presbyterianism 13905: 13797: 13784: 13779: 13749: 13744: 13728:Taoism in Japan 13708:Overseas Shinto 13654: 13643:(807 to 936 CE) 13583: 13535: 13492: 13481: 13435: 13431: 13428: 13395:Wayback Machine 13384:Wayback Machine 13351: 13332: 13327: 13321: 13290: 13256:10.2307/1178138 13235: 13208: 13169: 13142: 13112:10.2307/1177463 13091: 13065: 13038: 13009: 13007: 12953:10.2307/1178756 12924: 12907: 12905:Further reading 12902: 12896: 12844:(3–4): 233–263. 12816: 12766: 12744: 12713: 12694: 12640: 12618: 12562:10.2307/1178138 12541: 12494: 12475: 12429: 12410: 12361: 12359: 12302: 12256: 12251: 12243: 12236: 12228: 12224: 12216: 12209: 12201: 12197: 12189: 12185: 12177: 12173: 12165: 12158: 12148: 12146: 12142: 12135: 12131: 12130: 12123: 12116:Wayback Machine 12105: 12101: 12097:, pp. 4–5. 12093: 12089: 12079: 12077: 12060: 12059: 12052: 12044: 12040: 12032: 12025: 12017: 12013: 12005: 12001: 11993: 11989: 11981: 11977: 11969: 11965: 11957:, p. xiv; 11953: 11949: 11941: 11937: 11929: 11925: 11917: 11913: 11905:, p. 307; 11901: 11897: 11889: 11885: 11877: 11873: 11865: 11858: 11850: 11846: 11834: 11830: 11822: 11818: 11810: 11801: 11789:, p. 171; 11785:, p. 304; 11781: 11777: 11769: 11765: 11757: 11753: 11745: 11738: 11730: 11721: 11713: 11709: 11697: 11693: 11689:, pp. 7–8. 11685: 11681: 11673: 11660: 11643: 11639: 11633:Wayback Machine 11619: 11615: 11608: 11594: 11587: 11579: 11570: 11562: 11558: 11550: 11546: 11534: 11530: 11522: 11518: 11510: 11506: 11498: 11491: 11483: 11479: 11471: 11462: 11454: 11450: 11442: 11438: 11430: 11426: 11418: 11409: 11401: 11394: 11386: 11382: 11374: 11370: 11362: 11358: 11350: 11346: 11338: 11329: 11321: 11317: 11305: 11301: 11289: 11285: 11273: 11269: 11261: 11257: 11249: 11245: 11237: 11228: 11220: 11216: 11208: 11204: 11196: 11192: 11184: 11180: 11172: 11168: 11160:, p. 187; 11156: 11152: 11144: 11137: 11129: 11125: 11117: 11113: 11101: 11097: 11089: 11085: 11077: 11073: 11065:, p. 178; 11061: 11057: 11049: 11045: 11033: 11029: 11021: 11014: 10998:, p. 161; 10994: 10990: 10982: 10978: 10970: 10966: 10958: 10954: 10942:, p. 122; 10938:, p. 140; 10934: 10930: 10922: 10918: 10910: 10903: 10895:, p. 205; 10891: 10887: 10879: 10875: 10867: 10863: 10855:, p. 206; 10851: 10847: 10839:, p. 206; 10835: 10831: 10823: 10819: 10807: 10803: 10791:, p. 199; 10787:, p. 205; 10783: 10779: 10771: 10767: 10759:, p. 182; 10755: 10751: 10743: 10736: 10728: 10724: 10716: 10712: 10700: 10696: 10688: 10684: 10676: 10672: 10660: 10656: 10648:, p. 224; 10644: 10640: 10632: 10621: 10609: 10605: 10601:, p. xxvi. 10597: 10593: 10585: 10581: 10565: 10561: 10553: 10549: 10541: 10537: 10529: 10525: 10509: 10505: 10497: 10493: 10485: 10481: 10473:, p. 205; 10469: 10465: 10457: 10453: 10441: 10440: 10431: 10430: 10424: 10423: 10414: 10406: 10402: 10394: 10390: 10382: 10378: 10370:, p. 139; 10366: 10362: 10354: 10350: 10342:, p. 138; 10338: 10334: 10326: 10322: 10314: 10307: 10299: 10295: 10287: 10283: 10275: 10271: 10263: 10259: 10251: 10247: 10239: 10235: 10227: 10223: 10211: 10207: 10199: 10195: 10187: 10180: 10168: 10164: 10156: 10152: 10140: 10136: 10128: 10124: 10112: 10108: 10100: 10096: 10084:, p. 184; 10076: 10072: 10064: 10055: 10047: 10043: 10035: 10031: 10023: 10019: 10011: 10007: 9995: 9991: 9983: 9979: 9971: 9967: 9959: 9955: 9947: 9943: 9935: 9931: 9923: 9919: 9911: 9904: 9896: 9883: 9875: 9871: 9859: 9855: 9847: 9843: 9835: 9824: 9812: 9808: 9800: 9796: 9788: 9781: 9773: 9769: 9761: 9754: 9738: 9734: 9726:, p. 108; 9722: 9718: 9710:, p. 114; 9706:, p. 116; 9702: 9698: 9686: 9682: 9674: 9670: 9662: 9658: 9650: 9641: 9633:, p. 202; 9629: 9625: 9617: 9613: 9605: 9596: 9588: 9584: 9576: 9569: 9561: 9557: 9545:, p. 204; 9541: 9537: 9521: 9517: 9509: 9494: 9486: 9482: 9474: 9463: 9455: 9451: 9443: 9439: 9427: 9423: 9415: 9408: 9400: 9396: 9388: 9384: 9376: 9372: 9364: 9357: 9349: 9345: 9337: 9333: 9325: 9318: 9306:, p. 186; 9302:, p. 212; 9298: 9294: 9286: 9282: 9274: 9270: 9262: 9258: 9250: 9246: 9238: 9231: 9219: 9215: 9207: 9200: 9192: 9185: 9177: 9170: 9158: 9154: 9146: 9142: 9130: 9126: 9118:, p. 325; 9114: 9110: 9102: 9098: 9090: 9086: 9074: 9070: 9062: 9053: 9045: 9038: 9030: 9026: 9014:, p. 163; 9006: 9002: 8994: 8990: 8982: 8978: 8970: 8966: 8958: 8954: 8946: 8939: 8927: 8923: 8915: 8911: 8903: 8899: 8891: 8887: 8879: 8875: 8867: 8863: 8855:, p. 201; 8851: 8847: 8839: 8835: 8827: 8818: 8810:, p. 207; 8806: 8802: 8790:, p. 207; 8786:, p. 201; 8782: 8778: 8770: 8766: 8758: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8731: 8724: 8716: 8712: 8704: 8693: 8685: 8681: 8673: 8666: 8650: 8646: 8626: 8622: 8614: 8610: 8602: 8593: 8573: 8569: 8561: 8557: 8549: 8545: 8537: 8533: 8525: 8521: 8509: 8505: 8497: 8493: 8473: 8469: 8461: 8450: 8438: 8434: 8426: 8422: 8414: 8410: 8390: 8386: 8378: 8374: 8366: 8359: 8351: 8347: 8339: 8332: 8324: 8320: 8312:, p. 214; 8308: 8304: 8296: 8292: 8284: 8280: 8272: 8268: 8260: 8256: 8248: 8241: 8233:, p. 317; 8229: 8225: 8217: 8213: 8197: 8193: 8185: 8178: 8166: 8162: 8154: 8150: 8146:, p. xvii. 8142: 8138: 8130: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8094: 8090: 8082: 8078: 8070:, p. 157; 8066: 8062: 8054: 8045: 8037: 8030: 8022: 8015: 8007:, p. 115; 7999: 7995: 7987: 7983: 7975: 7968: 7960: 7953: 7945: 7941: 7933: 7929: 7921: 7917: 7905: 7901: 7893:, p. 141; 7889: 7885: 7877:, p. 124; 7873: 7869: 7861:, p. 141; 7857: 7853: 7845: 7841: 7833: 7826: 7818: 7811: 7799: 7795: 7787:, p. 206; 7783: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7759: 7755: 7747: 7743: 7735: 7731: 7723: 7716: 7708: 7704: 7692:, p. 101; 7688: 7684: 7672: 7668: 7660: 7656: 7648: 7637: 7625: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7597: 7593: 7585: 7581: 7573: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7546:, p. 153; 7542: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7518:, p. 143; 7514: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7490: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7459: 7455: 7447:, p. 129; 7443: 7439: 7431: 7424: 7416:, p. 144; 7412: 7408: 7396: 7392: 7376:, p. 144; 7368: 7364: 7348:, p. 143; 7344:, p. 196; 7340: 7336: 7320:, p. 143; 7316: 7312: 7300:, p. 143; 7296: 7292: 7280:, p. 143; 7276: 7272: 7260: 7256: 7240: 7236: 7228: 7224: 7216: 7212: 7200: 7196: 7184:, p. 142; 7180:, p. 195; 7176: 7172: 7156:, p. 142; 7152:, p. 195; 7148: 7144: 7136: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7112: 7105: 7097: 7090: 7078: 7074: 7062: 7058: 7042: 7038: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6959: 6955: 6943: 6939: 6923: 6919: 6911: 6907: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6875:, pp. 7–8. 6871: 6867: 6859:, p. 114; 6855: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6827: 6823: 6815:, p. 202; 6811: 6807: 6799:, p. 202; 6795: 6791: 6783:, p. 202; 6779: 6775: 6767: 6760: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6724:, p. 180; 6720: 6716: 6708: 6699: 6683: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6650: 6642:, p. xxi; 6638: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6614: 6607: 6595: 6591: 6579: 6575: 6567:, p. 194; 6563: 6559: 6551: 6544: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6509: 6497: 6493: 6481: 6477: 6465: 6461: 6449: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6413: 6406: 6398: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6374: 6370: 6362:, p. 237; 6354: 6350: 6338: 6334: 6326:, p. 236; 6322: 6318: 6310: 6306: 6298: 6294: 6277: 6273: 6259:Book of Changes 6253: 6249: 6237:, p. 139; 6233: 6229: 6217: 6213: 6201: 6197: 6181:, p. 173; 6177:, p. 139; 6173:, p. 193; 6169: 6165: 6161:, p. viii. 6157: 6150: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6114:, p. 192; 6110: 6103: 6095: 6088: 6080: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6057:, pp. 1–2. 6053: 6049: 6041: 6037: 6029: 6020: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5985: 5977: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5953: 5949: 5941: 5937: 5929:, p. 139; 5925: 5921: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5845: 5829:, p. 191; 5825: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5773: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5745: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5709: 5702: 5694: 5685: 5677: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5610: 5602: 5589: 5577: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5465:Kodama (spirit) 5429: 5424: 5422: 5417:Religion portal 5415: 5408: 5401: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5362: 5360:Ogasawara Shozo 5334:Empire of Japan 5322: 5320:Overseas Shinto 5316: 5259: 5139: 5040: 5034: 5004: 4899:clan while the 4788:law called the 4637:A Yayoi period 4631: 4626: 4620: 4483: 4474:shо̄rо̄ nagashi 4400: 4264:as part of the 4248:fuyu no matsuri 4142: 3996: 3753: 3598:Along with the 3538: 3429:. Drinking the 3226: 3220: 3189:Shimogamo Jinja 3067:Hokkaidō Shrine 2970: 2745: 2738:Priesthood and 2286: 2280: 2274: 2251: 2199:Yasukuni Shrine 2195:civil liberties 2090: 2029:(illness), and 1943: 1827: 1698:then appeared: 1635:-no-Mikoto and 1626: 1618:Main articles: 1616: 1358:are not deemed 1127:Joseph Kitagawa 1065: 1059: 1050: 875: 857:used it in his 838:Book of Changes 832: 828: 818: 744:, also written 670: 640:nature religion 608: 604: 559:Western culture 535: 450: 422:Japanese Empire 389:shinbutsu-shūgō 347:shinbutsu-shūgō 215:nature religion 197:originating in 160:gateway to the 70: 47: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Shinto religion 15: 12: 11: 5: 20071: 20061: 20060: 20055: 20050: 20045: 20040: 20035: 20030: 20025: 20020: 20015: 19998: 19997: 19995: 19994: 19984: 19971: 19968: 19967: 19964: 19963: 19961: 19960: 19955: 19950: 19945: 19940: 19935: 19930: 19925: 19920: 19913: 19904: 19897: 19892: 19887: 19882: 19877: 19872: 19867: 19862: 19857: 19852: 19847: 19842: 19839: 19837:Henohenomoheji 19834: 19829: 19824: 19819: 19814: 19809: 19804: 19799: 19794: 19784: 19779: 19774: 19769: 19764: 19759: 19750: 19744: 19742: 19736: 19735: 19733: 19732: 19727: 19722: 19717: 19712: 19707: 19702: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19681: 19680: 19670: 19669: 19668: 19658: 19653: 19648: 19643: 19638: 19633: 19628: 19623: 19617: 19611: 19605: 19604: 19601: 19600: 19598: 19597: 19592: 19587: 19582: 19577: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19557: 19551: 19545: 19539: 19538: 19535: 19534: 19531: 19530: 19528: 19527: 19522: 19521: 19520: 19513:Prime Minister 19510: 19505: 19503:Foreign policy 19500: 19495: 19494: 19493: 19482: 19480: 19474: 19473: 19471: 19470: 19469: 19468: 19463: 19458: 19448: 19443: 19442: 19441: 19436: 19431: 19421: 19416: 19411: 19410: 19409: 19399: 19398: 19397: 19387: 19382: 19380:Imperial House 19377: 19376: 19375: 19365: 19360: 19354: 19344: 19338: 19337: 19334: 19333: 19331: 19330: 19325: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19300: 19295: 19290: 19288:Extreme points 19285: 19280: 19275: 19270: 19265: 19260: 19254: 19248: 19242: 19241: 19238: 19237: 19235: 19234: 19233: 19232: 19227: 19216: 19214: 19210: 19209: 19207: 19206: 19205: 19204: 19199: 19189: 19188: 19187: 19182: 19177: 19172: 19167: 19162: 19157: 19147: 19146: 19145: 19140: 19129: 19127: 19123: 19122: 19120: 19119: 19114: 19109: 19103: 19102: 19101: 19096: 19091: 19086: 19081: 19076: 19071: 19061: 19056: 19051: 19050: 19049: 19038: 19036: 19032: 19031: 19029: 19028: 19023: 19022: 19021: 19016: 19009:Sengoku period 19006: 19001: 19000: 18999: 18994: 18984: 18979: 18974: 18969: 18968: 18967: 18957: 18951: 18949: 18948:Post-Classical 18945: 18944: 18942: 18941: 18936: 18931: 18930: 18929: 18919: 18918: 18917: 18912: 18907: 18897: 18892: 18887: 18882: 18876: 18874: 18870: 18869: 18867: 18866: 18865: 18864: 18859: 18854: 18844: 18839: 18834: 18829: 18828: 18827: 18822: 18817: 18812: 18803: 18801: 18794: 18788: 18787: 18785: 18784: 18779: 18773: 18770: 18769: 18758: 18757: 18750: 18743: 18735: 18726: 18725: 18723: 18722: 18712: 18701: 18698: 18697: 18694: 18693: 18690: 18689: 18687: 18686: 18681: 18676: 18671: 18666: 18661: 18656: 18651: 18646: 18641: 18636: 18631: 18625: 18623: 18617: 18616: 18614: 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18588: 18583: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18558: 18553: 18548: 18542: 18540: 18534: 18533: 18531: 18530: 18525: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18490: 18485: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18414: 18412: 18406: 18405: 18403: 18402: 18401: 18400: 18395: 18390: 18385: 18378:United Kingdom 18375: 18370: 18365: 18360: 18355: 18350: 18345: 18340: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18159: 18157: 18151: 18150: 18148: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18087: 18082: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18037: 18032: 18027: 18022: 18017: 18012: 18007: 18006: 18005: 18000: 17990: 17985: 17980: 17975: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17955: 17950: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17925: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17890: 17884: 17882: 17876: 17875: 17873: 17872: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17817: 17812: 17807: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17722: 17717: 17712: 17707: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17652: 17647: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17612: 17607: 17601: 17599: 17589: 17588: 17578: 17577: 17574: 17573: 17570: 17569: 17567: 17566: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17546: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17500: 17498: 17490: 17487: 17486: 17484: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17471:Secularization 17468: 17463: 17458: 17453: 17451:Deconstruction 17448: 17443: 17438: 17433: 17427: 17425: 17415: 17412: 17411: 17409: 17408: 17403: 17402: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17381: 17376: 17371: 17366: 17361: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17304:Fundamentalism 17301: 17300: 17299: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17258: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17237: 17236: 17235: 17230: 17225: 17211: 17206: 17200: 17198: 17191: 17188: 17187: 17185: 17184: 17179: 17174: 17169: 17168: 17167: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17112: 17106: 17104: 17096: 17095: 17093: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17077: 17072: 17067: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17047: 17041: 17039: 17033: 17032: 17030: 17029: 17028: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16971: 16970: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16945: 16944: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16877: 16876: 16871: 16866: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16821: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16782: 16780:Call to prayer 16777: 16772: 16767: 16765:Disaffiliation 16757: 16755: 16747: 16746: 16736: 16735: 16732: 16731: 16729: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16692: 16691: 16686: 16681: 16671: 16670: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16639: 16634: 16633: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16612: 16611: 16610: 16605: 16595: 16594: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16568: 16563: 16562: 16561: 16551: 16550: 16549: 16544: 16534: 16529: 16528: 16527: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16492: 16487: 16482: 16481: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16463:Greco-Buddhism 16460: 16450: 16449: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16423: 16418: 16417: 16416: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16395: 16394: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16373: 16372: 16367: 16357: 16352: 16351: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16314: 16313: 16302: 16299: 16298: 16286: 16285: 16282: 16281: 16278: 16277: 16274: 16273: 16271: 16270: 16269: 16268: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16217: 16215: 16211: 16210: 16208: 16207: 16206: 16205: 16193: 16188: 16187: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16105: 16104: 16094: 16093: 16092: 16087: 16077: 16076: 16075: 16070: 16060: 16055: 16054: 16053: 16044: 16042: 16034: 16033: 16031: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16014: 16013: 16008: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15978: 15977: 15976: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15915: 15913: 15906: 15896: 15895: 15892: 15891: 15889: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15867: 15865: 15861: 15860: 15857: 15856: 15854: 15853: 15852: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15824:Tambor de Mina 15821: 15816: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15796: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15780: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15750: 15749: 15748: 15747: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15651: 15650: 15645: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15619: 15617: 15609: 15608: 15606: 15605: 15604: 15603: 15601:Guanche church 15592: 15590: 15583: 15575: 15574: 15572: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15510: 15508: 15506:Tibeto-Burmese 15502: 15501: 15499: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15477: 15475: 15465: 15464: 15462: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15445: 15444: 15439: 15429: 15424: 15422:Nuu-chah-nulth 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15403: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15366: 15365: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15344: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15331:Muscogee Creek 15328: 15323: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15268: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15236: 15235: 15225: 15220: 15214: 15212: 15204: 15203: 15201: 15200: 15195: 15193:Sumbese Marapu 15190: 15189: 15188: 15183: 15173: 15172: 15171: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15145: 15144: 15139: 15131: 15130: 15129: 15124: 15114: 15112:Batak Parmalim 15108: 15106: 15100: 15099: 15097: 15096: 15090: 15088: 15082: 15081: 15079: 15078: 15077: 15076: 15071: 15061: 15060: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15034: 15032: 15023: 15017: 15016: 15013: 15012: 15009: 15008: 15006: 15005: 15004: 15003: 14998: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14967: 14966: 14961: 14951: 14946: 14940: 14938: 14934: 14933: 14931: 14930: 14923: 14918: 14917: 14916: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14876: 14870: 14868: 14862: 14861: 14859: 14858: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14820: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14774: 14773: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14721: 14719: 14710: 14704: 14703: 14700: 14699: 14697: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14670: 14668: 14662: 14661: 14659: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14642: 14640: 14634: 14633: 14631: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14614: 14613: 14600: 14598: 14592: 14591: 14589: 14588: 14587: 14586: 14581: 14571: 14570: 14569: 14564: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14533: 14531: 14522: 14513: 14507: 14506: 14503: 14502: 14499: 14498: 14496: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14479: 14477: 14473: 14472: 14470: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14448: 14446: 14440: 14439: 14437: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14424:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 14420: 14418: 14409: 14403: 14402: 14399: 14398: 14396: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14359: 14357: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14349: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14311: 14310: 14300: 14295: 14294: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14268: 14267: 14266: 14265: 14264: 14259: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14228: 14226: 14220: 14219: 14217: 14216: 14209: 14208: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14161:Bible Students 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14131:Restorationism 14128: 14127: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14110: 14109: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14087:Evangelicalism 14084: 14083: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14062: 14061: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14029: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 13998: 13988: 13987: 13986: 13981: 13967: 13966: 13965: 13960: 13950: 13945: 13944: 13943: 13933: 13932: 13931: 13926: 13915: 13913: 13907: 13906: 13904: 13903: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13860: 13859: 13858: 13857: 13847: 13846: 13845: 13829: 13827: 13818: 13809: 13799: 13798: 13786: 13785: 13778: 13777: 13770: 13763: 13755: 13746: 13745: 13743: 13742: 13741: 13740: 13735: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13683:Sacred objects 13680: 13675: 13670: 13664: 13662: 13656: 13655: 13653: 13652: 13644: 13636: 13628: 13620: 13612: 13604: 13591: 13589: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13545: 13543: 13537: 13536: 13534: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13502: 13500: 13498:Shinto shrines 13494: 13493: 13484: 13482: 13480: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13443: 13441: 13437: 13436: 13427: 13426: 13419: 13412: 13404: 13398: 13397: 13374: 13368: 13359: 13331: 13330:External links 13328: 13326: 13325: 13319: 13302: 13288: 13275: 13270:Skya, Walter. 13268: 13239: 13233: 13220: 13206: 13193: 13181: 13167: 13146: 13140: 13128:Engler, Steven 13124: 13095: 13089: 13069: 13063: 13050: 13036: 13020:Bowker, John W 13016: 12991: 12965: 12947:(2): 293–329. 12936: 12922: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12900: 12894: 12873: 12846: 12833: 12820: 12814: 12797: 12785:(2): 205–233. 12770: 12764: 12748: 12742: 12726: 12717: 12711: 12698: 12692: 12675: 12652: 12638: 12622: 12616: 12603: 12591:10.2307/132163 12574: 12545: 12539: 12519: 12498: 12492: 12479: 12473: 12460: 12448:(2): 151–182. 12433: 12427: 12414: 12408: 12395: 12368: 12335: 12306: 12300: 12287: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12249: 12247:, p. xiv. 12234: 12222: 12207: 12195: 12183: 12171: 12156: 12121: 12099: 12087: 12050: 12038: 12036:, p. 215. 12023: 12011: 11999: 11997:, p. 177. 11987: 11975: 11973:, p. 176. 11963: 11947: 11935: 11933:, p. 113. 11923: 11921:, p. 180. 11911: 11895: 11883: 11871: 11869:, p. 172. 11856: 11844: 11838:, p. 75; 11828: 11826:, p. 304. 11816: 11814:, p. 207. 11799: 11797:, p. 207. 11793:, p. 18; 11775: 11771:Littleton 2002 11763: 11761:, p. 112. 11751: 11736: 11719: 11707: 11691: 11679: 11658: 11637: 11635:; quote p. 548 11613: 11606: 11585: 11568: 11556: 11544: 11538:, p. 43; 11536:Littleton 2002 11528: 11516: 11504: 11489: 11477: 11460: 11448: 11436: 11424: 11407: 11392: 11380: 11368: 11356: 11344: 11327: 11315: 11309:, p. 15; 11307:Littleton 2002 11299: 11293:, p. 15; 11291:Littleton 2002 11283: 11277:, p. 14; 11275:Littleton 2002 11267: 11255: 11243: 11226: 11214: 11202: 11200:, p. 183. 11190: 11188:, p. 188. 11178: 11166: 11164:, p. 240. 11150: 11148:, p. 241. 11135: 11123: 11111: 11105:, p. 92; 11103:Littleton 2002 11095: 11083: 11071: 11055: 11043: 11041:, p. 156. 11027: 11012: 11002:, p. 47; 10988: 10976: 10964: 10952: 10946:, p. 82; 10944:Littleton 2002 10928: 10926:, p. 134. 10916: 10901: 10899:, p. 133. 10885: 10873: 10861: 10845: 10843:, p. 163. 10829: 10827:, p. 208. 10817: 10811:, p. 47; 10801: 10795:, p. 80; 10793:Littleton 2002 10777: 10775:, p. 139. 10765: 10761:Littleton 2002 10749: 10734: 10732:, p. 205. 10722: 10720:, p. 170. 10710: 10694: 10692:, p. 132. 10682: 10670: 10654: 10652:, p. 222. 10638: 10619: 10603: 10591: 10589:, p. 117. 10579: 10573:, p. 36; 10569:, p. 81; 10567:Littleton 2002 10559: 10547: 10535: 10523: 10517:, p. 81; 10513:, p. 23; 10503: 10491: 10487:Kobayashi 1981 10479: 10463: 10451: 10412: 10400: 10398:, p. 138. 10388: 10376: 10360: 10348: 10332: 10320: 10305: 10293: 10281: 10269: 10257: 10245: 10233: 10221: 10215:, p. 24; 10205: 10203:, p. 203. 10193: 10189:Littleton 2002 10178: 10174:Littleton 2002 10172:, p. 85; 10162: 10160:, p. 198. 10150: 10144:, p. 13; 10134: 10122: 10116:, p. 85; 10106: 10094: 10088:, p. 73; 10086:Littleton 2002 10070: 10053: 10041: 10039:, p. 214. 10029: 10017: 10005: 9999:, p. 49; 9989: 9977: 9965: 9953: 9951:, p. 150. 9941: 9929: 9917: 9915:, p. 187. 9902: 9881: 9879:, p. 184. 9869: 9853: 9841: 9822: 9816:, p. 39; 9806: 9804:, p. 192. 9794: 9779: 9767: 9765:, p. 183. 9752: 9746:, p. 68; 9732: 9716: 9696: 9680: 9678:, p. 116. 9668: 9656: 9639: 9623: 9621:, p. 149. 9611: 9609:, p. 135. 9594: 9582: 9567: 9555: 9535: 9529:, p. 72; 9527:Littleton 2002 9515: 9492: 9490:, p. 152. 9480: 9478:, p. 125. 9461: 9449: 9437: 9435:, p. 121. 9431:, p. 47; 9421: 9419:, p. 121. 9406: 9404:, p. 141. 9394: 9382: 9370: 9368:, p. 124. 9355: 9353:, p. 123. 9343: 9341:, p. 179. 9331: 9329:, p. 212. 9316: 9310:, p. 39; 9292: 9290:, p. 162. 9280: 9268: 9256: 9244: 9229: 9213: 9198: 9183: 9168: 9162:, p. 73; 9160:Littleton 2002 9152: 9140: 9134:, p. 29; 9124: 9108: 9096: 9084: 9078:, p. 26; 9068: 9051: 9049:, p. 158. 9036: 9024: 9010:, p. 93; 9000: 8988: 8976: 8964: 8952: 8950:, p. 148. 8937: 8931:, p. 71; 8921: 8919:, p. 208. 8909: 8907:, p. 219. 8897: 8895:, p. 211. 8885: 8873: 8871:, p. 104. 8861: 8859:, p. 104. 8845: 8833: 8831:, p. 201. 8816: 8800: 8794:, p. 36; 8776: 8774:, p. 169. 8764: 8762:, p. 197. 8749: 8747:, p. 166. 8737: 8722: 8720:, p. 160. 8710: 8691: 8679: 8664: 8658:, p. 49; 8654:, p. 92; 8644: 8638:, p. 43; 8634:, p. 42; 8630:, p. 92; 8620: 8608: 8606:, p. 170. 8591: 8585:, p. 43; 8581:, p. 72; 8579:Littleton 2002 8577:, p. 92; 8567: 8555: 8551:Littleton 2002 8543: 8541:, p. 220. 8531: 8519: 8513:, p. 36; 8503: 8491: 8481:, p. 29; 8467: 8448: 8442:, p. 36; 8432: 8420: 8408: 8402:, p. 36; 8398:, p. 72; 8384: 8372: 8357: 8355:, p. 198. 8345: 8330: 8318: 8302: 8300:, p. 208. 8290: 8278: 8276:, p. 223. 8266: 8254: 8252:, p. 221. 8239: 8237:, p. 221. 8223: 8211: 8205:, p. 99; 8203:Littleton 2002 8201:, p. 12; 8191: 8176: 8170:, p. ix; 8160: 8148: 8136: 8132:Littleton 2002 8124: 8120:Littleton 2002 8112: 8108:Littleton 2002 8100: 8098:, p. 198. 8088: 8076: 8060: 8058:, p. 182. 8043: 8028: 8013: 7993: 7981: 7966: 7964:, p. 136. 7951: 7949:, p. 219. 7939: 7927: 7915: 7899: 7883: 7867: 7865:, p. 124. 7851: 7849:, p. 140. 7839: 7837:, p. 124. 7824: 7809: 7803:, p. 93; 7793: 7791:, p. 104. 7777: 7765: 7753: 7741: 7739:, p. 102. 7729: 7714: 7702: 7696:, p. 45; 7682: 7676:, p. 93; 7666: 7662:Littleton 2002 7654: 7635: 7629:, p. 91; 7627:Littleton 2002 7619: 7615:Littleton 2002 7607: 7601:, p. 90; 7599:Littleton 2002 7591: 7587:Littleton 2002 7579: 7575:Littleton 2002 7564: 7552: 7548:Littleton 2002 7536: 7534:, p. 143. 7524: 7522:, p. 216. 7508: 7496: 7481: 7469: 7463:, p. 26; 7461:Littleton 2002 7453: 7437: 7433:Littleton 2002 7422: 7406: 7400:, p. 22; 7390: 7384:, p. 21; 7362: 7356:, p. 20; 7352:, p. 67; 7334: 7328:, p. 20; 7324:, p. 67; 7310: 7304:, p. 20; 7290: 7270: 7264:, p. 19; 7254: 7248:, p. 38; 7234: 7222: 7210: 7194: 7188:, p. 37; 7186:Littleton 2002 7170: 7164:, p. 32; 7160:, p. 23; 7158:Littleton 2002 7142: 7130: 7128:, p. 200. 7118: 7103: 7088: 7082:, p. 40; 7072: 7066:, p. 13; 7056: 7050:, p. 57; 7046:, p. 13; 7036: 7024: 7001: 6989: 6977: 6965: 6953: 6945:Littleton 2002 6937: 6931:, p. 13; 6927:, p. 27; 6925:Littleton 2002 6917: 6915:, p. 222. 6905: 6901:Littleton 2002 6889: 6877: 6865: 6849: 6847:, p. 164. 6837: 6831:, p. 27; 6821: 6805: 6789: 6787:, p. 144. 6773: 6771:, p. 172. 6758: 6752:, p. 75; 6750:Littleton 2002 6742: 6740:, p. 180. 6730: 6714: 6697: 6691:, p. 40; 6677: 6665: 6648: 6632: 6630:, p. 194. 6620: 6605: 6599:, p. 35; 6589: 6585:Littleton 2002 6583:, p. 29; 6573: 6557: 6542: 6526: 6507: 6501:, p. 35; 6491: 6485:, p. 70; 6475: 6469:, p. 23; 6467:Littleton 2002 6459: 6457:, p. 174. 6453:, p. 19; 6443: 6431: 6419: 6404: 6392: 6380: 6368: 6348: 6346:, p. 237. 6332: 6316: 6314:, p. 256. 6304: 6302:, p. 243. 6292: 6271: 6247: 6239:Littleton 2002 6227: 6211: 6195: 6185:, p. 14; 6163: 6148: 6142:, p. 89; 6132: 6130:, p. 192. 6120: 6101: 6099:, p. 215. 6086: 6084:, p. 210. 6071: 6059: 6047: 6035: 6018: 6016:, p. 211. 5998: 5983: 5981:, p. xxv. 5971: 5959: 5947: 5935: 5919: 5915:Littleton 2002 5913:, p. 30; 5903: 5882: 5870: 5868:, p. xxx. 5858: 5856:, p. 191. 5843: 5831:Littleton 2002 5819: 5817:, p. xix. 5807: 5795: 5783: 5767: 5755: 5739: 5727: 5715: 5713:, p. 174. 5700: 5683: 5666: 5664:, p. 135. 5654: 5639: 5627: 5608: 5587: 5585:, p. 211. 5571: 5567:Littleton 2002 5559: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5490:Shide (Shinto) 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5420: 5406: 5390: 5387: 5318:Main article: 5315: 5312: 5292:("doctrine"). 5258: 5255: 5221:Hayao Miyazaki 5138: 5135: 5036:Main article: 5033: 5030: 5016:Empress Genmei 5003: 5000: 4667:Archaeological 4630: 4627: 4622:Main article: 4619: 4616: 4482: 4479: 4423:shinzen kekkon 4405:hatsumiyamairi 4399: 4396: 4332:hadaka matsuri 4168:lunar calendar 4141: 4138: 4031:("seat of the 3995: 3990: 3752: 3744: 3537: 3534: 3508:Ōharano Shrine 3404:and occasion. 3222:Main article: 3219: 3206: 3199:in Tokyo, and 2969: 2966: 2817:Mie Prefecture 2744: 2736: 2650:chinju no mori 2276:Main article: 2273: 2267: 2250: 2247: 2113:), hard work ( 2089: 2083: 1986:Kamigamo Jinja 1942: 1939: 1867:Takama-no-hara 1826: 1823: 1732:Onogoro Island 1615: 1612: 1517:kami no tsukai 1446:Although some 1360:metaphysically 1061:Main article: 1058: 1051: 1049: 1046: 980:tales. In the 669: 666: 616:world religion 596: 534: 533:Categorisation 531: 487:Inoue Nobutaka 477:Helen Hardacre 449: 446: 265:public shrines 148: 147: 144: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 103: 99: 98: 88: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 65: 57: 56: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20070: 20059: 20056: 20054: 20051: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20034: 20031: 20029: 20026: 20024: 20021: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20011: 20010: 20008: 19993: 19985: 19983: 19973: 19972: 19969: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19951: 19949: 19946: 19944: 19941: 19939: 19936: 19934: 19931: 19929: 19926: 19924: 19921: 19919: 19918: 19914: 19912: 19908: 19905: 19903: 19902: 19898: 19896: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19886: 19883: 19881: 19878: 19876: 19873: 19871: 19868: 19866: 19863: 19861: 19858: 19856: 19853: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19843: 19840: 19838: 19835: 19833: 19830: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19800: 19798: 19795: 19792: 19788: 19785: 19783: 19780: 19778: 19775: 19773: 19770: 19768: 19765: 19763: 19760: 19758: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19745: 19743: 19741: 19737: 19731: 19728: 19726: 19723: 19721: 19718: 19716: 19713: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19679: 19676: 19675: 19674: 19671: 19667: 19664: 19663: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19642: 19639: 19637: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19618: 19615: 19612: 19610: 19606: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19571: 19570:Manufacturing 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19552: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19540: 19526: 19523: 19519: 19516: 19515: 19514: 19511: 19509: 19506: 19504: 19501: 19499: 19498:Fiscal policy 19496: 19492: 19489: 19488: 19487: 19484: 19483: 19481: 19479: 19475: 19467: 19464: 19462: 19459: 19457: 19454: 19453: 19452: 19449: 19447: 19444: 19440: 19437: 19435: 19432: 19430: 19427: 19426: 19425: 19424:National Diet 19422: 19420: 19417: 19415: 19412: 19408: 19407:Supreme Court 19405: 19404: 19403: 19400: 19396: 19393: 19392: 19391: 19388: 19386: 19383: 19381: 19378: 19374: 19371: 19370: 19369: 19366: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19355: 19352: 19348: 19345: 19343: 19339: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19276: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19256: 19255: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19243: 19231: 19228: 19226: 19223: 19222: 19221: 19218: 19217: 19215: 19211: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19195: 19194: 19193: 19190: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19173: 19171: 19168: 19166: 19163: 19161: 19158: 19156: 19153: 19152: 19151: 19148: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19135: 19134: 19131: 19130: 19128: 19124: 19118: 19115: 19113: 19110: 19107: 19104: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19090: 19087: 19085: 19082: 19080: 19077: 19075: 19072: 19070: 19067: 19066: 19065: 19062: 19060: 19057: 19055: 19052: 19048: 19045: 19044: 19043: 19040: 19039: 19037: 19033: 19027: 19024: 19020: 19017: 19015: 19012: 19011: 19010: 19007: 19005: 19002: 18998: 18995: 18993: 18990: 18989: 18988: 18985: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18970: 18966: 18963: 18962: 18961: 18958: 18956: 18953: 18952: 18950: 18946: 18940: 18937: 18935: 18932: 18928: 18925: 18924: 18923: 18920: 18916: 18915:Hakuhō period 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18902: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18877: 18875: 18871: 18863: 18862:Imperial Navy 18860: 18858: 18857:Imperial Army 18855: 18853: 18850: 18849: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18830: 18826: 18823: 18821: 18818: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18807: 18805: 18804: 18802: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18789: 18783: 18780: 18778: 18775: 18774: 18771: 18767: 18763: 18756: 18751: 18749: 18744: 18742: 18737: 18736: 18733: 18721: 18717: 18713: 18711: 18703: 18702: 18699: 18685: 18682: 18680: 18677: 18675: 18672: 18670: 18667: 18665: 18662: 18660: 18657: 18655: 18652: 18650: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18626: 18624: 18622: 18621:South America 18618: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18543: 18541: 18539: 18535: 18529: 18528:United States 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18489: 18486: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18415: 18413: 18411: 18410:North America 18407: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18384: 18381: 18380: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18268:Liechtenstein 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18160: 18158: 18156: 18152: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17995: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17885: 17883: 17881: 17877: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17720:Guinea-Bissau 17718: 17716: 17713: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17602: 17600: 17598: 17594: 17590: 17583: 17579: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17544:Organizations 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17488: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17418: 17413: 17407: 17404: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17386: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17374:Vegetarianism 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17319:Homosexuality 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17283: 17280: 17279: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17242: 17241: 17238: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17220: 17219: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17189: 17183: 17180: 17178: 17175: 17173: 17170: 17166: 17163: 17162: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17140:Neurotheology 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17107: 17105: 17103: 17097: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17073: 17071: 17068: 17066: 17063: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17042: 17040: 17038: 17034: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17012: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16950: 16949: 16946: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16928: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16862: 16861: 16860: 16857: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16834:Folk religion 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16762: 16759: 16758: 16756: 16752: 16748: 16741: 16737: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16676: 16675: 16672: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16657:Imperial cult 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16644: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16617: 16616: 16613: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16600: 16599: 16596: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16573: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16560: 16557: 16556: 16555: 16552: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16539: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16526: 16523: 16522: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16455: 16454: 16451: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16428: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16415: 16412: 16411: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16393: 16390: 16389: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16362: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16335: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16312: 16309: 16308: 16307: 16304: 16303: 16300: 16296: 16291: 16287: 16267: 16264: 16263: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16226:Discordianism 16224: 16222: 16221:Anthroposophy 16219: 16218: 16216: 16212: 16204: 16203: 16199: 16198: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16169:Mari religion 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16151: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16103: 16100: 16099: 16098: 16095: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16082: 16081: 16078: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16065: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16052: 16049: 16048: 16046: 16045: 16043: 16041: 16035: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16006:Neo-Theosophy 16004: 16003: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15975: 15972: 15971: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15944:New Acropolis 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15916: 15914: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15897: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15868: 15866: 15862: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15764: 15763: 15760: 15759: 15758: 15756: 15752: 15751: 15746: 15743: 15742: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15640: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15620: 15618: 15616: 15610: 15602: 15599: 15598: 15597: 15594: 15593: 15591: 15589:North African 15587: 15584: 15582: 15576: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15511: 15509: 15507: 15503: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15478: 15476: 15474: 15470: 15466: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15434: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15382: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15364: 15361: 15360: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15353:Kwakwakaʼwakw 15351: 15349: 15346: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15318: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15252: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15234: 15231: 15230: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15215: 15213: 15211: 15205: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15178: 15177: 15174: 15170: 15167: 15166: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15134: 15132: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15119: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15109: 15107: 15105: 15101: 15095: 15092: 15091: 15089: 15087: 15086:Austroasiatic 15083: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15066: 15065: 15062: 15058: 15057:Vattisen Yaly 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15044: 15043: 15039: 15036: 15035: 15033: 15031: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15018: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14993: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14976:Kirat Mundhum 14974: 14972: 14969: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14956: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14941: 14939: 14935: 14929: 14928: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14915: 14912: 14911: 14910: 14907: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14889: 14885: 14882: 14881: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14871: 14869: 14867: 14863: 14857: 14856: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14779: 14778: 14775: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14727: 14726: 14723: 14722: 14720: 14718: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14705: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14671: 14669: 14667: 14663: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14643: 14641: 14639: 14635: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14612: 14611: 14607: 14606: 14605: 14602: 14601: 14599: 14597: 14593: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14576: 14575: 14572: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14559: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14534: 14532: 14530: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14508: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14480: 14478: 14474: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14449: 14447: 14445: 14441: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14421: 14419: 14417: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14404: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14360: 14358: 14354: 14348: 14347: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14335:Milah Abraham 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14309: 14306: 14305: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14273: 14272: 14269: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14254: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14234: 14233: 14230: 14229: 14227: 14225: 14221: 14215: 14214: 14210: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14162: 14159: 14158: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14108: 14105: 14104: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14067: 14066: 14063: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14045: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14003: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13993: 13992: 13991:Protestantism 13989: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13976: 13973: 13972: 13971: 13968: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13955: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13942: 13939: 13938: 13937: 13934: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13921: 13920: 13917: 13916: 13914: 13912: 13908: 13902: 13901: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13856: 13853: 13852: 13851: 13848: 13844: 13841: 13840: 13839: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13831: 13830: 13828: 13826: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13804: 13800: 13796: 13791: 13787: 13783: 13776: 13771: 13769: 13764: 13762: 13757: 13756: 13753: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13730: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13665: 13663: 13661: 13657: 13650: 13649: 13645: 13642: 13641: 13637: 13634: 13633: 13629: 13626: 13625: 13624:Shoku Nihongi 13621: 13618: 13617: 13613: 13610: 13609: 13605: 13602: 13598: 13597: 13593: 13592: 13590: 13586: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13546: 13544: 13542: 13538: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13503: 13501: 13499: 13495: 13488: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13457:Ritual purity 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13444: 13442: 13438: 13434: 13425: 13420: 13418: 13413: 13411: 13406: 13405: 13402: 13396: 13392: 13389: 13385: 13381: 13378: 13375: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13354: 13349: 13345: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13333: 13322: 13316: 13311: 13310: 13303: 13299: 13295: 13291: 13285: 13281: 13276: 13273: 13269: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13245: 13240: 13236: 13230: 13226: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13203: 13199: 13194: 13190: 13186: 13185:Herbert, Jean 13182: 13178: 13174: 13170: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13147: 13143: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13096: 13092: 13090:0-4157-7425-X 13086: 13081: 13080: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13060: 13056: 13051: 13047: 13043: 13039: 13033: 13028: 13027: 13021: 13017: 13005: 13001: 12997: 12992: 12990: 12986: 12982: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12925: 12919: 12915: 12910: 12909: 12897: 12891: 12886: 12885: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12852: 12847: 12843: 12839: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12821: 12817: 12811: 12806: 12805: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12771: 12767: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12727: 12723: 12718: 12714: 12708: 12704: 12699: 12695: 12689: 12684: 12683: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12662: 12658: 12653: 12649: 12645: 12641: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12613: 12609: 12604: 12600: 12596: 12592: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12575: 12571: 12567: 12563: 12559: 12555: 12551: 12546: 12542: 12536: 12531: 12530: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12504: 12499: 12495: 12489: 12485: 12480: 12476: 12470: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12434: 12430: 12424: 12420: 12415: 12411: 12405: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12369: 12357: 12353: 12349: 12345: 12343: 12342:Spirited Away 12336: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12307: 12303: 12297: 12293: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12259: 12258: 12246: 12241: 12239: 12231: 12226: 12220:, p. 48. 12219: 12214: 12212: 12204: 12203:Hardacre 2017 12199: 12192: 12187: 12181:, p. 22. 12180: 12179:Nakajima 2010 12175: 12168: 12167:Hardacre 2017 12163: 12161: 12141: 12134: 12128: 12126: 12118: 12117: 12113: 12110: 12103: 12096: 12091: 12075: 12071: 12067: 12063: 12057: 12055: 12047: 12042: 12035: 12030: 12028: 12020: 12015: 12008: 12003: 11996: 11991: 11984: 11983:Hardacre 2017 11979: 11972: 11967: 11961:, p. 48. 11960: 11956: 11951: 11944: 11939: 11932: 11927: 11920: 11915: 11908: 11904: 11899: 11893:, p. 18. 11892: 11887: 11881:, p. 18. 11880: 11875: 11868: 11867:Kitagawa 1987 11863: 11861: 11854:, p. 76. 11853: 11848: 11841: 11837: 11832: 11825: 11820: 11813: 11808: 11806: 11804: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11787:Kitagawa 1987 11784: 11779: 11772: 11767: 11760: 11755: 11749:, p. 11. 11748: 11743: 11741: 11734:, p. 10. 11733: 11728: 11726: 11724: 11716: 11711: 11705:, p. 71. 11704: 11701:, p. 9; 11700: 11695: 11688: 11683: 11676: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11665: 11663: 11655: 11651: 11647: 11641: 11634: 11630: 11627: 11623: 11617: 11609: 11603: 11599: 11592: 11590: 11582: 11577: 11575: 11573: 11565: 11564:Hardacre 2017 11560: 11554:, p. 72. 11553: 11552:Hardacre 2017 11548: 11542:, p. 66. 11541: 11540:Hardacre 2017 11537: 11532: 11525: 11524:Hardacre 2017 11520: 11513: 11512:Hardacre 2017 11508: 11502:, p. 69. 11501: 11500:Hardacre 2017 11496: 11494: 11487:, p. 68. 11486: 11485:Hardacre 2017 11481: 11475:, p. 64. 11474: 11473:Hardacre 2017 11469: 11467: 11465: 11457: 11456:Hardacre 2017 11452: 11445: 11444:Hardacre 2017 11440: 11434:, p. 33. 11433: 11432:Hardacre 2017 11428: 11422:, p. 31. 11421: 11420:Hardacre 2017 11416: 11414: 11412: 11404: 11403:Hardacre 2017 11399: 11397: 11390:, p. 17. 11389: 11388:Hardacre 2017 11384: 11378:, p. 28. 11377: 11376:Hardacre 2017 11372: 11366:, p. 27. 11365: 11364:Hardacre 2017 11360: 11354:, p. 25. 11353: 11352:Hardacre 2017 11348: 11342:, p. 24. 11341: 11340:Hardacre 2017 11336: 11334: 11332: 11325:, p. 23. 11324: 11323:Hardacre 2017 11319: 11313:, p. 24. 11312: 11311:Hardacre 2017 11308: 11303: 11297:, p. 19. 11296: 11295:Hardacre 2017 11292: 11287: 11281:, p. 18. 11280: 11279:Hardacre 2017 11276: 11271: 11264: 11259: 11252: 11247: 11241:, p. 63. 11240: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11224:, p. 86. 11223: 11218: 11211: 11206: 11199: 11194: 11187: 11182: 11175: 11170: 11163: 11159: 11154: 11147: 11142: 11140: 11133:, p. 19. 11132: 11127: 11121:, p. 95. 11120: 11115: 11109:, p. 15. 11108: 11104: 11099: 11093:, p. 87. 11092: 11087: 11080: 11075: 11069:, p. 87. 11068: 11064: 11059: 11053:, p. 15. 11052: 11047: 11040: 11036: 11031: 11025:, p. 47. 11024: 11019: 11017: 11009: 11006:, p. 3; 11005: 11001: 10997: 10992: 10986:, p. 34. 10985: 10980: 10973: 10968: 10962:, p. 43. 10961: 10956: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10932: 10925: 10920: 10913: 10908: 10906: 10898: 10894: 10889: 10882: 10877: 10871:, p. 41. 10870: 10865: 10859:, p. 81. 10858: 10854: 10849: 10842: 10838: 10833: 10826: 10821: 10814: 10810: 10805: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10781: 10774: 10769: 10763:, p. 80. 10762: 10758: 10753: 10747:, p. 32. 10746: 10741: 10739: 10731: 10726: 10719: 10714: 10708:, p. 35. 10707: 10704:, p. 2; 10703: 10698: 10691: 10686: 10680:, p. 59. 10679: 10674: 10668:, p. 42. 10667: 10664:, p. 6; 10663: 10658: 10651: 10647: 10642: 10636:, p. 46. 10635: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10624: 10617:, p. 86. 10616: 10612: 10607: 10600: 10595: 10588: 10583: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10563: 10556: 10551: 10544: 10539: 10533:, p. 81. 10532: 10527: 10521:, p. 68. 10520: 10516: 10512: 10511:Kitagawa 1987 10507: 10501:, p. 23. 10500: 10499:Kitagawa 1987 10495: 10488: 10483: 10477:, p. 81. 10476: 10472: 10467: 10460: 10455: 10447: 10435: 10427: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10409: 10404: 10397: 10392: 10385: 10380: 10374:, p. 74. 10373: 10369: 10364: 10357: 10352: 10346:, p. 74. 10345: 10341: 10336: 10330:, p. 50. 10329: 10324: 10318:, p. 39. 10317: 10316:Kitagawa 1987 10312: 10310: 10302: 10297: 10291:, p. 17. 10290: 10285: 10279:, p. 73. 10278: 10273: 10267:, p. 18. 10266: 10261: 10254: 10249: 10243:, p. 65. 10242: 10237: 10231:, p. 66. 10230: 10225: 10218: 10214: 10209: 10202: 10197: 10191:, p. 81. 10190: 10185: 10183: 10176:, p. 74. 10175: 10171: 10166: 10159: 10154: 10148:, p. 11. 10147: 10143: 10138: 10132:, p. 31. 10131: 10126: 10120:, p. 11. 10119: 10115: 10110: 10103: 10098: 10092:, p. 11. 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10074: 10068:, p. 85. 10067: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10050: 10045: 10038: 10033: 10027:, p. 22. 10026: 10021: 10015:, p. 33. 10014: 10009: 10003:, p. 33. 10002: 9998: 9993: 9987:, p. 49. 9986: 9981: 9974: 9969: 9963:, p. 53. 9962: 9957: 9950: 9945: 9939:, p. 64. 9938: 9933: 9926: 9921: 9914: 9909: 9907: 9900:, p. 40. 9899: 9894: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9878: 9873: 9867:, p. 45. 9866: 9862: 9857: 9851:, p. 91. 9850: 9845: 9839:, p. 45. 9838: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9820:, p. 45. 9819: 9815: 9810: 9803: 9798: 9792:, p. 80. 9791: 9786: 9784: 9776: 9775:Kitagawa 1987 9771: 9764: 9759: 9757: 9750:, p. 88. 9749: 9745: 9741: 9736: 9730:, p. 88. 9729: 9725: 9720: 9714:, p. 88. 9713: 9709: 9705: 9700: 9694:, p. 36. 9693: 9690:, p. 3; 9689: 9684: 9677: 9672: 9666:, p. 98. 9665: 9660: 9654:, p. 12. 9653: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9637:, p. 11. 9636: 9632: 9627: 9620: 9615: 9608: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9592:, p. 42. 9591: 9586: 9580:, p. 96. 9579: 9574: 9572: 9564: 9559: 9553:, p. 11. 9552: 9549:, p. 3; 9548: 9544: 9539: 9533:, p. 11. 9532: 9528: 9524: 9519: 9513:, p. 11. 9512: 9507: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9489: 9484: 9477: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9458: 9453: 9447:, p. 47. 9446: 9441: 9434: 9430: 9425: 9418: 9413: 9411: 9403: 9398: 9392:, p. 43. 9391: 9386: 9380:, p. 84. 9379: 9374: 9367: 9362: 9360: 9352: 9347: 9340: 9335: 9328: 9323: 9321: 9314:, p. 33. 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9296: 9289: 9284: 9278:, p. 51. 9277: 9272: 9265: 9260: 9253: 9248: 9242:, p. 53. 9241: 9236: 9234: 9227:, p. 44. 9226: 9223:, p. 7; 9222: 9217: 9211:, p. 25. 9210: 9205: 9203: 9196:, p. 15. 9195: 9190: 9188: 9181:, p. 32. 9180: 9175: 9173: 9165: 9161: 9156: 9150:, p. 42. 9149: 9144: 9137: 9133: 9128: 9122:, p. 29. 9121: 9117: 9112: 9105: 9100: 9094:, p. 88. 9093: 9088: 9082:, p. 44. 9081: 9077: 9072: 9066:, p. 26. 9065: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9048: 9043: 9041: 9034:, p. 73. 9033: 9028: 9021: 9020:Hardacre 2017 9018:, p. 4; 9017: 9013: 9009: 9004: 8998:, p. 92. 8997: 8992: 8986:, p. 23. 8985: 8980: 8974:, p. 77. 8973: 8968: 8961: 8956: 8949: 8944: 8942: 8935:, p. 72. 8934: 8930: 8925: 8918: 8913: 8906: 8901: 8894: 8889: 8883:, p. 12. 8882: 8877: 8870: 8865: 8858: 8854: 8849: 8843:, p. 20. 8842: 8837: 8830: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8814:, p. 43. 8813: 8809: 8804: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8780: 8773: 8768: 8761: 8756: 8754: 8746: 8741: 8735:, p. 94. 8734: 8729: 8727: 8719: 8714: 8708:, p. 82. 8707: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8689:, p. 34. 8688: 8683: 8677:, p. 54. 8676: 8671: 8669: 8662:, p. 43. 8661: 8657: 8653: 8648: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8624: 8617: 8612: 8605: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8571: 8565:, p. 93. 8564: 8559: 8553:, p. 68. 8552: 8547: 8540: 8535: 8528: 8523: 8516: 8512: 8507: 8501:, p. 29. 8500: 8495: 8488: 8485:, p. 5; 8484: 8480: 8476: 8471: 8464: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8445: 8441: 8436: 8430:, p. 36. 8429: 8424: 8418:, p. 21. 8417: 8412: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8388: 8381: 8376: 8369: 8364: 8362: 8354: 8349: 8342: 8337: 8335: 8328:, p. 33. 8327: 8322: 8316:, p. 10. 8315: 8311: 8306: 8299: 8294: 8287: 8282: 8275: 8270: 8263: 8258: 8251: 8246: 8244: 8236: 8232: 8227: 8220: 8215: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8195: 8189:, p. ix. 8188: 8183: 8181: 8174:, p. 10. 8173: 8169: 8164: 8158:, p. 10. 8157: 8152: 8145: 8144:Kitagawa 1987 8140: 8133: 8128: 8121: 8116: 8110:, p. 58. 8109: 8104: 8097: 8092: 8085: 8080: 8073: 8069: 8064: 8057: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8041:, p. 83. 8040: 8035: 8033: 8025: 8020: 8018: 8011:, p. 82. 8010: 8006: 8002: 7997: 7990: 7985: 7979:, p. 12. 7978: 7973: 7971: 7963: 7958: 7956: 7948: 7943: 7937:, p. 11. 7936: 7931: 7924: 7919: 7913:, p. 70. 7912: 7908: 7903: 7897:, p. 11. 7896: 7892: 7887: 7881:, p. 45. 7880: 7876: 7871: 7864: 7860: 7855: 7848: 7843: 7836: 7831: 7829: 7822:, p. 58. 7821: 7816: 7814: 7807:, p. 86. 7806: 7802: 7797: 7790: 7786: 7781: 7774: 7769: 7763:, p. 63. 7762: 7757: 7751:, p. 38. 7750: 7745: 7738: 7733: 7727:, p. 93. 7726: 7721: 7719: 7711: 7706: 7700:, p. 21. 7699: 7695: 7691: 7686: 7680:, p. 20. 7679: 7675: 7670: 7664:, p. 92. 7663: 7658: 7652:, p. 39. 7651: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7633:, p. 39. 7632: 7628: 7623: 7616: 7611: 7605:, p. 71. 7604: 7600: 7595: 7589:, p. 89. 7588: 7583: 7577:, p. 90. 7576: 7571: 7569: 7562:, p. 75. 7561: 7560:Hardacre 2017 7556: 7550:, p. 90. 7549: 7545: 7540: 7533: 7532:Kitagawa 1987 7528: 7521: 7517: 7516:Kitagawa 1987 7512: 7505: 7500: 7494:, p. 71. 7493: 7488: 7486: 7479:, p. 36. 7478: 7473: 7467:, p. 36. 7466: 7462: 7457: 7451:, p. 34. 7450: 7446: 7441: 7435:, p. 98. 7434: 7429: 7427: 7420:, p. 57. 7419: 7418:Hardacre 2017 7415: 7414:Kitagawa 1987 7410: 7404:, p. 54. 7403: 7402:Hardacre 2017 7399: 7394: 7387: 7386:Hardacre 2017 7383: 7380:, p. 3; 7379: 7375: 7374:Kitagawa 1987 7371: 7366: 7360:, p. 53. 7359: 7358:Hardacre 2017 7355: 7351: 7347: 7346:Kitagawa 1987 7343: 7338: 7332:, p. 50. 7331: 7330:Hardacre 2017 7327: 7323: 7319: 7318:Kitagawa 1987 7314: 7308:, p. 50. 7307: 7306:Hardacre 2017 7303: 7299: 7298:Kitagawa 1987 7294: 7288:, p. 49. 7287: 7286:Hardacre 2017 7283: 7279: 7278:Kitagawa 1987 7274: 7268:, p. 48. 7267: 7266:Hardacre 2017 7263: 7258: 7252:, p. 19. 7251: 7247: 7244:, p. 5; 7243: 7238: 7232:, p. 19. 7231: 7226: 7220:, p. 33. 7219: 7214: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7192:, p. 33. 7191: 7187: 7183: 7182:Kitagawa 1987 7179: 7174: 7168:, p. 18. 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7154:Kitagawa 1987 7151: 7146: 7139: 7138:Hardacre 2017 7134: 7127: 7122: 7116:, p. 37. 7115: 7110: 7108: 7100: 7095: 7093: 7086:, p. 15. 7085: 7081: 7076: 7070:, p. 58. 7069: 7065: 7060: 7054:, p. 15. 7053: 7049: 7045: 7040: 7034:, p. 92. 7033: 7028: 7022:, p. 15. 7021: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6999:, p. 42. 6998: 6993: 6986: 6981: 6975:, p. 69. 6974: 6969: 6963:, p. 10. 6962: 6957: 6951:, p. 14. 6950: 6946: 6941: 6934: 6933:Hardacre 2017 6930: 6926: 6921: 6914: 6909: 6903:, p. 24. 6902: 6898: 6893: 6887:, p. 33. 6886: 6881: 6874: 6869: 6863:, p. 42. 6862: 6858: 6853: 6846: 6841: 6835:, p. 13. 6834: 6830: 6825: 6819:, p. 44. 6818: 6814: 6809: 6802: 6798: 6793: 6786: 6782: 6777: 6770: 6765: 6763: 6756:, p. 14. 6755: 6751: 6746: 6739: 6734: 6727: 6726:Hardacre 2017 6723: 6718: 6712:, p. 19. 6711: 6710:Hardacre 2017 6706: 6704: 6702: 6695:, p. 13. 6694: 6690: 6687:, p. 7; 6686: 6681: 6675:, p. 26. 6674: 6669: 6663:, p. 14. 6662: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6646:, p. 35. 6645: 6641: 6636: 6629: 6624: 6618:, p. 35. 6617: 6612: 6610: 6603:, p. 52. 6602: 6601:Hardacre 2017 6598: 6593: 6587:, p. 24. 6586: 6582: 6577: 6571:, p. 84. 6570: 6566: 6561: 6555:, p. 36. 6554: 6553:Kitagawa 1987 6549: 6547: 6540:, p. 13. 6539: 6536:, p. 2; 6535: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6505:, p. 13. 6504: 6500: 6495: 6489:, p. 31. 6488: 6487:Hardacre 2017 6484: 6479: 6473:, p. 13. 6472: 6468: 6463: 6456: 6452: 6447: 6441:, p. 42. 6440: 6439:Hardacre 2017 6435: 6428: 6423: 6417:, p. 10. 6416: 6411: 6409: 6401: 6396: 6389: 6384: 6377: 6372: 6366:, p. 42. 6365: 6364:Hardacre 2017 6361: 6358:, p. 6; 6357: 6352: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6330:, p. 41. 6329: 6328:Hardacre 2017 6325: 6320: 6313: 6308: 6301: 6296: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6278:Herman Ooms. 6275: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6244: 6241:, p. 6; 6240: 6236: 6235:Kitagawa 1987 6231: 6225:, p. 64. 6224: 6220: 6215: 6208: 6205:, p. 4; 6204: 6199: 6192: 6189:, p. 2; 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6175:Kitagawa 1987 6172: 6167: 6160: 6155: 6153: 6146:, p. 14. 6145: 6141: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6106: 6098: 6093: 6091: 6083: 6078: 6076: 6068: 6067:Kitagawa 1987 6063: 6056: 6051: 6045:, p. 19. 6044: 6039: 6032: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6015: 6012:, p. 7; 6011: 6008:, p. 1; 6007: 6002: 5996:, p. 31. 5995: 5990: 5988: 5980: 5975: 5969:, p. 10. 5968: 5963: 5956: 5951: 5944: 5939: 5933:, p. 13. 5932: 5928: 5927:Kitagawa 1987 5923: 5917:, p. 10. 5916: 5912: 5907: 5900: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5880:, p. 48. 5879: 5874: 5867: 5862: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5841:, p. 13. 5840: 5837:, p. 1; 5836: 5833:, p. 6; 5832: 5828: 5823: 5816: 5811: 5804: 5799: 5793:, p. 69. 5792: 5787: 5781:, p. 13. 5780: 5776: 5771: 5765:, p. 68. 5764: 5759: 5753:, p. 26. 5752: 5748: 5743: 5736: 5731: 5724: 5719: 5712: 5707: 5705: 5697: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5681:, p. 18. 5680: 5679:Hardacre 2017 5675: 5673: 5671: 5663: 5658: 5651: 5646: 5644: 5636: 5631: 5624: 5623:Hardacre 2017 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5606:, p. 13. 5605: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5568: 5563: 5556: 5554: 5549: 5547: 5540: 5536: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5475:Nyonin Kinsei 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5421: 5418: 5412: 5407: 5404: 5393: 5386: 5384: 5379: 5373: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5326: 5321: 5311: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5286:("sect") and 5284: 5278: 5268: 5263: 5254: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5230:Spirited Away 5226: 5225:Studio Ghibli 5222: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5207: 5206:Supreme Court 5203: 5197: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5079: 5073: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5061:Tenpō Reforms 5053: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4994:honji suijaku 4988: 4987: 4981: 4976: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4877:eclipsed the 4876: 4871: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4844: 4835: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4810:Jogan Gishiki 4807: 4802: 4797: 4796: 4795:Book of Rites 4791: 4786: 4780: 4776:("Council of 4775: 4770: 4769: 4762: 4760: 4759:Emperor Yōmei 4755: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4693: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4657: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4625: 4615: 4614:and Buddhas. 4612: 4606: 4600: 4593: 4587: 4580: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4546: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4507: 4498: 4493: 4487: 4478: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4459: 4457: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4433: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4395: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4334: 4333: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4312: 4311: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4275: 4267: 4262: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4216:natsu-matsuri 4211: 4205: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4146: 4137: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4096: 4095: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4046: 4043:. There is a 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3989: 3986: 3979: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3962: 3955: 3954: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3891: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3819: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3801:at new year. 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3763: 3757: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3564: 3563: 3556: 3555: 3550:displaying a 3548: 3542: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3522: 3521: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3236: 3230: 3225: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3125:to bless it. 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3063:Toyota Estima 3059: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2928: 2927: 2920: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2902: 2896: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2763: 2762:Sakurai, Nara 2759: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2521:Diagram of a 2519: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2432: 2431: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2408:, to another 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2372:. Inside the 2370: 2369: 2364:lives is the 2362: 2357: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2304: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2279: 2278:Shinto shrine 2271: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2178: 2173: 2172:natural order 2168: 2164:("way of the 2162: 2156: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2094: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2061: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2002: 2001: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1950: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1875: 1871:), where the 1869: 1868: 1861: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1744: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1655: 1654: 1647: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1585: 1578: 1577: 1570: 1569: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1553: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1524: 1523:tsuka washime 1518: 1512: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1487:. Individual 1485: 1479: 1478: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1457: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1422:akitsumi kami 1417: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1397: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1276: 1270: 1264: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1230: 1224: 1218: 1214:are known as 1212: 1207: 1202: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1137:eight million 1133: 1128: 1123: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1099: 1093: 1088: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1056: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1005: 1000: 994: 989: 985: 984: 979: 978: 973: 971: 964: 958: 952: 947: 943: 938: 933: 928: 922: 919: 914: 910: 909: 904: 899: 898: 892: 888: 884: 881: 873: 868: 866: 862: 861: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 839: 826: 825: 816: 815: 810: 805: 797: 795: 783: 781: 769: 767: 760: 737: 735: 728: 717: 715: 714:kami no michi 708: 703: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 674: 665: 663: 659: 653: 648: 643: 641: 635: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 607: 601: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 530: 528: 527:Kuroda Toshio 524: 520: 514: 509: 504: 502: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 472: 460: 454: 445: 443: 439: 433: 431: 427: 423: 418: 413: 409: 404: 399: 395: 390: 384: 383: 376: 375: 368: 363: 359: 354: 349: 348: 342: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 314: 311: 306: 302: 298: 293: 292: 285: 279: 273: 272: 266: 264: 258: 257: 250: 244: 238: 237: 231: 227: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 191: 185: 176: 172: 163: 159: 154: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 128: 125: 121: 118: 115: 111: 107: 104: 100: 96: 92: 89: 87: 83: 80: 77: 73: 69: 63: 58: 54: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 20053:Spirituality 19938:Tea ceremony 19932: 19915: 19909: / 19901:No-pan kissa 19899: 19870:Martial arts 19860:LGBT culture 19762:Architecture 19755: / 19700:Prostitution 19666:Homelessness 19636:Demographics 19560:Central bank 19390:Human rights 19358:Constitution 19213:Contemporary 19035:Early Modern 18939:Heian period 18927:Monmu period 18922:Taika Reform 18900:Asuka period 18895:Kofun period 18890:Yayoi period 18885:Jōmon period 18125:Turkmenistan 18085:Saudi Arabia 17830:South Africa 17820:Sierra Leone 17625:Burkina Faso 17534:Names of God 17481:Unaffiliated 17436:Antireligion 17297:Universalism 17245:Assimilation 17110:Anthropology 16985:Supernatural 16980:Spirituality 16948:Sacred space 16936:Purification 16809:Denomination 16763: / 16571:Paleo-Balkan 16537:Mesopotamian 16377:Cook Islands 16348:Old Prussian 16261:UFO religion 16200: 16196:Zalmoxianism 16124:Neoshamanism 15981:Spiritualism 15864:Other ethnic 15753: 15579:Traditional 15539:Bongthingism 15437:Acoma Pueblo 15380:Mesoamerican 15104:Austronesian 14925: 14921:Neo-Buddhism 14853: 14849:Neo-Hinduism 14770:Swaminarayan 14608: 14603: 14557:Salvationist 14542:Confucianism 14393:Samaritanism 14363:Ali-Illahism 14344: 14211: 14205:Unitarianism 14146:Old Catholic 13953:Nestorianism 13911:Christianity 13898: 13864:Conservative 13713:Nippon Kaigi 13703:State Shinto 13646: 13638: 13630: 13622: 13619:(713–723 CE) 13614: 13606: 13600: 13594: 13554:Ame-no-Uzume 13541:Notable Kami 13452:Ritual dance 13430: 13341: 13308: 13279: 13271: 13247: 13243: 13224: 13197: 13188: 13154: 13131: 13103: 13099: 13078: 13054: 13025: 13008:. Retrieved 13004:the original 12999: 12972: 12944: 12940: 12913: 12883: 12858: 12854: 12841: 12837: 12828: 12824: 12803: 12782: 12778: 12755: 12733: 12721: 12702: 12681: 12660: 12629: 12607: 12582: 12578: 12553: 12549: 12528: 12506: 12502: 12483: 12464: 12445: 12441: 12418: 12399: 12383:(1): 68–82. 12380: 12376: 12360:. Retrieved 12354:(33): 1–14. 12351: 12347: 12341: 12317:(1): 33–63. 12314: 12310: 12291: 12266: 12262: 12225: 12198: 12186: 12174: 12147:. Retrieved 12107: 12102: 12090: 12078:. Retrieved 12065: 12048:, p. 8. 12041: 12034:Earhart 2004 12021:, p. 2. 12014: 12007:Earhart 2004 12002: 11995:Bocking 1997 11990: 11985:, p. 4. 11978: 11971:Bocking 1997 11966: 11950: 11945:, p. 3. 11938: 11931:Bocking 1997 11926: 11914: 11898: 11891:Bocking 1997 11886: 11874: 11852:Bocking 1997 11847: 11840:Earhart 2004 11836:Bocking 1997 11831: 11819: 11812:Earhart 2004 11795:Earhart 2004 11791:Bocking 1997 11778: 11766: 11759:Bocking 1997 11754: 11717:, p. 9. 11710: 11703:Azegami 2012 11694: 11682: 11677:, p. 8. 11645: 11640: 11621: 11616: 11597: 11583:, p. 9. 11559: 11547: 11531: 11519: 11507: 11480: 11451: 11439: 11427: 11383: 11371: 11359: 11347: 11318: 11302: 11286: 11270: 11265:, p. 2. 11263:Earhart 2004 11258: 11251:Bocking 1997 11246: 11239:Bocking 1997 11222:Bocking 1997 11217: 11210:Bocking 1997 11205: 11198:Bocking 1997 11193: 11186:Bocking 1997 11181: 11169: 11158:Bocking 1997 11153: 11126: 11119:Bocking 1997 11114: 11107:Earhart 2004 11098: 11086: 11079:Bocking 1997 11074: 11063:Bocking 1997 11058: 11051:Earhart 2004 11046: 11039:Bocking 1997 11030: 11023:Bocking 1997 11000:Bocking 1997 10991: 10979: 10967: 10960:Bocking 1997 10955: 10950:, p. 4. 10940:Bocking 1997 10931: 10919: 10914:, p. 4. 10888: 10881:Bocking 1997 10876: 10869:Bocking 1997 10864: 10857:Bocking 1997 10848: 10841:Bocking 1997 10832: 10820: 10815:, p. 3. 10809:Bocking 1997 10804: 10799:, p. 3. 10780: 10773:Bocking 1997 10768: 10757:Bocking 1997 10752: 10745:Bocking 1997 10725: 10713: 10702:Bocking 1997 10697: 10690:Bocking 1997 10685: 10673: 10662:Bocking 1997 10657: 10650:Earhart 2004 10641: 10634:Bocking 1997 10611:Bocking 1997 10606: 10594: 10587:Bocking 1997 10582: 10562: 10555:Bocking 1997 10550: 10543:Bocking 1997 10538: 10531:Bocking 1997 10526: 10515:Bocking 1997 10506: 10494: 10489:, p. 3. 10482: 10475:Bocking 1997 10466: 10459:Bocking 1997 10454: 10425: 10408:Bocking 1997 10403: 10396:Bocking 1997 10391: 10384:Bocking 1997 10379: 10368:Bocking 1997 10363: 10356:Bocking 1997 10351: 10340:Bocking 1997 10335: 10323: 10296: 10284: 10272: 10260: 10253:Bocking 1997 10248: 10241:Bocking 1997 10236: 10229:Bocking 1997 10224: 10213:Bocking 1997 10208: 10196: 10170:Bocking 1997 10165: 10158:Bocking 1997 10153: 10146:Earhart 2004 10142:Bocking 1997 10137: 10125: 10118:Earhart 2004 10114:Bocking 1997 10109: 10097: 10090:Earhart 2004 10073: 10066:Bocking 1997 10044: 10032: 10025:Bocking 1997 10020: 10013:Bocking 1997 10008: 10001:Bocking 1997 9992: 9980: 9968: 9956: 9949:Bocking 1997 9944: 9932: 9920: 9913:Bocking 1997 9877:Bocking 1997 9872: 9865:Bocking 1997 9856: 9844: 9837:Bocking 1997 9818:Bocking 1997 9809: 9802:Bocking 1997 9797: 9790:Bocking 1997 9770: 9744:Bocking 1997 9735: 9724:Bocking 1997 9719: 9708:Bocking 1997 9699: 9688:Bocking 1997 9683: 9671: 9664:Bocking 1997 9659: 9652:Earhart 2004 9626: 9619:Bocking 1997 9614: 9607:Bocking 1997 9590:Bocking 1997 9585: 9578:Bocking 1997 9563:Bocking 1997 9558: 9538: 9518: 9488:Bocking 1997 9483: 9452: 9440: 9433:Bocking 1997 9424: 9417:Bocking 1997 9397: 9385: 9373: 9346: 9334: 9308:Bocking 1997 9295: 9288:Bocking 1997 9283: 9276:Bocking 1997 9271: 9264:Bocking 1997 9259: 9252:Bocking 1997 9247: 9240:Bocking 1997 9221:Bocking 1997 9216: 9209:Bocking 1997 9155: 9143: 9136:Bocking 1997 9127: 9111: 9104:Bocking 1997 9099: 9092:Bocking 1997 9087: 9076:Bocking 1997 9071: 9064:Bocking 1997 9047:Bocking 1997 9032:Bocking 1997 9027: 9012:Bocking 1997 9003: 8991: 8979: 8967: 8960:Bocking 1997 8955: 8948:Bocking 1997 8933:Bocking 1997 8924: 8917:Bocking 1997 8912: 8900: 8888: 8876: 8869:Bocking 1997 8864: 8857:Bocking 1997 8848: 8836: 8808:Bocking 1997 8803: 8798:, p. 7. 8792:Earhart 2004 8788:Bocking 1997 8779: 8772:Bocking 1997 8767: 8760:Bocking 1997 8745:Bocking 1997 8740: 8733:Bocking 1997 8718:Bocking 1997 8713: 8706:Bocking 1997 8687:Bocking 1997 8682: 8675:Bocking 1997 8656:Bocking 1997 8647: 8642:, p. 7. 8632:Bocking 1997 8623: 8618:, p. 9. 8616:Bocking 1997 8611: 8604:Bocking 1997 8589:, p. 7. 8570: 8558: 8546: 8539:Bocking 1997 8534: 8527:Bocking 1997 8522: 8517:, p. 7. 8511:Earhart 2004 8506: 8494: 8489:, p. 8. 8470: 8465:, p. 1. 8446:, p. 1. 8440:Earhart 2004 8435: 8428:Earhart 2004 8423: 8411: 8406:, p. 7. 8400:Earhart 2004 8396:Bocking 1997 8387: 8382:, p. 3. 8375: 8370:, p. 8. 8348: 8321: 8305: 8293: 8281: 8269: 8257: 8226: 8214: 8194: 8187:Bocking 1997 8168:Bocking 1997 8163: 8151: 8139: 8127: 8115: 8103: 8091: 8079: 8068:Bocking 1997 8063: 8056:Bocking 1997 8005:Bocking 1997 7996: 7984: 7962:Bocking 1997 7947:Bocking 1997 7942: 7935:Earhart 2004 7930: 7925:, p. 6. 7918: 7902: 7895:Earhart 2004 7886: 7875:Bocking 1997 7870: 7863:Bocking 1997 7854: 7842: 7835:Bocking 1997 7820:Bocking 1997 7801:Bocking 1997 7796: 7780: 7775:, p. 7. 7768: 7756: 7744: 7732: 7725:Bocking 1997 7705: 7694:Bocking 1997 7685: 7674:Bocking 1997 7669: 7657: 7622: 7610: 7594: 7582: 7555: 7544:Doerner 1977 7539: 7527: 7520:Bocking 1997 7511: 7504:Doerner 1977 7499: 7472: 7456: 7445:Bocking 1997 7440: 7409: 7393: 7378:Bocking 1997 7365: 7350:Bocking 1997 7337: 7322:Bocking 1997 7313: 7293: 7273: 7257: 7242:Bocking 1997 7237: 7225: 7218:Earhart 2004 7213: 7202:Earhart 2004 7197: 7190:Earhart 2004 7173: 7162:Earhart 2004 7145: 7133: 7126:Bocking 1997 7121: 7114:Bocking 1997 7101:, p. 8. 7099:Bocking 1997 7075: 7064:Bocking 1997 7059: 7044:Bocking 1997 7039: 7027: 6992: 6980: 6973:Bocking 1997 6968: 6961:Earhart 2004 6956: 6940: 6935:, p. 1. 6920: 6913:Bocking 1997 6908: 6897:Bocking 1997 6892: 6880: 6873:Earhart 2004 6868: 6857:Bocking 1997 6852: 6845:Bocking 1997 6840: 6824: 6808: 6801:Earhart 2004 6792: 6776: 6769:Bocking 1997 6745: 6738:Bocking 1997 6733: 6728:, p. 1. 6722:Bocking 1997 6717: 6680: 6668: 6635: 6623: 6592: 6576: 6569:Bocking 1997 6560: 6534:Earhart 2004 6529: 6524:, p. 8. 6522:Earhart 2004 6494: 6483:Bocking 1997 6478: 6462: 6455:Bocking 1997 6446: 6434: 6422: 6395: 6383: 6378:, p. 7. 6371: 6360:Teeuwen 2002 6351: 6344:Teeuwen 2002 6335: 6324:Teeuwen 2002 6319: 6312:Teeuwen 2002 6307: 6300:Teeuwen 2002 6295: 6279: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6245:, p. 9. 6230: 6214: 6207:Bocking 1997 6198: 6193:, p. 9. 6187:Earhart 2004 6179:Bocking 1997 6166: 6159:Bocking 1997 6135: 6123: 6118:, p. 7. 6062: 6050: 6038: 6033:, p. 7. 6001: 5994:Earhart 2004 5974: 5962: 5955:Bocking 1997 5950: 5945:, p. 7. 5938: 5922: 5906: 5901:, p. 7. 5873: 5861: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5770: 5763:Azegami 2012 5758: 5742: 5737:, p. 3. 5730: 5725:, p. 5. 5718: 5711:Bocking 1997 5698:, p. 7. 5657: 5637:, p. 1. 5630: 5625:, p. 1. 5579:Bocking 1997 5574: 5562: 5552: 5545: 5539: 5510:Shinto music 5403:Japan portal 5355:kaigai jinja 5346: 5331: 5310:in general. 5294: 5272: 5257:Demographics 5251: 5228: 5210: 5198: 5181:Jinja Honchō 5159: 5124: 5083: 5069: 5057: 5048:Chōsen Jingū 5038:State Shinto 5010:(modern-day 5005: 4925: 4900: 4890: 4874: 4858: 4840: 4813: 4809: 4793: 4789: 4763: 4736: 4692:Kofun period 4689: 4685:Yayoi period 4656:Yayoi period 4652: 4547: 4502: 4460: 4434: 4417:seijin shiki 4401: 4346: 4271: 4204:haru-matsuri 4200: 4190:, while the 4151: 4071: 4067:Ame-no-Uzume 4047:tale of how 4045:mythological 4028:kami no kura 4011: 3992: 3948: 3887: 3856: 3831:omato-shinji 3803: 3768: 3677: 3644: 3597: 3568: 3536:Home shrines 3449: 3406: 3330: 3241: 3201:Atsuta Jingū 3156: 3127: 3076: 3070: 2971: 2915: 2891: 2821: 2766: 2753:Yutateshinji 2699:jinja gappei 2682: 2646: 2601: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2522: 2460:is called a 2356:Heian period 2353: 2299: 2269: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2219: 2213: 2190:saisei-itchi 2157: 2146:sei-mei-shin 2107:), honesty ( 2099: 2085: 2081:philosophy. 2079:yin and yang 2037: 1994: 1944: 1921:yomi-no-kuni 1893: 1888:Yomotsu-kuni 1828: 1762: 1667: 1642: 1527: 1507: 1445: 1428:arahito-gami 1376:Emperor Ōjin 1352: 1293:araburu kami 1260: 1206:Yayoi period 1197: 1188: 1158: 1087:polytheistic 1084: 1033: 1029: 1019: 1015: 1003: 1002:." The term 987: 981: 975: 967: 945: 923: 912: 906: 902: 890: 886: 882: 869: 858: 836: 822: 812: 808: 806: 791: 777: 763: 731: 711: 701: 699: 680:shrine near 658:State Shinto 644: 609: 603: 598: 580:Confucianism 563:Christianity 542: 536: 522: 508:Ninian Smart 505: 496: 465: 459:Yobito-jinja 434: 426:World War II 408:State Shinto 345: 332:Kofun period 324:Yayoi period 315: 262: 226:polytheistic 223: 218: 168: 167: 97:(Main texts) 48: 36: 20033:Panentheism 19953:Video games 19695:Pornography 19303:Prefectures 19283:Environment 19278:Earthquakes 19263:Archipelago 19170:Pacific War 19126:Late Modern 18934:Nara period 18880:Paleolithic 18576:New Zealand 18513:Saint Lucia 18463:El Salvador 18368:Switzerland 18303:Netherlands 18075:Philippines 18003:South Korea 17998:North Korea 17888:Afghanistan 17835:South Sudan 17725:Ivory Coast 17509:Deification 17456:Objectivism 17431:Agnosticism 17389:Persecution 17379:Video games 17344:Populations 17255:Proselytism 17223:Monasticism 17214:Clericalism 17204:Agriculture 17195:and society 17160:Soteriology 17120:Comparative 17090:Transtheism 17075:Panentheism 16859:Monasticism 16652:Gallo-Roman 16554:Micronesian 16520:Manichaeism 16468:Hermeticism 16436:Continental 16431:Anglo-Saxon 16311:Paleolithic 16306:Prehistoric 16256:Scientology 16119:Italo-Roman 15974:Radha Soami 15954:New Thought 15794:Espiritismo 15735:Waaqeffanna 15675:Fon and Ewe 15613:Sub-Saharan 15496:Satsana Phi 15292:Ghost Dance 15250:Californian 15228:Anishinaabe 15154:Karo Pemena 15133:Indonesian 14807:Lingayatism 14755:Mahanubhava 14725:Vaishnavism 14656:Jeungsanism 14579:Folk Taoism 14562:Xiantiandao 14416:Zoroastrian 14075:Charismatic 14070:Pentecostal 14033:Anglicanism 13984:Waldensians 13919:Catholicism 13608:Nihon Shoki 13336:‹ The 13250:(1): 1–22. 13106:(1): 1–23. 12831:(1): 47–74. 12245:Picken 2011 12191:Picken 2011 12046:Nelson 1996 11955:Picken 2011 11919:Nelson 1996 11879:Picken 2011 11581:Kuroda 1981 11174:Kenney 2000 11162:Kenney 2000 11146:Kenney 2000 11131:Picken 2011 11091:Picken 2011 11067:Picken 2011 11035:Nelson 1996 11008:Picken 2011 10996:Nelson 1996 10984:Nelson 1996 10972:Nelson 1996 10936:Nelson 1996 10924:Nelson 1996 10897:Nelson 1996 10893:Offner 1979 10853:Nelson 1996 10837:Nelson 1996 10825:Nelson 1996 10789:Nelson 1996 10785:Offner 1979 10730:Offner 1979 10718:Nelson 1996 10706:Picken 2011 10678:Picken 2011 10666:Picken 2011 10646:Nelson 1996 10615:Picken 2011 10599:Picken 1994 10575:Picken 2011 10519:Picken 2011 10471:Offner 1979 10442:|work= 10372:Picken 2011 10344:Picken 2011 10328:Picken 2011 10301:Picken 2011 10277:Picken 2011 10217:Picken 2011 10201:Offner 1979 10130:Picken 2011 10102:Offner 1979 10082:Nelson 1996 10078:Offner 1979 10049:Nelson 1996 10037:Nelson 1996 9997:Nelson 1996 9985:Nelson 1996 9973:Nelson 1996 9961:Nelson 1996 9937:Nelson 1996 9898:Nelson 1996 9861:Nelson 1996 9849:Nelson 1996 9814:Nelson 1996 9763:Nelson 1996 9748:Picken 2011 9740:Nelson 1996 9728:Picken 2011 9712:Picken 2011 9704:Nelson 1996 9692:Picken 2011 9676:Nelson 1996 9631:Offner 1979 9543:Offner 1979 9523:Offner 1979 9476:Nelson 1996 9457:Nelson 1996 9445:Nelson 1996 9429:Nelson 1996 9402:Nelson 1996 9390:Nelson 1996 9378:Picken 2011 9366:Nelson 1996 9351:Nelson 1996 9339:Nelson 1996 9327:Offner 1979 9304:Nelson 1996 9300:Offner 1979 9225:Picken 2011 9194:Nelson 2000 9179:Picken 2011 9164:Picken 2011 9148:Nelson 1996 9132:Nelson 1996 9120:Nelson 1996 9080:Picken 2011 9016:Nelson 2000 9008:Nelson 1996 8996:Nelson 1996 8984:Picken 2011 8972:Nelson 1996 8929:Nelson 1996 8853:Offner 1979 8841:Picken 2011 8829:Offner 1979 8812:Picken 2011 8784:Offner 1979 8660:Picken 2011 8652:Nelson 1996 8636:Picken 2011 8628:Nelson 1996 8583:Picken 2011 8575:Nelson 1996 8563:Nelson 1996 8499:Picken 2011 8479:Picken 2011 8475:Picken 1994 8416:Picken 2011 8392:Picken 1994 8380:Nelson 1996 8353:Offner 1979 8341:Picken 1994 8310:Offner 1979 8219:Nelson 1996 8207:Picken 2011 8199:Nelson 2000 8096:Nelson 1996 8084:Picken 2011 8072:Picken 2011 8039:Picken 2011 8024:Picken 1994 8009:Picken 2011 8001:Picken 1994 7989:Picken 2011 7923:Picken 2011 7911:Picken 2011 7907:Nelson 1996 7891:Nelson 1996 7879:Picken 2011 7859:Nelson 1996 7847:Nelson 1996 7805:Picken 2011 7789:Nelson 1996 7785:Offner 1979 7773:Picken 2011 7761:Nelson 1996 7749:Nelson 1996 7737:Nelson 1996 7710:Picken 2011 7690:Nelson 1996 7650:Picken 2011 7631:Picken 2011 7603:Picken 2011 7492:Picken 2011 7477:Picken 2011 7465:Picken 2011 7370:Offner 1979 7342:Offner 1979 7246:Picken 2011 7178:Offner 1979 7150:Offner 1979 7080:Picken 2011 7068:Picken 2011 7048:Picken 2011 7032:Picken 2011 6997:Picken 2011 6985:Picken 2011 6885:Nelson 1996 6861:Picken 2011 6829:Nelson 1996 6817:Picken 2011 6813:Offner 1979 6797:Offner 1979 6785:Nelson 1996 6781:Offner 1979 6689:Picken 2011 6685:Nelson 1996 6673:Nelson 1996 6640:Picken 1994 6628:Offner 1979 6581:Nelson 1996 6565:Offner 1979 6451:Kuroda 1981 6427:Kuroda 1981 6415:Kuroda 1981 6400:Kuroda 1981 6388:Kuroda 1981 6376:Kuroda 1981 6356:Kuroda 1981 6340:Kuroda 1981 6243:Picken 2011 6223:Picken 2011 6219:Picken 1994 6203:Kuroda 1981 6191:Picken 2011 6183:Nelson 2000 6171:Offner 1979 6140:Picken 2011 6128:Offner 1979 6116:Nelson 1996 6112:Offner 1979 6097:Offner 1979 6055:Kuroda 1981 6043:Kuroda 1981 6031:Nelson 1996 6010:Nelson 1996 6006:Kuroda 1981 5979:Picken 1994 5911:Nelson 1996 5878:Picken 2011 5866:Picken 1994 5854:Offner 1979 5835:Picken 2011 5827:Offner 1979 5815:Picken 1994 5803:Picken 1994 5775:Picken 1994 5751:Nelson 1996 5747:Picken 1994 5735:Kuroda 1981 5650:Picken 1994 5363: [ 5127:Sect Shinto 5002:Nara period 4875:Nihon shoki 4859:Nihon shoki 4754:Nihon Shoki 4605:ogamiya-san 4512:kami-gakari 4497:Mount Osore 4391:Suwa Shrine 4235:Niiname-sai 4222:aki-matsuri 4184:Aoi Matsuri 4115:sato-kagura 4094:shakubyoshi 4062:Nihon Shoki 3967:Bodhidharma 3888:The use of 3874:sute-mikuji 3681:dōzoku-shin 3513:azuma-asobi 3485:yamato-koto 3197:Meiji Jingū 3022:are called 2981:jinja mairi 2758:Miwa Shrine 2634:Nara period 2396:. Near the 2384:; known as 2222:Suwa Shrine 2158:In Shinto, 1860:Nihon Shoki 1849:eschatology 1793:(the storm 1661:Nihon Shoki 1335:yashikigami 934:, with the 897:Nihon Shoki 847:Han dynasty 571:pluralistic 398:nationalist 382:Nihon Shoki 102:Head priest 95:Nihon Shoki 20043:Polytheism 20007:Categories 19943:Television 19865:Literature 19827:Hikikomori 19748:Aesthetics 19626:Censorship 19508:Ministries 19478:Government 19192:Heisei era 19175:Occupation 19133:Taishō era 19094:Boshin War 19074:Government 19042:Edo period 18955:Genpei War 18905:Taihō Code 18566:Micronesia 18443:Costa Rica 18338:San Marino 18298:Montenegro 18278:Luxembourg 18135:Uzbekistan 18110:Tajikistan 18015:Kyrgyzstan 17988:Kazakhstan 17938:East Timor 17908:Bangladesh 17898:Azerbaijan 17815:Seychelles 17780:Mozambique 17765:Mauritania 17750:Madagascar 17640:Cape Verde 17422:irreligion 17417:Secularism 17324:Minorities 17292:Toleration 17287:Syncretism 17272:Fanaticism 17262:Disability 17250:Missionary 17240:Conversion 17228:Ordination 17150:Psychology 17145:Philosophy 17085:Polytheism 17065:Monotheism 17060:Henotheism 16901:Orthopraxy 16891:Ordination 16854:Meditation 16849:Indigenous 16814:Entheogens 16799:Conversion 16625:Pueblo III 16542:Babylonian 16532:Melanesian 16458:Gnosticism 16343:Lithuanian 16236:Fourth Way 16090:Circassian 16068:Dievturība 15991:Tensegrity 15924:Falun Gong 15569:Sanamahism 15549:Donyi-Polo 15176:Polynesian 15122:Kaharingan 15047:Burkhanism 14986:Ravidassia 14964:Śvetāmbara 14750:Pushtimarg 14730:Krishnaism 14666:Vietnamese 14651:Cheondoism 14584:Yao Taoism 14520:East Asian 14286:Isma'ilism 14242:Maturidism 14021:Mennonites 14016:Hutterites 14001:Anabaptism 13894:Humanistic 13511:Ichinomiya 13462:Polytheism 13010:21 January 13000:Shinto.org 12989:0415436494 12981:B004XYN3E4 12149:19 October 11907:Breen 2010 11654:0226412342 6288:0824832353 5967:Inoue 2003 5943:Inoue 2003 5791:Breen 2010 5723:Inoue 2003 5662:Smart 1998 5635:Inoue 2003 5550:; (1997). 5527:References 5440:Azusa yumi 5267:San Marino 5112:kyodoshoku 5107:a campaign 5021:Taihō Code 4815:Engi Shiki 4411:saiten-sai 4303:hatsumairi 4276:is called 4173:hare-no-hi 4109:kagura-bue 3510:in Kyoto, 3370:sonae-mono 3319:'en-to-oke 3307:haraigushi 3295:haraigushi 3283:haraigushi 3277:haraigushi 3271:haraigushi 3195:in Kyoto, 3158:Pilgrimage 2919:jinja miko 2887:Kamo River 2630:vermillion 2552:kagura-den 2481:kagura-den 2469:gishikiden 2282:See also: 2234:Kaminoseki 2060:yaku-barai 2014:imi-kotoba 1881:Utsushi-yo 1783:(the moon 1677:ame-tsuchi 1255:go-shintai 1249:go-shintai 1198:In Japan, 1150:omniscient 1146:omnipotent 1085:Shinto is 954:, being a 497:Shintoists 448:Definition 301:divination 219:Shintoists 79:Polytheism 20038:Pantheism 19917:Otokonoko 19885:Mythology 19797:Festivals 19720:Sexuality 19673:Languages 19646:Etiquette 19641:Education 19590:Transport 19402:Judiciary 19363:Elections 19273:Districts 19258:Addresses 19246:Geography 19220:Reiwa era 19150:Shōwa era 19064:Meiji era 19054:Bakumatsu 18977:Genkō War 18837:Education 18800:Overviews 18684:Venezuela 18629:Argentina 18546:Australia 18498:Nicaragua 18473:Guatemala 18273:Lithuania 18095:Sri Lanka 18090:Singapore 18070:Palestine 17958:Indonesia 17948:Hong Kong 17770:Mauritius 17491:Overviews 17446:Criticism 17394:Terrorism 17369:Theocracy 17314:Happiness 17282:Pluralism 17267:Education 17193:Religion 17165:Salvation 17155:Sociology 17100:Religious 17080:Pantheism 17070:Nontheism 16963:Mountains 16941:Sacrifice 16896:Orthodoxy 16886:Mythology 16881:Mysticism 16770:Behaviour 16679:Canaanite 16662:Mithraism 16630:Pueblo IV 16620:Pueblo II 16525:Mazdakism 16500:Hungarian 16473:Mysteries 16382:Dravidian 16164:Hungarian 16080:Caucasian 16051:Godianism 16011:Agni Yoga 16001:Theosophy 15964:Rastafari 15939:Modekngei 15919:Brahmoism 15912:Syncretic 15904:movements 15902:religious 15814:Quimbanda 15762:Candomblé 15755:Diasporic 15534:Bathouism 15524:Benzhuism 15449:Tsimshian 15400:Purépecha 15321:Longhouse 15296:Sun Dance 15245:Blackfoot 15159:Malaysian 15149:Kapitayan 14959:Digambara 14944:Ayyavazhi 14909:Vajrayana 14874:Theravada 14787:Ganapatya 14760:Ramanandi 14689:Hoahaoism 14567:Yiguandao 14462:Yarsanism 14457:Shabakism 14444:Yazdânism 14434:Zurvanism 14429:Mazdaznan 14388:Rastafari 14383:Mandaeism 14257:Wahhabism 14237:Ash'arism 14200:Tolstoyan 14190:Spiritual 14180:Mormonism 14151:Judaizers 14124:Quakerism 14102:Methodist 14092:Irvingism 14043:Calvinism 13996:Adventism 13979:Moravians 13816:Abrahamic 13698:Ko-Shintō 13648:Engishiki 13632:Kogo Shūi 13603:. 711 CE) 13579:Tsukuyomi 13549:Amaterasu 13477:Mythology 13216:774867768 12362:1 January 12331:144550475 12283:219597745 12230:Suga 2010 12218:Suga 2010 12080:25 August 11959:Suga 2010 11903:Ueda 1979 11824:Ueda 1979 11783:Ueda 1979 10444:ignored ( 10434:cite book 9116:Ueda 1979 8905:Rots 2015 8893:Rots 2015 8298:Rots 2015 8286:Rots 2015 8274:Rots 2015 8262:Rots 2015 8250:Rots 2015 8235:Rots 2015 8231:Ueda 1979 6082:Rots 2015 6014:Rots 2015 5583:Rots 2015 5532:Citations 5455:Hari-Kuyo 5450:Hama yumi 5298:Buddhists 5208:in 1977. 5008:Heijō-kyō 4948:Meiji era 4907:Imbe clan 4806:Yōrō Code 4757:, in 587 4456:cremation 4318:kadomatsu 4310:shimenawa 4297:hatsumōde 4140:Festivals 4102:hichiriki 3978:Inuhariko 3671:shimenawa 3627:sorei-sha 3621:mitama-ya 3554:shimenawa 3479:hichiriki 3116:jichinsai 2993:kashiwade 2942:otome-mai 2840:, or the 2784:shinshoku 2730:emakimono 2696:known as 2493:keidaichi 2348:yama-miya 2336:shokonsha 2249:Practices 2161:kannagara 2116:tsui-shin 2086:Kannagara 2023:(death), 1912:describe 1781:Tsukuyomi 1773:(the sun 1771:Amaterasu 1614:Cosmogony 1275:shinbatsu 1193:animistic 1159:The term 986:of 1603, 977:Shintōshū 807:The term 700:The term 682:Kirishima 668:Etymology 551:tradition 519:Meiji era 394:Meiji era 240:(神). The 230:animistic 213:and as a 184:romanized 86:Scripture 68:Amaterasu 19992:Category 19807:Folklore 19705:Religion 19678:Japanese 19651:Gambling 19461:Maritime 19342:Politics 19323:Villages 19004:Ōnin War 18847:Military 18832:Economic 18766:articles 18710:Category 18674:Suriname 18664:Paraguay 18649:Colombia 18556:Kiribati 18483:Honduras 18453:Dominica 18428:Barbados 18393:Scotland 18353:Slovenia 18348:Slovakia 18323:Portugal 18193:Bulgaria 18115:Thailand 18065:Pakistan 18045:Mongolia 18040:Maldives 18035:Malaysia 17923:Cambodia 17870:Zimbabwe 17845:Tanzania 17695:Ethiopia 17690:Eswatini 17670:Djibouti 17635:Cameroon 17620:Botswana 17564:Timeline 17559:Scholars 17519:Founders 17384:Violence 17339:Politics 17209:Business 17172:Theology 16916:Prophecy 16906:Paganism 16794:Covenant 16761:Apostasy 16696:Scythian 16637:Rapa Nui 16591:Thracian 16586:Illyrian 16576:Albanian 16547:Sumerian 16490:Harappan 16426:Germanic 16421:Georgian 16414:Selk'nam 16399:Etruscan 16387:Egyptian 16365:Druidism 16328:Armenian 16251:Satanism 16231:Eckankar 16154:Estonian 16139:Romanian 16129:Ossetian 16109:Germanic 16058:Armenian 16047:African 16040:paganism 15969:Sant Mat 15959:Rajneesh 15934:Meivazhi 15929:Japanese 15886:Siberian 15819:Santería 15789:Convince 15655:Bushongo 15559:Kiratism 15486:Hmongism 15363:Wocekiye 15348:Jivaroan 15316:Iroquois 15311:Ho-Chunk 15272:Cherokee 15210:American 15181:Hawaiian 15094:Sarnaism 15064:Tungusic 15052:Tengrism 15042:Mongolic 14971:Sarnaism 14902:Nichiren 14879:Mahayana 14866:Buddhism 14844:Sant Mat 14834:Sauraism 14829:Smartism 14824:Shaktism 14817:Balinese 14802:Kaumaram 14797:Kapalika 14792:Kashmiri 14777:Shaivism 14717:Hinduism 14684:Caodaism 14628:Ryukyuan 14623:Tenrikyo 14618:Shugendō 14596:Japanese 14467:Yazidism 14452:Ishikism 14330:Quranism 14303:Khawarij 14252:Salafism 14247:Atharism 14136:Esoteric 14107:Holiness 14097:Lutheran 14058:Reformed 14038:Baptists 14011:Brethren 13975:Hussites 13963:Assyrian 13879:Haymanot 13833:Orthodox 13782:Religion 13660:See also 13651:(927 CE) 13635:(807 CE) 13627:(797 CE) 13611:(720 CE) 13391:Archived 13380:Archived 13338:template 13298:44454607 13187:(1967). 13177:60743247 13151:"Shinto" 13075:(2008). 13046:47297614 13022:(2002). 12932:34612865 12880:(2004). 12754:(2011). 12732:(1994). 12648:49664424 12628:(2002). 12525:(1987). 12515:30233666 12356:Archived 12263:Religion 12140:Archived 12112:Archived 12074:Archived 12072:. 2015. 11629:Archived 11626:in JSTOR 6290:. p. 166 5389:See also 5217:Tenrikyo 5137:Post-war 5109:whereby 5103:Kyobusho 5086:Jingikan 4902:Kogoshui 4897:Mononobe 4790:Jingiryō 4774:Jingikan 4768:Ritsuryō 4570:region. 4517:Tenrikyo 4381:Nagasaki 4373:undergo 4350:gyōretsu 4340:fundoshi 4291:ganjitsu 4279:shogatsu 4210:ta-asobi 4196:Chichibu 4179:ke-no-hi 4121:mikagura 4075:mikagura 4059:and the 3942:kinchaku 3824:yabusame 3807:rokuboku 3711:iwai-den 3699:soreisha 3647:Kamidana 3639:kamidana 3633:butsudan 3608:butsudan 3601:kamidana 3592:kamidana 3586:Kamidana 3573:kamidana 3547:kamidana 3364:saimotsu 3325:magemono 3313:shubatsu 3289:sa-yu-sa 3264:temizuya 3177:sendatsu 2961:kannushi 2901:gon-gūji 2861:kariginu 2831:asagutsu 2804:kannushi 2798:kannushi 2771:kannushi 2670:shamusho 2590:tamagaki 2557:shamusho 2505:tamagaki 2259:credenda 2226:Nagasaki 2110:tadashii 2035:(meat). 1903:tamashii 1710:. Other 1568:mononoke 1536:bakemono 1385:Hachiman 1176:and the 1174:numinous 1154:immortal 1010:kokugaku 883:zyin daw 843:Buddhism 662:Hinduism 575:Buddhism 539:religion 328:Buddhism 295:dances, 271:kannushi 256:kamidana 195:religion 175:Japanese 127:Japanese 123:Language 20018:Animism 19948:Theatre 19923:Origami 19850:Irezumi 19845:Ikebana 19812:Gardens 19787:Cuisine 19740:Culture 19725:Smoking 19661:Housing 19609:Society 19543:Economy 19486:Cabinet 19368:Emperor 19308:Regions 19293:Islands 19180:Postwar 19108:(noble) 18873:Ancient 18820:Shoguns 18792:History 18782:Outline 18679:Uruguay 18654:Ecuador 18634:Bolivia 18611:Vanuatu 18538:Oceania 18488:Jamaica 18468:Grenada 18423:Bahamas 18383:England 18373:Ukraine 18328:Romania 18288:Moldova 18248:Ireland 18243:Iceland 18238:Hungary 18228:Germany 18218:Finland 18213:Estonia 18208:Denmark 18203:Czechia 18198:Croatia 18183:Belgium 18178:Belarus 18173:Austria 18168:Andorra 18163:Albania 18140:Vietnam 18050:Myanmar 18025:Lebanon 17943:Georgia 17903:Bahrain 17893:Armenia 17855:Tunisia 17825:Somalia 17810:Senegal 17795:Nigeria 17785:Namibia 17775:Morocco 17740:Liberia 17735:Lesotho 17685:Eritrea 17655:Comoros 17630:Burundi 17605:Algeria 17549:Outline 17514:Deities 17441:Atheism 17359:Science 17277:Freedom 17135:History 17102:studies 17055:Dualism 17045:Animism 17010:Worship 16990:Symbols 16931:Liturgy 16844:Goddess 16804:Deities 16785:Laicism 16775:Beliefs 16754:Aspects 16726:Zapotec 16721:Vainakh 16689:Yahwism 16674:Semitic 16603:Iranian 16505:Hurrian 16495:Hittite 16485:Guanche 16478:Orphism 16409:Fuegian 16404:Finnish 16392:Atenism 16338:Latvian 16323:Arabian 16266:Raëlism 16246:Jediism 16241:Goddess 16214:De novo 16102:Druidry 15996:Thelema 15949:New Age 15834:Umbanda 15725:Tumbuka 15710:Odinala 15695:Lugbara 15615:African 15581:African 15529:Bimoism 15519:Burmese 15375:Mapuche 15341:Wyandot 15301:Guarani 15282:Choctaw 15277:Chilote 15223:Alaskan 15218:Abenaki 15169:Tagalog 15142:Kejawèn 14991:Sikhism 14954:Jainism 14914:Tibetan 14897:Amidism 14765:Warkari 14679:Đạo Mẫu 14529:Chinese 14511:Eastern 14488:Roshani 14407:Iranian 14315:Alevism 14308:Ibadism 14281:Zaydism 13958:Ancient 13929:Eastern 13889:Renewal 13874:Karaite 13855:Zionist 13843:Hasidic 13825:Judaism 13807:Western 13738:Onmyōji 13733:Onmyōdō 13723:History 13574:Susanoo 13569:Izanami 13564:Izanagi 13467:Animism 13340:below ( 13264:1178138 13120:1177463 12961:1178756 12570:1178138 12254:Sources 6263:Viewing 5445:Dōsojin 5151:Shibuya 4986:hongaku 4980:Buddhas 4964:samsara 4733:Yūryaku 4731:leader 4711:ujigami 4618:History 4532:takusen 4464:shо̄kon 4389:of the 4376:hamaori 4370:mikoshi 4363:mikoshi 4285:omisoka 4156:matsuri 4133:hayashi 3985:majinai 3929:Omamori 3922:omamori 3890:amulets 3868:omikuji 3861:omikuji 3844:bokusen 3818:archery 3738:iwasaka 3615:tama-ya 3520:dengaku 3482:), the 3410:shinsen 3000:hakushu 2855:saifuku 2795:. Many 2791:shinkan 2640:komainu 2578:komainu 2540:chōzuya 2511:shinmon 2499:shin'en 2272:shrines 2261:but in 2253:Shinto 2174:, with 2134:Shojiki 2073:onmyōji 1791:Susanoo 1722:Izanami 1718:Izanagi 1637:Izanagi 1633:Izanami 1576:yamanba 1529:kitsune 1347:shintai 1329:ujigami 1278:. Some 1236:shintai 1075:of the 1048:Beliefs 942:Buddhas 872:Chinese 860:Baopuzi 855:Ge Hong 845:in the 412:emperor 305:amulets 193:) is a 186:: 146:80,000 133:Founder 20013:Shinto 19933:Shinto 19855:Kawaii 19832:Hanami 19817:Geisha 19777:Cinema 19772:Bonsai 19690:People 19656:Health 19575:Energy 19456:Ground 19313:Rivers 19268:Cities 19106:Kazoku 18806:Lists 18764: 18720:Portal 18659:Guyana 18639:Brazil 18606:Tuvalu 18503:Panama 18493:Mexico 18438:Canada 18433:Belize 18363:Sweden 18343:Serbia 18333:Russia 18318:Poland 18313:Norway 18293:Monaco 18263:Latvia 18258:Kosovo 18233:Greece 18223:France 18155:Europe 18120:Turkey 18105:Taiwan 18010:Kuwait 17983:Jordan 17973:Israel 17933:Cyprus 17918:Brunei 17913:Bhutan 17865:Zambia 17860:Uganda 17800:Rwanda 17755:Malawi 17715:Guinea 17705:Gambia 17610:Angola 17597:Africa 17406:Wealth 17354:Schism 17309:Growth 17233:Priest 17218:Clergy 17037:Theism 17020:Nature 17015:Astral 16958:Groves 16926:Ritual 16911:Prayer 16869:Novice 16819:Ethnic 16744:Topics 16716:Urartu 16711:Tongan 16706:Somali 16701:Slavic 16581:Dacian 16360:Celtic 16355:Basque 16333:Baltic 16184:Udmurt 16149:Uralic 16144:Slavic 16097:Celtic 16085:Abkhaz 16073:Romuva 16063:Baltic 16038:Modern 15881:Papuan 15844:Voodoo 15799:Kumina 15740:Yoruba 15730:Urhobo 15700:Maasai 15685:Lotuko 15633:Baluba 15623:Akamba 15596:Berber 15554:Heraka 15544:Dongba 15432:Pueblo 15427:Pawnee 15417:Navajo 15407:Muisca 15370:Lenape 15358:Lakota 15336:Seneca 15326:Mohawk 15260:Ohlone 15240:Apache 15233:Ojibwe 15208:Native 15074:Manchu 15069:Evenki 15030:Altaic 15021:Ethnic 14996:Khalsa 14949:Kalash 14839:Śrauta 14708:Indian 14638:Korean 14604:Shinto 14574:Taoism 14547:Luoism 14373:Baháʼí 14368:Bábism 14320:Ahmadi 14298:Sufism 14291:Alawis 13941:Church 13869:Reform 13850:Modern 13838:Haredi 13640:Kujiki 13616:Fudoki 13596:Kojiki 13432:Shinto 13362:Shinto 13357:Curlie 13353:Shinto 13343:Curlie 13317: 13296: 13286: 13262: 13231: 13214: 13204: 13175: 13165: 13138: 13118: 13087: 13061: 13044: 13034: 12987: 12979: 12959: 12930: 12920: 12892: 12812: 12762: 12740: 12709: 12690: 12646: 12636: 12614: 12599:132163 12597: 12568: 12537: 12513: 12490: 12471: 12425: 12406: 12329: 12298: 12281: 11652: 11604: 6286: 6267:Shintō 6257:about 5555:p. 191 5480:Raijin 5338:Hawaii 5277:shūkyō 5239:Suzuka 4950:, the 4913:fudoki 4889:. The 4880:Kojiki 4864:Kojiki 4854:Kojiki 4848:Kojiki 4834:Kojiki 4821:kansha 4743:Yamato 4708:, the 4673:dotaku 4640:dotaku 4568:Tohoku 4559:ichiko 4537:oracle 4535:is an 4529:. The 4521:Oomoto 4445:kibuku 4439:kegare 4383:, the 4325:kazari 4086:, and 4056:Kojiki 4050:kagura 4015:Kagura 4005:kagura 3993:Kagura 3961:daruma 3953:hamaya 3851:uranai 3837:mato-i 3834:, and 3813:kiboku 3724:hokora 3693:dōzoku 3500:, and 3476:, and 3460:gagaku 3444:naorai 3432:o-miki 3426:o-miki 3393:tree. 3389:sakaki 3334:norito 3301:o-nusa 3257:temizu 3251:misogi 3235:temizu 3182:UNESCO 3171:junpai 3164:junrei 3098:amagoi 3033:saisen 3026:norito 3013:hairei 2975:sankei 2955:naorai 2935:kagura 2908:sensei 2825:eboshi 2676:saikan 2596:honden 2593:, 13. 2587:, 12. 2584:Haiden 2581:, 11. 2575:, 10. 2572:massha 2568:Sessha 2487:shaden 2475:kagura 2457:heiden 2454:, and 2451:haiden 2445:honden 2438:heiden 2430:haiden 2423:honden 2414:; the 2399:honden 2393:honden 2387:shinpo 2375:honden 2368:honden 2263:agenda 2122:kansha 2104:makoto 2066:oharae 2047:kegare 2041:misogi 2032:shishi 2008:kegare 2005:avoid 1964:Kegare 1949:kegare 1909:Kojiki 1897:mitama 1854:Kojiki 1832:musubi 1813:Ninigi 1808:Kojiki 1724:. The 1706:, and 1689:tsuchi 1671:Kojiki 1653:Kojiki 1606:tanuki 1572:, and 1484:bunsha 1463:bunrei 1403:jigami 1217:shinzo 1178:sacred 1040:taikyō 1034:Shinto 1030:Shinto 1020:Shinto 1016:Shinto 1004:Shinto 988:Shinto 946:Shinto 913:Shinto 903:Shinto 891:Shinto 865:Taoism 809:Shinto 741:神ながらの道 702:Shinto 586:, and 584:Taoism 543:shūkyō 523:Shinto 374:Kojiki 350:. The 291:kagura 190:Shintō 170:Shinto 136:Unkown 113:Region 93:, and 91:Kojiki 42:Shinto 19928:Sport 19911:Sentō 19907:Onsen 19890:Names 19880:Music 19875:Media 19841:Icons 19822:Games 19757:Manga 19753:Anime 19730:Women 19631:Crime 19565:Labor 19318:Towns 19298:Lakes 18852:Naval 18815:Clans 18777:Index 18762:Japan 18644:Chile 18601:Tonga 18591:Samoa 18581:Palau 18571:Nauru 18478:Haiti 18398:Wales 18358:Spain 18283:Malta 18253:Italy 18145:Yemen 18100:Syria 18080:Qatar 18055:Nepal 18030:Macau 17993:Korea 17978:Japan 17953:India 17928:China 17840:Sudan 17790:Niger 17745:Libya 17730:Kenya 17710:Ghana 17700:Gabon 17675:Egypt 17615:Benin 17524:Index 17495:lists 17364:State 17182:Women 17050:Deism 17025:Place 17005:Water 17000:Truth 16968:Trees 16824:Faith 16789:Laity 16684:Punic 16642:Roman 16608:Vedic 16566:Olmec 16453:Greek 16446:Norse 16370:Irish 16191:Wicca 15986:Subud 15876:Inuit 15849:Winti 15839:Vodou 15804:Obeah 15784:Comfa 15767:Bantu 15720:Serer 15705:Mbuti 15665:Dogon 15660:Dinka 15643:Kongo 15638:Bantu 15564:Qiang 15395:Olmec 15385:Aztec 15306:Haida 15255:Miwok 15186:Māori 15117:Dayak 15038:Turko 15001:Sects 14937:Other 14892:Thiền 14476:Other 14378:Druze 14356:Other 14232:Sunni 14224:Islam 14006:Amish 13924:Latin 13559:Inari 13260:JSTOR 13159:14–37 13116:JSTOR 12957:JSTOR 12595:JSTOR 12566:JSTOR 12511:JSTOR 12327:S2CID 12279:S2CID 12143:(PDF) 12136:(PDF) 5548:p. 72 5520:Yōsei 5378:jinja 5372:jinja 5367:] 5349:Jinja 5155:Tokyo 5052:Seoul 5026:Taihō 4843:Tenmu 4599:Itako 4579:itako 4573:Itako 4552:itako 4492:itako 4188:Kyoto 3972:dorei 3935:ofuda 3915:Ofuda 3909:ofuda 3896:Ofuda 3717:jinja 3665:torii 3624:, or 3562:shide 3528:seiza 3503:shōko 3497:kakko 3491:taiko 3358:hōbei 3245:harae 3224:Harae 3216:hōbei 3210:Harae 3069:in a 3007:kigan 2978:, or 2874:shaku 2867:hiōgi 2807:, at 2723:en-gi 2717:en-gi 2711:sengu 2625:torii 2613:torii 2606:torii 2565:, 9. 2559:, 8. 2555:, 7. 2549:, 6. 2543:, 5. 2537:, 4. 2534:sandō 2528:torii 2525:: 1. 2523:jinja 2463:hongū 2405:bekkū 2330:jingū 2323:Jinja 2310:jinja 2270:Jinja 2214:torii 2152:harae 1990:Kyoto 1970:harae 1957:harae 1934:obake 1592:onryō 1584:goryō 1560:kappa 1552:tengu 1508:Many 1477:kanjo 1098:jingi 887:Jindō 874:term 794:Teidō 780:Daidō 567:Islam 414:as a 338:made 263:jinja 199:Japan 158:torii 117:Japan 19802:Flag 19791:wine 19518:list 19491:list 19395:LGBT 19373:list 18825:Wars 18810:Eras 18669:Peru 18551:Fiji 18448:Cuba 18060:Oman 18020:Laos 17968:Iraq 17963:Iran 17880:Asia 17850:Togo 17760:Mali 17650:Chad 17493:and 17420:and 16995:Text 16975:Soul 16864:Monk 16829:Fire 16510:Inca 16318:Ainu 16202:list 16179:Sámi 15809:Palo 15777:Ketu 15772:Jejé 15690:Lozi 15670:Efik 15648:Zulu 15628:Akan 15481:Ahom 15473:Miao 15471:and 15459:Zuni 15442:Hopi 15390:Maya 15287:Crow 15265:Pomo 14927:list 14884:Chan 14855:list 14812:Nath 14610:list 14346:list 14271:Shia 14213:list 13900:list 13447:Kami 13315:ISBN 13294:OCLC 13284:ISBN 13229:ISBN 13212:OCLC 13202:ISBN 13173:OCLC 13163:ISBN 13136:ISBN 13085:ISBN 13059:ISBN 13042:OCLC 13032:ISBN 13012:2008 12985:ISBN 12977:ASIN 12928:OCLC 12918:ISBN 12890:ISBN 12810:ISBN 12760:ISBN 12738:ISBN 12707:ISBN 12688:ISBN 12644:OCLC 12634:ISBN 12612:ISBN 12535:ISBN 12488:ISBN 12469:ISBN 12423:ISBN 12404:ISBN 12364:2020 12296:ISBN 12151:2017 12082:2015 11650:ISBN 11602:ISBN 10446:help 6284:ISBN 6261:20, 5307:kami 5193:kami 5171:kami 5118:kami 5097:kami 5091:kami 5078:kami 5070:The 5046:The 5012:Nara 4975:kami 4969:kami 4959:kami 4953:kami 4942:Saiō 4935:kami 4929:kami 4920:kami 4886:kami 4870:kami 4801:kami 4785:kami 4779:Kami 4748:kami 4738:daiō 4724:kami 4717:kami 4705:kami 4680:kami 4661:Kami 4646:kami 4611:kami 4592:kami 4586:kami 4556:and 4548:The 4542:kami 4526:kami 4519:and 4506:kami 4451:kami 4429:kami 4386:kami 4356:kami 4272:The 4261:kami 4242:kami 4228:kami 4163:kami 4127:miko 4106:, a 4084:Kamo 4040:kami 4034:kami 4022:kami 3932:and 3903:kami 3810:and 3792:kami 3734:are 3731:kami 3705:kami 3687:kami 3668:and 3659:kami 3653:kami 3580:kami 3558:and 3453:kami 3450:The 3438:kami 3420:kami 3415:Sake 3401:kami 3382:kami 3376:kami 3352:kami 3346:miko 3340:kami 3213:and 3191:and 3143:kami 3137:kami 3131:kami 3122:kami 3104:kami 3092:kami 3086:kitō 3080:kami 3073:rite 3051:kami 3045:kami 3039:kami 3019:kami 2987:kami 2948:Miko 2926:miko 2895:gūji 2849:ikan 2843:ikan 2778:kami 2741:miko 2705:kami 2692:kami 2686:kami 2673:, a 2663:tōrō 2656:kami 2619:kami 2546:tōrō 2417:kami 2411:kami 2381:kami 2361:kami 2345:are 2342:kami 2317:kami 2303:kami 2167:kami 2128:kami 2053:kami 1982:sumo 1928:kami 1915:yomi 1874:kami 1857:and 1838:kami 1818:kami 1802:kami 1796:kami 1786:kami 1776:kami 1766:kami 1757:yomi 1750:yomi 1743:kami 1737:kami 1727:kami 1720:and 1713:kami 1695:kami 1668:The 1657:and 1646:kami 1622:and 1599:kami 1511:kami 1502:kami 1496:kami 1490:kami 1470:kami 1456:kami 1449:kami 1440:kami 1434:kami 1416:kami 1410:kami 1396:kami 1390:kami 1381:kami 1371:kami 1365:kami 1355:Kami 1323:kami 1317:kami 1311:kami 1305:kami 1299:kami 1281:kami 1269:kami 1263:Kami 1243:kami 1229:kami 1223:Kami 1211:kami 1201:kami 1183:Kami 1169:kami 1162:kami 1141:kami 1132:kami 1122:kami 1116:kami 1110:kami 1104:kami 1092:kami 1078:kami 1063:Kami 1055:Kami 1025:kami 999:kami 993:kami 974:and 963:kami 957:kami 951:kami 937:kami 927:kami 918:kami 870:The 814:shin 766:Kodō 759:kami 753:惟神の道 747:随神の道 730:"), 727:kami 707:kami 652:kami 634:kami 565:and 513:kami 492:kami 482:kami 471:kami 417:kami 403:kami 378:and 367:kami 353:kami 341:kami 319:kami 310:kami 284:kami 278:kami 249:kami 243:kami 236:kami 228:and 156:The 75:Type 19958:Zen 19767:Art 19595:Yen 19466:Air 19414:Law 17399:War 16874:Nun 16839:God 15900:New 15745:Ifá 15715:San 15514:Bon 15469:Tai 15454:Ute 14888:Zen 14552:Nuo 13364:at 13355:at 13252:doi 13108:doi 12949:doi 12863:doi 12787:doi 12665:doi 12587:doi 12558:doi 12450:doi 12385:doi 12319:doi 12271:doi 5289:kyō 5283:shū 5237:in 5223:of 5202:Tsu 5149:in 5050:in 4698:Uji 4489:An 4469:Bon 4414:or 4300:or 3848:or 3798:ema 3786:ema 3780:Ema 3773:ema 3762:ema 3748:Ema 3473:sho 3467:fue 3367:or 3322:or 2996:or 2815:in 2787:or 2760:in 2562:ema 2496:or 2224:in 2143:or 2026:byō 2020:shi 2000:noh 1988:in 1918:or 1900:or 1844:aki 1683:ame 1588:or 1544:oni 1520:or 1425:or 1290:or 750:or 721:神の道 692:'s 628:Edo 205:by 20009:: 17216:/ 16787:/ 15680:Ik 15491:Mo 13601:ca 13292:. 13258:. 13248:40 13246:. 13210:. 13171:. 13161:. 13114:. 13104:38 13102:. 13040:. 12998:. 12983:, 12955:. 12945:57 12943:. 12926:. 12857:. 12853:. 12842:29 12840:. 12829:37 12827:. 12783:42 12781:. 12777:. 12663:. 12659:. 12642:. 12593:. 12581:. 12564:. 12554:40 12552:. 12507:27 12505:. 12444:. 12440:. 12379:. 12375:. 12350:. 12346:. 12325:. 12315:55 12313:. 12277:. 12267:42 12265:. 12237:^ 12210:^ 12159:^ 12124:^ 12064:. 12053:^ 12026:^ 11859:^ 11802:^ 11739:^ 11722:^ 11661:^ 11588:^ 11571:^ 11492:^ 11463:^ 11410:^ 11395:^ 11330:^ 11229:^ 11138:^ 11015:^ 10904:^ 10737:^ 10622:^ 10438:: 10436:}} 10432:{{ 10415:^ 10308:^ 10181:^ 10056:^ 9905:^ 9884:^ 9825:^ 9782:^ 9755:^ 9642:^ 9597:^ 9570:^ 9495:^ 9464:^ 9409:^ 9358:^ 9319:^ 9232:^ 9201:^ 9186:^ 9171:^ 9054:^ 9039:^ 8940:^ 8819:^ 8752:^ 8725:^ 8694:^ 8667:^ 8594:^ 8451:^ 8360:^ 8333:^ 8242:^ 8179:^ 8046:^ 8031:^ 8016:^ 7969:^ 7954:^ 7827:^ 7812:^ 7717:^ 7638:^ 7567:^ 7484:^ 7425:^ 7106:^ 7091:^ 7004:^ 6761:^ 6700:^ 6651:^ 6608:^ 6545:^ 6510:^ 6407:^ 6151:^ 6104:^ 6089:^ 6074:^ 6021:^ 5986:^ 5885:^ 5846:^ 5703:^ 5686:^ 5669:^ 5642:^ 5611:^ 5590:^ 5365:ja 5249:. 5153:, 4687:. 4198:. 4065:, 4002:A 3988:. 3828:, 3684:, 3618:, 3595:. 3577:(" 3544:A 3494:, 3470:, 3413:. 3328:. 3061:A 2945:. 2837:hō 2734:. 2448:, 2351:. 2314:(" 2183:wa 2177:wa 2131:. 1821:. 1702:, 1564:, 1556:, 1548:, 1443:. 1338:. 1220:. 1195:. 1180:. 1156:. 1148:, 880:MC 876:神道 867:. 833:神道 824:tō 801:帝道 787:大道 773:古道 684:, 594:. 582:, 503:. 444:. 432:. 224:A 181:, 179:神道 177:: 51:神道 19793:) 19789:( 18754:e 18747:t 18740:v 15757:: 15294:/ 15040:- 14890:/ 14886:/ 14163:/ 13977:/ 13774:e 13767:t 13760:v 13599:( 13423:e 13416:t 13409:v 13323:. 13300:. 13266:. 13254:: 13237:. 13218:. 13179:. 13144:. 13122:. 13110:: 13093:. 13067:. 13048:. 13014:. 12963:. 12951:: 12934:. 12898:. 12871:. 12865:: 12859:6 12818:. 12795:. 12789:: 12768:. 12746:. 12715:. 12696:. 12673:. 12667:: 12650:. 12620:. 12601:. 12589:: 12583:7 12572:. 12560:: 12543:. 12517:. 12496:. 12477:. 12458:. 12452:: 12446:4 12431:. 12412:. 12393:. 12387:: 12381:4 12366:. 12352:8 12344:" 12333:. 12321:: 12304:. 12285:. 12273:: 12153:. 12084:. 11656:. 11610:. 10448:) 5557:. 5178:( 4436:( 2570:/ 2101:( 878:( 829:道 827:( 819:神 817:( 798:( 784:( 770:( 738:( 718:( 696:. 656:" 173:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.