20:
168:
547:(9.0 kDa), demonstrated that it consists of two principal components: the high-molecular part is fulvic nature of sample as typical peat fulvic acids (sample from Sakhtysh Lake, Russia), and the low-molecular part represents a range of vegetative and animal metabolites such as methyldiaminocyclohexane,
447:
by microorganisms. Outdated analysis from the 1970s claimed the chemical composition of organic part of the extract (about 50% carbon and 10% hydrogen) proved the oil origin hypothesis, but according to more recent and sound analysis, shilajit is of plant origin and, most likely, is the product of
229:
Deposits of shilajit are found in many mountainous regions of the world. Research by the
Central State Geographical Exploration Center "Tsentrquartz Gems" has shown that deposits of shilajit, despite the wide geography of their location, are very rare, and the reserves of raw materials in them are
512:
Shilajit is rich in nutrients such as mineral salts, amino acids, and other organic components including benzoic acid, hippuric acid, fatty acids (myristic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, petroselinic acid, linoleic acid, lauric acid, saturated fatty acids), ichthyridine, salicylic acid, resins,
476:
Although shilajit is sometimes referred to as a mineral tar or resin, it is neither. It is a highly viscous substance like a tar or resin, that is very dark brown or black in color, but unlike these is readily soluble in water but insoluble in
513:
triterpenes, sterols, aromatic carboxylic acids, 3,4-benzocoumarins, amino groups acids, phenolic lipids, latex, albumin, sterols, tea polyphenols, phenolic lipids, dibenzo-alpha-pyrones (DBP), and dibenzo-α-pyrone chromoproteins (DCPs).
604:
Evaporite shilajit occurs in formations of streaks, icicles and shiny black or gray dull, thin films that stain the roofs and walls of caves, niches, grottoes and other large cavities. Its extraction is
1157:
Khanna, Rajesh; Witt, Matthias; Khalid Anwer, Md.; Agarwal, Suraj P.; Koch, Boris P. (December 2008). "Spectroscopic characterization of fulvic acids extracted from the rock exudate
Shilajit".
625:
Of these, black shilajit containing gold is the rarest and is considered to have the best curative effect. In nature, shilajit containing iron is used most in traditional medicine.
906:
Source study and textual criticism of monuments of medieval sciences in the countries of
Central Asia: a collection of scientific works. (1989). Russia: "Science," Siberian Branch.
155:. The peoples of the East used shilajit in folk and non-traditional (alternative) medicine (Ayurveda, Chinese, Tibetan). Shilajit is sold both in dry extract form and in
719:
Wilson E, Rajamanickam GV, Dubey GP, Klose P, Musial F, Saha FJ, Rampp T, Michalsen A, Dobos GJ (June 2011). "Review on shilajit used in traditional Indian medicine".
1458:"Molecular Composition Study of Mumijo from Different Geographic Areas Using Size-Exclusion Chromatography, NMR Spectroscopy, and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry"
175:
Since ancient times, shilajit has been a folk medicine in
Afghanistan, India, Iran, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Central Asia and Tibet. Shilajit has been used as a
586:(mumiyo-saladji, Pamir and Altai mumiyo, mumiyo-asil, etc.) are semi-fossilized phyto- and zooorganic remains of animal feces mixed with fragments and
599:
are large-clastic rocks (more often, fissured limestones) cemented by shilajit-bearing clay mass. The content of extractive substances is 0.5–5.0%.
509:, proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, and alcohols. The mineral content is 15–20%, along with trace elements including selenium.
1197:
Schepetkin, Igor A.; Khlebnikov, Andrei I.; Ah, Shin Young; Woo, Sang B.; Jeong, Choon-Soo; Klubachuk, Olesya N.; Kwon, Byoung S. (2003-08-27).
448:
very slow decomposition of plant matter. Some researchers hypothesize that shilajit is produced by the decomposition or humification of
628:
833:
Kloskowski, T.; Szeliski, K.; Krzeszowiak, K.; Fekner, Z.; Kazimierski, Ł; Jundziłł, A.; Drewa, T.; Pokrywczyńska, M. (2021-11-19).
36:
963:
Rahmani
Barouji, Solmaz; Saber, Amir; Torbati, Mohammadali; Fazljou, Seyyed Mohammad Bagher; Yari Khosroushahi, Ahmad (2020).
571:
Although touted for use in folk medicine, there is no good evidence that shilajit has any beneficial effects on human health.
1523:
1477:
817:
790:
80:
is an organic-mineral product of predominantly biological origin, formed in the mountains (in mountain crevices and caves).
897:
Korchubekov, B. K., Altymyshev, A. A. (1987). Mumië "arkhar-tash" i ego fiziologicheskai︠a︡ aktivnostʹ. Soviet Union: Ilim.
1079:
Agarwal, Suraj P.; Khanna, Rajesh; Karmarkar, Ritesh; Anwer, Md. Khalid; Khar, Roop K. (May 2007). "Shilajit: a review".
1456:
Konstantinov, A. I.; Vladimirov, G. N.; Grigoryev, A. S.; Kudryavtsev, A. V.; Perminova, I. V.; Nikolaev, E. N. (2013).
609:
Shilajit is sold in different colors and grades according to the type of metal powders that are supposedly added: red (
590:
of rocks and soil formations. The content of extractive substances in coprolite shilajit ranges from 10 to 30% or more.
183:
for more than four thousand years. The healing effects of shilajit for different diseases is mentioned in the works of
1550:
806:
Winston, David; Maimes, Steven (2007-03-22). "Part two: Materia medica. 7. Monographs on
Adaptogens. Shilajit".
1545:
202:
1244:
Ding, Rong; Zhao, Mingming; Fan, Jiuyu; Hu, Xiuquan; Wang, Meng; Zhong, Shihong; Gu, Rui (2020-06-29).
560:
643:
and gums, mountain wax, white, stone and mountain oils, Antarctic shilajit, lofor, or aqua bitum.
1457:
1354:"Safety and Efficacy of Shilajit (Mumie, Moomiyo): SHILAJIT (MUMIE, MOOMIYO) SAFETY AND EFFICACY"
19:
1166:
846:
835:"Mumio (Shilajit) as a potential chemotherapeutic for the urinary bladder cancer treatment"
180:
159:, but there is no good evidence that shilajit has any beneficial effects on human health.
8:
1170:
850:
631:
are a group of natural formations resembling shilajit in appearance. The group includes
1433:
1400:
1381:
1353:
1334:
1280:
1245:
1104:
1056:
1021:
997:
964:
875:
834:
458:
156:
124:
1519:
1473:
1438:
1420:
1373:
1326:
1285:
1267:
1226:
1218:
1178:
1139:
1096:
1061:
1043:
1002:
984:
880:
862:
813:
786:
736:
544:
275:
31:
1385:
1338:
1122:
Ghosal, S.; Reddy, J.P.; Lal, V.K. (May 1976). "Shilajit I: Chemical
Constituents".
1108:
1465:
1428:
1412:
1401:"Complement-fixing activity of fulvic acid from Shilajit and other natural sources"
1365:
1316:
1275:
1257:
1210:
1174:
1131:
1088:
1051:
1033:
992:
976:
870:
854:
728:
683:
464:
392:
371:
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239:
235:
188:
176:
108:
96:
83:
A blackish-brown powder or an exudate from high mountain rocks, often found in the
167:
1513:
1493:
1469:
807:
536:
517:
420:
400:
342:
271:
132:
88:
917:
443:
It has also been believed that it is formed as a result of the decomposition of
1262:
858:
587:
310:
1399:
Schepetkin, Igor A.; Xie, Gang; Jutila, Mark A.; Quinn, Mark T. (2009-03-01).
1246:"Mechanisms of generation and exudation of Tibetan medicine Shilajit (Zhaxun)"
757:
732:
205:, in his 1821 publication, stated that the Persians used the substance called
1539:
1424:
1330:
1271:
1222:
1047:
988:
866:
552:
548:
532:
61:
1321:
1304:
1198:
1442:
1377:
1289:
1230:
1199:"Characterization and biological activities of humic substances from mumie"
1135:
1100:
1065:
1006:
980:
884:
740:
251:
136:
1455:
1038:
1020:
Carrasco-Gallardo, Carlos; Guzmán, Leonardo; Maccioni, Ricardo B. (2012).
941:[Geological dictionary. Volume 1 (А-М) 1978 | Geological portal].
1143:
556:
521:
259:
243:
218:
92:
919:
Travels in various countries of the East : more particularly Persia
1022:"Shilajit: A Natural Phytocomplex with Potential Procognitive Activity"
247:
231:
100:
1214:
938:
1498:(in Russian). Пермский государственный университет. pp. 174–267.
1416:
1369:
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673:
663:
636:
632:
583:
540:
528:
486:
444:
346:
267:
192:
184:
104:
84:
939:"Геологический словарь. Том 1 (А-М) | Геологический портал GeoKniga"
832:
678:
653:
498:
350:
334:
302:
283:
263:
214:
196:
144:
112:
962:
596:
482:
478:
428:
287:
1019:
965:"Health Beneficial Effects of Moomiaii in Traditional Medicine"
693:
658:
579:
The composition of shilajit varies by location and appearance:
506:
490:
338:
128:
120:
1305:"Chemistry of shilajit, an immunomodulatory Ayurvedic rasayan"
1156:
688:
640:
453:
449:
432:
116:
718:
1462:
Functions of
Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment
1078:
502:
494:
298:
279:
255:
148:
140:
809:
Adaptogens: Herbs for
Strength, Stamina, and Stress Relief
758:"MUMIYO • Great Russian encyclopedia - electronic version"
1196:
668:
527:
Studied by analytical methods, shilajit samples from the
1398:
1464:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 283–287.
559:, hydroxyhippuric acid, and methyldiaminocyclohexane
361:(in Tibet, Central Asia, Himalaya, Pamir and Altai),
293:
The substance is known by different names, including
266:and other regions. It is more often found in the
812:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 129.
1537:
1460:. In Xu, Jianming; Wu, Jianjun; He, Yan (eds.).
481:. It contains more than 20 elements, including
1121:
1243:
805:
456:-bearing plant material from species such as
1072:
1026:International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
1150:
1115:
774:
41:
1203:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
23:Shilajit or Mumijo, Mohave Lava Tube, 2018
1432:
1320:
1279:
1261:
1055:
1037:
996:
874:
780:
1511:
714:
712:
710:
166:
18:
915:
1538:
1302:
1507:
1505:
1351:
1192:
1190:
1188:
781:Hill, Carol A.; Forti, Paolo (1997).
707:
933:
931:
929:
752:
750:
65:
13:
1502:
1345:
1185:
1124:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
785:. National Speleological Society.
14:
1562:
926:
909:
747:
566:
1512:Savinykh, Mikhail (2022-05-15).
1179:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.08.009
16:Thick, sticky tar-like substance
1486:
1449:
1392:
1352:Stohs, Sidney J. (2014-04-03).
1303:Ghosal, Shibnath (1990-01-01).
1296:
1237:
1013:
956:
516:Shilajit is composed of 60–80%
224:
900:
891:
826:
799:
471:
171:Shilajit, as commonly consumed
1:
922:. Rodwell and Martin, London.
700:
520:substances such as humic and
56:, 'conqueror of the rocks'),
1470:10.1007/978-94-007-5634-2_52
621:) and iron-containing black
574:
468:over a period of centuries.
438:
431:) and "blessing of nature" (
427:("blood of the mountain" in
7:
646:
619:tamra, with copper shilajit
333:("oil of the mountains" in
10:
1567:
1309:Pure and Applied Chemistry
1263:10.1186/s13020-020-00343-9
859:10.1038/s41598-021-01996-8
783:Cave Minerals of the World
623:(lauha shilajit shilajit).
341:Siberian regions near the
162:
916:Ouseley, William (1821).
733:10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.033
505:. It also contains solid
35:
230:limited. It is found in
1322:10.1351/pac199062071285
639:, fossilized vegetable
1551:Sowa Rigpa medicaments
1518:(in Russian). Litres.
1515:Encyclopedia of mumiyo
1136:10.1002/jps.2600650545
981:10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1743
172:
24:
1546:Ayurvedic medicaments
1405:Phytotherapy Research
1358:Phytotherapy Research
1081:Phytotherapy Research
969:Galen Medical Journal
617:) with silver, blue (
507:paraffin hydrocarbons
170:
151:, where it is called
51:conqueror of mountain
22:
1495:Пещеры: Выпуск 14-15
1159:Organic Geochemistry
613:) with gold, white (
181:alternative medicine
1171:2008OrGeo..39.1719K
1039:10.1155/2012/674142
851:2021NatSR..1122614K
395:), hajarul-Musa or
274:, mountains of the
157:dietary supplements
839:Scientific Reports
459:Euphorbia royleana
173:
125:Caucasus Mountains
25:
1525:978-5-04-090878-3
1479:978-94-007-5634-2
1215:10.1021/jf021101e
1209:(18): 5245–5254.
1165:(12): 1719–1724.
819:978-1-59477-158-3
792:978-1-879961-07-4
611:sauvarna shilajit
595:Shilajit-bearing
276:Arabian Peninsula
240:sedimentary rocks
1558:
1530:
1529:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1417:10.1002/ptr.2635
1396:
1390:
1389:
1370:10.1002/ptr.5018
1349:
1343:
1342:
1324:
1315:(7): 1285–1288.
1300:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1265:
1250:Chinese Medicine
1241:
1235:
1234:
1194:
1183:
1182:
1154:
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1147:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1093:10.1002/ptr.2100
1076:
1070:
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1059:
1041:
1017:
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1010:
1000:
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951:
950:
943:www.geokniga.org
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778:
772:
771:
769:
768:
754:
745:
744:
721:J Ethnopharmacol
716:
684:Bitumen of Judea
465:Trifolium repens
236:metamorphic rock
147:and in southern
109:Gilgit-Baltistan
97:Gorno-Badakhshan
95:, (primarily in
67:
55:
52:
49:
46:
43:
39:
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1565:
1561:
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927:
914:
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764:
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708:
703:
698:
649:
577:
569:
474:
441:
343:Sayan Mountains
272:Tibetan Plateau
227:
165:
153:Andean shilajit
89:Pamir Mountains
53:
50:
47:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1564:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1501:
1485:
1478:
1448:
1411:(3): 373–384.
1391:
1364:(4): 475–479.
1344:
1295:
1236:
1184:
1149:
1130:(5): 772–773.
1114:
1087:(5): 401–405.
1071:
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899:
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615:rajat shilajit
607:
606:
601:
600:
592:
591:
576:
573:
568:
567:Health effects
565:
473:
470:
440:
437:
415:(in Persian),
383:(in English),
226:
223:
213:, as a potent
164:
161:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1563:
1552:
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1016:
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978:
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966:
959:
945:. p. 485
944:
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554:
553:hippuric acid
550:
549:shikimic acid
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
514:
510:
508:
504:
500:
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455:
451:
446:
436:
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430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:araq-al-jibal
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
367:mineral pitch
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
337:and southern
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:: سلاجیت) in
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
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222:
221:and disease.
220:
216:
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208:
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190:
186:
182:
178:
177:folk medicine
169:
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29:
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1408:
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1347:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1253:
1249:
1239:
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1202:
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1152:
1127:
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1117:
1084:
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1074:
1029:
1025:
1015:
972:
968:
958:
947:. Retrieved
942:
918:
911:
902:
893:
845:(1): 22614.
842:
838:
828:
808:
801:
782:
776:
765:. Retrieved
761:
724:
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614:
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578:
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511:
475:
463:
457:
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380:
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370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
330:
326:
318:
314:
306:
294:
292:
252:Central Asia
228:
225:Distribution
219:broken bones
210:
206:
201:
199:and others.
174:
152:
137:Central Asia
82:
77:
73:
69:
57:
27:
26:
557:quinic acid
543:(7.5 kDa),
472:Composition
381:mineral wax
372:Jew's pitch
260:Lake Baikal
244:Proterozoic
217:to address
93:Afghanistan
1540:Categories
1032:: 674142.
949:2023-10-01
767:2022-08-01
727:(1): 1–9.
723:(Review).
701:References
605:difficult.
584:Coprolitic
545:Dzungarian
359:rock juice
331:barakhshin
325:: Мумиё),
248:Quaternary
232:calcareous
203:D'Herbelot
101:Tajikistan
1425:1099-1573
1331:1365-3075
1272:1749-8546
1256:(1): 65.
1223:0021-8561
1048:2090-8024
989:2322-2379
975:: e1743.
867:2045-2322
762:bigenc.ru
674:Ozokerite
664:Elaterite
637:saltpeter
633:ozokerite
575:Varieties
541:Tian Shan
539:(8 kDa),
529:Himalayas
487:Magnesium
445:oil rocks
439:Formation
347:Khakassia
327:brag-shun
268:Himalayas
262:, in the
258:, at the
185:Aristotle
105:Karakoram
85:Himalayas
1443:19107845
1386:22593008
1378:23733436
1339:20837659
1290:32612671
1231:12926866
1109:40620070
1101:17295385
1066:22482077
1007:34466583
885:34799663
741:21530631
679:Creosote
654:Propolis
647:See also
629:Mumioids
597:breccias
524:acids.
499:Chromium
409:moomiaii
389:silajatu
385:silajita
355:rock sap
351:Buryatia
345:such as
335:Mongolia
303:Pakistan
295:Salajeet
284:Mongolia
264:Caucasus
215:cure-all
197:Ibn Sina
145:Mongolia
113:Pakistan
58:salajeet
32:Sanskrit
28:Shilajit
1434:2650748
1281:7322889
1167:Bibcode
1057:3296184
998:8343599
876:8604984
847:Bibcode
483:Calcium
479:ethanol
429:Myanmar
425:kao-tun
413:mumnaei
393:Bengali
363:asphalt
339:Russian
323:Russian
288:Myanmar
179:and in
163:History
127:within
74:mumlayi
45:
37:शिलाजीत
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789:
739:
694:Mummia
659:Balsam
641:resins
522:fulvic
501:, and
491:Sodium
421:German
401:Arabic
315:mumiyo
307:μούμια
242:(from
238:, and
207:mumiay
193:Biruni
129:Russia
123:, the
121:Bhutan
87:, the
70:mumijo
66:سلاجیت
1382:S2CID
1335:S2CID
1105:S2CID
689:Resin
561:dimer
537:Altai
531:(5.1
518:humic
454:resin
450:latex
433:Nepal
417:Mumie
405:myemu
319:mumie
311:Greek
250:) in
211:mummy
209:, or
133:Altai
117:Nepal
78:mumie
1520:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1439:PMID
1421:ISSN
1374:PMID
1327:ISSN
1286:PMID
1268:ISSN
1227:PMID
1219:ISSN
1140:PMID
1097:PMID
1062:PMID
1044:ISSN
1030:2012
1003:PMID
985:ISSN
881:PMID
863:ISSN
814:ISBN
787:ISBN
737:PMID
588:grus
503:Lead
495:Iron
462:and
452:and
419:(in
399:(in
391:(in
377:slag
349:and
309:(in
299:Urdu
280:Iran
256:Tuva
189:Razi
149:Peru
141:Iran
103:), (
62:Urdu
42:lit.
1466:doi
1429:PMC
1413:doi
1366:doi
1317:doi
1276:PMC
1258:doi
1211:doi
1175:doi
1132:doi
1089:doi
1052:PMC
1034:doi
993:PMC
977:doi
871:PMC
855:doi
729:doi
725:136
669:Wax
535:),
533:kDa
435:).
423:),
411:or
403:),
387:or
379:or
357:or
353:),
329:or
317:or
313:),
246:to
111:in
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