312:
29:
103:
468:
1089:
238:
And the
Gileadites took the passages of Jordan before the Ephraimites: and it was so, that when those Ephraimites which were escaped said, Let me go over; that the men of Gilead said unto him, Art thou an Ephraimite? If he said, Nay; Then said they unto him, Say now Shibboleth: and he said Sibboleth:
719:
In
Australia and New Zealand, the words "fish and chips" are often used to highlight the difference in each country's short-i vowel sound and asking someone to say the phrase can identify which country they are from. Australian English has a higher forward sound , close to the y in happy and city,
1130:
It represents borders, the experience of immigrants, the experience of segregation, the experience of racial hatred. It is the experience of a Third World person coming into the heart of Europe. For example, the space which illegal immigrants occupy is a negative space. And so this piece is a
285:
is a community-wide password that enables members of that community to access an online resource without revealing their individual identities. The origin server can vouch for the identity of the individual user without giving the target server any further identifying information. Hence the
720:
while New
Zealand English has a lower backward sound , a slightly higher version of the a in about and comma. Thus, New Zealanders hear Australians say "feesh and cheeps", while Australians hear New Zealanders say "fush and chups". A long drawn out pronunciation of the names of the cities
1006:
A "furtive shibboleth" is a type of a shibboleth that identifies individuals as being part of a group, not based on their ability to pronounce one or more words, but on their ability to recognize a seemingly innocuous phrase as a secret message. For example, members of
289:
The term can also be used pejoratively, suggesting that the original meaning of a symbol has in effect been lost and that the symbol now serves merely to identify allegiance, being described as "nothing more than a shibboleth". In 1956,
903:). Although many Americans interpret the latter back vowel as being closer to the Spanish pronunciation, it is not the pronunciation used by Nevadans. Likewise, the same test can be used to identify someone unfamiliar with southwest
1044:, upon learning that the phrase was a way for gay sailors to identify each other, undertook a search for this "Dorothy", whom they believed to be an actual woman with connections to homosexual servicemen in the Chicago area.
433:
686:
for the province's second-largest city was often taken as an indication of the speaker's political stance, and as such frequently implied more than simply naming the location. The pronunciation of the name of the letter
345:
Shibboleths have been used by different subcultures throughout the world at different times. Regional differences, level of expertise, and computer coding techniques are several forms that shibboleths have taken.
435:
104:
303:
to mean an idea for which "the means becomes the end, and the letter of the law takes precedence over the spirit." Samuelson admitted that "shibboleth" is an imperfect term for this phenomenon.
702:
riots of Sri Lanka in 1983, many Tamils were massacred by
Sinhalese youths. In many cases these massacres took the form of boarding buses and getting the passengers to pronounce words that had
222:
back into their home territory, but the
Gileadites secured the river's fords to stop them. To identify and kill these Ephraimites, the Gileadites told each suspected survivor to say the word
2259:
483:
were hunted down and killed by vigilantes after rumors spread that they were committing crimes, shibboleths were attested to having been used to identify
Koreans. The Japanese poet
131:
or tradition, usually a choice of phrasing or single word, that distinguishes one group of people from another. Shibboleths have been used throughout history in many societies as
239:
for he could not frame to pronounce it right. Then they took him, and slew him at the passages of Jordan: and there fell at that time of the
Ephraimites forty and two thousand.
434:
2032:
Durante los meses de octubre y diciembre de 1937, fuentes haitianas, norteamericanas e inglesas ubicadas en Haití dieron cifras que oscilaron entre 1,000 y 12,168
1873:
728:
rather than the typically
Australian rapid "bun" ending is a common way for someone to be exposed as new to the country. Within Australia, what someone calls "
286:
individual user does not know the password that is actually employed – it is generated internally by the origin server – and so cannot betray it to outsiders.
2636:
135:, ways of self-identification, signals of loyalty and affinity, ways of maintaining traditional segregation, or protection from real or perceived threats.
1706:
1167:
429:("Lentil, wheel, grinds (verb), mill) to distinguish the German-speaking burghers. Those who could not properly pronounce this phrase were executed.
2412:
2335:
732:", or how they name the size of beer they order can often pinpoint what state they are from, as both of these have varied names across the country.
655:
would "open fire without waiting to hear the remainder". Another sign/countersign used by the Allied forces: the challenge/sign was "flash", the
965:
in
Manhattan is a common differentiatior between tourists and those who live in the city. Tourists tend to pronounce it similarly to the name of
1845:
37:
2249:
1066:
he told the
Shibboleth story in seemingly "inept and uninteresting" detail. To the initiated, however, the wording revealed that Twain was a
575:, although more recent scholarship and the lack of evidence such as mass graves puts the actual estimate closer to between 1,000 and 12,168.
2285:
1595:
2312:
464:(1515–1523). Ships whose crew could not pronounce this properly were usually plundered and soldiers who could not were beheaded by Donia.
571:, ordered the execution of these people. It is alleged that between 20,000 and 30,000 individuals were murdered within a few days in the
2597:
514:, they were reportedly dragged away for punishment. Both Korean and Japanese people recalled similar shibboleths being used, including
640:
567:, was used as a shibboleth to identify Haitian immigrants living along the border in the Dominican Republic. The Dominican dictator,
1738:
2011:
651:
military personnel. A shibboleth such as "lollapalooza" would be used by the sentry, who, if the first two syllables come back as
1015:. To the uninitiated, this would seem like a casual – if off-topic – remark, but other AA members would understand its meaning.
1207:
311:
2112:
1994:
1912:
1801:
1718:
1609:
1434:
1373:
2533:
1312:
1041:
579:
41:
1980:
1846:"19: Economic and Political Institutions on the Polish-German Frontier in the Middle Ages: Action, reaction, interaction"
1460:
672:
1123:, London, in 2007–2008. The piece consisted of a 548-foot-long crack that bisected the floor of the Tate's lobby space.
1420:
2462:
2165:
1881:
1857:
1762:
1322:
1256:, p. 10 the medieval Hebrew commentators and most modern scholars have understood it in this alternative sense.
453:" ("Butter, rye bread and green cheese, whoever cannot say that is not a genuine Frisian") was a phrase used by the
621:
299:
198:
2566:
Alberge, Dalya (9 October 2007). "Welcome to Tate Modern's floor show – it's 167m long and is called Shibboleth".
2626:
266:
word or phrase that can distinguish members from outsiders. It is also sometimes used in a broader sense to mean
1277:
that makes it difficult for French-speakers to pronounce had not yet developed in the 14th century, the phrase "
647:(1942) the author notes that, in the war, Japanese spies would often approach checkpoints posing as American or
1949:
683:
2361:
1938:"The Passing Perils of Korean Hunting: Zainichi Literature Remembers the Kantō Earthquake Korean Massacres"
1363:
1157:
1036:
1270:
28:
2422:
1787:
414:
22:
2056:
1394:
1308:
1031:
668:
350:
2641:
703:
619:
2085:
1639:
McNamara, Tim (2005). "21st century shibboleth: language tests, identity and intergroup conflict".
111:
2128:
1389:
1266:
780:
by English-speaking locals. This contrasts with the typical American pronunciation of the city as
2482:
Hensher, Philip (22 June 2019). "Polari, the secret gay argot, is making a surprising comeback".
2281:
1711:
Natural Resources, Uncertainty, and General Equilibrium Systems: Essays in Memory of Rafael Lusky
1502:
705:
401:
2308:
1908:"The Tongue That Divided Life and Death. The 1923 Tokyo Earthquake and the Massacre of Koreans"
1177:
1152:
1147:
636:
611:
320:
278:
263:
1011:
sometimes refer to themselves as "a friend of Bill W.", which is a reference to AA's founder,
377:, "friend of the Guilds". However, many Medieval Flemish dialects did not contain the cluster
2454:
2102:
599:
282:
839:, meaning "snow-covered". Nevadans pronounce the second syllable with the "a" as in "trap" (
190:, whose dialect used a different first consonant. The difference concerns the Hebrew letter
2621:
1986:
1115:
1097:
1062:
1008:
45:
2591:
1594:
Hess, Richard; Block, Daniel I.; Manor, Dale W. (12 January 2016). Walton, John H. (ed.).
871:) while some people from outside of the state can pronounce it with the "a" as in "palm" (
8:
1487:
1227:
1182:
947:
691:
is a related shibboleth, with Catholics pronouncing it as "haitch" and Protestants often
501:
340:
1342:
2514:
2019:
1768:
1707:"When it is ethically optimal to allocate money income in stipulated fractional shares"
1683:
1656:
1601:
1573:
1565:
1530:
1522:
1023:
461:
457:
231:
226:. The Ephraimite dialect resulted in a pronunciation that, to Gileadites, sounded like
2541:
2458:
2417:
2336:"Snapshots from Ukrainian cities under siege or facing threat of Russian bombardment"
2161:
2108:
1990:
1961:
1853:
1797:
1789:
Infantry warfare in the early fourteenth century: discipline, tactics, and technology
1758:
1714:
1660:
1605:
1577:
1534:
1430:
1369:
1318:
1027:
603:
551:
539:
492:
365:. They identified Frenchmen based on their inability to pronounce the Flemish phrase
234:, the anecdote appears thus (with the word already in its current English spelling):
128:
2386:
2222:
2196:
631:
476:
2506:
1953:
1818:
1750:
1648:
1557:
1514:
1450:
1284:
1217:
972:
914:
908:
874:
842:
835:
783:
742:
572:
480:
397:
362:
255:
215:
187:
63:
270:, the proper use of which identifies speakers as members of a particular group or
2631:
2448:
2155:
1674:
Dorman, David (October 2002). "Technically Speaking: Can You Say "Shibboleth"?".
1347:
1077:
1048:
729:
648:
607:
568:
422:
2185:. Lawasia Human Rights Standing Committee Report -Democracy in Peril, June 1983.
1937:
467:
1734:
1702:
1416:
1222:
1073:
962:
615:
591:
484:
294:
203:
2071:
1652:
2615:
2586:
2545:
1965:
1907:
1793:
1624:
1202:
1192:
1110:
1092:
450:
Bûter, brea, en griene tsiis; wa't dat net sizze kin, is gjin oprjochte Fries
441:
Bûter, brea, en griene tsiis; wa't dat net sizze kin, is gjin oprjochte Fries
192:
1548:
Hendel, Ronald S. (February 1996). "Sibilants and šibbōlet (Judges. 12:6)".
958:(a type of Ukrainian bread) to distinguish between Ukrainians and Russians.
629:
Some American soldiers in the Pacific theater in World War II used the word
36:
resident challenges out-of-towners who had come to protest against the 2017
2468:
2444:
2074:, (from US govt's POCKET GUIDE TO CHINA, 1st edition). Retrieved 10-10-2007
1197:
1019:
679:
664:
587:
583:
507:
219:
183:
160:
1957:
1172:
1120:
1102:
1088:
953:
487:
wrote that he overheard vigilantes asking people to pronounce the phrase
33:
2182:
1687:
2518:
1772:
1569:
1526:
1057:
699:
271:
176:
404:
who, when questioned, could not correctly pronounce the Sicilian word
1212:
1187:
1067:
725:
692:
291:
259:
2510:
1754:
1561:
1518:
471:
Koreans being stabbed by vigilantes during the Kantō Massacre (1923)
418:
218:(around 1370–1070 BC), the surviving Ephraimites tried to cross the
2254:
904:
736:
721:
656:
454:
382:
354:
211:
132:
2590:
1429:] (in German). Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Lexikon. p. 1096.
1060:
used an explicit shibboleth to conceal a furtive shibboleth. In
1012:
966:
328:
316:
2061:, Querido's Uitgeverij, Amsterdam. Retrieved on 23 december 2011
2043:
1482:
659:"thunder", and the countersign "Welcome". This was used during
1252:
The context was the crossing of the River Jordan; according to
1162:
1051:
825:
393:
358:
332:
267:
207:
990:
186:, in which pronunciation of this word was used to distinguish
78:
1455:
1311:(2003) , Roach, Peter; Hartmann, James; Setter, Jane (eds.),
1142:
981:
889:
810:
769:
660:
172:
164:
156:
144:
122:
18:
Custom or tradition that distinguishes one group from another
2450:
Conduct Unbecoming: Gays & Lesbians in the U.S. Military
2413:"'Conduct Unbecoming': In Defense of Gays on the Front Line"
1283:" is referenced in primary sources such as the Chronique of
335:
in 1905, as depicted by Hermanus Willem Koekkoek (1867–1929)
93:
84:
2362:"Why Is Houston Street Not Pronounced Like the Texas City?"
935:
929:
895:
863:
804:
763:
716:'bucket') and executing the people who found it difficult.
357:
slaughtered every Frenchman they could find in the city of
324:
81:
2497:
Jones, Alexander E. (1954). "Mark Twain and Freemasonry".
1505:(February 1942). "The Shibboleth Incident (Judges 12:6)".
792:
639:
unidentified persons, on the premise that Japanese people
558:), which were thought difficult for Koreans to pronounce.
69:
2157:
A Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish Use of English
920:
880:
857:
848:
751:
389:), and Medieval French rolled the r just as Flemish did.
168:
90:
72:
327:
on their homes in order to discriminate themselves from
1368:(8th ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1117.
1030:", a tongue-in-cheek acknowledgment of a stereotypical
951:
1819:"Quando un pugno di ceci fece la storia della Sicilia"
1600:. Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary.
1317:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 485,
171:; or less commonly (but arguably more appropriately) "
1550:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
1507:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
984:
917:
877:
845:
795:
786:
754:
745:
735:
In Canada, the name of Canada's second largest city,
688:
595:
590:
as a shibboleth to tell Germans from Dutch ("Sch" in
150:
987:
932:
926:
892:
886:
860:
854:
813:
801:
798:
772:
760:
757:
75:
1979:McNamara, Tim; Roever, Carsten (10 November 2006).
1362:Allen, R. E.; Fowler, H. W.; Fowler, F. G. (1990).
978:
975:
923:
883:
851:
807:
789:
766:
748:
711:
66:
2250:"Here's Why Americans Pronounce Montreal THAT Way"
1942:Azalea: Journal of Korean Literature & Culture
1850:The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages
510:, fifty sen'). If the person pronounced it as
448:
439:
400:in 1282, the inhabitants of the island killed the
1361:
1168:Language analysis for the determination of origin
961:In New York City, how one pronounces the name of
586:, the Dutch used the name of the seaside town of
297:applied the term "shibboleth" in works including
2613:
2534:"US elections: Fourteen Words that spell racism"
2087:Free Men Are Fighting: The Story of World War II
1589:
1587:
1365:The Concise Oxford dictionary of current English
969:, while the New York pronunciation is HOW-stun (
645:Free Men Are Fighting: The Story of World War II
2481:
1047:Likewise, homosexuals in Britain might use the
561:In October 1937, the Spanish word for parsley,
2306:
1978:
1593:
950:(2014–present), Ukrainians have used the word
405:
214:inflicted a military defeat upon the invading
182:The modern use derives from an account in the
155:), which means the part of a plant containing
44:. The out-of-towners' inability to pronounce "
2334:Handley, Erin; Adams, Mietta (2 April 2022).
1584:
829:
824:In the United States, the name of the state "
562:
2637:Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible
2601:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2333:
1278:
48:" according to the local fashion would be a
2203:. Daily News (Sri Lanka's state broadsheet)
1634:
1632:
1556:(301). University of Chicago Press: 69–75.
519:
372:
366:
1513:(85). University of Chicago Press: 10–13.
641:would often pronounce both letters L and R
2387:"What is Friends of Bill W. on a Cruise?"
2072:HOW TO SPOT A JAP Educational Comic Strip
1733:
1701:
1682:(9). American Library Association: 86–7.
911:is pronounced with the "a" as in "cape" (
143:The term originates from the Hebrew word
2585:
2531:
2359:
2227:Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
2090:. Farrar and Rinehart, Inc. p. 315.
2083:
1852:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 445.
1713:. New York: Academic Press. p. 55.
1638:
1629:
1259:
1087:
466:
431:
310:
27:
2565:
1785:
1779:
1501:
1253:
2614:
2443:
1982:Language Testing: The Social Dimension
1673:
1547:
1415:
1287:as distinguishing French from Flemish.
1267:Language Log: Born on the 11th of July
1246:
1208:Shibboleth Single Sign-on architecture
1040:. This code was so effective that the
1001:
2570:. No. 69137. London. p. 33.
2496:
2410:
2288:from the original on 25 December 2007
2247:
2153:
2100:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1913:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
1905:
1901:
1899:
1843:
1307:
834:
682:in Northern Ireland, use of the name
206:chapter 12, after the inhabitants of
196:, which is now pronounced as (as in
2009:
1935:
1880:(in Western Frisian). Archived from
1337:
1335:
1333:
626:, closer to "sh" sound in English).
580:German occupation of the Netherlands
151:
115:
2532:Ridgeway, James (28 October 2008).
2505:(3). Duke University Press: 368–9.
2360:La Gorce, Tammy (26 January 2017).
2180:
2058:Opperlandse taal- & letterkunde
1390:"SHIBBOLETH definition and meaning"
1076:are furtive shibboleths used among
643:as rolled Rs. In Oliver Gramling's
371:, "shield and friend", or possibly
13:
2578:
2411:Casey, Constance (29 March 1993).
2315:from the original on 1 August 2019
2307:Francis McCabe (18 October 2018).
2107:. Carroll & Graf. p. 40.
2010:Vega, Bernardo (10 October 2012).
1924:
1896:
1816:
1463:from the original on 29 April 2009
1074:"Fourteen Words", "14", or "14/88"
693:pronouncing the letter differently
534:). Other strings attested to were
396:that, during the rebellion of the
349:There is a legend that before the
14:
2653:
2607:
2262:from the original on 1 March 2023
1906:Ryang, Sonia (3 September 2007).
1330:
2183:"-Democracy in Peril, June 1983"
971:
913:
873:
841:
782:
741:
300:Foundations of Economic Analysis
62:
2559:
2525:
2490:
2475:
2437:
2404:
2379:
2353:
2327:
2309:"You Say Nevada, I Say Nevada…"
2300:
2274:
2248:Chaar, Mike (25 January 2023).
2241:
2215:
2189:
2174:
2154:Dolan, T. P. (1 January 2004).
2147:
2121:
2094:
2077:
2064:
2049:
2044:"Zonder ons erbij te betrekken"
2037:
2003:
1972:
1866:
1837:
1810:
1727:
1695:
1667:
1618:
1541:
673:voiced labial–velar approximant
1743:Quarterly Journal of Economics
1495:
1475:
1443:
1409:
1382:
1355:
1348:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1314:English Pronouncing Dictionary
1301:
1:
2046:Retrieved on 23 december 2011
1874:"Greate Pier fan Wûnseradiel"
1806:– via Internet Archive.
1439:– via Internet Archive.
1378:– via Internet Archive.
1234:
331:and defend themselves from a
249:
2160:. Gill & Macmillan Ltd.
2129:"Court to rule on city name"
2018:(in Spanish). Archived from
1739:"Social Indifference Curves"
1294:
1158:Identification friend or foe
1109:Colombian conceptual artist
427:Soczewica, koło, miele, młyn
145:
123:
7:
1950:University of Hawai'i Press
1135:
1042:Naval Investigative Service
952:
712:
594:is analyzed as the letter "
306:
23:Shibboleth (disambiguation)
10:
2658:
2070:US Army & Navy, 1942.
1395:Collins English Dictionary
1126:Salcedo said of the work:
669:voiceless dental fricative
351:Battle of the Golden Spurs
338:
262:meaning, referring to any
258:, a shibboleth can have a
230:. In Judges 12:5–6 in the
52:marking them as outsiders.
20:
2084:Gramling, Oliver (1942).
1968:– via Project MUSE.
1848:. In Berend, Nora (ed.).
1653:10.1007/s10993-005-2886-0
1083:
1032:affinity for Judy Garland
828:" comes from the Spanish
667:due to the rarity of the
555:
543:
496:
475:In Japan during the 1923
138:
1597:Joshua, Judges, and Ruth
1239:
415:Mayor Albert's Rebellion
392:There is an anecdote in
2598:Encyclopædia Britannica
2055:Corstius, H. B. (1981)
1786:DeVries, Kelly (1996).
1013:William Griffith Wilson
710:at the beginning (like
406:
323:, displaying Christian
2627:Authentication methods
2101:Lewis, Jon E. (2004).
1279:
1178:Litmus test (politics)
1153:Dog whistle (politics)
1148:Countersign (military)
1133:
1113:created a work titled
1106:
1026:might call himself a "
830:
563:
472:
449:
444:
440:
373:
367:
361:, an act known as the
336:
321:Bessarabia Governorate
279:information technology
247:
53:
42:Robert E. Lee Monument
2284:. Wordreference.com.
1987:John Wiley & Sons
1958:10.1353/aza.2019.0014
1265:Although the website
1128:
1091:
675:(w-sound) in German.
610:"Sch" is read as the
470:
438:
381:either (even today's
314:
236:
210:under the command of
31:
2104:D-Day as They Saw it
2012:"La matanza de 1937"
1936:Haag, Andre (2019).
1878:Gemeente Wûnseradiel
1844:Knoll, Paul (2012).
1422:Deutsches Wörterbuch
1218:The Parsley Massacre
1080:in the Anglosphere.
1063:The Innocents Abroad
1009:Alcoholics Anonymous
684:Derry or Londonderry
602:"ch", producing the
598:" combined with the
46:Tchoupitoulas Street
21:For other uses, see
2499:American Literature
2425:on 4 September 2019
2223:"Speech and accent"
2181:Hyndman, Patricia.
1488:The Free Dictionary
1228:U and non-U English
1183:Passing (sociology)
1002:Furtive shibboleths
948:Russo-Ukrainian War
635:as a shibboleth to
341:List of shibboleths
2592:"Shibboleth"
2455:St. Martin's Press
2229:. 5 September 2013
2197:"Passport to life"
2022:on 3 December 2013
2016:La lupa sin trabas
1884:on 7 December 2008
1823:www.palermoviva.it
1735:Samuelson, Paul A.
1703:Samuelson, Paul A.
1676:American Libraries
1602:Zondervan Academic
1351:. Merriam-Webster.
1107:
1078:white supremacists
1018:Similarly, during
529:one yen, fifty sen
479:, in which ethnic
473:
458:Pier Gerlofs Donia
445:
337:
54:
2418:Los Angeles Times
2114:978-0-7867-1381-3
1996:978-1-4051-5543-4
1817:Schirò, Samuele.
1803:978-0-585-20214-3
1737:(February 1956).
1720:978-0-12-106150-0
1611:978-0-310-52759-6
1436:978-3-577-10446-3
1427:German Dictionary
1375:978-0-19-861200-1
1028:friend of Dorothy
967:the city in Texas
907:, as the city of
836:[neˈβaða]
604:consonant cluster
512:chūkoen kochissen
505:
462:Frisian rebellion
436:
421:, Poles used the
353:in May 1302, the
121:
2649:
2642:Ethnic cleansing
2602:
2594:
2572:
2571:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2421:. Archived from
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2383:
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2376:
2374:
2372:
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2193:
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2118:
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2075:
2068:
2062:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1933:
1922:
1921:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1783:
1777:
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1731:
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1699:
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1665:
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1636:
1627:
1622:
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1591:
1582:
1581:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1339:
1328:
1327:
1305:
1288:
1285:Gilles Li Muisis
1282:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1037:The Wizard of Oz
997:
996:
993:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
957:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
909:Nevada, Missouri
902:
901:
898:
897:
894:
891:
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885:
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879:
870:
869:
866:
865:
862:
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820:
819:
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815:
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809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
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788:
779:
778:
775:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
739:, is pronounced
715:
709:
625:
573:Parsley Massacre
566:
557:
545:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
500:
498:
481:Koreans in Japan
452:
443:
437:
409:
402:French occupiers
398:Sicilian Vespers
376:
370:
368:schild en vriend
363:Matins of Bruges
245:
232:King James Bible
216:tribe of Ephraim
154:
153:
148:
126:
120:romanized:
119:
117:
109:
108:
107:
106:
99:
96:
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92:
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83:
80:
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68:
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2656:
2652:
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2650:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2581:
2579:Further reading
2576:
2575:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2530:
2526:
2511:10.2307/2921690
2495:
2491:
2480:
2476:
2465:
2457:. p. 387.
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2370:
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2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
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2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2099:
2095:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2025:
2023:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1977:
1973:
1934:
1925:
1904:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1784:
1780:
1765:
1755:10.2307/1884510
1732:
1728:
1721:
1700:
1696:
1672:
1668:
1641:Language Policy
1637:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1604:. p. 352.
1592:
1585:
1562:10.2307/1357296
1546:
1542:
1519:10.2307/1355052
1500:
1496:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1417:Wahrig, Gerhard
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1325:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1280:scilt en vrient
1264:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1138:
1131:negative space.
1086:
1022:, a homosexual
1004:
974:
970:
916:
912:
876:
872:
844:
840:
785:
781:
744:
740:
671:(th-sound) and
569:Rafael Trujillo
531:
528:
525:
522:
516:ichien gojissen
489:jūgoen gojissen
432:
423:Polish language
343:
309:
252:
246:
243:
141:
112:Biblical Hebrew
102:
101:
89:
65:
61:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2655:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2609:
2608:External links
2606:
2604:
2603:
2589:, ed. (1911).
2587:Chisholm, Hugh
2582:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2558:
2524:
2489:
2474:
2463:
2436:
2403:
2378:
2366:New York Times
2352:
2326:
2299:
2273:
2240:
2214:
2188:
2173:
2166:
2146:
2135:. 7 April 2006
2120:
2113:
2093:
2076:
2063:
2048:
2036:
2002:
1995:
1971:
1923:
1895:
1865:
1858:
1836:
1809:
1802:
1792:. Woodbridge:
1778:
1763:
1726:
1719:
1694:
1666:
1647:(4): 351–370.
1628:
1617:
1610:
1583:
1540:
1503:Speiser, E. A.
1494:
1474:
1442:
1435:
1408:
1381:
1374:
1354:
1329:
1323:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1269:says that the
1258:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1223:Tongue-twister
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1085:
1082:
1003:
1000:
963:Houston Street
618:", pronounced
548:ka-ki-ku-ke-ko
536:ga-gi-gu-ge-go
485:Shigeji Tsuboi
477:Kantō Massacre
339:Main article:
308:
305:
295:Paul Samuelson
251:
248:
241:
204:Book of Judges
163:of a stalk of
159:, such as the
140:
137:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2654:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2569:
2562:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2484:The Spectator
2478:
2470:
2466:
2464:0-312-34264-0
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2445:Shilts, Randy
2440:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2287:
2283:
2277:
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2257:
2256:
2251:
2244:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2167:9780717135356
2163:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1859:9781315239781
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1796:. p. 9.
1795:
1794:Boydell Press
1791:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:9780262190220
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1626:
1625:Judges 12:5–6
1621:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1451:"Schibboleth"
1446:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1324:3-12-539683-2
1320:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1309:Jones, Daniel
1304:
1300:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1268:
1262:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1203:Rhyming slang
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:Pons asinorum
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1111:Doris Salcedo
1104:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1093:Doris Salcedo
1090:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:cant language
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
999:
995:
968:
964:
959:
956:
955:
949:
944:
940:
910:
906:
900:
868:
837:
832:
827:
822:
818:
777:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
717:
714:
707:
701:
696:
694:
690:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:
627:
623:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
565:
559:
553:
549:
541:
537:
517:
513:
509:
506:'fifteen
503:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
469:
465:
463:
459:
456:
451:
442:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
410:"chickpeas".
408:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
375:
374:gilden vriend
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
342:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:Villagers of
313:
304:
302:
301:
296:
293:
287:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
244:Judges 12:5–6
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:
195:
194:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
147:
136:
134:
130:
125:
113:
105:
98:
59:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
24:
16:
2596:
2567:
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2538:The Guardian
2537:
2527:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2483:
2477:
2469:Google Books
2467:– via
2453:. New York:
2449:
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2423:the original
2416:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2391:cruisecritic
2390:
2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2365:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2339:
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
2276:
2264:. Retrieved
2253:
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2226:
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2200:
2191:
2176:
2156:
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2132:
2123:
2103:
2096:
2086:
2079:
2066:
2057:
2051:
2039:
2031:
2024:. Retrieved
2020:the original
2015:
2005:
1981:
1974:
1945:
1941:
1917:
1911:
1886:. Retrieved
1882:the original
1877:
1868:
1849:
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1825:(in Italian)
1822:
1812:
1788:
1781:
1746:
1742:
1729:
1710:
1697:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1644:
1640:
1620:
1596:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1486:
1483:"shibboleth"
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1454:
1445:
1426:
1421:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1393:
1384:
1364:
1357:
1346:
1343:"shibboleth"
1313:
1303:
1274:
1261:
1254:Speiser 1942
1248:
1198:Pronoun game
1129:
1125:
1114:
1108:
1096:
1072:
1061:
1056:
1046:
1035:
1020:World War II
1017:
1005:
960:
945:
823:
734:
718:
697:
680:The Troubles
677:
665:World War II
652:
644:
632:lollapalooza
630:
628:
588:Scheveningen
584:World War II
577:
560:
547:
535:
515:
511:
488:
474:
446:
426:
412:
391:
386:
385:dialect has
378:
348:
344:
298:
288:
276:
260:sociological
253:
237:
227:
223:
220:river Jordan
197:
191:
184:Hebrew Bible
181:
142:
57:
55:
49:
15:
2622:Shibboleths
2429:11 November
2319:26 November
2292:24 February
2139:30 November
1952:: 259–260.
1749:(1): 1–22.
1467:9 September
1401:9 September
1273:cluster in
1173:Linguistics
1121:Tate Modern
1103:Tate Modern
1095:'s artwork
954:palianytsia
946:During the
698:During the
606:, while in
578:During the
425:shibboleth
188:Ephraimites
34:New Orleans
2616:Categories
2551:17 October
2396:19 January
2233:18 January
2201:Daily News
1920:(9). 2513.
1235:References
1116:Shibboleth
1098:Shibboleth
1058:Mark Twain
700:Black July
413:Following
283:Shibboleth
272:subculture
254:In modern
250:Modern use
224:shibboleth
202:). In the
146:shibbóleth
58:shibboleth
50:shibboleth
2568:The Times
2546:0261-3077
2026:7 January
1966:1944-6500
1888:4 January
1661:145528271
1578:164131149
1535:163386740
1295:Citations
1213:Sociolect
1188:Phonology
1068:freemason
1024:US sailor
726:Melbourne
637:challenge
460:during a
292:economist
228:sibboleth
152:שִׁבֹּלֶת
133:passwords
127:) is any
116:שִׁבֹּלֶת
2447:(1993).
2371:1 August
2340:ABC News
2313:Archived
2286:Archived
2282:"Nevada"
2260:Archived
2255:MTL Blog
2207:27 April
2133:BBC News
1829:28 April
1705:(1977).
1688:25648483
1461:Archived
1419:(2000).
1136:See also
1105:, London
905:Missouri
737:Montreal
722:Brisbane
657:password
649:Filipino
612:trigraph
552:Japanese
540:Japanese
493:Japanese
417:in 1312
383:Kortrijk
307:Examples
264:in-group
242:—
212:Jephthah
124:šībbōleṯ
2519:2921690
2345:2 April
2266:14 July
1773:1884510
1570:1357296
1527:1355052
713:baldiya
678:During
663:during
600:digraph
564:perejil
523:
504:
455:Frisian
355:Flemish
329:Judaism
317:Ungheni
256:English
177:torrent
40:of the
38:removal
2632:Gilead
2544:
2517:
2461:
2164:
2111:
1993:
1964:
1856:
1800:
1771:
1761:
1717:
1686:
1659:
1608:
1576:
1568:
1533:
1525:
1433:
1372:
1321:
1275:schild
1163:Jargon
1084:In art
1052:Polari
831:nevada
826:Nevada
653:rorra,
608:German
546:) and
497:15円50銭
419:Kraków
407:cìciri
394:Sicily
359:Bruges
333:pogrom
268:jargon
208:Gilead
139:Origin
129:custom
2515:JSTOR
1769:JSTOR
1684:JSTOR
1657:S2CID
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