17:
2757:(April 1623). Jews were admitted as students at the university, where they studied medicine as the only branch of science which was of practical use to them, for they were not permitted to practise law, and the oath they would be compelled to take excluded them from the professorships. Neither were Jews taken into the trade guilds: a resolution passed by the city of Amsterdam in 1632 excluded them. Exceptions, however, were made in the case of trades which stood in peculiar relations to their religion: printing, bookselling, the selling of meat, poultry, groceries, and drugs. Jews tended to involve themselves in newer industries in Amsterdam, like the importation of colonial products, that just so happened to not have as many guild restrictions attached to them. In 1655, a Jew was permitted to establish a sugar refinery. Jews also became heavily involved in the jewelry and tobacco industries. While occupational status did not differ greatly between Jews and the rest of the Amsterdam population, Jews were far more concentrated in particular lines of commerce.
2529:. Despite voiced challenges toward the loose legislation tolerating Jews, Burgomasters continued to enact laws tailored to their own pragmatic vision of society, even if they were contrary to popular opinion disfavoring Jews. Much of the toleration expressed by the Amsterdam officials was rooted in the economic assets the new Portuguese Jewish community could provide, as well as the officials’ lack of prior experience with Jewish residents. These factors made Amsterdam officials and even residents less susceptible to labeling the entire Jewish community by their negatively perceived history in Christian tradition. While the Jews of Amsterdam enjoyed greater freedoms in the religious and economic spheres of everyday life, which helped them assimilate more quickly and efficiently into Amsterdam society, they were denied certain political privileges, like participation in municipal government.
3023:
2538:
3426:"In practice, those areas of industrial initiative to which the Portuguese Jews were most attracted were relatively new fields not restricted by existing guild regulations, and these entrepreneurs pursued particular industrial initiatives not because they happened to be free of guild exclusivism but because their commercial concentration on the importation of colonial products suggested specific industries which by their very nature were of relatively recent vintage and, therefore, free of guild traditions.
2464:, descendants of Jews who had converted to Catholicism dating back to a forced conversion in Spain in 1391 through the Portuguese forced conversion, were looked upon with suspicion by Old Christians. In search of greater religious and economic freedoms, many crypto-Jews left Portugal for places with more lenient religious legislation and opportunities where their unique skill sets could thrive. Many left for
2833:
3365:
2792:, which was inaugurated in 1675. With the Netherlands experiencing economic difficulty (in part due to loss of New World colonies) some Jews left and immigration slowed. The Ashkenazic community became the larger Jewish community in Amsterdam, even as the Sephardic Jews kept positions of power and remained the significantly wealthier community. The process of
2671:
The migration of Jews from
Portugal and Spain to many places other than Amsterdam allowed them to build a strong international trading network that was unique to diaspora members. Because of the business and family relations many Amsterdam Jews had in light of their former community’s dispersal, they
2524:
Many types of discriminatory laws commonplace in Europe and previously in medieval times were no longer in place in
Amsterdam starting ca. 1600; to the extent such laws were on the books, they weren't always followed strictly. In part, such general religious toleration arose before Jews came to
2568:
also closely controlled the process of rejudaization, helping those who were outwardly
Catholic return to a Jewish life. In this process, several individuals rejected Rabbinic Judaism or advanced ideas outside of the norms of Judaism at that time and were disciplined by the
3291:
Freedom of conscience, as defined by
Article XIII of the Union of Utrecht - namely, as the absence of persecution - required no greater degree of explicitness on the part of Amsterdam's burgomasters than this resolution exhibited, and the subject was never taken up
2487:
became one of the most favored destinations in the
Netherlands for Sephardic Jews. Because many were merchants and traders, Amsterdam benefited economically from their arrival. However, the reason to settle in Amsterdam was not merely voluntary; many crypto-Jews or
2855:"Portuguese-Israelite Religious Community" (PIK), has a membership of some 270 families (approximately 600 persons), and is concentrated in Amsterdam. They constitute now some 2% of the Dutch Jewish community. The PIK also has a youth movement, J-PIG (
2563:
was self-sustaining, with members appointing their successors, thus keeping the communal power in the hands of the merchant elite among the
Portuguese Jews. Besides providing for and overseeing the institutions of Portuguese Jewry in Amsterdam, the
4211:
2427:
at the end of the 15th century and throughout the 16th century, in search of religious freedom. Some migrated to the newly independent Dutch provinces which allowed Jews to become residents. Many Jews who left for the Dutch provinces were
3320:
Their introduction into
Amsterdam at this juncture, in a form altogether milder than in previous centuries, does not seem to have been prompted by any awareness of their history in Christian tradition but rather by specific contemporary
2657:
upon Ḥayyun and his heretical book. Ayllon was no doubt the rabbi who laid charges against Tzvi
Ashkenazi before the Amsterdam magistrates, and thus made an internal dissension of the Jewish community a matter of public discussion.
2724:
and Moses
Raphael de Aguilar. In the struggle between Holland and Portugal for the possession of Brazil, the Dutch were supported by the Jews. The Jews of Amsterdam also established commercial relations with various countries in
2504:. There were three struggling congregations. In 1638 a reconciliation was achieved, whereby one synagogue was sold, one remained in existence and the third continued to be used as a schoolroom which merged to
4181:
2460:
in 1492. In 1497, the
Portuguese forcibly converted all Jews in Portugal, including many who had returned to Judaism after fleeing Spain and its Inquisition. Following the establishment in 1536 of the
16:
3892:
2881:, in a village on the outskirts of Amsterdam, has been in use since 1614 and is the oldest Jewish cemetery in the Netherlands. Another reminder of the Sephardic community in Amsterdam is the
4199:
2720:. After the Dutch in Brazil appealed to Holland for craftsmen of all kinds, many Jews went to Brazil; about 600 Jews left Amsterdam in 1642, accompanied by two distinguished scholars —
4216:
3263:
2769:
from Spain in 1634. One generation later, several waves of migrant Jewish and Protestant families from the Netherlands had established a shipping and trading settlement in
3454:"The sugar refineries, tobacco workshops, and diamond-processing ateliers established by Portuguese Jews were a direct offshoot of Portuguese Jewish commercial activities.
4176:
1038:
3660:
2412:
2553:
The Jewish community of Amsterdam was self-governing, with the Imposta board overseeing communal and individual conduct until the establishment of the unified
1616:
1271:
966:
2765:
The migration of Portuguese Jews from the Netherlands to the Caribbean Antilles began in the mid-17th century, after the Dutch fleet captured the island of
1158:
4295:
4115:
2816:, the Sephardic community had declined to some 800 people, 20% of the prewar population. The Holocaust ended the existence of the Sephardic community in
2653:
of the Esnoga and was also from Salonica, not to accord patronage to Hayyun, who was unfavorably known to him. On 23 July Tzvi Ashkenazi pronounced the
4265:
2366:
4232:
130:
4244:
1153:
4270:
3605:
1401:
2436:, who, despite their conversion, were targeted by Old Christians as suspect. Some of these sought to return to the religion of their ancestors.
4290:
3739:
1655:
4204:
4015:
2397:
did not refer to themselves as "Sephardim", but rather as "Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation." The Portuguese-speaking community grew from
640:
603:
4285:
2788:
By the 1680s, the Portuguese Jewish community of Amsterdam went into decline, in spite of having built a new synagogue, the monumental
4075:
3795:
2745:
Besides merchants, a great number of physicians were among the Spanish and Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam, including Samuel Abravanel,
1579:
2851:
1602:
3333:
Sorkin, David (2010). "Beyond the east-west divide: rethinking the narrative of the Jews' political status in Europe, 1600–1750".
4300:
3887:
3638:
3022:
952:
2812:, approximately 4300 Sephardic Jews were living in the Netherlands out of a total Jewish population of some 140,000 (3%). After
3934:
3783:
3187:
2380:
2359:
1529:
1464:
1346:
4000:
3643:
3502:
650:
3378:
2878:
2559:
or governing committee in 1639, seven prominent men who had final say over all that happened in the Jewish community. The
1088:
3466:
Tammes, Peter (2012). ""Hack, Pack, Sack": Occupational Structure, Status, and Mobility of Jews in Amsterdam, 1851–1941".
2645:
to circulate his writings, which had been published in Berlin. Tzvi Ashkenazi thought Hayyun was an old enemy of his from
3830:
3598:
2781:
to the Portuguese in 1654, which forced many Dutch Sephardic refugees from Brazil to move to Curaçao or to the colony of
2754:
1356:
1173:
1163:
403:
4305:
4150:
3924:
3062:
2973:
1752:
1702:
1667:
1361:
1226:
1093:
2716:
were carried into effect through Francisco Ribeiro, a Portuguese captain, who is said to have had Jewish relations in
3771:
3447:
3419:
3313:
3284:
2440:
began migrating to the Netherlands in the mid-seventeenth century, but Portuguese Jews viewed them with ambivalence.
2352:
1444:
1406:
1381:
1301:
1286:
1133:
1073:
1028:
3907:
3851:
3182:
2838:
2796:, granting Jews full Dutch citizenship in the late 18th and early 19th century, continued the erosion of power the
2789:
2638:
2591:, whose intellectual contributions were very important in his time and continue to influence thinkers to this day.
2384:
1737:
1719:
1625:
1519:
1371:
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1291:
1256:
1123:
21:
3977:
3929:
3917:
3912:
3788:
3744:
3719:
2255:
2154:
1709:
1692:
1645:
1544:
1454:
1391:
1341:
1321:
1316:
1236:
1210:
1185:
1063:
1053:
1043:
1023:
1018:
3545:
Christian Hebraists and Dutch Rabbis: Seventeenth Century Apologetics and the Study of Maimonides' Mishneh Torah
2407:
authority, to create an openly self-identified Portuguese Jewish community. As a result of the expulsions from
4005:
3956:
3873:
3846:
3749:
3734:
3591:
3482:
2877:
was founded in 1616 and it is the oldest functioning Jewish library in the world. Also, the Sephardic cemetery
2681:
1728:
1714:
1682:
1662:
1630:
1574:
1549:
1524:
1504:
1494:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1449:
1439:
1434:
1411:
1326:
1311:
1231:
1190:
1143:
1138:
1058:
1003:
4280:
4275:
4100:
3825:
3820:
3810:
2149:
1687:
1672:
1635:
1597:
1569:
1559:
1554:
1539:
1534:
1514:
1499:
1484:
1459:
1425:
1396:
1296:
1281:
1205:
1195:
1113:
1083:
1008:
994:
4166:
3902:
3856:
3766:
3648:
3046:
2894:
1757:
1677:
1640:
1564:
1509:
1376:
1351:
1276:
1251:
1241:
1180:
1103:
1098:
1078:
1068:
1048:
1033:
926:
630:
394:
389:
3881:
3007:
2420:
1747:
1742:
1697:
1650:
1336:
1306:
1266:
1261:
1118:
424:
3552:
Beyond the east-west divide: rethinking the narrative of the Jews’ political status in Europe, 1600–1750
3029:, born and raised in Amsterdam's Portuguese Jewish community, became of the most influential figures of
4171:
4132:
2221:
2066:
1774:
1168:
364:
354:
90:
4110:
3805:
3778:
3108:
3056:
2963:
2774:
2705:
2335:
2028:
1879:
1820:
711:
2821:
2038:
2018:
1128:
608:
149:
3951:
3368: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
4140:
3939:
3840:
3387:
2730:
2179:
2169:
2134:
2013:
2003:
1786:
957:
899:
733:
412:
369:
84:
3566:“Hack, Pack, Sack”: Occupational Structure, Status, and Mobility of Jews in Amsterdam, 1851–1941
4043:
3114:
2951:
2936:
2930:
2737:, where, among other privileges, the free exercise of their religion would be assured to them.
2721:
2461:
2298:
2033:
1947:
1013:
565:
184:
154:
4033:
4010:
3966:
3038:
2189:
2184:
2129:
1917:
832:
560:
547:
442:
159:
3152:
actress, daughter of an Amsterdam-born mother of Portuguese Jewish descent (October 3, 1973)
3093:– merchant and shipowner, co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam (ca. 1540–1620)
2948:
Jacob Israel Belmonte – poet, co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam (1570–1629)
3126:
2260:
2212:
1952:
1810:
623:
488:
477:
435:
8:
3754:
3001:
2924:
2793:
2583:
honors to an outright ban on the individual. The most famous of those to receive a full
2493:
2453:
2449:
2313:
2008:
686:
553:
456:
449:
379:
267:
142:
2708:
in 1621, and some of them were members of its directorate. The ambitious schemes of the
3508:
3346:
3087:– philosopher and optician (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677), excommunicated 1656
3030:
2627:
2404:
2164:
2114:
2061:
2056:
1970:
1840:
1108:
937:
696:
616:
470:
36:
3866:
2525:
Amsterdam, as city officials adopted a policy of freedom of conscience in joining the
4237:
4122:
4048:
3728:
3512:
3498:
3443:
3415:
3309:
3280:
3139:
3096:
2630:, on the community. This experience became a determining factor in his whole career.
2424:
2393:, particularly in Amsterdam, was of major importance in the seventeenth century. The
2308:
2250:
2230:
2047:
1607:
1246:
706:
577:
507:
384:
297:
164:
3350:
2403:, Jews forced to convert to Catholicism in Spain and Portugal, who rejudaized under
4025:
3531:
Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam
3490:
3338:
3226:
Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam
2969:
2957:
2900:
2526:
2278:
2159:
2119:
2083:
1781:
1331:
842:
598:
502:
417:
307:
99:
3494:
2537:
4105:
4038:
3759:
3653:
3165:
3078:
3068:
2908:
2750:
2704:
were established by Sephardic Jews; they contributed to the establishment of the
2689:
2685:
2654:
2634:
2575:
2509:
2457:
2408:
2240:
2199:
2194:
2174:
2096:
2090:
2023:
1975:
1815:
1796:
947:
676:
588:
571:
115:
4092:
4063:
4053:
3972:
3623:
3614:
3540:(History of the Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam 1593-1925): Amsterdam 1925 (Dutch)
3382:
3374:
3120:
3102:
3084:
3072:
3055:– resistance fighter, distinguished officer (July 15, 1916 – February 9, 1945,
3026:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2942:
2904:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2546:
2542:
2473:
2437:
2433:
2340:
2139:
1994:
1874:
1853:
1830:
1825:
1803:
1791:
1386:
867:
801:
766:
744:
681:
519:
497:
359:
338:
314:
80:
62:
25:
3342:
2885:, a residence for the wealthy Sephardic family de Pinto, constructed in 1680.
2862:
Amsterdam is still home to works of its once vibrant Sephardic community. The
4259:
3944:
3861:
3708:
3701:
3559:
Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews Of Seventeenth-century Amsterdam
3442:. Portland, Oregon: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. p. 154.
3414:. Portland, Oregon: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. p. 149.
3369:
3213:
Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam
3145:
3052:
2882:
2809:
2782:
2701:
2623:
2288:
2283:
1489:
1416:
942:
791:
786:
781:
771:
749:
701:
463:
302:
207:
169:
120:
3308:. Portland, Oregon: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. p. 14.
3279:. Portland, Oregon: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. p. 11.
2734:
4070:
3155:
3090:
3011:
2813:
2709:
2505:
2318:
2144:
1985:
1980:
1938:
1891:
985:
852:
837:
796:
761:
374:
216:
3004:– rabbi, influential in the readmission of the Jews to England (1604–1657)
2443:
3815:
3583:
2979:
2746:
2501:
2429:
2416:
2303:
2245:
1910:
816:
811:
806:
776:
3680:
2866:, which was inaugurated in 1675, is located at the heart of Amsterdam's
2508:, a united Sephardic congregation. Several Sephardic Jews supported the
2472:. A couple of decades later, groups of crypto-Jews started reaching the
4080:
3800:
3694:
2916:
2770:
2615:
2555:
2513:
1961:
975:
904:
862:
691:
671:
230:
137:
57:
3142:– cellist and conductor, Jewish father (May 10, 1904 – April 26, 1995)
2954:– rabbi, kabbalist, scholar, writer (February 1, 1605 – April 4, 1693)
2871:
2766:
3673:
3159:
3149:
3015:
2920:
2912:
2843:
2817:
2753:, and the Bueno family. Joseph Bueno was consulted in the illness of
2697:
2484:
2124:
2109:
1199:
1147:
909:
857:
847:
528:
524:
514:
429:
189:
3075:, co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam (ca. 1550–1616)
2500:
and because of that settled in Amsterdam. Soon many Jews settled at
877:
3666:
3632:
3158:– particle physicist, science historian, Portuguese Jewish father,
2646:
2619:
2607:
2545:
of the Portuguese Jews, Amsterdam (illustration circa 1733–1739 by
2489:
2399:
2293:
1903:
1835:
666:
174:
125:
4058:
3687:
2717:
2693:
2677:
2611:
2497:
2269:
2235:
2104:
1898:
887:
882:
754:
645:
540:
536:
532:
281:
276:
253:
235:
110:
105:
95:
73:
48:
3373:
2532:
4212:
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
3169:
3042:
2778:
2726:
2713:
2673:
2650:
2469:
2465:
1929:
1924:
1884:
1869:
980:
872:
292:
258:
244:
179:
2992:– American Socialist leader (December 14, 1852 – May 11, 1914)
3982:
3578:
2960:– female politician, well-known feminist (b. October 1, 1937)
2580:
892:
321:
225:
194:
2649:
and Salonica, and immediately requested Ayllon, who was the
4145:
2832:
44:
3538:
Geschiedenis der Portugeesche Joden te Amsterdam 1593-1925
3215:. London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization 2000, xii
3133:
2688:(ca. 1550-1616) was sent to the Dutch Republic by Sultan
2637:
arrived at Amsterdam and requested the permission of the
3129:- contemporary rabbi, philosopher and scholar of Judaism
2740:
2519:
2849:
The Sephardic community in the Netherlands, called the
2444:
State of the community before the large-scale migration
2492:
had been refused admission in trading centers such as
2456:
had been introduced in Spain in 1478, followed by the
2700:. In particular, the relations between the Dutch and
3483:"Displaced Minorities: The Wayuu and Miskito People"
3105:– merchant/banker, political philosopher (1717–1780)
2867:
1908:
1889:
312:
2966:– comedian, actor (July 23, 1918 – August 19, 2005)
3172:politician, Dutch-Sephardic father (July 11, 1961)
3033:after his permanent expulsion by religious leaders
2824:and with no post-war resettlement in any numbers.
4257:
2777:. The Dutch troops lost the Brazilian colony of
2468:, where Europeans were Portuguese-speaking, and
3111:– watercolor painter and pastellist (1892–1971)
3379:"Ashkenazi, Zebi Hirsch (Ḥakam Ẓebi) B. Jacob"
2618:, a significant Jewish messianic movement. In
2415:, as well as the religious persecution by the
3599:
3561:: Littman Library of Jewish Civilisation 2004
2533:Religious identity and community in Amsterdam
2360:
4016:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
3579:The Portuguese Jewish Community of Amsterdam
3437:
3409:
3303:
3274:
3228:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1997
2870:and it is still in use today. The venerable
2729:. In a letter dated November 25, 1622, King
3568:: Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2012
604:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4296:Sephardi Jewish culture in the Netherlands
3613:
3606:
3592:
2998:– poet (January 14, 1798 – April 28, 1860)
2888:
2367:
2353:
4266:Dutch people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
2859:- Youth Portuguese-Israelite Community).
2857:Jongeren Portugees-Israëlitische Gemeente
2733:invited Jews from Amsterdam to settle in
2672:established trading connections with the
2666:
2579:, which could be anything from denial of
2479:
3099:– author, poet and economist (1650–1692)
3021:
2831:
2536:
2452:, where Spanish Jews had fled after the
15:
3134:Persons of partial Dutch Jewish descent
2939:– rabbi Amsterdam Synagogue (died 1697)
4271:Dutch people of Spanish-Jewish descent
4258:
3465:
3332:
3188:History of the Jews in the Netherlands
2852:Portugees-Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap
2381:History of the Jews in the Netherlands
4001:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
3587:
3357:
3162:mother (May 19, 1918 – July 28, 2000)
3081:– physician, city planner (1813–1866)
2773:, a natural harbor controlled by the
2741:Commerce and occupations in Amsterdam
2520:Relationship with Amsterdam officials
4291:Portuguese-Jewish diaspora in Europe
3480:
3470:. xliii:1: 12 – via EBSCOhost.
3468:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
2879:Beth Haim of Ouderkerk aan de Amstel
2622:, Ashkenazi witnessed the impact of
2512:and were in return protected by the
4200:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
3014:(June 6, 1868 – February 11, 1944,
2986:(December 24, 1946 – July 18, 2016)
2945:– rabbi and philosopher (1630–1695)
2755:Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
13:
4151:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
3487:The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity
3117:– sculptor and teacher (1863–1939)
3063:Balthazar (Isaac) Orobio de Castro
2982:– sports director and chairman of
2974:Supreme Court of the United States
2606:origins. Ayllon was connected to
2395:Portuguese Jews in the Netherlands
14:
4317:
4286:Spanish-Jewish diaspora in Europe
3572:
3533:: Indiana University Press 1997.!
3194:Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands
2391:Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands
395:Historical population comparisons
22:Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam
3363:
3252:Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation
3239:Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation
3183:History of the Jews in Amsterdam
2696:in 1608 to be his ambassador at
2458:expulsion of the Jews from Spain
2385:History of the Jews in Amsterdam
1039:Democratic Republic of the Congo
953:Historical population by country
4217:Institute for Sephardic Studies
3547:: Harvard University Press 1985
3474:
3459:
3431:
3403:
3391:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls
4301:Religion in the Dutch Republic
4006:Antisemitism in the Arab world
3326:
3297:
3268:
3257:
3244:
3231:
3218:
3205:
2933:– rabbi and author (1796–1860)
2827:
1:
3495:10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_117
3438:Swetschinski, Daniel (2000).
3410:Swetschinski, Daniel (2000).
3377:; J. Vredenburg (1901–1906).
3304:Swetschinski, Daniel (2000).
3275:Swetschinski, Daniel (2000).
2976:(May 24, 1870 – July 9, 1938)
2448:Many Jews migrating from the
610:Christianity and Judaism
4167:American Sephardi Federation
4160:Major communal organizations
3047:Congregation Shearith Israel
3010:– graphic artist, mentor of
2895:Category:Dutch Sephardi Jews
2820:, with its Jews deported to
2803:
2614:, and Tzvi Ashkenazi to the
7:
3882:Western Europe and overseas
3176:
3123:– mathematician (1797–1866)
3008:Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita
2972:– Associate Justice of the
2661:
2421:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
1909:
1890:
1617:Latin America and Caribbean
313:
10:
4322:
4172:Sephardi Community Council
3523:
2915:, after whom the towns of
2892:
2760:
2432:. Others had been sincere
2378:
2222:Jewish political movements
1919:Conversion to Judaism
4306:Jewish Portuguese history
4225:
4192:
4177:World Sephardi Federation
4159:
4131:
4091:
4024:
3993:
3718:
3622:
3557:Swetschinski, Daniel M.,
3343:10.1007/s10835-010-9113-z
3109:Joseph Teixeira de Mattos
3065:– philosopher (1617–1687)
3057:Dachau concentration camp
2964:Abraham Bueno de Mesquita
2842:(Sephardic synagogue) in
2800:held over the community.
2775:Dutch West Indies Company
2706:Dutch West Indies Company
625:Hinduism and Judaism
3481:Cwik, Christian (2019).
3211:Swetschinski, Daniel M.
3198:
3071:– Moroccan envoy to the
2822:Nazi concentration camps
451:Temple in Jerusalem
144:Bar and bat mitzvah
24:, 1675 (Illustration by
3661:Expulsion from Portugal
3440:Reluctant Cosmopolitans
3412:Reluctant Cosmopolitans
3388:The Jewish Encyclopedia
3306:Reluctant Cosmopolitans
3277:Reluctant Cosmopolitans
2889:Notable Portuguese Jews
2868:Jewish Cultural Quarter
2731:Christian IV of Denmark
2639:Portuguese Congregation
2628:Jewish messiah claimant
2610:, a mystical aspect of
2573:through the process of
413:Twelve Tribes of Israel
3536:da Silva Rosa, J. S.,
3489:. pp. 1593–1609.
3385:; et al. (eds.).
3115:Joseph Mendes da Costa
3034:
2952:Isaac Aboab da Fonseca
2937:Abraham Cohen Pimentel
2931:David de Aaron de Sola
2846:
2722:Isaac Aboab da Fonseca
2710:Dutch for the conquest
2667:International commerce
2594:Less influential were
2550:
2480:Migration to Amsterdam
2462:Portuguese Inquisition
29:
4011:Antisemitism in Islam
3729:Eastern Mediterranean
3554:: Jewish History 2000
3337:. 24.3-4 (3–4): 252.
3254:, 4, 125-33, 136, 153
3039:Abraham Lopes Cardozo
3025:
2836:Interior of the 1675
2835:
2540:
1159:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1154:Republic of the Congo
548:Second Temple Judaism
419:Kingdom of Judah
390:Modern historiography
19:
4281:Sephardi Jews topics
4276:Jewish Dutch history
4116:Sephardi chief rabbi
4093:Religion and culture
3649:Expulsion from Spain
3127:Nathan Lopes Cardozo
2680:. For instance, the
2419:that followed, many
2261:World Agudath Israel
1402:United Arab Emirates
489:Second Temple period
479:Babylonian captivity
20:Inauguration of the
3543:Katchen, Aaron L.,
3002:Manasseh ben Israel
2925:Bluefields, Jamaica
2874:Livraria Montezinos
2872:Library Ets Haim -
2454:Spanish Inquisition
2450:Kingdom of Portugal
554:Hellenistic Judaism
132:Land of Israel
91:Principles of faith
3035:
3031:Western philosophy
2847:
2551:
2115:Jewish Koine Greek
1657:Dominican Republic
938:Judaism by country
617:Jews and Christmas
472:Assyrian captivity
30:
4253:
4252:
4049:Judaeo-Portuguese
3504:978-981-13-2897-8
3140:Frieda Belinfante
3097:Joseph de la Vega
2927:, were both named
2903:, a 17th century
2633:On 30 June 1713,
2425:Iberian Peninsula
2389:The community of
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1821:Reconstructionist
1765:
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561:Jewish–Roman wars
509:Hasmonean dynasty
425:Kingdom of Israel
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4111:Rite and customs
4084:
3967:Crypto-Sephardim
3608:
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3584:
3564:Tammes, Peter.,
3529:Bodian, Miriam,
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3235:
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3224:Bodian, Miriam.
3222:
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3209:
2970:Benjamin Cardozo
2911:and the western
2907:and explorer of
2905:Jewish privateer
2901:Abraham Blauvelt
2655:ban of exclusion
2587:was philosopher
2527:Union of Utrecht
2413:Portugal in 1496
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3069:Samuel Pallache
2909:Central America
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2751:Elijah Montalto
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2690:Zidan Abu Maali
2686:Samuel Pallache
2682:Jewish-Moroccan
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3264:BARUCH SPINOZA
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2543:Passover Seder
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3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3709:New Christian
3706:
3704:
3703:
3702:Maghrebi Jews
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
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3506:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3451:
3449:1-874774-46-3
3445:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3423:
3421:1-874774-46-3
3417:
3413:
3406:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3370:public domain
3360:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3317:
3315:1-874774-46-3
3311:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3288:
3286:1-874774-46-3
3282:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3247:
3240:
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3227:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3146:Neve Campbell
3144:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
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3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3053:George Maduro
3051:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2958:Hedy d'Ancona
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2883:Huis de Pinto
2880:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2810:the Holocaust
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2785:(Manhattan).
2784:
2783:New Amsterdam
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:South America
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2624:Sabbatai Zevi
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2548:
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2517:
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2507:
2503:
2499:
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2471:
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2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2409:Spain in 1492
2406:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2356:
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2257:
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2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Judeo-Aramaic
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Judeo-Italian
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1842:
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1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:Denominations
1771:
1770:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
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1721:
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1701:
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1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:United States
1601:
1599:
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1595:
1594:
1593:
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1588:
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1578:
1576:
1573:
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1513:
1511:
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1501:
1498:
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1491:
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1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
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1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
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1427:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
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1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
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1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
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1360:
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1333:
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1310:
1308:
1305:
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1300:
1298:
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1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
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1260:
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1250:
1248:
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1224:
1223:
1222:
1218:
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1209:
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1201:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:Guinea-Bissau
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
992:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
971:
968:
965:
964:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:Lists of Jews
941:
939:
936:
935:
934:
933:
928:
923:
922:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
829:
828:
824:
823:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
746:
743:
742:
741:
740:
735:
730:
729:
718:
710:
708:
705:
703:
702:The Holocaust
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
663:
662:
658:
657:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
629:
627:
622:
618:
612:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
595:
594:
590:
587:
586:
579:
573:
567:
562:
559:
555:
549:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
494:
493:
490:
487:
486:
481:
476:
474:
469:
465:
461:
458:
453:
448:
444:
440:
437:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
416:
414:
411:
410:
409:
408:
405:
402:
401:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
351:
350:
346:
345:
340:
335:
334:
323:
320:
317:
316:
311:
309:
306:
304:
303:Mishneh Torah
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
288:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
272:
269:
266:
265:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
249:
246:
243:
242:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
221:
218:
215:
214:
209:
204:
203:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
141:
139:
136:
134:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
101:
97:
94:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
78:
75:
70:
69:
64:
63:Who is a Jew?
61:
59:
56:
55:
54:
53:
50:
46:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
27:
23:
18:
4071:Judeo-Gascon
4044:Judeo-Arabic
4034:Judeo-Berber
3965:
3897:
3880:
3852:Gibraltarian
3841:North Africa
3839:
3831:Thessalonian
3727:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3639:Roman Empire
3631:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3486:
3476:
3467:
3461:
3453:
3439:
3433:
3425:
3411:
3405:
3393:. Retrieved
3386:
3359:
3334:
3328:
3319:
3305:
3299:
3290:
3276:
3270:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3212:
3207:
3193:
3192:
3156:Abraham Pais
3091:Jacob Tirado
3012:M. C. Escher
2873:
2863:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2837:
2814:World War II
2807:
2797:
2794:emancipation
2787:
2764:
2744:
2670:
2642:
2632:
2593:
2584:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2523:
2506:Talmud Torah
2483:
2447:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2319:Post-Zionism
2190:Judeo-Berber
2185:Judeo-Arabic
2145:Judeo-Gascon
1892:Pidyon haben
1811:Conservative
1357:Saudi Arabia
1175:South Africa
1164:Sierra Leone
986:Israeli Jews
900:Mosaic Arabs
853:Kaifeng Jews
714:Arab–Israeli
687:Emancipation
566:Great Revolt
375:Anti-Judaism
370:Antisemitism
365:Name "Judea"
160:Baal teshuva
4236: [
4203: [
4180: [
4079: [
3801:Palestinian
3049:(1914–2006)
2980:Uri Coronel
2828:Current era
2747:David Nieto
2502:Vlooienburg
2430:crypto-Jews
2417:Inquisition
2314:Revisionist
2304:Neo-Zionism
1911:Zeved habat
1704:Puerto Rico
1530:Netherlands
1362:South Korea
1347:Philippines
1227:Afghanistan
1094:Ivory Coast
868:Crypto-Jews
833:Bnei Anusim
812:Bene Israel
777:Beta Israel
734:Communities
641:Middle Ages
380:Persecution
155:Bereavement
4260:Categories
3784:Macedonian
3772:Alexandria
3720:Dispersion
3695:Megorashim
3674:Degredados
3644:Golden Age
3321:incidents.
2917:Bluefields
2893:See also:
2771:Willemstad
2735:GlĂĽckstadt
2616:Sabbateans
2602:, who had
2514:stadholder
2494:Middelburg
2405:rabbinical
2379:See also:
2299:Maximalism
2251:Secularism
2231:Autonomism
2048:Literature
1841:Humanistic
1445:Azerbaijan
1407:Uzbekistan
1382:Tajikistan
1302:Kyrgyzstan
1287:Kazakhstan
1134:Mozambique
1109:Madagascar
1029:Cape Verde
981:New Yishuv
976:Old Yishuv
927:Population
905:Subbotniks
863:Samaritans
802:Romanyotim
745:Ashkenazim
692:Old Yishuv
672:Sabbateans
659:Modern era
651:Golden Age
578:Bar Kokhba
298:Beit Yosef
165:Philosophy
4026:Languages
3973:Amazonian
3957:Livornese
3935:Hamburger
3779:Hungarian
3745:Bulgarian
3667:Conversos
3513:239122464
3160:Ashkenazi
3016:Auschwitz
2921:Nicaragua
2913:Caribbean
2844:Amsterdam
2818:The Hague
2804:Holocaust
2698:The Hague
2684:merchant
2604:Romaniote
2485:Amsterdam
2423:left the
2400:conversos
2309:Religious
2165:Zarphatic
2155:Bukharian
2125:Judeo-Tat
2110:Yeshivish
2084:Languages
2039:Sephardic
2029:Israelite
2019:Ethiopian
2009:Ashkenazi
1948:Religious
1738:Australia
1720:Venezuela
1626:Argentina
1608:Greenland
1520:Lithuania
1372:Sri Lanka
1367:Singapore
1292:Kurdistan
1257:Indonesia
1247:Hong Kong
1200:Abayudaya
1124:Mauritius
858:Igbo Jews
848:Krymchaks
767:Sephardim
635:relations
529:Sadducees
525:Pharisees
515:Sanhedrin
430:Jerusalem
190:Synagogue
58:Etymology
4133:Politics
3913:Suriname
3888:American
3874:Tunisian
3862:Moroccan
3847:Algerian
3806:Romanian
3789:Monastir
3767:Egyptian
3760:Splicani
3750:Croatian
3735:Albanian
3688:Marranos
3681:Lançados
3633:Sepharad
3351:55397970
3250:Bodian,
3177:See also
3150:Canadian
2662:Commerce
2647:Sarajevo
2620:Salonica
2608:kabbalah
2490:marranos
2336:Category
2294:Kahanism
2241:Feminism
2213:Politics
2097:Biblical
2067:American
2014:Bukharan
2004:American
1904:Shidduch
1880:Clothing
1836:Haymanot
1782:Orthodox
1710:Suriname
1693:Paraguay
1646:Colombia
1545:Portugal
1455:Bulgaria
1392:Thailand
1342:Pakistan
1322:Mongolia
1317:Malaysia
1237:Cambodia
1211:Zimbabwe
1186:Tanzania
1064:Eswatini
1054:Ethiopia
1044:Djibouti
1024:Cameroon
1019:Botswana
948:Diaspora
910:Noahides
883:Marranos
807:Cochinim
792:Bukharim
782:Gruzinim
772:Teimanim
762:Mizrahim
750:Galician
716:conflict
677:Hasidism
667:Haskalah
572:Diaspora
443:timeline
355:Timeline
268:Rabbinic
175:Kabbalah
150:Marriage
126:Tzedakah
116:Holidays
74:Religion
37:a series
35:Part of
4193:Studies
4123:Haredim
4101:Cuisine
4076:Bagitto
4059:Haketia
3952:Italian
3925:English
3908:Curaçao
3893:Antwerp
3867:Tetuani
3826:Rhodian
3811:Serbian
3796:Ottoman
3755:Ragusan
3740:Bosnian
3624:Origins
3524:Sources
3395:July 1,
3372::
3170:Israeli
2798:Mahamad
2767:Curaçao
2761:Decline
2718:Holland
2694:Morocco
2678:Morocco
2612:Judaism
2571:Ma'amad
2566:Ma'amad
2561:Ma'amad
2556:Ma'amad
2498:Haarlem
2279:General
2270:Zionism
2246:Leftism
2236:Bundism
2160:Knaanic
2120:Yevanic
2105:Yiddish
2062:Yiddish
2057:Israeli
2034:Mizrahi
2024:Israeli
1995:Cuisine
1971:Ancient
1953:Secular
1899:Kashrut
1875:Wedding
1862:Customs
1854:Culture
1831:Science
1826:Renewal
1816:Karaite
1797:Hasidic
1729:Oceania
1715:Uruguay
1683:Jamaica
1663:Ecuador
1631:Bolivia
1575:Ukraine
1550:Romania
1525:Moldova
1505:Hungary
1495:Germany
1490:Georgia
1480:Finland
1475:Estonia
1470:Denmark
1465:Czechia
1450:Belarus
1440:Austria
1435:Armenia
1412:Vietnam
1327:Myanmar
1312:Lebanon
1232:Bahrain
1191:Tunisia
1169:Somalia
1144:Nigeria
1139:Namibia
1129:Morocco
1059:Eritrea
1004:Algeria
888:Neofiti
797:Italkim
787:Juhurim
697:Zionism
646:Khazars
541:Sicarii
537:Zealots
533:Essenes
520:Schisms
385:Leaders
347:General
339:History
282:Tosefta
277:Midrash
254:Mishnah
236:Ketuvim
231:Nevi'im
180:Customs
111:Shabbat
106:Halakha
98: (
96:Mitzvot
83: (
49:Judaism
28:, 1721)
3983:Xuetas
3940:Indian
3930:French
3857:Libyan
3816:Syrian
3617:topics
3511:
3501:
3446:
3418:
3349:
3312:
3292:again.
3283:
3043:hazzan
2923:, and
2864:Esnoga
2839:Esnoga
2790:Esnoga
2779:Recife
2727:Europe
2714:Brazil
2674:Levant
2651:hakham
2643:Esnoga
2626:, the
2470:France
2466:Brazil
2341:Portal
2200:Domari
2130:Shassi
2091:Hebrew
1986:Humour
1930:Hiloni
1925:Aliyah
1885:Niddah
1870:Minyan
1805:Reform
1792:Haredi
1787:Modern
1688:Mexico
1673:Guyana
1636:Brazil
1598:Canada
1570:Sweden
1560:Serbia
1555:Russia
1540:Poland
1535:Norway
1515:Latvia
1500:Greece
1485:France
1460:Cyprus
1426:Europe
1397:Turkey
1387:Taiwan
1297:Kuwait
1282:Jordan
1272:Israel
1206:Zambia
1196:Uganda
1114:Malawi
1084:Guinea
1074:Gambia
1009:Angola
995:Africa
878:Dönmeh
873:Anusim
817:Berber
755:Litvak
707:Israel
613:
550:
464:Second
432:
293:Targum
259:Gemara
245:Talmud
217:Tanakh
170:Ethics
121:Prayer
4240:]
4226:Other
4207:]
4184:]
4106:Music
4083:]
3903:Aruba
3898:Dutch
3821:Greek
3509:S2CID
3381:. In
3347:S2CID
3199:Notes
2585:ḥerem
2581:Torah
2576:ḥerem
2289:Labor
2284:Green
1981:Dance
1939:Music
1758:Palau
1678:Haiti
1641:Chile
1565:Spain
1510:Italy
1417:Yemen
1377:Syria
1352:Qatar
1332:Nepal
1277:Japan
1252:India
1242:China
1181:Sudan
1104:Libya
1099:Kenya
1079:Ghana
1069:Gabon
1049:Egypt
1034:Benin
893:Xueta
838:Lemba
457:First
322:Zohar
226:Torah
208:Texts
195:Rabbi
185:Rites
85:names
4146:Shas
3499:ISBN
3444:ISBN
3416:ISBN
3397:2013
3310:ISBN
3281:ISBN
2676:and
2598:and
2541:The
2496:and
2411:and
2383:and
1748:Guam
1743:Fiji
1698:Peru
1651:Cuba
1337:Oman
1307:Laos
1267:Iraq
1262:Iran
1219:Asia
1148:Igbo
1119:Mali
138:Brit
47:and
45:Jews
3491:doi
3339:doi
3045:of
2712:of
2692:of
2641:or
1962:Art
308:Tur
100:613
4262::
4238:es
4205:es
4182:he
4081:it
3507:.
3497:.
3485:.
3452:.
3424:.
3345:.
3318:.
3289:.
3168:–
3148:–
3041:–
2919:,
2749:,
2516:.
2476:.
575:,
569:,
539:,
535:,
531:,
527:,
39:on
3607:e
3600:t
3593:v
3515:.
3493::
3399:.
3353:.
3341::
3241:.
3059:)
3018:)
2549:)
2368:e
2361:t
2354:v
1202:)
1198:(
1150:)
1146:(
619:)
615:(
581:)
564:(
557:)
552:(
543:)
523:(
466:)
455:(
445:)
434:(
102:)
87:)
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