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Opmerking: Andere staat met vermelding dat de prent te koop is bij De Hooghe in de
Kalverstraat. En twee latere staten.FMH 2574-AAtlas van Stolk 2618. Hollstein Dutch 117. KAN 157. Omschrijving: Gezicht op het interieur van de Portugese Synagoge te Amsterdam tijdens de inwijding op 2 augustus 1675. In het midden, op de naar het oosten gerichte teba, de chazan. Rechts worden de torarollen, gedragen door mannen en afgewisseld door mannen met een fakkel of een kaars, in een stoet naar de heilige ark (aron hakodesj of hechal) gedragen. Boven in het midden geven de Amsterdamse Stedenmaagd en de personificatie van Vrijheid van Geweten een Joodse priester met gebedsrol en een knielende vrouw met wetstafelen de vrijheid om hun godsdienst uit te oefenen. Links hiervan een plattegrond van de tempel, rechts een gezicht op de buitenkant. Aan weerszijden medaillons met de namen van regenten van de synagoge, leden van de bouwcommissie en personen die tijdens de inwijding ceremonies uitvoerden. Hierbij een apart tekstblad met tekst in 3 kolommen in het Nederlands, Portugees en Frans en 5 verzen in het Nederlands, Portugees, Hebreeuws, Latijn en Frans.
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names: top left, Isack Leuy
Ximenez, Moseh Curiel, Daniel Pinto, Abraham Iesurun espinoa, Moseh Pereyra, Ioseph Dazeuedo, Abraham Zagache; middle left: Isack de Pinto, Abraham da Veiga, Dauid Salom Dazeudo, Iacob Aboab Osorio, Semuel Vaz, Isack Henriques Coutinho, Iacob Pereyra; bottom left: Isack Belmonte, Selomoh Salom, Dauid Abendana Osorio, Iacob Bueno de Mesguita, Abraham Touro, Iacob de Pinto, Samuel Abarbanel Seuza. Medallions on the right are headed “H.R.”, top right: Isack Aboab, Isack Mendes da Silva, Iacob Ergas Henriquez, Abraham Gomes Gutieres, Isack Gomes Neto, Dauid Drago, Semuel de Elijah Abarbanel; middle right: Ioseph Iesurum, Abraham Semah Ferro, Iacob Ximenez Cardozo, Ieosuah Abas, Iacob Nunes Henriques, Dauid Franco da Costa; lower right: Abraham Franco Mendes, Isack de Miranda, Abraham Teles, Iacob Teles da Costa, Benyamin Baruch Mendes, Iacob Franco da Silua, Abraham Israel Zagache; bottom right Amsterdam, Auctore, Romano de Hooghe.
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810:. On the right are the Torah scrolls, carried by men and un-rolled by men with a torch and a candle, carried in a procession to the holy ark. Above, in the middle, the Maid of Amsterdam and the personification of Freedom of Conscience give a Jewish priest with a prayer roll and a kneeling woman with the tables of the law freedom to practice their religion. Left of there is a map of the temple, and on the right a view of the outside. On the opposite sides are medallions with the names of regents of the synagogue, members of the building commission and people who performed during the dedication ceremonies. Along with this, and separate, is a sheet of text in three columns in Dutch, Portuguese and French, and five verses in Dutch, Portuguese, Hebrew, Latin and French.”
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346:, and their very large synagogue reflected this. The synagogue is an active place of worship and has been a popular tourist attraction since it was constructed in the late 17th century, when it drew Christian tourists from many countries. The congregation allowed visitation of non-Jews and its opulence was a reflection of the importance of sacred worship to the congregation as well as signaling to all the wealth of the Portuguese Jewish community.
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1675. In 1889 the private library of the then librarian David
Montezinos was donated to Ets Haim, and the library has been known since then as Ets Haim/Livraria Montezinos. In the 1940s, the library's contents were shipped to Germany by the Nazis, but the books were returned to the Netherlands after the war; the books were sent to Israel in 1979 and returned to Amsterdam in 2000. In 2014, in partnership with the
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396:, or conversion to Catholicism, or failing to do either, execution. Of Spain's estimated 200,000 Jews at that time, around half converted; many by coercion, others because of social and financial pressures preventing their departure, and a few out of genuine religious conviction. They became Spain's Jewish-origin
520:) formed three separate congregations, which merged into one, the Talmud Torah. In 1670 they purchased a site in Amsterdam and planned the construction of a large synagogue, which was inaugurated in 1675. The construction of the Portuguese Synagogue, the Esnoga, was a heavy burden on the congregation as a whole.
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various officials, the rabbinate, a mortuary, and noted Ets Hayim library. During the 1955–1959 renovation, the former Ets Hayim seminary auditorium was redesigned as a winter synagogue; central heating and electric lighting were added. The benches were taken from a synagogue originally built in 1639 and the
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The
Portuguese Synagogue has one of the oldest Jewish libraries in the world, filled with original and rare texts and constantly called upon for academic and rabbinical research. It was founded in 1616 and has been housed in the historical complex of the Portuguese Jewish community of Amsterdam since
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The interior of the synagogue is a single, very high rectangular space retaining its original wooden benches. The floor was covered with fine sand, in the old Dutch tradition, to absorb dust, moisture and dirt from shoes and to muffle the noise. Only five synagogues in the world had a sand floor, and
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in
Amsterdam were known as the "first modern Jews" because they were the first to distinguish between religious and secular spheres of their individual and collective lives. Their religious life was focused primarily on the synagogue, the religious calendar of Jewish life, and an eagerness to provide
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In
Portugal, Jewish life was interrupted only a few years later, when there too they were issued with the Portuguese decree against the Jews in 1496. While in theory, the Jews now in Portugal who chose not convert to Catholicism also had the option to be expelled (or executed) by 1497, the Portuguese
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Serfaty banned
Melamed from visiting the community’s synagogue and library due to his research of the “heretic.” Responding to Melamed in a letter, Serfaty not only forbade Melamed to film in the building but declared him to be a persona non-grata, essentially even denying Melamed to participate in
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Emanuel de Witte produced three paintings of the Esnoga. One is in the
Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, another in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem. There was one in the Kaiser Friedrich Museum in Berlin, apparently no longer extant, but it was photographed prior to its 1945 disappearance. It is unclear for
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produced multiple images of the
Portuguese Synagogue. De Hooghe produced multiple engravings of the interior and exterior of the synagogue, as well as exteriors of wealthy Portuguese Jewish merchants residences, and scenes of ordinary cultural life in the Jewish community. De Witte painted three
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De Hooghe engraving of the inauguration of the synagogue brings together many elements. The names of major contributors to the creation of the synagogue are listed in medallions on either side of the engraving along with some other information. The medallions on the engraving list the following
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The building is free-standing and rests on wooden piles; the foundation vaults can be viewed by boat from the canal water underneath the synagogue. The entrance to the main synagogue is off a small courtyard enclosed by low buildings housing the winter synagogue, offices and archives, homes of
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Description in Dutch of the image in the
Rijksmuseum on Wikimedia Commons. Identificatie: Titel(s): Interieur van de Portugese Synagoge te Amsterdam tijdens de inwijding, 1675. Objecttype: prent nieuwsprent. Objectnummer: RP-P-OB-67.743. A. Catalogusreferentie: Aantal staten bekend-1 of 2(4).
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whom these paintings were made, but de Witte painted many works of houses of worship in Amsterdam, not necessarily from direct observation. Both de Witt and de Hooghe produced works that show the synagogue with worshipers and visitors, not merely as architectural depictions.
532:, the facility was slated to become a deportation center for Jews, but Leo Palache and a team of volunteers managed to dissuade the Nazis from this plan. Instead, the building concealed Jewish ritual items for deported Jews in the sanctuary ceiling and attic floor. The
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of Kahal Kados Torah excommunicated Spinoza and his writings with the severest possible ban, a ban that remains in force and cannot be rescinded. You have devoted your life to the study of Spinoza’s banned works and the development of his ideas,”
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The interior of the Portuguese Synagogue is of the longitudinal Iberian-Sephardic type. The ark is situated in the south-east corner of the building and faces Jerusalem. On the other side of the room, opposite of the ark, is a
484:, who had converted fully to Catholicism, were at times hounded, persecuted and executed on charges of practicing Judaism. This was often a pretext for the confiscation of their property. Many of them wished to have
738:. In addition to these columns, there are four large brass chandeliers that hold a total of a thousand candles. All of the candles are lit in the synagogue during worship services, shining out through the 72 windows.
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In the seventeenth century, Western European art saw a shift from exclusively pejorative depictions of Jews and Jewish culture to one that was more realistic and observational. Two Dutch artists, engraver
615:, Toledano writes: "I hereby inform you that ten professors from all over the world, including Israel, came to a symposium on December 6, 2015. The Spinoza case has been widely discussed. Myself, as the
587:, historic and ethical tradition and an unacceptable assault on our identity and heritage... “I therefore deny your request and declare you persona non grata in the Portuguese Synagogue complex."
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to its members. In the letter, they stated that both Serfaty and Toledano do not agree to retract their words. However, the board did not fire them. On December 2 the board of the Esnoga sent a
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as happened in Spain, in practice blocked Portugal's ports of exit, and subsequently reasoned that those who stayed behind agreed to become Christians by default. Thus the Jews in Portugal were
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from the Iberian Peninsula to Amsterdam took place from the 1600s to the early 1800s. Once in Amsterdam, many returned to Judaism openly and publicly. They called themselves
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On December 12, 1670, the Sephardic Jewish community of Amsterdam acquired the site to build a synagogue and construction work began on April 17, 1671, under the architect
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5:8: "In the abundance of Thy loving kindness will I come into Thy house". The sign also contains "1672", the year the building was intended to be completed, and "
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diary of executive director Salomon Coutinho was discovered in Amsterdam and details the synagogue's works and efforts to protect the building during the war.
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458:. Many in fact did continue to practice Judaism behind closed doors while publicly professing to be Catholics; in Spanish and Portuguese these were called
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imposed on him by our previous rabbis must be maintained. In light of the above, there is no opportunity to discuss Spinoza with you in our complex.”
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492:. Amsterdam, then one of the greatest cities in the world, offered both of these things. In this historical context, a substantial migration of
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wood from Brazil. The main sanctuary does not have an internal electric system; two chandeliers that hold 1000 candles are lit when necessary.
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798:“View of the interior of the Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam during the dedication on 2 August, 1675. In the center, on the east-pointing
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683:. On August 2, 1675, the Esnoga was completed and opened with great ceremony. The design is based on the plans for King Solomon's temple.
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The persecutions and trials by the inquisition against conversos lasted well into the late 1700s. The legal distinction between so-called
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611:-Emeritus (Chief Rabbi-Emeritus) of the Esnoga and the former Chief Rabbi of the Beth Din in The Netherlands supported Serfaty. In
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in Spain and Portugal continued to investigate the conversos and their descendants on suspicions that they continued to practice
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Robert Cohen (1987). ""Memoria Para Os Siglos Futuros": Myth and Memory on the Beginnings of the Amsterdam Sephardi Community".
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of De Hooghe's elaborate image contains considerable information about the iconography and text, here translated to English.
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Exterior of the Portuguese synagogue in Amsterdam, ca. 1695, showing the social context of the wealthy community. 1695 by
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Kaplan, Yosef (1998). "For Whom did Emanuel de Witte Paint his Three Pictures of the Sephardic Synagogue in Amsterdam?".
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Of the other half of Spain's Jews who did not convert, and instead chose exile, some sailed south (becoming the
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in 1496 after the decree and, all but a few who did manage to flee, became Portugal's Jewish-origin
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a Jewish education for their children. The early 17th Portuguese Jewish community of "the nation" (
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1433:"The Story of a Dying Community: A Diary from the Amsterdam Jewish Community at the End of WWII"
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and New Christians was maintained for centuries, with a person's genealogy always on record.
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Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam
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of the congregation, gave a lecture on the subject and the conclusion was that the
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1408:"How a volunteer Jewish fire brigade saved the Dutch Portuguese Synagogue in WWII"
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Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam
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was one of the largest and richest Jewish communities in Europe during the
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with an invitation to Melamed do research and film in the Esnoga complex.
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is supported by twelve stone columns, each which represents one of the
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1646:"This 400-year-old Jewish library survived Hitler and the Inquisition"
1619:"This 400-year-old Jewish library survived Hitler and the Inquisition"
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1459:"The Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam | Jewish Music Research Centre"
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1534:"Hallelujah! Assemble, Pray, Study – Synagogues Past and Present"
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1581:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1998
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this was the only one with such a floor surviving outside the
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During the Nazi campaign to systematically murder Jews in the
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Room for mourning where the body is watched over until burial
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The Art of Describing. Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century
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Archive of the Portuguese-Israelite community in Amsterdam
1396:. London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization 2000, 252
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in 1492, whereby they were given the choice of exile from
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dates from 1744. The ark is made from a solid piece of
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General view with the synagogue at left, 18th century
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View of the dedication of the Esnoga, 2 August 1675.
1509:"Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam | Amsterdam.info"
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488:again and to be free from this institutionalized
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654:Interior of the Portuguese Synagogue in 1695 by
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1484:"The historical sanctuary of Amsterdam's Jews"
1311:"Esnoga (Talmud Torah) Synagogue in Amsterdam"
423:king, not wanting a similar Jewish flight and
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331:, the traditional Judaeo-Spanish language of
1701:Consecration of the new Portuguese synagogue
376:The spacious interior is filled with benches
16:Orthodox synagogue in Amsterdam, Netherlands
1372:. Indianapolis, Indiana: University Press.
686:The inscription above the entrance is from
2754:Sephardi Jewish culture in the Netherlands
2709:17th-century synagogues in the Netherlands
1939:
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1840:Nederlands Israëlitische Gemeente Den Haag
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1061:Books from the Ets Haim Library on display
750:Painting of the interior of the Esnoga by
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2704:1675 establishments in the Dutch Republic
1703:August 2, 1675. Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana
1317:. Foundation for Jewish Heritage and the
768:scenes of the interior of the synagogue.
583:… is incompatible with our centuries-old
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415:), but most crossed the border west to
323:. The synagogue was completed in 1675.
71:Ecclesiastical or organisational status
2734:Orthodox synagogues in the Netherlands
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2156:Amsterdam regional transport authority
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1251:, an 18th-century scribe at the Esnoga
1239:History of the Jews in the Netherlands
1085:Detail of cloth from Torah decorations
388:") were issued with the Spanish royal
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1707:Website of Ets Haim, Sephardi library
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1244:List of synagogues in the Netherlands
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1559:. YIVO Institute For Jewish Research
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2454:Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten
1961:Index of Amsterdam-related articles
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411:), others went east (becoming the
404:(i.e. "converts" to Catholicism).
307:, located at Mr. Visserplein 3 in
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2764:Spanish-Jewish diaspora in Europe
2724:Buildings of the Dutch Golden Age
1680:Portugees-Israëlietische Synagoge
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1261:Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands
754:(c. 1680), Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
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564:prayer services in the Esnoga.
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35:The synagogue exterior, in 2015
2744:Religion in the Dutch Republic
2352:Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam
1605:"About - Ets Haim Manuscripts"
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1488:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
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1013:Memorial plaques in the chapel
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1315:Historic Synagogues of Europe
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877:Interior, lit up with candles
340:Amsterdam Sephardic community
327:is the word for synagogue in
144:Location of the synagogue in
2769:Synagogues completed in 1675
2484:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
636:second letter to its members
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2749:Rijksmonuments in Amsterdam
1714:listing in the World memory
1463:www.jewish-music.huji.ac.il
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559:Bemah at left, ark at right
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2596:Basilica of Saint Nicholas
1789:Kingdom of the Netherlands
965:The interior of the Esnoga
901:Windows with natural light
865:The exterior of the Esnoga
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1551:Krinsky, Carol Herselle.
913:Foundation memorial stone
626:On November 30, 2021 the
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1553:"Synagogue Architecture"
1392:Swetschinski, Daniel M.
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1037:Silver Torah decorations
2774:Synagogues in Amsterdam
2479:University of Amsterdam
1867:Abandoned or repurposed
1368:Bodian, Miriam (1997).
1255:Joods Historisch Museum
736:Twelve Tribes of Israel
504:at the time during the
409:North African Sephardim
2682:Netherlands portal
2031:Amsterdam Science Park
2016:Stelling van Amsterdam
1879:Aqsa Mosque, The Hague
1845:Portuguese (Amsterdam)
1001:Chapel in the compound
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215:Synagogue architecture
157:Geographic coordinates
2493:Parks and open spaces
2269:Het Scheepvaartmuseum
2250:Books about Amsterdam
1650:www.timesofisrael.com
1412:www.timesofisrael.com
1319:Center for Jewish Art
977:Benches in the Esnoga
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2636:Portuguese Synagogue
2066:Boroughs & areas
1682:at Wikimedia Commons
1351:Studia Rosenthaliana
288:, also known as the
286:Portuguese Synagogue
24:Portuguese Synagogue
2759:Sephardi synagogues
2444:Esprit Scholengroep
2322:Royal Theater Carré
2255:Tourist attractions
1157:Books from Ets Haim
1145:Books from Ets Haim
1133:Books from Ets Haim
853:Exterior, side view
640:a letter to Melamed
628:board of the Esnoga
613:a letter to Melamed
567:"The chachamim and
486:freedom of religion
175: /
98:Mr. Visserplein 3,
2719:Baroque synagogues
2459:Sandberg Institute
2402:Johan Cruyff Arena
2357:Albert Cuyp Market
2260:Outdoor sculptures
2035:Port of Amsterdam‎
2027:Euronext Amsterdam
1905:List of synagogues
1513:www.amsterdam.info
1195:Netherlands portal
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179:52.3675°N 4.9054°E
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2161:Metropolitan area
2020:tallest buildings
1987:Van Amstel family
1914:
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1678:Media related to
1644:Liphshiz, Cnaan.
1557:Yivo Encyclopedia
1171:Hezekiah da Silva
1049:Cloth Torah cover
941:Ark from upstairs
765:Emmanuel de Witte
742:Depictions in art
544:In November 2021
506:Eighty Years' War
429:forced to convert
413:Eastern Sephardim
386:Iberian Peninsula
309:Central Amsterdam
303:congregation and
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267:portugesegemeente
146:Central Amsterdam
100:Central Amsterdam
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2307:music venues
2285:Wereldmuseum
2114:Urban areas
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1653:. Retrieved
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