376:
may work on the subject and make certain types of changes in the light of new information. In modern practice it is greatly preferred that the collector of the specimens immediately passes them to specialists for naming; it is rarely possible for non-specialists to tell whether their specimens are of
364:
or not. This does not always happen of course; all sorts of errors occur in practice. For example, a collector might scoop a netful of small fish and describe them as a new species; it then might turn out that he had failed to notice that there were several (possibly unrelated) species in the net. It
423:
Note that the principles of circumscription apply in various ways in non-biological senses. In biological taxonomy the usual assumption is that circumscription reflects the shared ancestry perceived as most likely in the light of the currently available information; in geology or legal contexts far
359:
and to describe it, it is to be hoped that his description would stand the tests of time and criticism, but even if it does not, then as far as practical the name that he had assigned will apply. It still will apply in preference to any subsequent names or descriptions that anyone proposes, whether
605:
taxon because the members were long believed to form a "true" taxon and the standard literature still refers to them together. Alternatively a taxon might include members simply because they form a group that is convenient to work with in practice.
543:(MRCA). If this is correct, that ancestor might have been a single species of plant. Conversely the assertion also means that the family includes all surviving species descended from that ancestor. Other species of plants that some people might (
312:) is used to mean "in the sense of certain authors", who can be designated or described. It normally refers to a sense which is considered invalid and may be used in place of the author designation of a taxon in such a case (for instance,
297:
A similar form is in use to indicate the sense of a particular context, such as "Nonmonophyletic groups are ... nonnatural (sensu cladistics) in that ..." or "... computation of a cladogram (sensu phenetics) ..."
654:'s particular description of that series. It is a different kind of circumscription, alluding to the fact that A.S. George called them a series. "Sensu A.S. George" means that A.S. George discussed the
59:. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular concept, but it also appears in expressions that indicate the convention or context of the usage.
428:
remains functionally similarly intelligible among the fields. In geology for example, in which the concept of ancestry is looser and less pervasive than in biology, one finds usages such as:
404:
arises, because that is where the worker produces and argues his view of the proper circumscription. Equally, or perhaps even more strongly, the arguments for deciding questions concerning
355:, the specimen or specimens that one refers to in case of doubt about the definition of a species. Given that an author (such as Linnaeus, for example) was the first to supply a definite
706:
739:
965:
351:. In biological taxonomy the author citation following the name of a taxon simply identifies the author who originally published the name and applied it to the
459:
Galloway (1989)" meaning those sequences so referred to by
Galloway, much as in the biological usage in referring to the terminology of particular authorities.
424:
wider and more arbitrary ranges of logical circumscription commonly apply, not necessarily formally uniformly. However, the usage of expressions incorporating
609:
In this example, we can know from additional sources that we are dealing with the latter case: by adding other groups of plants to the family
Malvaceae
880:
989:
Judd, Walter S.; Manchester, Steven R. (1997). "Circumscription of
Malvaceae (Malvales) as determined by a preliminary cladistic analysis".
1048:
901:
Sinclair, Bradley J. The
Systematics of New World Clinocera. Publisher: National Research Council (Canada) Research Press 2008.
448:" or English meaning referred to interpretations by English geologists, derived from English materials and conditions, whereas "
694:
959:
932:
906:
860:
837:
812:
787:
347:", meaning "following" or "in accordance with".) Such an author citation is different from the citation of the nomenclatural
727:
283:. An even stricter definition excludes green algae, leaving only land plants; the group defined in this way could be called
601:
amounts to. Discarding such constraints might be for historical reasons, for example when people usually speak of the
1125:
377:
new species or not, and in modern times not many publications or their referees would accept an amateur description.
855:
Panchen, Alec L. "Classification, Evolution, and the Nature of
Biology" Publisher: Cambridge University Press 1992
1130:
1120:
452:" referred to interpretations by French and German geologists, derived from continental materials and conditions.
629:, the APG circumscription omits some of the criteria by which the new members previously had been excluded. The
279:. A stricter definition excludes the red and glaucophyte algae; the group defined in this way could be called
675:
540:
330:
872:
566:
497:
420:
applied could totally upset an entire scheme of classification, either constructively or disastrously.
381:
1071:"One new Banksia and two new Grevillea species (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae) from Western Australia"
348:
658:
in that series, and that members of that series are the ones under discussion in the same sense—
949:
651:
20:
922:
666:
George's circumscription, but George's is the circumscription currently under consideration.
557:
they too would have been members of the family
Malvaceae s.s. In short, this circumscription
141:
760:
130:
8:
1040:
535:, all descend from a shared ancestor, specifically, that they, and no other extant plant
395:
361:
380:
In any event, the person who finally classifies and describes a species has the task of
339:
Smith"), indicating that the intended meaning is the one defined by that author. (Here "
1092:
1022:
1014:
561:
includes all and only plants that have descended from that particular ancestral stock.
493:
405:
373:
365:
then is not clear what he had named, so his name can hardly be taken seriously, either
777:
1006:
955:
928:
902:
856:
833:
808:
783:
523:
This means that the members of the entire family of plants under the name
Malvaceae (
1096:
1082:
1026:
998:
593:
Here the circumscription is broader, stripped of some of its constraints by saying
409:
255:) offer a biological example of when such phrases might be used. One definition of
614:
413:
360:
his description was correct or not, and whether he had correctly identified its
356:
352:
1114:
1010:
582:
392:
which creatures are included in the species described, and which are excluded
260:
71:
148:
adjectives may also be used to convey the meaning of "more" or "most". Thus
516:
462:"The second progradational unit plus PAN-4 are correlatable to the Pontian
433:
268:
639:
578:
316:
sensu auct." is an erroneous name for a mushroom which should really be "
276:
264:
145:
48:
1018:
553:
290:
Conversely, where convenient, some authors derive expressions such as "
272:
36:
1087:
1070:
602:
586:
509:
471:
82:
52:
1002:
122:– "in a relaxed, generous (or 'ample') sense", a similar meaning to
827:
778:
Spichiger, R.-E.; Savolainen, Vincent V.; Figeat, Murielle (2004).
735:
702:
618:
532:
304:
830:
Fungus-Insect
Relationships: Perspectives in ecology and evolution
551:) have included in the family would not have shared that MRCA (or
160:("in the strictest possible sense" or "most strictly speaking").
44:
40:
432:"This ambiguity ... has led to a ... dual interpretation of the
372:
After a species has been established in this manner, specialist
622:
528:
504:
is meant, where more than one circumscription can be defined.
390:
means in essence that anyone competent in the matter can tell
536:
501:
416:, require very difficult circumscription, where changing the
248:
32:
807:. Developments in International Law. Vol. 7. Springer.
626:
75:
156:("in the stricter sense" or "more strictly speaking") and
19:
This article is about the Latin term. For other uses, see
527:), over 1000 species, including the closest relatives of
56:
81:, here meaning "sense". It is often accompanied by an
951:
The
Geology of Central Europe: Mesozoic and Cenozoic
470:Sacchi 2001)." Here we have a meta-reference: the
328:A related usage is in a concept-author citation ("
294:", meaning "not in the narrowest possible sense".
802:
482:
1112:
954:. Geological Society of London. pp. 1102–.
916:
914:
39:of". It is used in a number of fields including
1069:Olde, Peter M. & Marriott, Neil R. (2002).
927:. Geological Society of London. pp. 331–.
920:
759:
988:
828:Wheeler, Quentin; Blackwell, Meredith (1984).
767:. New York, NY: Harper Torchbooks. p. 22.
911:
646:A.S. George has been virtually dismantled..."
241:in a relaxed/more relaxed/most relaxed sense
1068:
85:(in the same case). Three such phrases are:
474:in the sense that Sacchi had applied it as
947:
941:
695:"Definition of Term — sensu stricto"
323:
1086:
349:"author citation" or "authority citation"
805:Customary International Law and Treaties
662:; the current author might or might not
1041:"Classification of Malvaceae: Overview"
984:
982:
728:"Definition of Term — sensu lato"
637:"The 'clearly non-monophyletic' series
201:in the strict/stricter/strictest sense
1113:
1062:
883:from the original on 23 September 2018
94:– "in the strict sense", abbreviation
851:
849:
780:Systematic Botany of Flowering Plants
569:circumscription the family Malvaceae
496:of living creatures to specify which
137:to mean "in the pre-eminent sense".
110:– "in the broad sense", abbreviation
979:
455:"...genetic stratigraphic sequences
221:in the broad/broader/broadest sense
62:
16:Latin word meaning "in the sense of"
164:Variants of phrases using the word
13:
846:
765:The Journals of Søreen Kierkegaard
14:
1142:
1106:
924:The Geology of England and Wales
1051:from the original on 2023-12-04
1033:
968:from the original on 2024-06-02
742:from the original on 2017-09-13
709:from the original on 2017-09-13
895:
865:
821:
796:
771:
763:(1959). Dru, Alexander (ed.).
753:
720:
687:
483:Examples in practical taxonomy
1:
879:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.
832:. Columbia University Press.
681:
676:Glossary of scientific naming
613:, including those related to
597:; that is what speaking more
633:group remains monophyletic.
89:
7:
669:
541:most recent common ancestor
394:. It is in this process of
285:Plantae in sensu strictiore
259:is that it consists of all
247:Current definitions of the
10:
1147:
803:Villiger, Mark E. (1985).
343:." is an abbreviation of "
117:
18:
873:"Tricholoma amethystinum"
660:how A. S. George saw them
398:that the question of the
382:taxonomic circumscription
105:
1126:Latin biological phrases
921:P. J. Brenchley (2006).
440:meaning, or the shorter
314:"Tricholoma amethystinum
281:Plantae in sensu stricto
324:Qualifiers and contexts
1131:Botanical nomenclature
1121:Scientific terminology
782:. Science Publishers.
650:This remark specifies
648:
591:
577:and also the families
521:
292:sensu non strictissimo
21:Sensu (disambiguation)
635:
563:
506:
362:biological affinities
35:word meaning "in the
444:meaning." Here the "
301:Also the expression
948:Tom McCann (2008).
573:includes Malvaceae
539:, share a notional
396:species description
168:
1045:www.malvaceae.info
436:Stage; the longer
197:sensu strictissimo
163:
158:sensu strictissimo
140:When appropriate,
1088:10.58828/nuy00394
961:978-1-86239-265-6
934:978-1-86239-200-7
907:978-0-660-19800-2
861:978-0-521-31578-4
839:978-0-231-05695-3
814:978-90-247-2980-7
789:978-1-57808-373-2
525:strictly speaking
515:is cladistically
318:Lepista personata
277:glaucophyte algae
245:
244:
131:Søren Kierkegaard
63:Common qualifiers
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565:"In the broader
545:broadly speaking
237:sensu amplissimo
192:sensu strictiore
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498:circumscription
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320:(Fr.) Cooke").
308:(abbreviation:
217:sensu latissimo
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970:. Retrieved
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887:23 September
885:. Retrieved
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512:
508:"The family
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734:. 06/2017.
701:. 06/2017.
656:Cyrtostylis
652:Alex George
640:Cyrtostylis
579:Bombacaceae
500:of a given
406:higher taxa
374:taxonomists
367:s.s. or s.l
310:sensu auct.
269:land plants
265:green algae
227:sensu amplo
178:Superlative
175:Comparative
172:Base phrase
146:superlative
142:comparative
119:sensu amplo
49:linguistics
1115:Categories
1055:2023-12-03
972:2016-10-06
746:2017-08-31
713:2017-08-31
682:References
595:sensu lato
554:ipso facto
207:sensu lato
124:sensu lato
107:sensu lato
1011:0007-196X
991:Brittonia
587:Tiliaceae
510:Malvaceae
273:red algae
181:Meanings
83:adjective
53:semiotics
1097:85592772
1049:Archived
966:Archived
881:Archived
740:Archived
738:. 2017.
736:FishBase
707:Archived
705:. 2017.
703:FishBase
670:See also
533:hibiscus
494:taxonomy
410:families
408:such as
345:secundum
305:auctorum
275:and all
152:becomes
1075:Nuytsia
1027:2887745
1019:2807839
664:approve
599:broadly
472:Pontian
450:gallico
446:anglico
271:), all
257:Plantae
253:Plantae
74:of the
70:is the
45:geology
41:biology
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625:, and
623:durian
529:cotton
414:orders
303:sensu
100:s.str.
79:sensus
55:, and
1093:S2CID
1023:S2CID
1015:JSTOR
644:sensu
615:cacao
502:taxon
489:Sensu
468:sensu
457:sensu
426:sensu
418:sense
401:sense
337:sensu
166:sensu
68:Sensu
37:sense
33:Latin
31:is a
28:Sensu
1007:ISSN
956:ISBN
929:ISBN
903:ISBN
889:2018
857:ISBN
834:ISBN
809:ISBN
784:ISBN
631:s.l.
627:jute
619:cola
611:s.l.
585:and
575:s.s.
571:s.l.
559:s.s.
549:s.l.
537:taxa
531:and
513:s.s.
353:type
267:and
144:and
112:s.l.
96:s.s.
76:noun
1083:doi
999:doi
567:APG
547:or
412:or
341:sec
331:sec
287:.
98:or
57:law
1117::
1091:.
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1021:.
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