153:
49:
646:
4592:
1516:
1587:
Haploid algal cells (containing only one copy of their DNA) can fuse with other haploid cells to form diploid zygotes. When filamentous algae do this, they form bridges between cells, and leave empty cell walls behind that can be easily distinguished under the light microscope. This process is called
1720:
Linzhou Li; Sibo Wang; Hongli Wang; Sunil Kumar Sahu; Birger Marin; Haoyuan Li; Yan Xu; Hongping Liang; Zhen Li; Shifeng Chen; Tanja Reder; Zehra Çebi; Sebastian Wittek; Morten
Petersen; Barbara Melkonian; Hongli Du; Huanming Yang; Jian Wang; Gane Ka-Shu Wong; Xun Xu; Xin Liu; Yves Van de Peer;
1637:
pheromone (Hallmann et al., 1998). This pheromone is one of the most potent known biological effector molecules. It can trigger sexual development at concentrations as low as 10M. Kirk and Kirk showed that sex-inducing pheromone production can be triggered experimentally in
1482:
The algae of this paraphyletic group "Charophyta" were previously included in
Chlorophyta, so green algae and Chlorophyta in this definition were synonyms. As the green algae clades get further resolved, the embryophytes, which are a deep charophyte branch, are included in
1545:, giving rise to haploid cells which will become new gametophytes. The diplobiontic forms, which evolved from haplobiontic ancestors, have both a multicellular haploid generation and a multicellular diploid generation. Here the zygote divides repeatedly by
1564:
Diplobiontic green algae include isomorphic and heteromorphic forms. In isomorphic algae, the morphology is identical in the haploid and diploid generations. In heteromorphic algae, the morphology and size are different in the gametophyte and sporophyte.
2595:
Marin B (September 2012). "Nested in the
Chlorellales or independent class? Phylogeny and classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analyses of complete nuclear and plastid-encoded rRNA operons".
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Carvalho, Evelise L.; MacIel, Lucas F.; MacEdo, Pablo E.; Dezordi, Filipe Z.; Abreu, Maria E. T.; Victória, Filipe de
Carvalho; Pereira, Antônio B.; Boldo, Juliano T.; Wallau, Gabriel da Luz; Pinto, Paulo M. (2018).
3146:
Sekimoto H, Satoh S, Fujii T (October 1990). "Biochemical and physiological properties of a protein inducing protoplast release during conjugation in theClosterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale complex".
1629:
quickly die. However, they are able to escape death by switching, shortly before drying is complete, to the sexual phase of their life cycle that leads to production of dormant desiccation-resistant
728:
325:
1533:
in which two multicellular forms, haploid and diploid, alternate, and these may or may not be isomorphic (having the same morphology). In haplobiontic species only the haploid generation, the
1523:
Green algae are a group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms that include species with haplobiontic and diplobiontic life cycles. The diplobiontic species, such as
2905:
Riediger, Matthias; Hihara, Yukako; Hess, Wolfgang R. (2018-06-01). "From cyanobacteria and algae to land plants: The RpaB/Ycf27 regulatory network in transition".
1669:. Sex pheromones termed protoplast-release inducing proteins (glycopolypeptides) produced by mating-type (-) and mating-type (+) cells facilitate this process.
3235:
448:. In general the fungal species that partner in lichens cannot live on their own, while the algal species is often found living in nature without the fungus.
4303:
4291:
2543:
3038:
Bessho, Kazuhiro; Iwasa, Yoh (2009). "Heteromorphic and isomorphic alternations of generations in macroalgae as adaptations to a seasonal environment".
4297:
4107:
1625:(2,000 – 6,000 cells) occupies temporary pools of water that tend to dry out in the heat of late summer. As their environment dries out, asexual
4309:
4439:
3272:
1243:
2080:"Plastid phylogenomics with broad taxon sampling further elucidates the distinct evolutionary origins and timing of secondary green plastids"
452:
is a filamentous green alga that can live independently on humid soil, rocks or tree bark or form the photosymbiont in lichens of the family
4119:
2980:
Cook ME, Graham LE (2017). "Chlorokybophyceae, Klebsormidiophyceae, Coleochaetophyceae". In
Archibald JM, Simpson AG, Slamovits CH (eds.).
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Leliaert F, Tronholm A, Lemieux C, Turmel M, DePriest MS, Bhattacharya D, Karol KG, Fredericq S, Zechman FW, Lopez-Bautista JM (May 2016).
4235:
54:
3240:
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358:. There are about 22,000 species of green algae, many of which live most of their lives as single cells, while other species form
55:
3211:
3022:
2306:
2275:
53:
52:
2674:"Chloroplast phylogenomic analyses reveal the deepest-branching lineage of the Chlorophyta, Palmophyllophyceae class. nov"
723:
320:
313:. Since the realization that the Embryophytes emerged within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them.
3265:
57:
2997:
2965:
2740:
2482:
2400:
2252:
58:
3315:
3068:
Hallmann A, Godl K, Wenzl S, Sumper M (May 1998). "The highly efficient sex-inducing pheromone system of Volvox".
716:
and land plants. Below is a consensus reconstruction of green algal relationships, mainly based on molecular data.
354:
per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid (spherical), and filamentous forms, and macroscopic, multicellular
3310:
30:
For the bacteria commonly known as blue-green algae that can produce toxic blooms in lakes and other waters, see
1609:
production is likely a common feature of green algae, although only studied in detail in a few model organisms.
1553:. The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis that germinate to produce a multicellular gametophyte. All
2510:
56:
3394:
3384:
3367:
3258:
1886:"From algae to angiosperms-inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes"
4626:
472:, is terrestrial and can in the Antarctic form large carpets on humid soil, especially near bird colonies.
561:
undergo closed mitosis in the most common form of cell division among the green algae, which occurs via a
152:
1678:
1530:
708:
lineages and the core
Chlorophyta, which contain the majority of described species of green algae. The
2858:"Ancestral chloroplast genome in Mesostigma viride reveals an early branch of green plant evolution"
3250:
1557:
have a diplobiontic common ancestor, and diplobiontic forms have also evolved independently within
1723:"The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants"
59:
3399:
1646:. Thus heat shock may be a condition that ordinarily triggers sex-inducing pheromone in nature.
2298:
2292:
359:
3103:
Kirk DL, Kirk MM (January 1986). "Heat shock elicits production of sexual inducer in Volvox".
2730:
2141:(Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta): Ecophysiological performance under water-limiting conditions"
1619:. Different species form spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells. One well-studied species,
1580:). However, these traits show some variation, most notably among the basal green algae called
3362:
3191:
2462:
1694:
4600:
609:-like prokaryote that became stably integrated and eventually evolved into a membrane-bound
4621:
4595:
4341:
3112:
2948:
Turmel, Monique; Lemieux, Claude (2018), "Evolution of the
Plastid Genome in Green Algae",
2869:
2769:
2685:
2091:
1989:
1978:"Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks"
1066:
602:
2509:
Leliaert F, Smith DR, Moreau H, Herron MD, Verbruggen H, Delwiche CF, De Clerck O (2012).
8:
3760:
3743:
3653:
3501:
2633:"Origin of land plants revisited in the light of sequence contamination and missing data"
1163:
458:
432:
209:
204:
113:
3192:"Sixty Years Research with Characean Cells: Fascinating Material for Plant Cell Biology"
3116:
2873:
2817:"Plastid phylogenomic analysis of green plants: A billion years of evolutionary history"
2773:
2689:
2418:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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1993:
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2012:
1977:
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Green algae are often classified with their embryophyte descendants in the green plant
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2222:
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2170:
2117:
2078:
Jackson, Christopher; Knoll, Andrew H.; Chan, Cheong Xin; Verbruggen, Heroen (2018).
2052:
2048:
2017:
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2007:
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139:
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73:
2560:
Lewis LA, McCourt RM (October 2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants".
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2103:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1884:
Ruhfel BR, Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Burleigh JG (February 2014).
1682:
1681:
to understand the mechanisms of the ionic and water permeability of membranes,
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1357:
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and fibrous strands. Flagella are only present in the motile male gametes of
521:
494:
488:
481:
402:(vestigial nucleus). Green algae are also found symbiotically in the ciliate
339:
316:
180:
108:
103:
31:
20:
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2002:
1902:
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2573:
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2429:
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Holzinger, A.; Herburger, K.; Blaas, K.; Lewis, L. A.; Karsten, U. (2017).
2121:
2056:
2021:
1962:
1921:
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1802:
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1291:
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780:
709:
682:
586:
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453:
395:
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379:
362:(colonies), long filaments, or highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds.
335:
298:
286:
224:
134:
123:
118:
88:
78:
3132:
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2343:
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3526:
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are used to move the cell. They are anchored by a cross-shaped system of
498:
437:
399:
370:
306:
290:
271:
248:
199:
83:
2815:
Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Wong GK, Ruhfel BR, Soltis DE (March 2018).
645:
4585:
4512:
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3997:
3674:
3463:
3454:
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2378:
1643:
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713:
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event, where a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic
590:
566:
562:
551:
493:, giving them a bright green colour, as well as the accessory pigments
404:
347:
302:
294:
238:
2833:
2816:
2697:
1475:
The basal character of the Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and
4250:
4146:
4012:
3896:
3694:
3474:
3443:
2882:
2857:
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1666:
1657:
alga group that is the closest unicellular relative to land plants.
1594:
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618:
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574:
547:
529:
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506:
502:
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275:
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655:
on rock substratum at the ocean shore; some green seaweeds like
1686:
1677:
The green algae, including the characean algae, have served as
1630:
1611:
1577:
1538:
542:
514:
445:
98:
3869:
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2187:
3574:
2290:
2077:
2624:
2508:
697:. The ancestral green alga was a unicellular flagellate.
601:
Photosynthetic eukaryotes originated following a primary
2460:
569:
green algae and land plants (embryophytes) undergo open
3067:
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2631:
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1537:
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689:
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418:. Some species of green algae, particularly of genera
3288:
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Parfrey LW, Lahr DJ, Knoll AH, Katz LA (August 2011).
617:. This primary endosymbiosis event gave rise to three
2297:. Sunderland Mass.: Sinauer Associates Inc. pp.
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365:
A few other organisms rely on green algae to conduct
2454:
1975:
1576:
of a large non-motile cell by a smaller motile one (
1568:
Reproduction varies from fusion of identical cells (
1651:
Closterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale (C. psl)
346:. The green algae include unicellular and colonial
334:that includes both green algae and embryophytes is
4096:
3145:
2904:
1479:are only more conventionally basal Streptophytes.
4045:
3769:
2855:
2350:
1815:
4613:
3598:
2728:
1937:"The Evolutionary Origin of a Terrestrial Flora"
700:The Viridiplantae diverged into two clades. The
4277:
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2504:
2502:
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1770:
1768:
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440:), can be found in symbiotic associations with
51:
4227:
3876:
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2391:P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn (2005):
1934:
1879:
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685:). Viridiplantae, together with red algae and
3418:
3266:
3012:
2947:
2856:Lemieux C, Otis C, Turmel M (February 2000).
2356:
1774:
513:, and they store carbohydrate in the form of
68:Green algal diversity. From top left corner:
3139:
2559:
2499:
2461:De Clerck O, Bogaert KA, Leliaert F (2012).
1765:
1721:Michael Melkonian; Huan Liu (22 June 2020).
1710:
3096:
3063:
3061:
3037:
2405:
2322:Roberts DW (1992). "Letter to the editor".
1874:
585:and cell division involves the use of this
480:Green algae have chloroplasts that contain
19:For an explanation of its other names, see
4591:
3273:
3259:
2979:
2467:Genomic Insights into the Biology of Algae
2294:Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach
2264:van den Hoek C, Mann DG, Jahns HM (1995).
2233:
4145:
3894:
2881:
2832:
2791:
2781:
2705:
2648:
2588:
2537:
2437:
2385:
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2216:
2206:
2164:
2111:
2011:
2001:
1952:
1911:
1901:
1833:
1792:
1748:
1738:
577:. Instead, a 'raft' of microtubules, the
241:included but traditionally excluded taxa
3236:Green algae and cyanobacteria in lichens
3102:
3058:
3031:
1514:
644:
398:green algae, and in the latter retain a
2411:
2321:
2257:
1935:Delwiche CF, Cooper ED (October 2015).
1633:. Sexual development is initiated by a
1549:and grows into a multicellular diploid
462:(Trebouxiophyceae) is terrestrial, and
4614:
3189:
3006:
540:bryophytes, pteridophytes, cycads and
3868:
3254:
2594:
2034:
1809:
1529:, follow a reproductive cycle called
546:, but are absent from the gametes of
475:
263:
2284:
1858:"Charophycean Green Algae Home Page"
1653:complex is a unicellular, isogamous
2324:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
1775:Delwiche CF, Timme RE (June 2011).
13:
2549:from the original on May 24, 2023.
2518:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
2475:10.1016/B978-0-12-391499-6.00002-5
2463:"Diversity and Evolution of Algae"
2267:Algae An introduction to phycology
2195:Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences
621:clades with primary plastids: the
47:
14:
4638:
3229:
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4590:
2729:Lecointre G, Guyader HL (2006).
2247:Natural History Museum, London.
2049:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01222.x
1601:
667:, and thus can be indicators of
338:and is referred to as the clade
151:
16:Paraphyletic group of eukaryotes
3198:. Vol. 72. pp. 5–34.
3183:
2973:
2941:
2898:
2749:
2722:
2665:
2553:
2315:
2181:
2128:
1510:
659:are quick to utilize inorganic
509:of green algae usually contain
4601:Current definitions of Plantae
2952:, Elsevier, pp. 157–193,
2950:Advances in Botanical Research
2241:Seaweeds of the British Isles.
2071:
2028:
1969:
1928:
1850:
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649:A growth of the green seaweed
1:
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3040:Evolutionary Ecology Research
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2610:10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.004
2530:10.1080/07352689.2011.615705
2336:10.1016/0041-008x(92)90204-6
1679:model experimental organisms
704:include the early diverging
641:Evolution and classification
7:
3204:10.1007/978-3-642-13145-5_1
633:(with rhodoplasts) and the
10:
4643:
2958:10.1016/bs.abr.2017.11.010
2821:American Journal of Botany
2562:American Journal of Botany
2104:10.1038/s41598-017-18805-w
1822:American Journal of Botany
1592:and occurs for example in
1531:alternation of generations
724:Excessive citations inline
596:
321:Excessive citations inline
29:
18:
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3241:Green algae (UC Berkeley)
2907:Perspectives in Phycology
2650:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.013
2412:Keeling PJ (March 2010).
2157:10.1007/s00709-016-1068-6
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1794:10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.021
1740:10.1038/s41559-020-1221-7
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281:consisting of the phylum
245:
237:
191:
186:
148:Scientific classification
146:
67:
46:
41:
3246:Monterey Bay green algae
2982:Handbook of the Protists
2208:10.3389/fmolb.2017.00089
1890:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1697:, and the generation of
767:(prasinophyte clade VI)
3125:10.1126/science.3941891
2783:10.1073/pnas.1620089114
2003:10.1073/pnas.1110633108
1903:10.1186/1471-2148-14-23
1519:Green algae conjugating
729:considered for deletion
589:in the production of a
528:. When present, paired
326:considered for deletion
3070:Trends in Microbiology
2574:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535
2430:10.1098/rstb.2009.0103
1835:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437
1665:can conjugate to form
1520:
1487:", "green algae" and "
839:core Chlorophyta
671:
62:
3196:Progress in Botany 72
2919:10.1127/pip/2018/0078
1695:cytoplasmic streaming
1661:strains of different
1518:
648:
581:, is formed from the
557:Members of the class
520:All green algae have
456:. Also the macroalga
330: The completed
61:
4596:List of plant orders
4476:Pinopsida (conifers)
4462:Cycadopsida (cycads)
4454:(living gymnosperms)
3951:Leiosporocerotopsida
3670:Nephroselmidophyceae
2037:Journal of Phycology
1067:Nephroselmidophyceae
501:(yellow) in stacked
468:, which live in the
4627:Paraphyletic groups
4304:Archaeopteridopsida
4037:Polysporangiophytes
3761:Klebsormidiophyceae
3744:Mesostigmatophyceae
3690:Chlorodendrophyceae
3654:Pyramimonadophyceae
3608:Prasinodermophyceae
3502:Compsopogonophyceae
3117:1986Sci...231...51K
2874:2000Natur.403..649L
2774:2017PNAS..114E7737S
2768:(37): E7737–E7745.
2690:2016NatSR...625367L
2139:Prasiola calophylla
2096:2018NatSR...8.1523J
1994:2011PNAS..10813624P
1267:Klebsormidiophyceae
1164:Mesostigmatophyceae
938:Chlorodendrophyceae
781:Prasinodermophyceae
637:(with muroplasts).
459:Prasiola calophylla
391:were acquired from
389:chlorarachniophytes
342:and as the kingdom
210:Klebsormidiophyceae
205:Mesostigmatophyceae
114:Klebsormidiophyceae
4495:(flowering plants)
4416:Lyginopteridopsida
4209:Eophyllophytopsida
4162:Zosterophyllopsida
4100:Paratracheophytes*
3878:sensu strictissimo
3788:Coleochaetophyceae
3771:Phragmoplastophyta
3613:Palmophyllophyceae
3535:Glaucocystophyceae
3497:Stylonematophyceae
3492:Porphyridiophyceae
3281:Classification of
3161:10.1007/BF02411384
2678:Scientific Reports
2084:Scientific Reports
1521:
1314:Coleochaetophyceae
1279:Phragmoplastophyta
765:Palmophyllophyceae
672:
669:nutrient pollution
476:Cellular structure
470:supralittoral zone
289:that contains the
220:Coleochaetophyceae
63:
4609:
4608:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4503:Basal angiosperms
4404:Gigantopteridales
4353:seed plant groups
4351:and other extinct
4318:
4317:
4292:Noeggerathiopsida
4260:
4259:
4215:Trimerophytopsida
4188:
4187:
4128:
4127:
4084:(vascular plants)
4049:Protracheophytes*
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
3988:Andreaeobryopsida
3929:Jungermanniopsida
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3749:Chlorokybophyceae
3724:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3680:Chloropicophyceae
3621:
3620:
3600:Prasinodermophyta
3561:
3560:
3213:978-3-642-13145-5
3190:Tazawa M (2010).
3024:978-94-017-9642-2
2834:10.1002/ajb2.1048
2698:10.1038/srep25367
2393:Biology of Plants
2308:978-0-87893-403-4
2277:978-0-521-30419-1
1699:action potentials
1472:
1471:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1369:
1368:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1203:Chlorokybophyceae
1132:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1077:
1076:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1043:
997:
996:
972:
971:
948:
947:
924:
923:
900:
899:
791:
790:
752:Prasinodermophyta
497:(red-orange) and
411:Hydra viridissima
283:Prasinodermophyta
270:) are a group of
256:
255:
215:Chlorokybophyceae
195:Prasinodermophyta
4634:
4594:
4593:
4508:Core angiosperms
4496:
4455:
4450:Acrogymnospermae
4428:Peltaspermopsida
4410:Glossopteridales
4392:Corystospermales
4374:Callistophytales
4354:
4346:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4298:Aneurophytopsida
4280:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4225:
4224:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4156:Barinophytopsida
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4075:
4074:
4057:Horneophytopsida
4048:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4031:
4030:
3971:
3956:Anthocerotopsida
3944:
3939:Anthocerotophyta
3919:Haplomitriopsida
3912:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3866:
3865:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3804:Zygnematophyceae
3794:
3793:
3776:
3775:
3767:
3766:
3737:
3730:
3729:
3705:Trebouxiophyceae
3675:Picocystophyceae
3639:
3638:
3635:
3627:
3626:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3578:
3480:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3327:
3307:
3292:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2883:10.1038/35001059
2868:(6770): 649–52.
2853:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2785:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2541:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2424:(1541): 729–48.
2409:
2403:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2261:
2255:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2220:
2210:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2151:(4): 1755–1767.
2132:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2005:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1947:(19): R899–910.
1932:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1862:www.life.umd.edu
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1742:
1733:(9): 1220–1231.
1717:
1507:, respectively.
1467:green algae
1343:Zygnematophyceae
1336:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1307:
1306:
1285:
1284:
1260:
1259:
1236:
1235:
1179:
1178:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1091:
1090:
1011:
1010:
914:Trebouxiophyceae
868:
867:
861:
860:
854:
853:
844:
843:
836:
835:
829:
828:
822:
821:
815:
814:
805:
804:
758:
757:
748:
747:
737:
736:
732:
552:flowering plants
427:Trebouxiophyceae
350:, most with two
329:
311:Zygnematophyceae
285:and its unnamed
265:
230:Zygnematophyceae
187:Groups included
156:
155:
140:Zygnematophyceae
94:Trebouxiophyceae
74:Picocystophyceae
50:
39:
38:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4529:
4494:
4493:
4485:
4453:
4452:
4444:
4398:Czekanowskiales
4352:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4338:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4314:
4278:
4265:
4256:
4228:Moniliformopses
4219:
4193:
4184:
4134:Eutracheophytes
4133:
4124:
4097:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4069:
4046:
4034:
4017:
4008:Polytrichopsida
4003:Tetraphidopsida
3969:
3968:
3960:
3942:
3941:
3933:
3924:Marchantiopsida
3910:
3909:
3907:Marchantiophyta
3895:
3882:
3828:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3792:
3765:
3733:
3716:
3658:
3649:Mamiellophyceae
3630:
3617:
3586:
3580:
3570:
3569:
3557:
3539:
3521:
3517:Florideophyceae
3507:Rhodellophyceae
3487:Cyanidiophyceae
3478:
3477:
3469:
3449:
3419:
3410:
3409:
3325:
3303:
3294:
3279:
3232:
3227:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3188:
3184:
3144:
3140:
3101:
3097:
3066:
3059:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2946:
2942:
2903:
2899:
2854:
2850:
2813:
2809:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2727:
2723:
2670:
2666:
2637:Current Biology
2629:
2625:
2593:
2589:
2568:(10): 1535–56.
2558:
2554:
2546:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2485:
2459:
2455:
2410:
2406:
2390:
2386:
2371:10.2307/1297481
2355:
2351:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2262:
2258:
2238:
2234:
2186:
2182:
2133:
2129:
2076:
2072:
2033:
2029:
1988:(33): 13624–9.
1974:
1970:
1941:Current Biology
1933:
1929:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1828:(10): 1437–45.
1814:
1810:
1787:(11): R417–22.
1781:Current Biology
1773:
1766:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1675:
1604:
1513:
1473:
1461:
1452:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1370:
1223:
1214:
1133:
1124:
1113:Pyramimonadales
1098:Mamiellophyceae
1078:
1054:
1045:
998:
973:
949:
925:
901:
792:
717:
643:
599:
583:mitotic spindle
565:. By contrast,
478:
465:Prasiola crispa
375:dinoflagellates
314:
150:
60:
48:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4640:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4588:
4582:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4434:Pentoxylopsida
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4368:Calamopityales
4364:
4357:
4355:
4332:
4325:Spermatophytes
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4287:
4285:
4282:Progymnosperms
4268:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4247:Polypodiopsida
4244:
4242:Cladoxylopsida
4238:
4231:
4229:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4211:
4204:
4198:
4195:Euphyllophytes
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4167:Lycopodiopsida
4164:
4158:
4151:
4149:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4108:Cooksoniopsida
4103:
4101:
4087:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4059:
4052:
4050:
4040:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3998:Oedipodiopsida
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3900:
3884:
3883:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3807:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3642:Prasinophytina
3636:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3589:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3545:incertae sedis
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3439:
3437:
3424:
3421:Archaeplastida
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:Mesomycetozoea
3397:
3392:
3382:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3336:Diaphoretickes
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3283:Archaeplastida
3278:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3231:
3230:External links
3228:
3226:
3225:
3212:
3182:
3138:
3111:(4733): 51–4.
3095:
3057:
3030:
3023:
3005:
2998:
2972:
2966:
2940:
2897:
2848:
2827:(3): 291–301.
2807:
2748:
2741:
2721:
2664:
2643:(15): R593–4.
2623:
2604:(5): 778–805.
2587:
2552:
2498:
2483:
2453:
2404:
2384:
2365:(7): 445–450.
2349:
2330:(2): 331–332.
2314:
2307:
2283:
2276:
2256:
2239:Burrows 1991.
2232:
2180:
2127:
2070:
2043:(5): 1057–63.
2027:
1968:
1927:
1873:
1849:
1808:
1764:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1691:salt tolerance
1683:osmoregulation
1674:
1671:
1622:Volvox carteri
1615:is a genus of
1603:
1600:
1512:
1509:
1493:Archaeplastida
1470:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:(land plants)
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:Mesotaeniaceae
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:Pycnococcaceae
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
994:
991:
990:
982:
979:
978:
975:
974:
970:
969:
966:
965:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
946:
945:
942:
941:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
922:
921:
918:
917:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
898:
897:
894:
893:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
871:
866:
864:
859:
857:
852:
850:
842:
840:
834:
832:
827:
825:
820:
818:
813:
811:
803:
801:
798:
797:
794:
793:
789:
788:
785:
784:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
761:
756:
754:
746:
744:
735:
691:Archaeplastida
642:
639:
623:(green) plants
607:cyanobacterium
598:
595:
477:
474:
369:for them. The
367:photosynthesis
254:
253:
252:
251:
243:
242:
235:
234:
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
189:
188:
184:
183:
178:
171:
170:
168:Archaeplastida
165:
158:
157:
144:
143:
65:
64:
44:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4639:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4362:Bennettitales
4359:
4358:
4356:
4343:
4342:Pteridosperms
4336:
4333:
4329:(seed plants)
4326:
4321:
4311:
4310:Protopityales
4307:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4263:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4191:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4131:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4081:
4080:Tracheophytes
4076:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4032:
4028:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3993:Andreaeopsida
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3818:(land plants)
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3711:
3710:Chlorophyceae
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3685:Pedinophyceae
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:Chlorophytina
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3584:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3567:Viridiplantae
3564:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:Bangiophyceae
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:Stramenopiles
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3326:(major groups
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3155:(3): 348–54.
3154:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2999:9783319281476
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2967:9780128134573
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2742:9780674021839
2738:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2484:9780123914996
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2402:
2401:0-7167-1007-2
2398:
2394:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2254:
2253:0-565-00981-8
2250:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1878:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:Heterothallic
1656:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1607:Sex pheromone
1602:Sex pheromone
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1582:prasinophytes
1579:
1575:
1574:fertilization
1571:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1505:streptophytes
1502:
1501:Viridiplantae
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:Prasinophytes
1013:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
993:
992:
989:
987:
986:Prasinophytes
981:
980:
977:
976:
968:
967:
964:
963:
962:Pedinophyceae
957:
956:
953:
952:
944:
943:
940:
939:
933:
932:
929:
928:
920:
919:
916:
915:
909:
908:
905:
904:
896:
895:
892:
891:
890:Chlorophyceae
885:
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
870:
869:
863:
862:
856:
855:
849:
848:Chlorophytina
846:
845:
838:
837:
831:
830:
824:
823:
817:
816:
810:
807:
806:
800:
799:
796:
795:
787:
786:
783:
782:
776:
775:
772:
771:
768:
766:
760:
759:
753:
750:
749:
742:
741:Viridiplantae
739:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:
721:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:Viridiplantae
677:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:
647:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:endosymbiotic
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:Chlorophyceae
555:
553:
549:
545:
544:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:beta carotene
492:
491:
486:
485:
473:
471:
467:
466:
461:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
434:
429:
428:
424:of the class
423:
422:
417:
413:
412:
407:
406:
401:
397:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:
377:of the genus
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:Viridiplantae
337:
333:
327:
323:
322:
318:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:
273:
269:
261:
250:
247:
246:
244:
240:
239:Cladistically
236:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
190:
185:
182:
181:Viridiplantae
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
154:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
109:Klebsormidium
105:
104:Chlorophyceae
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
66:
45:
40:
37:
33:
32:Cyanobacteria
26:
22:
21:Viridiplantae
4579:paraphyletic
4491:Angiospermae
4468:
4467:Ginkgoales (
4440:Petriellales
4422:Medullosales
4349:(seed ferns)
4062:
3983:Sphagnopsida
3978:Takakiopsida
3911:(liverworts)
3877:
3871:Embryophytes
3825:(see below↓)
3783:Charophyceae
3753:
3735:Streptophyta
3587:land plants)
3582:
3575:
3544:
3462:
3455:Rhodelphidia
3442:
3385:Opisthokonta
3289:
3217:. Retrieved
3195:
3185:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3076:(5): 185–9.
3073:
3069:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3017:. Springer.
3014:
3008:
2981:
2975:
2949:
2943:
2913:(1): 13–25.
2910:
2906:
2900:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2731:
2724:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2521:
2517:
2466:
2456:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2392:
2387:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2293:
2286:
2266:
2259:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2198:
2194:
2183:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2130:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2040:
2036:
2030:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1893:
1889:
1865:. Retrieved
1861:
1852:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1784:
1780:
1730:
1726:
1689:regulation,
1676:
1655:charophycean
1650:
1648:
1635:glycoprotein
1626:
1620:
1617:chlorophytes
1610:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1567:
1563:
1541:, undergoes
1524:
1522:
1511:Reproduction
1481:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1381:
1356:
1341:
1312:
1292:Charophyceae
1290:
1265:
1244:Streptofilum
1242:
1241:
1201:
1185:
1184:
1162:
1143:Streptophyta
1111:
1096:
1065:
1032:
1016:
984:
960:
936:
912:
888:
873:
779:
763:
722:
710:Streptophyta
706:prasinophyte
699:
694:
683:Chlorobionta
673:
656:
650:
635:glaucophytes
627:chloroplasts
600:
587:phragmoplast
579:phragmoplast
556:
541:
534:microtubules
522:mitochondria
519:
499:xanthophylls
489:
483:
482:chlorophyll
479:
463:
457:
454:Graphidaceae
450:Trentepohlia
449:
433:Trentepohlia
431:
425:
419:
409:
403:
396:endosymbiont
380:Lepidodinium
378:
371:chloroplasts
364:
336:monophyletic
319:
307:Embryophytes
299:Streptophyta
287:sister group
274:-containing
267:
259:
257:
225:Charophyceae
174:
161:
135:Micrasterias
133:
127:
124:Charophyceae
117:
107:
97:
89:Botryococcus
87:
79:Acetabularia
77:
69:
42:Green algae
36:
4622:Green algae
4386:Cordaitales
4380:Caytoniales
4266:Lignophytes
4249:(ferns and
4175:spikemosses
4114:Rhyniopsida
4064:Aglaophyton
3943:(hornworts)
3814:Embryophyta
3797:Anydrophyta
3755:Spirotaenia
3700:Ulvophyceae
3633:Chlorophyta
3583:green algae
3553:Algospongia
3527:Glaucophyta
3479:(red algae)
3046:: 691–711.
2145:Protoplasma
2090:(1): 1523.
1663:mating type
1590:conjugation
1559:Ulvophyceae
1555:land plants
1535:gametophyte
1489:Charophytes
1477:spirotaenia
1383:Embryophyta
1187:Spirotaenia
1020:Clade VIIC
988:Clade VIIA
875:Ulvophyceae
809:Chlorophyta
714:charophytes
702:Chlorophyta
693:or Plantae
687:glaucophyte
665:land runoff
619:autotrophic
538:charophytes
438:Ulvophyceae
400:nucleomorph
348:flagellates
303:land plants
291:Chlorophyta
276:autotrophic
272:chlorophyll
260:green algae
249:Embryophyta
200:Chlorophyta
84:Ulvophyceae
4616:Categories
4513:Magnoliids
4481:Gnetopsida
4251:horsetails
4179:quillworts
4171:clubmosses
4147:Lycophytes
4120:Renaliales
3897:Bryophytes
3475:Rhodophyta
3464:Rhodelphis
3219:2012-07-10
2359:BioScience
1867:2018-02-24
1705:References
1673:Physiology
1667:zygospores
1644:heat shock
1627:V. carteri
1551:sporophyte
1446:Charophyta
695:sensu lato
591:cell plate
575:centrioles
567:charophyte
563:phycoplast
524:with flat
507:cell walls
503:thylakoids
405:Paramecium
295:Charophyta
279:eukaryotes
268:green alga
70:Picocystis
4013:Bryopsida
3966:Bryophyta
3695:UTC clade
3444:Picomonas
3380:Amoebozoa
3358:Alveolata
3346:Cryptista
3321:Eukaryota
2927:2198-011X
2684:: 25367.
2493:0065-2296
1642:cells by
1595:Spirogyra
727:is being
661:nutrients
631:red algae
611:organelle
548:Pinophyta
511:cellulose
421:Trebouxia
416:flatworms
408:, and in
385:euglenids
324:is being
129:Spirogyra
4523:Eudicots
4518:Monocots
4236:Ibykales
3970:(mosses)
3875:Plantae
3573:Plantae
3375:Amorphea
3353:Rhizaria
3341:Hacrobia
3331:Excavata
3316:Bacteria
3287:Plantae
3169:24197184
3052:46519857
2935:90444313
2892:10688199
2843:29603143
2802:28808007
2716:27157793
2659:22877776
2618:22192529
2582:21652308
2544:Archived
2539:17603352
2524:: 1–46.
2448:20124341
2227:29359133
2175:28066876
2122:29367699
2065:30911529
2057:27011267
2022:21810989
1963:26439353
1922:24533922
1844:21652302
1803:21640897
1777:"Plants"
1759:32572216
720:template
712:include
573:without
530:flagella
444:to form
393:ingested
360:coenobia
356:seaweeds
352:flagella
317:template
4586:extinct
3435:Picozoa
3390:Animals
3311:Archaea
3177:1999634
3133:3941891
3113:Bibcode
3105:Science
3090:9614342
2870:Bibcode
2793:5603991
2770:Bibcode
2707:4860620
2686:Bibcode
2598:Protist
2439:2817223
2379:1297481
2344:1539170
2243:Volume
2218:5766667
2166:5474099
2113:5784168
2092:Bibcode
2013:3158185
1990:Bibcode
1913:3933183
1750:7455551
1640:somatic
1631:zygotes
1570:isogamy
1547:mitosis
1543:meiosis
1497:Plantae
733:
615:plastid
597:Origins
571:mitosis
526:cristae
446:lichens
436:(class
414:and in
344:Plantae
25:Plantae
4581:groups
4469:Ginkgo
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625:(with
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543:Ginkgo
515:starch
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301:. The
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3173:S2CID
3048:S2CID
2931:S2CID
2547:(PDF)
2534:S2CID
2514:(PDF)
2375:JSTOR
2061:S2CID
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1485:algae
1360:s.s.
718:‹The
676:clade
663:from
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332:clade
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162:Clade
119:Chara
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2303:ISBN
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2249:ISBN
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2118:PMID
2053:PMID
2018:PMID
1959:PMID
1918:PMID
1840:PMID
1799:PMID
1755:PMID
1649:The
1526:Ulva
681:(or
657:Ulva
652:Ulva
550:and
487:and
430:and
387:and
293:and
258:The
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23:and
3873:or
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3285:or
3200:doi
3157:doi
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3121:doi
3109:231
3078:doi
2986:doi
2954:doi
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2878:doi
2866:403
2829:doi
2825:105
2788:PMC
2778:doi
2766:114
2702:PMC
2694:doi
2645:doi
2606:doi
2602:163
2570:doi
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2108:PMC
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