33:
1016:
Aboriginal self-government may change the nature of this relationship. As
Aboriginal governments assume greater control over decision-making that affects their communities, they will also assume greater responsibilities for those decisions. This will mean that the role and responsibilities of the Crown will lessen. In this sense, the historic relationship between Aboriginal peoples and the Crown will not disappear, but will evolve as a natural consequence of Aboriginal peoples' changing role in shaping their own lives and communities.
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702:. The duty is engaged when "the Province has knowledge, real or constructive, of the potential existence of Aboriginal right or title and contemplates conduct that might adversely affect them." The determination of such a duty depends both on the strength of the right that is being encroached upon as well as the negative impact and gravity of the government's conduct.
1087:
The
Charter covers subjects including: Freedom of expression; Democratic government; Right to live and seek employment anywhere in Canada; Legal rights of persons accused of criminal offences; Rights of Aboriginal Peoples; Rights to equality, including that between women and men; Protection of cultural heritage; and Right to use either of Canada's official languages.
1086:
The
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms forms a part of the Canadian Constitution and sets out the rights and freedoms believed necessary to a free and democratic Canadian society. It came into effect on 17 April 1982 as a part of the package of reforms contained in the Constitution Act, 1982.
1015:
The Crown has a unique, historic, fiduciary relationship with
Aboriginal peoples in Canada. The fact that the federal government recognizes an inherent right of self-government does not imply the end of this historic relationship. But it is important to understand the ways in which the exercise of
908:
may find expression in treaties, and in the context of the Crown's relationship with treaty First
Nations. Recognition of the inherent right is based on the view that the Aboriginal peoples of Canada have the right to govern themselves in relation to matters that are internal to their communities,
3359:
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duty to the
Aboriginal peoples which requires them to exercise restraint when applying their powers in interference with Aboriginal rights. This further suggests that Aboriginal rights are not absolute and can be encroached upon given sufficient reason. After the
790:. They write that "Section 35 is technically 'outside' of the Charter, but as a declaration of the special rights of Canada's most salient racial minority- rights that are enforceable in the courts- it has become an important part of the Charter revolution."
686:
As part of the historical relationship between them, any time the government is interacting with
Aboriginal people the honour of the crown is said to be at stake. This principle of the "honour of the crown" imposes a number of duties upon the government.
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while section 35 is placed in Part II. This placement in the
Constitution is considered significant. Professor Kent McNeil has written it could be seen as meaning section 35 allows for Aboriginal self-government, while the
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564:. The section does not define the term "aboriginal rights" or provide a closed list; some examples of the rights that section 35 has been found to protect are fishing, logging, hunting, the right to land (cf.
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where Chief
Justice Lamer's majority decided that to be considered an Aboriginal right, a practice must have been integral to the distinctive nature of the culture prior to contact by Europeans.
614:(AFN)) — was quoted as saying that "Aboriginal Rights are what First Nations define them as. Their rights are what they were before European contact, and remain the same after European contact".
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integral to their unique cultures, identities, traditions, languages and institutions, and with respect to their special relationship to their land and their resources.
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597:(4) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, the aboriginal and treaty rights referred to in subsection (1) are guaranteed equally to male and female persons.
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Flowing from the honour principle is a duty on the Crown to consult with
Aboriginals in any industry activities. This duty was first described in the decisions of
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Below a two-part documentary about the Conferences on the Constitutional Rights of the Aboriginal Peoples of Canada, focusing on the concept of self-government.
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Kent McNeil, "Aboriginal Governments and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms," (Canada, Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1996), p. 67.
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594:(3) For greater certainty, in subsection (1) "treaty rights" includes rights that now exist by way of land claims agreements or may be so acquired.
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case, the court did not have to address what was in fact an Aboriginal right for the purposes of s.35(1),, since neither side disputed that the
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of self-government as an existing Aboriginal right under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982. It recognizes, as well, that the
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is included within section 35. As of 2006 the Supreme Court of Canada has made no ruling on the matter. However, since 1995 the
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1000:"The Government of Canada's Approach to Implementation of the Inherent Right and the Negotiation of Aboriginal Self-Government"
889:"The Government of Canada's Approach to Implementation of the Inherent Right and the Negotiation of Aboriginal Self-Government"
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35. (1) The existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed.
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of rights can only occur through an act that showed "clear and plain intention" on the government to deny those rights.
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could extinguish Aboriginal rights, whereas now it can no longer extinguish any rights that still existed in 1982.
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Note: "Aboriginal law" refers to Canadian law dealing with Indigenous peoples; "Indigenous law" refers to the
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Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore
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case, provincial legislation can only limit Aboriginal rights if it has given them appropriate priority.
591:(2) In this Act, "aboriginal peoples of Canada" includes the Indian, Inuit and MĂ©tis peoples of Canada.
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that, before 1982 (when section 35 came into effect), Aboriginal rights existed by virtue of the
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Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)
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rights do not diminish Aboriginal rights; it is therefore not as important as section 35. The
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568:) and the right to enforcement of treaties. There remains a debate over whether the right to
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763:, which allows remedies for rights violations, is not available to section 35. Moreover, in
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the Court developed a test to limit section 35 that Hogg has compared to the section 1
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646:, the Court also held the words "recognized and affirmed" incorporate the government's
610:— who was then the National Leader of the National Indian Brotherhood (later known as
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case law and growing judicial discretion, treat section 35 as if it were part of the
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has had a policy recognizing the inherent right of self-government under section 35.
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has argued there are negative and positive effects of excluding section 35 from the
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1959:
1905:
1046:
Taku River Tlingit First Nation v. British Columbia (Project Assessment Director)
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1102:. 2003 Student Ed. (Scarborough, Ontario: Thomson Canada Limited, 2003), p. 631.
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631:. Common law could be changed by legislation. Therefore, before 1982, the
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In 1982, when section 35 was entrenched into the Canadian Constitution,
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to define what Aboriginal rights "exist". The Supreme Court ruled in
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United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act
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The word "existing" in section 35(1) has created the need for the
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Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin
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had an Aboriginal right to fish for food. This was developed in
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Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic
1171:"Dancing Around the Table" Video - Part One - 1987, 57 min 18 s
1077:. Indigenous Studies Program, The University of Melbourne. 1995
1248:
1158:
Recognition of inherent rights through legislative initiatives
2794:
1177:"Dancing Around the Table" Video - Part Two- 1987, 50 min 8 s
50:
3423:
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
2171:
2212:
Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
865:
Unsuccessful attempts to amend the Canadian Constitution
1490:
Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982
940:"3rd Session - 41st Legislature, Vol. 63, Jun 13, 2018"
682:
Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada
2072:
1997:
1029:
Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests)
693:
Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests)
1574:
1363:
2986:
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador
1777:
Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
797:
3411:
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)
2311:
714:that most directly relates to Aboriginal people is
699:
Taku River Tlingit First Nation v. British Columbia
3439:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)
2821:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians
3609:
1793:Part III – Equalization and regional disparities
1585:Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
3345:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
3016:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
2521:Ongoing treaty negotiations in British Columbia
16:Section of the Constitution Act, 1982 of Canada
3036:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
1297:Report on the Affairs of British North America
2847:
2157:
1198:
1152:Claims and Treaties: Aboriginal Canada Portal
514:
3021:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
3011:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism
2222:Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867
1131:The Charter Revolution & the Court Party
922:"RIGHTS OF THE ABORIGINAL PEOPLES OF CANADA"
1291:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
891:. Department of Indian and Northern Affairs
2854:
2840:
2164:
2150:
1250:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents
1212:
1205:
1191:
1160:- The Indigenous Bar Association in Canada
1133:(Toronto: Broadview Press, 2000), page 42.
1075:"Inherent Right of Self-Government Policy"
1006:. Australasian Legal Information Institute
542:provides constitutional protection to the
521:
507:
3633:Legislation concerning indigenous peoples
3277:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
1947:
1004:the Honourable Ronald A. Irwin, P.C., M.P
860:The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples
808:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
3267:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples
2217:Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982
900:The Government of Canada recognizes the
830:Amendments to the Constitution of Canada
3387:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
2717:St Catharines Milling and Lumber Co v R
2465:James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
1566:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives
1459:Fines and penalties for provincial laws
840:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
561:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
3610:
3257:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
2591:Native Women's Assn of Canada v Canada
850:Indian Health Transfer Policy (Canada)
705:
675:
165:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
3142:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples
3041:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
2835:
2731:Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia
2145:
2071:
1996:
1946:
1896:Individual ministerial responsibility
1845:
1542:
1488:
1319:
1247:
1186:
191:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
1464:Matters of a local or private nature
601:
2542:Attorney General of Canada v Lavell
2093:Constitution Act (British Columbia)
1052:, 3 SCR 550 (18 November 2004)
1036:, 3 SCR 511 (18 November 2004)
914:
13:
3417:Convention on Biological Diversity
2073:Provincial constitutions of Canada
1999:Interpretation of the Constitution
747:. Section 35 cannot be limited by
14:
3644:
3445:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)
2563:Chippewas of Sarnia Band v Canada
1864:Cabinet collective responsibility
1406:Peace, order, and good government
1320:
1139:
989:, 2 SCR 507 (21 August 1996)
3584:
3583:
3297:Government of the Sakha Republic
3006:Indigenous Environmental Network
2887:Free, prior and informed consent
2189:of individual Indigenous groups.
2124:
2123:
2111:
1225:List of constitutional documents
814:
800:
554:. The section, while within the
490:
479:
31:
3571:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
3433:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing
3117:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
2497:Duty to consult and accommodate
2333:Lake Simcoe–Lake Huron Purchase
2202:Aboriginal land title in Canada
1846:
1179:- National Film Board of Canada
1173:- National Film Board of Canada
1129:F.L. Morton and Rainer Knopff,
1123:
1114:
1105:
1092:
1067:
971:, 1 SCR 1075 (31 May 1990)
137:British Columbia Treaty Process
3481:2009 Peruvian political crisis
2991:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
1543:
1333:Charlottetown Conference, 1864
1230:Amendments to the Constitution
1055:
1039:
1021:
992:
974:
956:
932:
881:
1:
3312:Council of Indigenous Peoples
2584:Delgamuukw v British Columbia
2471:Nunavut Land Claims Agreement
2282:Peace and Friendship Treaties
1980:Other unsuccessful amendments
584:The provision provides that:
3623:Indigenous peoples in Canada
3496:Expulsion of the Chagossians
2327:Penetanguishene Bay Purchase
2045:Interjurisdictional immunity
1869:Disallowance and reservation
1521:Statute of Westminster, 1931
1100:Constitutional Law of Canada
926:Department of Justice Canada
875:
552:indigenous peoples in Canada
142:Crown and Indigenous peoples
7:
3292:Government of Bashkortostan
3157:American Indian reservation
3026:Native American Rights Fund
2381:Gradual Enfranchisement Act
1421:Matters excepted from s. 92
793:
380:Indigenous English Dialects
10:
3649:
3628:Aboriginal title in Canada
3247:Fundação Nacional do Índio
2207:Royal Proclamation of 1763
2010:Indigenous self-government
1500:British North America Acts
1286:Constitutional Act of 1791
1276:Royal Proclamation of 1763
1271:Constitution of New France
1154:- The Government of Canada
1146:Aboriginal self-government
679:
570:indigenous self-government
3579:
3463:
3400:
3375:
3332:
3224:
3217:
3058:
2981:Assembly of First Nations
2966:
2874:
2816:
2754:
2605:R v Marshall; R v Bernard
2556:Calder v British Columbia
2533:
2370:
2251:
2242:
2194:
2183:
2105:
2078:
2067:
2005:
1992:
1955:
1942:
1918:Parliamentary sovereignty
1859:At His Majesty's pleasure
1854:
1841:
1808:
1792:
1776:
1583:
1551:
1538:
1495:
1484:
1454:Administration of justice
1449:Property and civil rights
1429:
1396:
1328:
1315:
1256:
1243:
1220:
782:, in their criticisms of
774:Despite this, professors
612:Assembly of First Nations
486:Indigenous North Americas
3471:Chechen–Russian conflict
3322:Bureau of Indian Affairs
2756:Indigenous customary law
2301:Gradual Civilization Act
2288:Treaties of Fort Niagara
1355:Fathers of Confederation
1235:Quasi-constitutional law
718:. It merely states that
264:Indigenous personalities
3516:Little Danes experiment
3302:Government of Tatarstan
2969:political organizations
2626:Paul v British Columbia
2483:Nisga'a Final Agreement
2351:Saugeen Tract Agreement
2270:Great Peace of Montreal
2083:Constitution of Alberta
2025:Equal authenticity rule
1913:Parliamentary privilege
1350:London Conference, 1866
1338:Quebec Conference, 1864
1148:- Library of Parliament
835:Canadian Aboriginal law
735:is concerned with more
619:Supreme Court of Canada
579:
3618:Constitution of Canada
3501:High Arctic relocation
3403:Declarations of Rights
3100:Cultural appropriation
3031:Survival International
2245:governmental relations
2088:Constitution of Quebec
2040:Implied Bill of Rights
1874:Responsible government
1576:Constitution Act, 1982
1556:Fulton–Favreau formula
1526:Newfoundland Act, 1949
1516:Saskatchewan Act, 1905
1444:Works and undertakings
1365:Constitution Act, 1867
1214:Constitution of Canada
753:notwithstanding clause
728:Constitution Act, 1982
599:
556:Constitution of Canada
539:Constitution Act, 1982
3506:Human rights in Tibet
3233:Aotearoa-New Zealand
3127:Fortress conservation
2929:Traditional knowledge
2892:Intellectual property
1949:Constitutional debate
1261:Iroquois constitution
680:Further information:
586:
3530:Residential schools
3476:Sri Lankan Civil War
3218:Legal representation
3187:Urban Indian reserve
3076:Internal colonialism
2967:Non-governmental and
2922:in the United States
2339:Huron Tract Purchase
1970:Charlottetown Accord
1266:Mi'kmaq constitution
870:Canadian sovereignty
726:forms Part I of the
633:Parliament of Canada
574:Government of Canada
558:, falls outside the
390:Aboriginal syllabics
365:Indigenous languages
3081:Settler colonialism
2173:Canadian Aboriginal
1975:Calgary Declaration
1373:Canadian federalism
710:The section in the
706:Not a Charter right
676:Honour of the Crown
418:Traditional beliefs
259:Indigenous cultures
102:Residential schools
92:Settler colonialism
3566:Stolen Generations
3367:BBNJ ABS Committee
3122:Discovery doctrine
3066:Civilizing mission
2907:Self-determination
2779:Great Law of Peace
2503:Jordan's Principle
2371:Post-Confederation
2359:(1850, 1854, 1859)
2055:Dialogue principle
2015:Pith and substance
1884:King-in-Parliament
1809:Part VII – General
1506:Manitoba Act, 1870
1411:Trade and commerce
1343:Quebec Resolutions
1281:Quebec Act of 1774
982:R. v. Van der Peet
669:R. v. Van der Peet
23:Indigenous peoples
3605:
3604:
3590:Indigenous rights
3459:
3458:
3392:Indigenous Caucus
3333:Intergovernmental
3182:Russian republics
3152:Autonomous okrugs
3001:Cultural Survival
2829:
2828:
2745:Restoule v Canada
2570:Corbiere v Canada
2529:
2528:
2388:Numbered Treaties
2366:
2365:
2357:Robinson Treaties
2139:
2138:
2118:Canada portal
2101:
2100:
2063:
2062:
1988:
1987:
1965:Meech Lake Accord
1938:
1937:
1928:Royal prerogative
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1534:
1533:
1511:Alberta Act, 1905
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1311:
1310:
1303:Act of Union 1840
855:Numbered Treaties
737:individual rights
602:Aboriginal rights
531:
530:
497:Canada portal
443:Index of articles
196:Numbered Treaties
3640:
3587:
3586:
3521:Mapuche conflict
3491:Chiapas conflict
3486:Alta controversy
3464:Historical cases
3222:
3221:
3204:Rainbow Warriors
3194:Manifest destiny
2882:Ancestral domain
2856:
2849:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2738:Daniels v Canada
2724:R v Van der Peet
2577:Daniels v Canada
2321:Toronto Purchase
2309:
2308:
2294:Douglas Treaties
2249:
2248:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2069:
2068:
2050:Purposive theory
1994:
1993:
1944:
1943:
1879:Fusion of powers
1843:
1842:
1581:
1580:
1572:
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1561:Victoria Charter
1540:
1539:
1486:
1485:
1394:
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1245:
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1207:
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1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1043:
1037:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
996:
990:
978:
972:
960:
954:
953:
951:
950:
936:
930:
929:
918:
912:
911:
897:
896:
885:
824:
819:
818:
817:
810:
805:
804:
803:
658:However, in the
566:aboriginal title
523:
516:
509:
495:
494:
493:
484:
483:
482:
201:Royal Commission
107:Indian hospitals
80:Pre-colonization
35:
19:
18:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:Minority rights
3575:
3561:San controversy
3455:
3429:Nagoya Protocol
3402:
3396:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3334:
3328:
3226:
3213:
3054:
2968:
2962:
2870:
2868:minority rights
2860:
2830:
2825:
2812:
2764:Self-government
2750:
2633:Paulette Caveat
2525:
2514:specific claims
2505:(proposed 2005)
2490:Paix des Braves
2372:
2362:
2313:
2307:
2256:
2244:
2238:
2190:
2179:
2170:
2140:
2135:
2112:
2110:
2097:
2074:
2059:
2001:
1984:
1960:Triple-E Senate
1951:
1934:
1906:Question Period
1850:
1825:
1804:
1788:
1772:
1570:
1547:
1530:
1491:
1468:
1431:
1425:
1398:
1392:
1359:
1324:
1307:
1252:
1239:
1216:
1211:
1142:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1098:Peter W. Hogg,
1097:
1093:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1044:
1040:
1026:
1022:
1009:
1007:
998:
997:
993:
987:1996 CanLII 216
979:
975:
969:1990 CanLII 104
961:
957:
948:
946:
938:
937:
933:
920:
919:
915:
894:
892:
887:
886:
882:
878:
820:
815:
813:
806:
801:
799:
796:
708:
684:
678:
604:
582:
527:
491:
489:
488:
480:
478:
473:
472:
438:
430:
429:
413:
405:
404:
370:Inuit languages
360:
352:
351:
292:Indian reserves
287:
279:
278:
249:
241:
240:
211:Specific claims
206:Self-government
167:
127:
119:
118:
70:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3646:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3603:
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3600:
3599:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3511:Indian removal
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3376:Indigenous-led
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3354:
3352:Arctic Council
3349:
3348:
3347:
3341:African Union
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3237:Te Puni KĹŤkiri
3230:
3228:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3199:Plastic shaman
3196:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3167:Indian reserve
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3139:
3134:
3132:Green grabbing
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3105:Sports mascots
3097:
3096:
3095:
3093:Bioprospecting
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2956:in New Zealand
2953:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2862:International
2859:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2776:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2619:Mitchell v MNR
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2455:(1876–present)
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2385:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
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2354:
2348:
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2330:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2264:Covenant Chain
2260:
2258:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2195:Sources of law
2192:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:Indigenous law
2169:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1901:Interpellation
1898:
1893:
1891:Implied repeal
1888:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
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1715:
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1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
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1660:
1655:
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1587:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
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1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1493:
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1478:
1477:
1474:
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1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
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1400:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1358:
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1352:
1347:
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1335:
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1305:
1300:
1294:
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1241:
1240:
1238:
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1232:
1227:
1221:
1218:
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1202:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1141:
1140:External links
1138:
1136:
1135:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1091:
1066:
1054:
1038:
1020:
991:
973:
955:
931:
913:
906:inherent right
902:inherent right
879:
877:
874:
873:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
826:
825:
811:
795:
792:
707:
704:
677:
674:
637:Extinguishment
603:
600:
581:
578:
529:
528:
526:
525:
518:
511:
503:
500:
499:
475:
474:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
426:
425:
423:Inuit religion
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
361:
358:
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344:
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334:
329:
324:
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161:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
132:Indigenous law
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:
114:Reconciliation
111:
110:
109:
104:
99:
89:
88:
87:
77:
71:
68:
67:
64:
63:
62:
61:
54:
47:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3645:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
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3616:
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3613:
3598:
3597:
3592:
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3582:
3581:
3578:
3572:
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3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3549:United States
3547:
3545:
3542:
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3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
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3509:
3507:
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3502:
3499:
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3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:international
3374:
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3255:
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3252:
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3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3220:
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3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:Indian colony
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
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3050:
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3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2946:Treaty rights
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
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2908:
2905:
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2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
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2837:
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2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:Haudenosaunee
2780:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2769:Grand Council
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2735:
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2728:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2696:R v Pamajewon
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:Gladue report
2665:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2654:R v Gladstone
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2640:Powley ruling
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
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2616:
2614:
2613:
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2400:
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2375:
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2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
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2319:
2318:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:Nanfan Treaty
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:Confederation
2250:
2247:
2243:Treaties and
2241:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2227:Treaty rights
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2187:customary law
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2132:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2108:
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2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:Double aspect
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:Reserve power
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
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1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
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1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1849:
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3401:Treaties and
3273:Philippines
3225:Governmental
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2976:Amazon Watch
2951:in Australia
2912:in Australia
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2790:Pittailiniit
2788:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
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2675:R v Gonzales
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2647:R v Drybones
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1416:Criminal law
1397:Powers under
1130:
1125:
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1094:
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286:Demographics
269:Country food
156:
152:Idle No More
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42:
3556:Rubber boom
3539:New Zealand
3071:Colonialism
2897:Land rights
2807:Plains Cree
2802:Wahkohtowin
2703:R v Sparrow
2509:Land claims
2459:White Paper
2384:(1869–1876)
2373:(post-1867)
2304:(1857–1869)
2290:(1764–1784)
2284:(1725–1779)
2035:Living tree
2030:Paramountcy
1848:Conventions
1502:, 1867–1982
1388:Section 125
1383:Section 121
1050:2004 SCC 74
1034:2004 SCC 73
755:. However,
395:Chinuk pipa
375:Chinuk Wawa
359:Linguistics
342:Territories
312:Atlantic CA
176:Land claims
3612:Categories
3526:Oka Crisis
3209:Two-spirit
2934:ecological
2864:Indigenous
2710:Re Eskimos
2682:R v Guerin
2661:R v Gladue
2598:Kruger v R
2549:R v Badger
2452:Indian Act
2257:(pre-1867)
1545:Patriation
1432:Section 92
1399:Section 91
1120:Hogg, 621.
1081:2009-11-17
1010:2009-11-17
949:2024-02-21
895:2009-11-17
845:Indian Act
776:Ted Morton
769:Oakes test
757:section 24
741:Peter Hogg
716:section 25
629:common law
544:indigenous
534:Section 35
448:Indigenous
186:Land title
158:Indian Act
3177:Rancherie
3172:RancherĂa
3147:Bantustan
3088:Biopiracy
2917:in Canada
2345:Treaty 45
2296:(1850–54)
1439:Licensing
876:Footnotes
749:section 1
648:fiduciary
412:Religions
171:Land Back
25:in Canada
3137:Homeland
3048:more ...
2902:Language
2534:Case law
2314:treaties
2130:Category
1593:Preamble
1378:Preamble
794:See also
664:Musqueam
236:Politics
226:Case law
221:Genocide
126:Politics
97:Genocide
85:Genetics
75:Timeline
3308:Taiwan
3283:Russia
3263:Mexico
3253:Canada
3243:Brazil
3110:Redface
2939:medical
2773:Miꞌkmaq
2689:R v Jim
2266:(1670s)
1048:,
1032:,
985:,
967:,
788:Charter
784:Charter
761:Charter
759:of the
751:or the
745:Charter
733:Charter
724:Charter
720:Charter
712:Charter
660:Sparrow
653:Sparrow
644:Sparrow
536:of the
248:Culture
69:History
3534:Canada
3449:2024:
3443:2023:
3437:2018:
3427:2010:
3421:2007:
3415:1992:
3409:1989:
3380:bodies
3335:bodies
3227:bodies
3059:Issues
2875:Rights
2493:(2002)
2485:(1998)
2479:(1995)
2473:(1993)
2467:(1975)
2461:(1969)
2353:(1836)
2347:(1836)
2341:(1827)
2335:(1815)
2329:(1798)
2323:(1787)
2278:(1701)
2272:(1701)
1299:(1839)
1293:(1838)
3356:WIPO
2795:Inuit
1062:Haida
468:Stubs
463:MĂ©tis
458:Inuit
437:Index
305:MĂ©tis
274:Music
58:MĂ©tis
51:Inuit
3318:USA
2866:and
2477:RCAP
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2175:and
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546:and
385:NAPA
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