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1430:. The TRC noted that most of the 90 Indigenous languages that still exist are at risk of disappearing, with great-grandparents as the only speakers of many such languages. It concluded that a failure of governments and Indigenous communities to prioritize the teaching and preservation of traditional languages ensured that despite the closure of residential schools, the eradication of Indigenous culture desired by government officials and administrators would inevitably be fulfilled "through a process of systematic neglect". In addition to the forceful eradication of elements of Indigenous culture, the schools trained students in the patriarchal dichotomies then common in British and Canadian society and useful to state institutions, such as the domesticization of female students through imbuing 'stay-at-home' values and the militarization of male students through soldierlike regimentation.
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1699:, Pope Francis reiterated the apologies of the Catholic Church, with hundreds of Indigenous people and government officials in attendance, for its members' role in administrating many of the residential schools on behalf of the government and for abuse that occurred at the hand of Catholic priests and religious sisters. At the Pope's apologietic address given at Maskwacis, Chief Wilton Littlechild expressed hope for the future, saying: "You have said that you come as a pilgrim, seeking to walk together with us on the pathway of truth, justice, healing, reconciliation, and hope. We gladly welcome you to join us on this journey ... we sincerely hope that our encounter this morning, and the words you share with us, will echo with true healing and real hope throughout many generations to come."
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sorry... To those individuals who were physically, sexually, and mentally abused as students of the Indian
Residential Schools in which The United Church of Canada was involved, I offer you our most sincere apology. You did nothing wrong. You were and are the victims of evil acts that cannot under any circumstances be justified or excused... We are in the midst of a long and painful journey as we reflect on the cries that we did not or would not hear, and how we have behaved as a church...we commit ourselves to work toward ensuring that we will never again use our power as a church to hurt others with attitudes of racial and spiritual superiority. We pray that you will hear the sincerity of our words today and that you will witness the living out of our apology in our actions in the future.
1922:. He acknowledged that students experienced multiple forms of abuse linking their treatment to the colonial thinking that shaped the school system. Trudeau's apology was received on behalf of residential school survivors by Toby Obed, who framed the apology as a key part of the healing process that connected survivors from Newfoundland and Labrador with school attendees from across the country. Members of the Innu nation were less receptive, rejecting the apology ahead of the ceremony. Grand Chief Gregory Rich noted in a released statement that he was "not satisfied that Canada understands yet what it has done to Innu and what it is still doing", indicating that members felt they deserved an apology for more than their experiences at residential schools.
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experienced in Canadaâs Indian
Residential Schools. Many Catholic religious communities and dioceses participated in this system, which led to the suppression of Indigenous languages, culture and spirituality, failing to respect the rich history, traditions and wisdom of Indigenous Peoples. We acknowledge the grave abuses that were committed by some members of our Catholic community; physical, psychological, emotional, spiritual, cultural, and sexual." Assembly of First Nations Chief RoseAnne Archibald stated she felt conflicted, saying "On one hand, their unequivocal apology is welcomed," but that she was disappointed that the bishops had not issued a formal request for the pope to visit Canada in person. The Catholic bishops also stated
1768:, the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England and the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion, undertook a five-day visit to Canada, during which he apologized for the "terrible crime" he said the Anglican Church committed in running residential schools and for the Church of England's "grievous sins" against the Indigenous peoples of Canada. He continued, "I am so sorry that the Church participated in the attemptâthe failed attempt, because you rose above it and conquered itâto dehumanise and abuse those we should have embraced as brothers and sisters." The Archbishop spent time visiting reserves, meeting with First Nations leaders and Anglicans, and listening to former residential school students.
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health supports, a commemoration component and a strategy for litigation. As explained by the TRC, the ADR was designed as a "voluntary process for resolution of certain claims of sexual abuse, physical abuse, and forcible confinement, without having to go through the civil litigation process". It was created by the
Canadian government without consultation with Indigenous communities or former residential school students. The ADR system also made it the responsibility of the former students to prove that the abuse occurred and was intentional, resulting in former students finding the system difficult to navigate, re-traumatizing, and discriminatory. Many survivor advocacy groups and Indigenous political organizations such as the
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church administrators to provide higher quality instruction and support to the students in their care. Although the government was willing to, and did, purchase schools from the churches, many were acquired for free given that the rampant disrepair present in the buildings resulted in their having no economic value. Schools continued to be maintained by churches in instances where they failed to reach an agreement with government officials with the understanding that the government would provide support for capital costs. The understanding ultimately proved complicated due to the lack of written agreements outlining the extent and nature of that support or the approvals required to undertake expensive renovations and repairs.
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663:, Superintendent of Welfare and Training in the Indian Affairs Branch of the federal Department of Mines and Resources, opposed the expansion of new schools, noting in 1936 that "to build educational institutions, particularly residential schools, while the money at our disposal is insufficient to keep the schools already erected in a proper state of repair, is, to me, very unsound and a practice difficult to justify." He proposed the expansion of day schools, an approach to educating Indigenous children that he would continue to pursue after being promoted to director of the welfare and training branch in 1945. The proposal was resisted by the United Church, the Anglican Church, and the
2411:(IRSSA), announced on May 8, 2006, and implemented in September 2007. At the time, there were about 86,000 living victims. The IRSSA included funding for the AHF, for commemoration, for health support, and for a Truth and Reconciliation program, as well as an individual Common Experience Payment (CEP). Any person who could be verified as having resided at a federally run Indian residential school in Canada was entitled to a CEP. The amount of compensation was based on the number of years a particular former student resided at the residential schools: $ 10,000 for the first year attended (from one night residing there to a full school year) plus $ 3,000 for every year thereafter.
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Indigenous peoples had for maintaining their languages in the same way Indian boarding school survivor memoir, literature, and testimony do from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This absence may exemplify how school newspapers carefully created an
English-only fantasy for readers, but may also attest to the success of students' secrecy: perhaps official school documents did not report that students still knew Indigenous languages because schools were unaware of this. Government reports, if read contrapuntally, were more forthcoming in how students continued to speak their language, though they framed such resistance as failure."
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support initiatives discerned locally with
Indigenous partners. Furthermore, we invite the Indigenous Peoples to journey with us into a new era of reconciliation, helping us in each of our dioceses across the country to prioritize initiatives of healing, to listen to the experience of Indigenous Peoples, especially to the survivors of Indian Residential Schools, and to educate our clergy, consecrated men and women, and lay faithful, on Indigenous cultures and spirituality. We commit ourselves to continue the work of providing documentation or records that will assist in the memorialization of those buried in unmarked graves.
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adjudicator. The IAP became available to all former students of residential schools on
September 19, 2007. Former students who experienced abuse and wished to pursue compensation had to apply by themselves or through a lawyer of their choice to receive consideration. The deadline to apply for the IAP was September 19, 2012. This gave former students of residential schools four years from the implementation date of the IRSSA to apply for the IAP. Claims involving physical and sexual abuse were compensated up to $ 275,000. By September 30, 2016, the IAP had resolved 36,538 claims and paid $ 3.1
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886:, be financially independent a few years after opening. The government believed through the industrial system and cheap labour costs of missionary staff it could "operate a residential school system on a nearly cost-free basis." Students "were expected to raise or grow and prepare most of the food they ate, to make and repair much of their clothing, and to maintain the schools." Most schools did this through a system where students studied for half the day and did "vocational training" for the other half. This system failed and the schools never became self-supporting.
407:, a conclusion that echoed the words of historian John S. Milloy, who argued that the system's aim was to "kill the Indian in the child." Over the course of the system's more than hundred-year existence, around 150,000 children were placed in residential schools nationally. As the system was designed as an immersion program, Indigenous children were in many schools prohibited from, and sometimes punished for, speaking their own languages or practising their own faiths. The primary goal was to convert Indigenous children to Christianity and acculturate them.
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1004:, urban teenagers, or the promotion of a Christian ethic, that was used as a sign of successful assimilation. There was no indication that school attendees achieved greater financial success than those who did not go to school. As the father of a pupil who attended Battleford Industrial School, in Saskatchewan, for five years explained: "he cannot read, speak or write English, nearly all his time having been devoted to herding and caring for cattle instead of learning a trade or being otherwise educated. Such employment he can get at home."
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sending their children to the residential schools. Many protested the lack of decent educational opportunities available, but the government took little action until after World War I, when
European-Canadians first began to acknowledge discriminatory treatment towards Indians." Indigenous resistance is defined, in the words of Anishinaabe scholar-artist Leanne Simpson as "a radical and complete overturning of the nation-state's political formations." During this time Native people found ways to resist this colonial endeavor.
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Another poll conducted in 2021 showed that only 10% of
Canadians were very familiar with the history of the residential school system and that 68% say they were unaware of the severity of abuses or completely shocked by it, and that so many children could die. A majority of Canadians believe that educational provincial curricula does not include enough about residential schools, that the education level should increase, and that the framing of the residential school system has been downplayed in the education system.
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deaths or missing children, in part because of the practice of burying students in unmarked graves. The work is further complicated by a pattern of poor record keeping by school and government officials, who neglected to keep reliable numbers about the number of children who died or where they were buried. While most schools had cemeteries on site, their location and extent remain difficult to determine as cemeteries that were originally marked were found to have been later razed, intentionally hidden or built over.
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1941:. Class action lawsuits have been brought against the Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario governments for the harm caused to victims of the large-scale adoption scheme that saw thousands of Indigenous children forcibly removed from their parents in the 1960s. Indigenous leaders responded by insisting that while apologies were welcomed, actionâincluding a federal apology, reunification of families, compensation, and counselling for victimsâmust accompany words for them to have real meaning.
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entered the labour market and competed with Euro-American workers." The
Canadian government was displeased with this; as one minister for Indian Affairs noted in 1897, "we are educating these Indians to compete industrially with our own peoples, which seems to me a very undesirable amount of public money." The government, perceiving Indian education as too generous, reduced the services available to First Nations peoples beginning in 1910 and emphasized low cost schooling thereafter.
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2940:, while recounting the views of an unidentified American general who believed "that the only good Indian is a dead one," of which Pratt wrote: "In a sense, I agree with the sentiment, but only in this: that all the Indian there is in the race should be dead. Kill the Indian in him, and save the man." Mark Abley writes that in a Canadian context "kill the Indian in the child" has been erroneously attributed to former deputy superintendent of the Department of Indian Affairs,
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699:. Often taken without the consent of their parents or community elders, some children were placed in state-run child welfare facilities, increasingly operated in former residential schools, while others were fostered or placed up for adoption by predominantly non-Indigenous families throughout Canada and the United States. While the Indian and Northern Affairs estimates that 11,132 children were adopted between 1960 and 1990, the actual number may be as high as 20,000.
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691:. With no requirement for specialized training regarding the traditions or lifestyles of the communities they entered, provincial officials assessed the welfare of Indigenous children based on Euro-Canadian values that, for example, deemed traditional diets of game, fish and berries insufficient and grounds for taking children into custody. This period resulted in the widespread removal of Indigenous children from their traditional communities, first termed the
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395:. With the threat of invasion by American forces minimized, Indigenous communities were no longer viewed as allies but as barriers to permanent settlement. This change was also associated with the transfer of responsibility for interactions with Indigenous communities from military officials, familiar with and sympathetic to their customs and way of life, to civilian representatives concerned only with permanent colonial settlement.
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schools, including the increase of centrally located day schools to improve access to their children, and made repeated requests for improvements to the quality of education, food, and clothing being provided at the schools. Demands for answers in regards to claims of abuse were often dismissed as a ploy by parents seeking to keep their children at home, with government and school officials positioned as those who knew best.
930:, milk production among the schools dairy herds was reduced by 50%. The federal government refused to fund construction for an additional barn to increase milk production and isolate the sick animals. Even among other schools dairy herds, funding was so low that milk was separated with "skimmed milk served to the children" and the fat turned to dairy products sold to fund the schools. In 1939, the Presbyterian school in
439:. The approach of using established school facilities set up by missionaries was employed by the federal government for economic expedience: the government provided facilities and maintenance, while the churches provided teachers and their own lesson-planning. As a result, the number of schools per denomination was less a reflection of their presence in the general population, but rather their legacy of missionary work.
1635:, Fontaine stated in regards to the pope's acknowledgement of the suffering of the school survivors "I think in that sense, there was that apology that we were certainly looking for." Many argue that Pope Benedict XVI's statement was not a full apology. In the 2015 Report from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC), Action 58 called for the pope to issue an apology similar to Pope Benedict XVI's 2010
2712:, and on September 30, 2013âthe time of the year when Indigenous children were taken away to residential schoolsâthey encouraged students in schools in the area to wear an orange shirt in memory of the victims of the residential school system. The observance of the holiday spread quickly across Canada, and in 2017 the Canadian government encouraged all Canadians to participate in the observance of Orange Shirt Day.
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offspring) are also at greater risk for poor well-being." 37.2% of adults with at least one parent who attended a boarding school contemplated committing suicide in their lifetimes, compared to 25.7% of people whose parents did not attend residential boarding schools. Higher levels of depression symptoms and psychological trauma were evident among Indian residential school survivors' children.
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473:, it consolidated all previous laws placing Indigenous communities, land and finances under federal control. As explained by the TRC, the act "made Indians wards of the state, unable to vote in provincial or federal elections or enter the professions if they did not surrender their status, and severely limited their freedom to participate in spiritual and cultural practices."
1406:, suppressing their languages and culture was a key tactic used to assimilate Indigenous children. Many students spoke the language of their families fluently when they first entered residential schools. The schools strictly prohibited the use of these languages even though many students spoke little to no English or French. Traditional and spiritual activities including the
778:; in one school, the death rate reached 69 percent. Federal policies that tied funding to enrollment numbers led to sick children being enrolled to boost numbers, thus introducing and spreading disease. The problem of unhealthy children was further exacerbated by the conditions of the schools themselves â overcrowding and poor ventilation, water quality and sewage systems.
147:, or residential schools compulsory for First Nations children. Due to the remote nature of many communities, school locations meant that for some families, residential schools were the only way to comply. The schools were intentionally located at substantial distances from Indigenous communities to minimize contact between families and their children. Indian Commissioner
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school examinations. It was changed to children between 6 and 15 years of age in 1908. The introduction of mandatory attendance at a day school on the reserve was the result of pressure from missionary representatives. Reliant on student enrolment quotas to secure funding, they were struggling to attract new students due to increasingly poor school conditions.
1077:, highlighted that the "Indian population of Canada has a mortality rate of more than double that of the whole population, and in some provinces more than three times". Among the list of causes he noted the infectious disease of tuberculosis and the role residential schools played in spreading the disease by way of poor ventilation and medical screening.
2373:(AFN) worked to have the ADR system dissolved. In 2004 the Assembly of First Nations released a report critical of the ADR underscoring, among other issues, the failure of survivors to automatically receive the full amount of compensation without subsequent ligation against the church and failure to compensate for lost family, language and culture. The
2530:: "There was nothing good about children going missing and no report being filed. There was nothing good about burying children in unmarked graves far from their ancestral homes." In response, the Conservative Party leadership removed Beyak from the Senate committee underscoring that her comments did not align with the views of the party.
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1908, mortality rates at some residential schools in western Canada ranged from 30 to 60 per cent over five years (that is, five years after entry, 30 to 60 per cent of students had died, or 6 to 12 per cent per annum). These statistics did not become public until 1922, when Bryce, who was no longer working for the government, published
2628:, the pole tells the story of the residential school system prior to, during and after its operation. It features thousands of copper nails, used to represent the children who died in Canadian residential schools, and depictions of residential school survivors carved by artists from multiple Indigenous communities, including Canadian
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them to communicate and develop mutual understanding. In 2014, the federal government ceased to contribute funds to
Indigenous health organizations such as the AHF and the National Aboriginal Health Organization. Since then, more pressure has been placed on churches to sustain their active participation in these healing efforts.
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MĂ©tis residential school survivors, who were not included in the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement and were not given a symbolic apology from the prime minister. Archibald said she remained hopeful the King would apologize for colonization and the Church of England's role in the residential school system. Simon told
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provinces and territories of Canada, an "opt-out" period occurred. During this time, the former students of residential schools could reject the agreement if they did not agree with its dispositions. This opt-out period ended on August 20, 2007, with about 350 former students opting out. The IRSSA was the largest
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The churches have also engaged in reconciliation initiatives such as the Returning to Spirit: Residential School Healing and Reconciliation Program, a workshop that aims to unite Indigenous and non-Indigenous people through discussing the legacy of residential schools and fostering an environment for
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in April of that year.) Archibald said that the Prince "acknowledged" failures by Canadian governments in handling the relationship between the Crown and Indigenous people, which she said "really meant something". Royal correspondent Sarah Campbell noted, "on this brief tour, there has been no shying
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On September 24, 2021, the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops issued a formal apology for residential schools stating "We, the Catholic Bishops of Canada, gathered in Plenary this week, take this opportunity to affirm to you, the Indigenous Peoples of this land, that we acknowledge the suffering
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for a public apology to all survivors of the residential school system, rather than the expression of sorrow issued by Pope Benedict XVI in 2009. Trudeau invited the pope to issue the apology in Canada. Although no commitment for such an apology followed the meeting, he noted that the pope pointed to
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I apologize for the pain and suffering that our church's involvement in the Indian Residential School system has caused. We are aware of some of the damage that this cruel and ill-conceived system of assimilation has perpetrated on Canada's First Nations peoples. For this we are truly and most humbly
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However, Indigenous children in boarding schools were not deterred, and continued to speak and practice their language in an attempt to keep it alive. Assistant Professor in Professional Communication, Jane Griffith, said, "Predictably, nineteenth-century government texts do not reveal the strategies
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The Truth and Reconciliation Commission wrote that the policy of Indian Affairs was to refuse to return the bodies of children home due to the associated expense, and to instead require the schools to bear the cost of burials. The TRC concluded that it may be impossible to ever identify the number of
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stated per capita costs for "well-run institutions" ranged between $ 313 and $ 541; Canada was paying 57.5% of the minimum figure. Changes in per capita costs did not occur until the 1950s and were seen as insignificant. In 1966, Saskatchewan residential schools per capita costs ranged from $ 694 and
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as "assimilated" citizens that removed their legal identity as Indians. Disconnected from their families and culture and forced to speak English or French, students often graduated being unable to fit into their communities but remaining subject to racist attitudes in mainstream Canadian society. The
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During the 2022 National Day for Truth and Reconciliation, the Peace Tower on Parliament Hill, as well as buildings across Canada, were illuminated to honour those affected by the Canadian residential school system. They were lit up in orange throughout the evening of September 30, 2022, from 7:00pm
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Education or awareness of the residential school system or its abuses is low among Canadians. A 2020 survey suggested that nearly half of Canadians never learned about the residential schools when they were students, with 34% of those who were taught by teachers being provided a positive assessment.
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In June 2001, the government established Indian Residential Schools Resolution Canada as an independent government department to manage the residential school file. In 2003, the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) process was launched as part of a larger National Resolution Framework which included
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The bishops also stated "Pope Francis will encounter and listen to the Indigenous participants, so as to discern how he can support our common desire to renew relationships and walk together along the path of hope in the coming years" with some interpreting this visit as an important step that could
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We are fully committed to the process of healing and reconciliation. Together with the many pastoral initiatives already underway in dioceses across the country, and as a further tangible expression of this ongoing commitment, we are pledging to undertake fundraising in each region of the country to
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The elders present at the General Council expressly refused to accept the apology and chose to receive the apology, believing further work needed to be done. In 1998, the church apologized expressly for the role it played in the residential school system. On behalf of The United Church of Canada the
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Fearing their children would face racial discrimination in St. Paul, parents wished to see the school transferred to a private society that would operate it both as a school and a residence. The federal government had been open to such a transfer if the First Nations organization was structured as a
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million in extra funding from the federal government to complete this work, but was denied. The researchers concluded, after searching land near schools using satellite imagery and maps, that, "for the most part, the cemeteries that the Commission documented are abandoned, disused, and vulnerable to
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In 1907, Bryce reported on the conditions of Manitoba and North-West residential schools: "we have created a situation so dangerous to health that I was often surprised that the results were not even worse than they have been shown statistically to be." In 1909, Bryce reported that, between 1894 and
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After the government closed most of the schools in the 1960s, the work of Indigenous activists and historians led to greater awareness by the public of the damage the schools had caused, as well as to official government and church apologies, and a legal settlement. These gains were achieved through
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skills. The work was arduous, and severely compromised the academic and social development of the students. School books and textbooks were drawn mainly from the curricula of the provincially funded public schools for non-Indigenous students, and teachers at the residential schools were often poorly
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The executive summary of the TRC concluded that the assimilation amounted to cultural genocide. The ambiguity of the phrasing allowed for the interpretation that physical and biological genocide also occurred. The TRC was not authorized to conclude that physical and biological genocide occurred, as
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million to support the work of the AHF. Federal funding for the foundation was cut in 2010 by the Stephen Harper government, leaving 134 national healing-related initiatives without an operating budget. The AHF closed in 2014. Former AHF executive director Mike DeGagne has said that the loss of AHF
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In 1975, the Anglican, Roman Catholic and United Churches, along with six other churches, formed Project North, later known as the Aboriginal Rights Coalition (ARC), with the objective of "transformation of the relationship between Canadian society and Aboriginal peoples." The campaign's objectives
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and the German Moravian Missionaries. The government argued that because these schools were not created under the auspices of the Indian Act, they were not true residential schools. More than 1,000 former students disagreed and filed a class action lawsuit against the government for compensation in
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Boarding schools in Canada worked towards assimilation of Native students. Historians Brian Klopotek and Brenda Child explain, "Education for Indians was not mandatory in Canada until 1920, long after compulsory attendance laws were passed in the United States, although families frequently resisted
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of powerlessness and loss". This trauma has been used to explain the persistent negative social and cultural impacts of colonial rule and residential schools, including the prevalence of sexual abuse, alcoholism, drug addiction, lateral violence, mental illness and suicide among Indigenous peoples.
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required to obtain employment and integrate into Canadian society after graduation. In actuality, these goals were poorly and inconsistently achieved. Many graduates were unable to land a job due to poor educational training. Returning home was equally challenging due to an unfamiliarity with their
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in response to one of his agents recommending they only approve qualified teaching staff stated that that would require more funding and that Indian Affairs did not "entertain requests for increased grants to Indian boarding and industrial schools." The pay was so low relative to provincial schools
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of 1869 formed the foundations for this system prior to Confederation. These acts assumed the inherent superiority of French and British ways, and the need for Indigenous peoples to become French or English speakers, Christians, and farmers. At the time, many Indigenous leaders argued to have these
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reintroduced the bill to make Orange Shirt Day a national statutory holiday. Following the discovery of the remains of 215 children on the grounds of the former Kamloops Indian Residential School on May 24, 2021, Parliament agreed to pass the bill unanimously, and the bill received royal assent on
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explained that the recommendations were not aimed solely at prompting government action, but instead a collective move toward reconciliation in which all Canadians have a role to play: "Many of our elements, many of our recommendations and many of the Calls to Action are actually aimed at Canadian
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We are sorry and deeply regret the pain, suffering and alienation that so many experienced. We have heard their cries of distress, feel their anguish and want to be part of the healing process ... we pledge solidarity with the aboriginal peoples in their pursuit of recognition of their basic human
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Those that survived used their knowledge to speak back against colonialism, as historians Brian Klopotek and Brenda Child explain, "in Canada, the results of this system were more complicated than the government anticipated. Often students returned to their reserves to become leaders, while others
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and today they are unmarked graves... the machine has a 10 to 15 percent error...we do know there is at least 600... We cannot affirm that they are all children, but there are oral stories that there are adults in this gravesite... some may have went to the Church and from our local towns and they
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Visitation, for those who could make the journey, was strictly controlled by school officials in a manner similar to the procedures enforced in the prison system. In some cases schools denied parents access to their children altogether. Others required families to meet with them in the presence of
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Details of the mistreatment of students were published numerous times throughout the 20th century by government officials reporting on school conditions, and in the proceedings of civil cases brought forward by survivors seeking compensation for the abuse they endured. The conditions and impact of
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was often justified by a belief that it was the only way to save souls or punish and deter runaways â whose injuries or death sustained in their efforts to return home would become the legal responsibility of the school. Overcrowding, poor sanitation, inadequate heating, and a lack of medical
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made attendance at a day school, if there was a day school on the reserve on which the child resided, compulsory for status Indian children between 7 and 16 years of age. The changes included a series of exemptions regarding school location, the health of the children and their prior completion of
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Some parents and families of Indigenous children resisted the residential school system throughout its existence. Children were kept from schools and, in some cases, hidden from government officials tasked with rounding up children on reserves. Parents regularly advocated for increased funding for
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The government began purchasing church-run boarding schools in the 1920s. During this period capital costs associated with the schools were assumed by the government, leaving administrative and instructional duties to church officials. The hope was that minimizing facility expenditures would allow
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awarded 50 acres (200,000 m) of land to any Indigenous male deemed "sufficiently advanced in the elementary branches of education" and would automatically enfranchise him, removing any tribal affiliation or treaty rights. With this legislation, and through the creation of residential schools,
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The Truth and Reconciliation Commission's 80th call to action was for the government to designate a National Day for Truth and Reconciliation that would become a statutory holiday to honour the survivors, their families, and communities. In August 2018, the government announced it was considering
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For many communities the buildings that formerly housed residential schools are a traumatic reminder of the system's legacy; demolition, heritage status and the possibility of incorporating sites into the healing process have been discussed. In July 2016, it was announced that the building of the
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on 6 May 2023, Simon organized a meeting between herself, the King, Archibald, President of the MĂ©tis National Council Cassidy Caron, and Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami President Natan Obed, all of whom also attended the coronation. Afterward, Caron recounted that she raised the issue of recognition for
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We ask, also, for forgiveness from Aboriginal peoples. What we have heard we acknowledge. It is our hope that those whom we have wronged with a hurt too deep for telling will accept what we have to say. With God's guidance our Church will seek opportunities to walk with Aboriginal peoples to find
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when they were caught speaking their own language. The inability to communicate was further affected by their families' inabilities to speak English or French. Upon leaving residential school some survivors felt ashamed of being Indigenous as they were made to view their traditional identities as
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The IRSSA also proposed an advance payment for former students alive and who were 65 years old and over as of May 30, 2005. The deadline for reception of the advance payment form by IRSRC was December 31, 2006. Following a legal process, including an examination of the IRSSA by the courts of the
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to underscore four government responsibilities: "resolving land claims; improving the economic and social conditions on reserves; defining a new relationship between aboriginal peoples and governments; and addressing the concerns of Canada's aboriginal peoples in contemporary Canadian life." The
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On behalf of the university and all its people, I apologize to all of you who are survivors of the residential schools, to your families and communities and to all Indigenous people for the role this university played in perpetuating that system...We apologize for the actions and inaction of our
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We imposed our civilization as a condition of accepting the gospel. We tried to make you be like us and in so doing we helped to destroy the vision that made you what you were. As a result, you, and we, are poorer and the image of the Creator in us is twisted, blurred, and we are not what we are
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In the summer of 1970, members of Saddle Lake Cree Nation occupied the building and demanded the right to run it themselves. More than 1,000 people participated in the 17-day sit-in, which lasted from July 14 to 31. Their efforts resulted in Blue Quills becoming the first Indigenous-administered
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was largely abandoned by the 1690s. The political instability and realities of colonial life also played a role in the decision to halt the education programs. An increase in orphaned and foundling colonial children limited church resources, and colonists benefited from favourable relations with
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them into the dominant Canadian culture. Over the course of the system's more than hundred-year existence, around 150,000 children were placed in residential schools nationally. By the 1930s, about 30 percent of Indigenous children were attending residential schools. The number of school-related
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We apologize for the part we played in the cultural, ethnical, linguistic and religious imperialism that was part of the European mentality and, in a particular way, for the instances of physical and sexual abuse that occurred in these schools ... For these trespasses we wish to voice today our
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in the 1940s and 1950s, some bands, along with regional and national Indigenous organizations, wanted to maintain schools in their communities. Motivations for support of the schools included their role as a social service in communities that were suffering from extensive family breakdowns; the
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By 1891, the government cut already low salaries, stopped covering operating costs, and implemented a fixed amount of funding per student. This policy drove competition and encouraged the admission of students that were deemed "too young or too sick." The chronic underfunding developed a health
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for the harm done at residential schools. Affirming Ontario's commitment to reconciliation with Indigenous peoples, she acknowledged the school system as "one of the most shameful chapters in Canadian history". In a 105-minute ceremony, Wynne announced that the Ontario government would spend $
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I also feel shame ... sorrow and shame for the role that a number of Catholics, particularly those with educational responsibilities, have had in all these things that wounded you, and the abuses you suffered and the lack of respect shown for your identity, your culture and even your spiritual
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Preservation of documentation of the legacy of residential schools was also highlighted as part of the TRC's Calls to Action. Community groups and other stakeholders have variously argued for documenting or destroying evidence and testimony of residential school abuses. On April 4, 2016, the
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The IRSSA also included the Independent Assessment Process (IAP), a case-by-case, out-of-court resolution process designed to provide compensation for sexual, physical and emotional abuse. The IAP process was built on the ADR program and all IAP claims from former students are examined by an
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In a 2014 article, Anishinaabe psychiatry researcher Amy Bombay reviewed research that relates to the intergenerational effects. She found that, "In addition to negative effects observed among those who attended IRS, accumulating evidence suggests that the children of those who attended (IRS
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systems based on 'look, listen, and learn' models. Corporal punishment and loss of privileges characterized the residential school system, while traditional Indigenous approaches to education favour positive guidance toward desired behaviour through game-based play, story-telling, and formal
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or missionary organizations, pay was relatively unimportant. Thus, almost all staff were poorly paid, and schools had trouble recruiting and retaining staff. In 1948, C.H. Birdsall, chair of the United Church committee responsible for the Edmonton school, in regard to the lack of funding for
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In addition to these three the Commission stated a national security element and quoted Andsell Macrae, a commissioner with Indian Affairs: "it is unlikely that any Tribe or Tribes would give trouble of a serious nature to the Government whose members had children completely under Government
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in 1951 that allowed federal officials to establish agreements with provincial and territorial governments and school boards regarding the education of Indigenous students in the public school system. These changes marked the government's shift in policy from assimilation-driven education at
388:, Ontario. Administered by the Anglican Church, the facility opened as the Mechanics' Institute, a day school for boys, in 1828 and became a boarding school four years later when it accepted its first boarders and began admitting female students. It remained in operation until June 30, 1970.
2096:(Elizabeth II's eldest son and then-heir to the Canadian Crown), said that it was an "important moment, with "Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples across Canada committing to reflect honestly and openly on the past, and to forge a new relationship for the future". The Prince and his wife,
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the jurisdiction of the provincial governments, the Indigenous peoples and their treaties fell under the jurisdiction of the federal government. As a condition of several treaties, the federal government agreed to provide for Indigenous education. Residential schools were funded under the
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In 2008, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was established to travel across Canada collecting the testimonies of people affected by the residential school system. About 7,000 Indigenous people told their stories. The TRC concluded in 2015 with the publication of a six volume,
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ritualized ceremonies. While at school, many children had no contact with their families for up to 10 months at a time, and in some cases had no contact for years. The impact of the disconnect from their families was furthered by students being discouraged or prohibited from speaking
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of Aboriginal Peoples, voiced disapproval of the final TRC report, saying that it had omitted the positives of the schools. Although Beyak's right to free speech was defended by some Conservative senators, her comments were widely criticized by members of the opposition, among them
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salaries, accommodations, and equipment, stated that it was "doubtful the present work with Indian Children could properly be called education." In 1948, Sechelt school staff were paying full-time staff a salary of $ 1800. In the 1960s, Christie school staff were paid $ 50 a month.
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Residential school deaths were common and have been linked to poorly constructed and maintained facilities. The actual number of deaths remains unknown due to inconsistent reporting by school officials and the destruction of medical and administrative records in compliance with
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Students in the residential school system were faced with a multitude of abuses by teachers and administrators, including sexual and physical assault. They suffered from malnourishment and harsh discipline that would not have been tolerated in any other Canadian school system.
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crisis within the schools and a financial crisis within the missionary groups. In 1911, in an attempt to alleviate the health crisis, the federal government increased per capita grant funding. However, the funding did not adjust for inflation. In the 1930s, throughout the
229:(TRC) was established to uncover the truth about the schools. The commission gathered about 7,000 statements from residential school survivors through various local, regional and national events across Canada. In 2015, the TRC concluded with the establishment of the
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ruled that documents pertaining to IAP settlements will be destroyed in 15 years if individual claimants do not request to have their documents archived. This decision was fought by the TRC as well as the federal government, but argued for by religious representatives.
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in Alberta in a building designed by architect Roland Guerney Orr. From 1929 to 1971 the building housed Old Sun residential school, first run by the Anglicans and taken over by the federal government in 1969. It was converted to adult learning and stood as a campus of
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Both academic research and the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee relay evidence that students were included in several scientific research experiments without their knowledge, their consent or the consent of their parents. These experiments include
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reiterated the apologies of the Catholic Church for its role, also acknowledging the system as genocide. In October 2022, the House of Commons unanimously passed a motion calling on the federal Canadian government to recognize the residential school system as genocide.
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In particular, he alleged that the high mortality rates could have been avoided if healthy children had not been exposed to children with tuberculosis. At the time, no antibiotic had been identified to treat the disease, and this exacerbated the impact of the illness.
2089:, "we talked about reconciliation and I did talk about the need for healing in our country and to have a better understanding and a better relationship between Indigenous people and other Canadians" and she felt the Queen was well informed on issues affecting Canada.
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such a finding would imply a legal responsibility of the Canadian government that would be difficult to prove. As a result, the debate about whether the Canadian government also committed physical and biological genocide against Indigenous populations remains open.
714:. It is estimated that the number of residential schools reached its peak in the early 1930s with 80 schools and more than 17,000 enrolled students. About 150,000 children are believed to have attended a residential school over the course of the system's existence.
1212:. Some of these graves predated the establishment of the residential school. On June 24, 2021, Chief Cadmus Delorme of Cowessess First Nation held a virtual press conference. From June 2 to 23 they found an estimated 751 unmarked graves. Delorme went on to state:
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issued an apology on behalf of the RCMP for its role in the Indian residential school system: "We, I, as Commissioner of the RCMP, am truly sorry for what role we played in the residential school system and the abuse that took place in the residential system."
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that the best course of action would be to make children "lead a life different from their parents and cause them to forget the customs, habits & language of their ancestors." In 1883 Parliament approved $ 43,000 for three industrial schools and the first,
2855:. It was, and continues to be, used by government officials, Indigenous peoples and historians while referencing the school system. The use of the name also provides relevant context about the era in which the system was established, specifically one in which
2077:, said she "joins with all Canadians ... to reflect on the painful history that Indigenous peoples endured in residential schools in Canada and on the work that remains to heal and to continue to build an inclusive society". The same year, the Queen appointed
988:, even among themselves and outside the classroom, so that English or French would be learned and their own languages forgotten. In some schools, they were subject to physical violence for speaking their own languages or for practicing non-Christian faiths.
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she was not certain there would be an apology and that she put more value in action, elaborating, "an apology is words, and it makes people feel good and deal with their trauma to some extent. But, if you don't have any action after that, it stays static".
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Crosby further pledged the need to "come again to that deep trust and solidarity that constitutes families. We recognize that the road beyond past hurt may be long and steep, but we pledge ourselves anew to journey with the Native Peoples on that road."
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On June 10, 2021, a delegation of Indigenous people were announced to meet with the pope later in the year to discuss the legacy of residential schools. On 29 June, the delegation was scheduled to take place from December 17 to 20, 2021, to comply with
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In 1992, The Anglican Church of Canada set up the Anglican Healing Fund for Healing and Reconciliation to respond to the ongoing need for healing related to residential schools. From 1992 to 2007, the fund funded over $ 8 million towards 705 projects.
898:, it was repeatedly reduced, and by 1937, the per capita grant averaged just $ 180 per student per year. For perspective, per-capita costs for comparable institutions included: Manitoba School for the Deaf: $ 642, Manitoba School for Boys: $ 550, U.S.
1952:, issued an apology as a ministerial statement on June 22, 2015, in a bid to begin to address the wrongs done by the province's previous ministries to the Indigenous peoples of Alberta and the rest of Canada. At the same time, Notley called on the
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argued that the schools should be moved farther from the reserves to make visiting more difficult. He also objected to allowing children to return home during school breaks and holidays because he believed the trips interrupted their assimilation.
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On June 11, 2008, Harper issued a symbolic apology on behalf of the sitting Cabinet for past ministries' policies of assimilation. He did this in front of an audience of Indigenous delegates and in an address that was broadcast nationally on the
1590:, issued an apology for the actions of Jesuits in the Western missions and in the "ways the church was insensitive toward your tribal customs, language and spirituality ... The Society of Jesus is sorry for the mistakes it has made in the past".
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Despite the shift in policy from educational assimilation to integration, the removal of Indigenous children from their families by state officials continued through much of the 1960s and 70s. The removals were the result of the 1951 addition of
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released its own report in April 2005 finding the ADR to be "an excessively costly and inappropriately applied failure, for which the Minister and her officials are unable to raise a convincing defence". Within a month of the report's release a
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2123:, where they also participated in an opening prayer, a drumming circle, and a feeding the fire ceremony. Elisabeth Penashue, an elder of the Sheshatshiu Innu First Nation in Labrador, said it was "really important they hear our stories".
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told her story. She recounted how her grandmother bought her a new orange shirt to go to school in, and when she arrived at the residential school, the shirt was stripped away from her and never returned. The other survivors founded the
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The fourth volume of the TRC's final report, dedicated to missing children and unmarked burials, was developed after the original TRC members realized, in 2007, that the issue required its own working group. In 2009, the TRC requested $
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Many of the government-funded residential schools were run by churches of various denominations. Between 1867 and 1939, the number of schools operating at one time peaked at 80 in 1931. Of those schools, 44 were operated by 16 Catholic
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Beginning in the late 1800s, the Canadian government's Department of Indian Affairs (DIA) officially encouraged the growth of the residential school system as a valuable component in a wider policy of integrating Indigenous people into
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At a reception at Buckingham Palace, on the day before his coronation, 5 May 2023, King Charles III (left, foreground) meets with Governor General Mary Simon (right), who is the first Indigenous person to be appointed to the viceregal
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values. For the deplorable conduct of these members of the Catholic Church, I ask for God's forgiveness and I want to say to you with all my heart, I am very sorry. And I join my brothers, the Canadian bishops, in asking your pardon.
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rights ... urge the federal government to assume its responsibility for its part in the Indian Residential Schools ... urge our faith communities to become better informed and more involved in issues important to aboriginal peoples
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in Canada. The Premier also stated her intent for the government to build relationships with provincial leaders of Indigenous communities and sought to amend the provincial curriculum to include the history of Indigenous culture.
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By the 1930s, government officials recognized that the residential school system was financially unsustainable and failing to meet the intended goal of training and assimilating Indigenous children into European-Canadian society.
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1487:, Ontario. At the 1986 31st General Council, the United Church of Canada responded to the request of Indigenous peoples that it apologize to them for its part in colonization and adopted the apology. Rev. Bob Smith stated:
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2677:. Following his death in October 2017, Downie's brother Mike said he was aware of 40,000 teachers who had used the material in their classrooms, and hoped to continue this. In December 2017, Downie was posthumously named
1855:. The Prime Minister apologized not only for the known excesses of the residential school system, but for the creation of the system itself. Harper delivered the speech in the House of Commons; the procedural device of a
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culture and, in some cases, an inability to communicate with family members using their traditional language. Instead of intellectual achievement and advancement, it was often physical appearance and dress, like that of
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His Holiness emphasized that acts of abuse cannot be tolerated in society. He prayed that all those affected would experience healing, and he encouraged First Nations Peoples to continue to move forward with renewed
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305:'s (TRC) final report: "Underlying these arguments was the belief that the colonizers were bringing civilization to savage people who could never civilize themselves ... a belief of racial and cultural superiority."
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In January 1998, the government made a "statement of reconciliation" â including an apology to those people who were sexually or physically abused while attending residential schools â and established the
2260:, the land dispute sparked a critical discussion about the Canadian government's complacency regarding relations with Indigenous communities and responses to their concerns. The action prompted then Prime Minister
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hosted a two-day national forum at which Canadian university administrators, scholars and members of Indigenous communities discussed how Canadian universities can and should respond to the TRC's Calls to Action.
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applauded the compensation decision noting that the placement of children in the residential school system was "the single most harmful, disgraceful and racist act in our history". At an Ottawa news conference,
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Fontaine, a residential school survivor, later stated that he had sensed the pope's "pain and anguish" and that the acknowledgement was "important to and that was what was looking for". In an interview with
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1142:: "Missing children â that is the big surprise for me ... That such large numbers of children died at the schools. That the information of their deaths was not communicated back to their families."
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school officials and speak only in English; parents who could not speak in English were unable to talk to their children. The obstacles families faced to visit their children were further exacerbated by the
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to call for Orange Shirt Day to become a statutory holiday; the bill passed the House of Commons, but the next election was called before the bill could pass the Senate and become law. After the election,
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billion was paid to 78,750 former students, 98 per cent of the 80,000 who were eligible. In 2014, the IRSSA funds left over from CEPs were offered for educational credits for survivors and their families.
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The 2012 national report of the First Nations Regional Health Study found that respondents who attended residential schools were more likely than those who did not to have been diagnosed with at least one
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Between 1945 and 1955, the number of First Nations students in day schools run by Indian Affairs expanded from 9,532 to 17,947. This growth in student population was accompanied by an amendment to the
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Educational programs were not widely attempted again by religious officials until the 1820s, prior to the introduction of state-sanctioned operations. Included among them was a school established by
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955:. Introduced by Reed, without legislative authority to do so, the pass system restricted and closely monitored the movement of Indigenous peoples off reserves. Launched in 1885 as a response to the
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In the 2000s the United Church established the Justice and Reconciliation Fund to support healing initiatives and the Presbyterian Church has established a Healing & Reconciliation Program.
631:, before submitting his findings. In his report Davin concluded that the best way to assimilate Indigenous peoples was to start with children in a residential setting, away from their families.
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system ultimately proved successful in disrupting the transmission of Indigenous practices and beliefs across generations. The legacy of the system has been linked to an increased prevalence of
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argued for schools at greater distances to reduce family visits, which he thought counteracted efforts to assimilate Indigenous children. Parental visits were further restricted by the use of a
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The stigma the residential school system created against elders passing Indigenous culture on to younger generations has been linked to the over-representation of Indigenous languages on the
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Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume One: Summary: Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future By The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
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to examine the status of Indigenous peoples in Canada. In 1996, the Royal Commission presented a final report which first included a vision for meaningful and action-based reconciliation.
1321:. The NIB paper underscored the right of Indigenous communities to locally direct how their children are educated and served as the integral reference for education policy moving forward.
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687:, which allowed for the application of provincial laws to Indigenous peoples living on reserves in instances where federal laws were not in place. The change included the monitoring of
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1655:. Archbishop Richard Gagnon, president of the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops spoke on the topic, stating "What the Pope said and did in Bolivia is what he will do in Canada."
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the persistent organizing and advocacy by Indigenous communities to draw attention to the residential school system's legacy of abuse, including their participation in hearings of the
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907:$ 1,193, which is 7â36% of what other Canadian child-welfare institutions were paying ($ 3,300 and $ 9,855) and 5â25% of what U.S. residential care was paying ($ 4,500 and $ 14,059.)
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316:. They were resisted by Indigenous communities who were unwilling to leave their children for extended periods. The establishment of day and boarding schools by groups including the
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Starting in the late 2000s, Canadian politicians and religious communities have begun to recognize, and issue apologies for, their respective roles in the residential school system.
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the government believed Indigenous peoples could eventually become assimilated into the general population. Individual allotments of farmland would require changes in the communal
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131:, the government adopted the residential industrial school system of the United States, a partnership between the government and various church organizations. An amendment to the
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that operated a majority of the Catholic residential schools in Canada, apologized on behalf of 1,200 Oblates then living in Canada, to approximately 25,000 Indigenous people at
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in 1969. In response, the government decided to close the school, convert the building into a residence, and enroll students in a public school 5 kilometres (3 mi) away in
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Mosby, Ian (July 2013). "Administering Colonial Science: Nutrition Research and Human Biomedical Experimentation in Aboriginal Communities and Residential Schools, 1942â1952".
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In 1969, after years of sharing power with churches, the DIA took sole control of the residential school system. The last federally-funded residential school, Kivalliq Hall in
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was submitted to Ottawa on March 14, 1879, and made the case for a cooperative approach between the Canadian government and the church to implement the assimilation pursued by
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trained or prepared. During this period, Canadian government scientists performed nutritional tests on students and kept some students undernourished as the control sample.
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2007. By the time the suit was settled in 2016, almost a decade later, dozens of plaintiffs had died. Lawyers expected that up to 900 former students would be compensated.
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provincial school division. The First Nations rejected this, saying that a transfer of First Nations education to the provincial authority was a violation of Treaty rights.
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Parents and family members regularly travelled to the schools, often camping outside to be closer to their children. So many parents made the trip that Indian Commissioner
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Realizing the historic rights of Aboriginal peoples as they are recognized in the Canadian constitution and upheld in the courts, including the right to self-determination
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1365:, as the process through which "cumulative stress and grief experienced by Aboriginal communities is translated into a collective experience of cultural disruption and a
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On November 23, 2005, the Canadian government announced a $ 1.9-billion compensation package to benefit tens of thousands of former students. National Chief of the AFN,
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with a lasting and adverse effect on the transmission of Indigenous culture between generations. A 2010 study led by Gwen Reimer explained historic trauma, passed on
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ugly and dirty. Survivors also have to deal with the effects of cultural linguicide, which is defined as loss of language which eventually leads to loss of culture.
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has been capitalized in keeping with the style guide of the Government of Canada. The capitalization also aligns with the style used within the final report of the
2559:, noted: "Its presence will always be a reminder of colonization and the racism of the residential school system; one of the darkest chapters of Canadian history."
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3516:"Suicide Ideation and Attempts among First Nations Peoples Living On-Reserve in Canada: The Intergenerational and Cumulative Effects of Indian Residential Schools"
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that accompanied the conclusion of the TRC were recommendations to ensure that all Canadians are educated and made aware of the residential school system. Justice
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Until the late 1950s, when the federal government shifted to a day school integration model, residential schools were severely underfunded and often relied on the
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would be converted into an educational centre with exhibits on the legacy of residential schools. Ontario's Minister of Indigenous Relations and Reconciliation,
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a lifelong commitment of supporting marginalized people and an interest in working collaboratively with Trudeau and Canadian bishops to establish a way forward.
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The renewed interest in residential schools in the early 1800s can be linked to the decline in military hostility faced by the settlers, particularly after the
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meant by God to be. We ask you to forgive us and to walk together with us in the Spirit of Christ so that our peoples may be blessed and God's creation healed.
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959:, and later replaced by permits, the system was designed to prevent Indigenous people from leaving reserves without a pass issued by a local Indian agent.
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on June 5, recognizing its role in residential schools and seeking forgiveness. The confession was presented on October 8 during a ceremony in Winnipeg.
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2320:(CCCB) agreed on the establishment of the Council for Reconciliation, Solidarity and Communion for the following year. In 2007, the council became the
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8969:"Recognition, Redistribution, and Representation: Assessing the Transformative Potential of Reparations for the Indian Residential Schools Experience"
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for the wrongful acts committed in the past by the Crown and the church in relation to Indigenous peoples. (The Archbishop of Canterbury had, though,
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deepest sorrow and we ask your forgiveness and understanding. We hope that we can make up for it being part of the healing process wherever necessary.
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but four were infected with tuberculosis". In one classroom, he found 16 ill children, many near death, who were being forced to sit through lessons.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20160819230411/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/Pages/residential-schools-bibliography-2009.aspx
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Orange Shirt Day pre-existed the government's efforts to make it a holiday. The day started in 2013, when at a residential school reunion, survivor
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said: "We have made good on our shared resolve to deliver what I firmly believe will be a fair and lasting resolution of the Indian school legacy."
816:. In the 1990s, investigations and memoirs by former students revealed that many students at residential schools were subjected to severe physical,
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decision granted school attendees the right to pursue class-action suits, which ultimately led to a government review of the compensation process.
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Instruction provided to students was rooted in an institutional and European approach to education. It differed dramatically from child rearing in
638:, who felt that while the likelihood of civilizing adults was low, there was hope when it came to Indigenous children. He explained in a letter to
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6060:"The Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement's Common Experience Payment and Healing: A Qualitative Study Exploring Impacts on Recipients"
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apologise for the residential schools in Canada. Grand Chief of the council Sydney Garrioch sent a letter with this request to Buckingham Palace.
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released an official expression of sorrow on the church's role in residential schools and "the deplorable conduct of some members of the Church":
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in Alberta. After several years of deteriorating conditions and administrative changes, parents protested against the lack of transparency at the
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Griffith, Jane (2017). "Of Linguicide and Resistance: Children and English Instruction in Nineteenth-Century Indian Boarding Schools in Canada".
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4019:"Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1 Origins to 1939: Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Volume 1"
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was used so that Indigenous leaders, who were not members of parliament, could be allowed to respond to the apology on the floor of the house.
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4,000-plus-page report detailing the testimonies of survivors and historical documents from the time. It resulted in the establishment of the
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apologized for the conduct of some members of the Roman Catholic Church in the Canadian Indian residential school system. Pope Francis said:
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Canada's Residential Schools: Missing Children and Unmarked Burials â The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
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2085:; Simon is the first Indigenous person to occupy the office. The Queen and Simon met in March 2022, after which the vicereine said to the
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A. Corbett was commissioned to visit the schools in the west of the country, and found similar results to those reported by Bryce. At the
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The federal government sought to cut costs by adopting the residential industrial school system of the United States. Indian Commissioner
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9798:"Years after release of TRC report, most Canadians want accelerated action to remedy damage done by residential school system, says poll"
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I am sorry, more than I can say, that we tried to remake you in our image, taking from you your language and the signs of your identity.
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and referred to as the Bagot Report, is seen as the foundational document for the federal residential school system. It was supported by
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site, these are unmarked graves...in 1960, there may have been marks on these graves. The Catholic Church representatives removed these
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I accept and I confess before God and you, our failures in the residential schools. We failed you. We failed ourselves. We failed God.
855:
Further political assimilation, in hope that educated students would give up their status and not return to their reserves or families.
2570:
introduced a mandatory course requirement for all undergraduate students focused on Indigenous culture and history. The same year the
848:
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission list three reasons behind the federal government's decision to establish residential schools.
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11240:
11167:
8532:
8292:
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6169:
First Nations Regional Health Survey (RHS) 2008/10: National Report on Adults, Youth and Children living in First Nations Communities
4498:
3030:
2798:
2750:
2070:
597:
10868:
9098:
8116:
6368:
5976:
5789:"Abuse of Trust: What happened behind the walls of residential church schools is a tragedy that has left native victims traumatized"
5541:
4726:
4568:
832:, who in October 1990 publicly discussed the abuse he and others suffered while attending Fort Alexander Indian Residential School.
11899:
11544:
10457:
Canada's Residential Schools: The MĂ©tis Experience: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 3
10306:
9480:
6869:
5254:
4665:"A history of residential schools in Canada: FAQs on residential schools, compensation and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
3926:
3760:
3256:"Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada"
2292:
Reversing the erosion of social rights, including rights to adequate housing, education, health care and appropriate legal systems;
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1058:
for government records. Research by the TRC revealed that at least 3,201 students had died, mostly from disease. TRC chair Justice
615:. Davin's report relied heavily on findings he acquired through consultations with government officials and representatives of the
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11679:
11305:
10736:
7488:
5922:
4912:
2317:
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residential schools were also brought to light in popular culture as early as 1967, with the publication of "The Lonely Death of
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37:
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10275:
10124:
9855:
8816:
8768:
8170:
8024:
7118:
6847:
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11889:
11479:
10984:
10969:
10146:
9353:
9232:"Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development â Number 063 â 1st Session â 41st Parliament"
8231:
7594:
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5632:
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3188:
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1871:
1870:
should not be held accountable for pre-Confederation actions. Residential schools in Newfoundland and Labrador were located in
1427:
837:
10394:
9378:(October 2, 2015). "Canada's history wars: indigenous genocide and public memory in the United States, Australia and Canada".
6095:
6059:
6032:
4336:"An Act to encourage the gradual Civilization of the Indian Tribes in this Province, and to amend the Laws respecting Indians"
3721:
3514:
McQuaid, Robyn Jane; Bombay, Amy; McInnis, Opal Arilla; Humeny, Courtney; Matheson, Kimberly; Anisman, Hymie (June 24, 2017).
1593:
In 2009, a delegation of 40 First Nations representatives from Canada and several Canadian bishops had a private meeting with
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8202:"NDP MP Angus working with Minister Bennett to convince Pope to apologize for Catholic Church's role in residential schools"
7533:
5412:
3292:
12447:
12065:
11588:
11549:
11102:
10646:
The Legacy of the Residential School System in Canada: A Selective Bibliography (August 2009). Library and Archives Canada.
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confronted the government about its failure to honour Indigenous land claims and recognize traditional Mohawk territory in
1732:
I am sorry, more than I can say, that in our schools so many were abused physically, sexually, culturally and emotionally.
1713:, stated, "it was common to complain that the Popeâs apology was not an institutional apology from the Church as a whole."
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to write a report regarding the industrial boarding-school system in the United States. Now known as the Davin Report, the
179:
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6258:
6006:
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10436:
Canada's Residential Schools: The Legacy: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 5
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9205:
8649:
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1652:
1324:
Few other former residential schools have converted to independently operated community schools for Indigenous children.
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899:
377:
363:
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9128:
7931:"Ontario apologizes for residential Schools: government releases action plan for reconciliation with Indigenous peoples"
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significance of the schools as employers; and the inadequacy of other opportunities for children to receive education.
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8347:
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1726:
I am sorry, more than I can say, that we were part of a system which took you and your children from home and family.
1682:
On April 1, 2022, during a meeting between a delegation of First Nations representatives and the pope at the Vatican,
12645:
12526:
12255:
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10954:
9732:
8109:"Canadian professor calls on Queen to apologise for historic injustices after mass unmarked graves of children found"
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4189:
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2265:
actions of the Mohawk community members led to, in part, along with objections from Indigenous leaders regarding the
2189:
apologized to the TRC for the institution's role in educating people who operated the residential school system. The
2086:
1200:
On June 23, 2021, ground-penetrating radar suggested the presence of an estimated 751 unmarked graves on the site of
1189:. The site was located with the assistance of a ground-penetrating radar specialist and Tkâemlups te Secwepemc Chief
321:
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4363:
2700:
three possible dates as the new national holiday. After consultation, Orange Shirt Day was selected as the holiday.
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12181:
11929:
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11583:
11566:
11524:
11519:
11228:
11050:
10652:
8085:
6536:"Raymond J. de Souza: Historically inaccurate to suggest Catholic Church hasn't apologized for residential schools"
4639:
1298:
124:
20:
11295:
8436:
8402:
7222:
6753:
5708:
5175:
5049:"Canadian government withheld food from hungry aboriginal kids in 1940s nutritional experiments, researcher finds"
2147:
away from acknowledging and highlighting the scandalous way many indigenous peoples have been treated in Canada."
1091:
The Story of a National Crime: Being a Record of the Health Conditions of the Indians of Canada from 1904 to 1921.
1055:
858:
Schools were "engines of cultural and spiritual change" where "'savages' were to emerge as Christian 'white men'".
190:. Conditions in the schools led to student malnutrition, starvation, and disease. Students were also subjected to
110:
deaths remains unknown due to incomplete records. Estimates range from 3,200 to over 30,000, mostly from disease.
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11749:
11245:
8671:
7510:
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believed it to be the first time a Canadian university has apologized for playing a role in residential schools.
1965:
1883:
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headed by Harper refused, stating an apology was not part of the agreement. On May 1, 2007, Member of Parliament
1828:
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1387:
1193:
wrote that the site was undocumented and that work was underway to determine if related records were held at the
1062:
has suggested that the number of deaths may exceed 6,000. The vast majority of deaths occurred before the 1950s.
903:
242:
6202:"The Intergenerational Effects of Indian Residential Schools: Implications for the Concept of Historical Trauma"
4989:
12610:
12113:
11836:
11623:
11365:
10815:
7389:
6702:
4944:"First Nation reserves prior to 1960s were 'open-air prisons,' says Saskatoon filmmaker behind The Pass System"
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2579:
2578:
On April 1, 2017, a 17-metre (56 ft) pole, titled "Reconciliation Pole", was raised on the grounds of the
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2039:
1537:, Canadian bishops and leaders of religious orders that participated in the schools issued an apology stating:
952:
609:
485:
381:
269:
152:
24:
9733:"'There was nothing good': Anglican church disputes Senator's claim that residential schools contained 'good'"
8709:
8326:"Prince Charles and Camilla's tour ends in the Northwest Territories today. Latest updates on the royal visit"
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2111:
in 2019, in memory of former residential school studentsâand, two days later, at the Ceremonial Circle in the
1186:
706:, closed in 1997. Residential schools operated in every Canadian province and territory with the exception of
12176:
11944:
10979:
10949:
10699:
10214:
8790:
7244:
4152:
2345:
2023:
1804:
1777:
1703:, the former chair of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, found the apology "insultingly insufficient".
1379:
1194:
918:
The per capita grant system severely decreased the education quality. British Columbia Indian Superintendent
259:
19:"Aboriginal residential schools" redirects here. For the residential school system in the United States, see
11993:
Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore
11021:
8739:
8494:"Gov. Gen. Mary Simon reflects on the King's coronation and whether Charles could apologize for colonialism"
7419:
6595:
6332:
5946:"Claiming Remnants: Intergenerational Representations and the Vicarious Pasts of Indian Residential Schools"
4343:. S. Derbishire & G. Desbarats, Law Printer to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty. 1857. pp. 84â88.
12640:
12620:
12248:
12128:
12103:
10684:
10237:"Government of Canada Encourages Participation in Orange Shirt Day to Honour Residential Schools Survivors"
10067:
9015:
2856:
2828:
2495:
2353:
2218:. Ono apologised for UBC's training of policymakers and administrators who operated the system and stated:
2138:, appealed directly to the Prince for an apology from the Queen in her capacity as monarch and head of the
2097:
1973:
1844:
1378:. A sample of 127 survivors revealed that half have criminal records; 65 per cent have been diagnosed with
1263:
926:
Federal cuts to funding during the Great Depression resulted in students paying the price. By 1937, at the
871:
748:
in 1945 stipulated that school-aged children had to be enrolled in school for families to qualify for the "
648:
286:
98:
82:
11310:
6512:
6426:(September 1992). "Domesticity in the Federal Indian Schools: the Power of Authority over Mind and Body".
5572:"Tk'emlĂșps te SecwĂ©pemc says decision on whether to excavate unmarked graves in Kamloops still unresolved"
4278:
4059:
3069:
12660:
11924:
11784:
11658:
9893:
9180:"Schedule 'D' Independent Assessment Process (IAP) For Continuing Indian Residential School Abuse Claims"
5453:
3828:
2502:
2483:
2202:(UBC) opened the Indian Residential School History and Dialogue Centre as a West Coast complement to the
2027:
1803:
In 2004, immediately before signing the first Public Safety Protocol with the Assembly of First Nations,
1419:
1238:
829:
531:
7630:"Trudeau apologizes to Newfoundland residential school survivors left out of 2008 apology, compensation"
6627:
4213:
4210:"Report on the affairs of the Indians in Canada, laid before the Legislative Assembly, 20th March, 1845"
4095:
3493:"Nutrition researchers saw malnourished children at Indian Residential Schools as perfect test subjects"
2352:
million to fund community-based healing projects addressing the legacy of physical and sexual abuse. In
2301:
Opposing development and military projects that threaten Aboriginal communities and the environment; and
1985:. It was further announced that the first week of November would be known as Treaties Recognition Week.
1349:
was passed in the Alberta Legislature recognizing Old Sun Community College as a First Nations College.
12615:
12221:
10989:
9447:"Canada must confront 'cultural genocide' of residential schools, Truth and Reconciliation report says"
6483:
4469:
4025:
2571:
2082:
2003:, representing 30 northern Manitoba Indigenous communities, requested on February 21, 2008, that Queen
809:
144:
10802:
3395:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission's report details deaths of 3,201 children in residential schools"
2223:
predecessors and renew our commitment to working with all of you for a more just and equitable future.
1515:
403:
society. The TRC found that the schools, and the removal of children from their families, amounted to
12541:
12362:
11613:
11139:
11060:
10036:
7660:"Prime Minister delivers apology to former students of Newfoundland and Labrador residential schools"
4277:(Letter to George Vardon, Assistant Superintendent of Indian Affairs). Indian Affairs. Archived from
2370:
2362:
2325:
2135:
2030:, were vandalized and toppled; the head of the Queen Victoria statue was removed and thrown into the
1863:
1757:
1598:
1333:
1302:
1125:, Alberta, he found that 50 percent of the children had tuberculosis. At Sarcee Boarding School near
985:
428:
102:
10330:"Liberal government tables bill to make Sept. 30 a national holiday to remember residential schools"
6668:
6570:
The Lord's Distant Vineyard: A History of the Oblates and the Catholic Community in British Columbia
2851:
is used here because of the historical nature of the article and the precision of the name, as with
2298:
Clarifying the moral and spiritual basis for action towards Aboriginal and social justice in Canada;
667:, who believed that the solution to the system's failure was not restructuring but intensification.
12531:
12227:
11954:
11351:
11285:
11134:
11055:
10708:
10618:
9706:"There was nothing good: An open letter to Canadian Senator Lynn Beyak â Anglican Church of Canada"
4275:"Statistics Respecting Residential Schools, Appendix A: Report by Dr Ryerson on Industrial Schools"
2720:
2241:
2093:
1821:
1765:
1597:
to obtain an apology for abuses that occurred in the residential school system. Then leader of the
1520:
1329:
525:
330:
215:
191:
8855:
7274:
4539:
2936:
The phrase "kill the Indian in the child" originates from a letter written by American Lieutenant
1937:
became, on June 18, 2015, the first politician to issue an apology for past cabinets' role in the
356:
as a way to ensure they would not return to their original, nomadic ways of life upon graduation.
241:
on the grounds of former residential schools, though no human remains have been exhumed. During a
12561:
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12148:
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11358:
11033:
10908:
10903:
2864:
2527:
2379:
2047:
1562:
1480:
1272:
919:
432:
353:
10583:
Pupils at Indian residential schools: 1911 Wikwemikong, 1921 Spanish and Carleton Ontario census
9322:
9067:
9041:
8945:
7093:"Pope Francis apologizes to Indigenous delegates for 'deplorable' abuses at residential schools"
5603:"Hundreds of bodies reported found in unmarked graves at former Saskatchewan residential school"
3571:
2685:, in part because of his work with reconciliation efforts for survivors of residential schools.
2295:
Seeking reconciliation between Aboriginal peoples, the Christian community and Canadian society;
410:
12133:
12084:
Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)
11732:
11663:
11529:
11464:
11423:
10994:
10974:
10959:
10787:
10562:
Sleeping Giant Awakens: Genocide, Indian Residential Schools, and the Challenge of Conciliation
8619:
8263:"Gov. Gen. Mary Simon says she and the Queen discussed reconciliation, Canada's 'real history'"
7032:"Statement of Apology by the Catholic Bishops of Canada to the Indigenous Peoples of This Land"
4312:
2818:
2670:
2567:
2182:
2051:
2035:
1915:
1867:
1856:
1558:
1415:
1342:
1209:
1205:
1118:
1073:
The 1906 Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, submitted by chief medical officer
448:
337:
114:
94:
8463:"National Indigenous leaders hope to renew relationship with Crown after meeting King Charles"
6943:
4394:
2446:
2150:
2107:
and Indigenous leaders at Heart Gardenâwhich had been opened on the grounds of the provincial
1981:
million on education initiatives and would also rename the Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs the
1160:
910:
Government officials believed that since many staff members belonged to religious orders with
12655:
12138:
11759:
11561:
11315:
11097:
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9375:
6423:
4335:
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2941:
2822:
2120:
1610:
1583:
1479:
In 1986, the first apology for residential schools by any institution in Canada was from the
980:
934:
began charging students 10 cents a loaf until their Indian agent ordered the school to stop.
824:
by school staff members and by older students. Among the former students to come forward was
643:
616:
376:
Although many of these early schools were open for only a short time, efforts persisted. The
196:
106:
67:
10560:
10518:
10497:
10476:
10455:
10434:
10413:
9969:"Reconciliation Pole at UBC nails the past to confront harsh reality of residential schools"
9488:
7159:
6302:
5667:"Cowessess First Nation says 751 unmarked graves found near former Sask. residential school"
5374:"Aboriginal children at residential schools often buried in unmarked graves, report reveals"
5147:
Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, for the fiscal year ended 30th June, 1906
5016:
The circle game: shadows and substance in the Indian residential school experience in Canada
4600:
4393:
4334:
3953:
3869:
3868:
3152:
3151:
1382:; 21 per cent have been diagnosed with major depression; 7 percent have been diagnosed with
866:
12455:
12407:
12108:
11819:
11708:
11571:
11072:
10942:
10207:"Orange Shirt Day: How Phyllis Webstad's 1st day at residential school inspired a movement"
8556:"'Failing to confront a heinous history:' UBC apologizes to victims of residential schools"
7901:"Kathleen Wynne officially apologizes to Indigenous communities for 'generations of abuse'"
5512:"Remains of 215 children found buried at former B.C. residential school, First Nation says"
4359:
3955:"'No blanket to be worn in school': The education of Indians in nineteenth-century Ontario"
2879:
is limited throughout the article to proper nouns and references to government legislation.
2641:
2562:
Reconciliation efforts have also been undertaken by several Canadian universities. In 2015
2515:
2424:
2375:
Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development
2215:
1953:
1808:
1602:
1362:
1181:
In May 2021, a possible burial site was found in the Kamloops Indian Residential School in
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744:
711:
635:
601:
168:
86:
41:
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could have been buried here as well... We are going to put names on these unmarked graves.
785:
of their students to maintain their facilities, although it was presented as training for
8:
12475:
11814:
11713:
11534:
11280:
11107:
5984:
4788:
Project of the Heart: Illuminating the hidden history of Indian Residential Schools in BC
4757:"Carmacks, Yukon: A Northern Tutchone Homeland â 2.3 K'uch'an AdĂ€w: Churches and Schools"
4734:
3154:
A National Crime: The Canadian Government and the Residential School System, 1879 to 1986
2937:
2563:
2191:
2163:
on September 8, 2022, upon which Charles acceded to the Canadian throne. Two days before
2057:
1931:
1709:
1230:
1129:, he noted that all 33 students were "much below even a passable standard of health" and
817:
770:
507:
455:
348:. Protestant missionaries also opened residential schools in what is now the province of
325:
163:, closed in 1997. Schools operated in every province and territory with the exception of
6876:
3930:
3775:
2232:
1345:
from 1971 to 1978, at which point the Siksika Nation took over operations. In 1988, the
436:
12432:
12198:
12188:
11789:
11754:
11698:
11539:
11290:
7958:"Kathleen Wynne offers indigenous people 'a formal apology for the abuses of the past'"
6226:
6201:
5080:"First Nation infants subject to "human experimental work" for TB vaccine in 1930sâ40s"
3630:"After Pope called residential schools 'genocide,' House of Commons should too: NDP MP"
3540:
3515:
2814:
2665:'s escape and death. It was accompanied by a graphic novel and animated film, aired on
2361:
support has created a gap in dealing with mental health crises such as suicides in the
2249:
2131:
2074:
1945:
1911:
1471:
Acknowledgment of the wrongs done by the residential school system began in the 1980s.
1332:
from 1973 until its closure in 1998, after being run by the Oblates from 1884 to 1969.
1101:
400:
298:
187:
175:
10268:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation may be Canada's next new statutory holiday"
10117:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation may be Canada's next new statutory holiday"
9863:
9764:"Nearly half of Canadians never learned about residential schools as students: survey"
8912:"Head of defunct Aboriginal Healing Foundation laments loss of mental-health programs"
6997:"Indigenous leaders secure papal audience to set stage for residential school apology"
4920:
2872:
12024:
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11496:
11448:
11416:
11250:
11129:
11043:
10792:
10714:
10590:
10566:
10545:
10524:
10503:
10482:
10461:
10440:
10419:
9428:
8823:
8232:"The Queen's message to mark Canada's first National Day of Truth and Reconciliation"
7059:"Catholic Bishops of Canada apologize to Indigenous peoples over residential schools"
6698:
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5029:
5019:
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4859:
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2522:. The Anglican Church also raised concerns stating in a release co-signed by bishops
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2031:
1836:
1594:
1375:
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1358:
1314:
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404:
234:
128:
97:. The school system was created to isolate Indigenous children from the influence of
11869:
10682:
10153:
8293:"Prince Charles, Camilla depart St. John's as Day 1 of Canadian Royal Tour wraps up"
6973:
6362:"The Survivors Speak: A Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada"
5640:
5309:"Identities, bodies of children who died in residential schools may be lost forever"
12493:
12153:
12123:
12118:
12077:
11999:
11826:
11514:
11272:
11038:
10937:
9418:
9387:
7780:"Manitoba apology for '60s Scoop 'only the first step toward total reconciliation'"
6435:
6405:
6221:
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4829:
4205:
3818:
3742:
3535:
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2499:
2390:
1879:
1451:
1383:
1357:
Survivors of residential schools and their families have been found to suffer from
1310:
1138:
891:
688:
675:
residential schools to the integration of Indigenous students into public schools.
612:
380:, the oldest continuously operated residential school in Canada, opened in 1834 on
341:
308:
Assimilation efforts began as early as the 17th century with the arrival of French
136:
9423:
9406:
9391:
6439:
6409:
6143:
5953:
5759:"182 unmarked graves found near former residential school outside Cranbrook, B.C."
4840:
3357:"Residential schools findings point to 'cultural genocide', commission chair says"
3158:. Manitoba Studies in Native History. Vol. 11. University of Manitoba Press.
1658:
680:
651:, opened on December 1 of that year. By 1900, there were 61 schools in operation.
211:, and intergenerational trauma which persist within Indigenous communities today.
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11500:
11372:
11112:
11065:
10830:
10780:
10625:
10539:
9515:"Aboriginals push to save former Ontario residential school known as 'mush hole'"
7840:"Text of Alberta Premier Rachel Notley's apology to residential school survivors"
6905:"Trudeau asks Pope Francis to apologise to indigenous people for church's abuses"
6476:
Manitowabi, Susan (2020). "History of the Apology from United Church of Canada".
4601:
4270:
3296:
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2704:
2633:
2511:
2474:
1700:
1484:
1190:
1059:
1034:
516:
493:
204:
78:
63:
10726:
10432:
9610:"Lynn Beyak calls removal from Senate committee 'a threat to freedom of speech'"
9157:
5886:. University nuhelotâÄŻne thaiyotsâÄŻ nistameyimĂąkanak Blue Quills. Archived from
5732:"'We have hit 751 unmarked graves': Cowessess First Nation Chief Cadmus Delorme"
3181:"Lost Lives, Lost Culture: The Forgotten History of Indigenous Boarding Schools"
1105:
Comparative death rates per 1,000 for school aged children in Canada (1921â1965)
12470:
12377:
12372:
12342:
12171:
12143:
11984:
11831:
11799:
11764:
11725:
10758:
10361:"Royal assent given to bill creating national day for truth and reconciliation"
10183:
7687:"Read Justin Trudeau's apology to residential school survivors in Newfoundland"
7595:"N.L. residential school survivors' lawyers reach $ 50M settlement with Ottawa"
7451:"Read Justin Trudeau's apology to residential school survivors in Newfoundland"
6289:
Response, responsibility and renewal: Canada's truth and reconciliation journey
6010:
5735:
5542:"Update on suspected TkeÌ mlĂșps burial site as nation signs historic agreement"
4603:
Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, MĂ©tis & Inuit Issues in Canada
4177:
3563:
3000:"14.12 Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Stereotyping, Identification of Groups"
2903:
is capitalized when discussing peoples, beliefs or communities in the same way
2808:
2778:
2682:
2666:
2662:
2261:
2210:
apologized to residential school victims and dignitaries including Grand Chief
2038:
Kimberley Ducey called for Queen Elizabeth II to apologize for the role of the
2019:
2000:
1969:
1899:
1852:
1832:
1547:
1337:
911:
852:
Provide Aboriginal people with skills to participate in a market-based economy.
795:
620:
542:
500:. This letter was published in 1898 as an appendix to a larger report entitled
218:
156:
59:
32:
9945:
9209:
6621:"An apology to the First Nations of Canada by the Oblate Conference of Canada"
2538:
1065:
1017:
which involved intentional malnourishment of children, vaccine trials for the
749:
352:, spreading Christianity and working to encourage Indigenous peoples to adopt
12584:
11794:
11578:
11402:
11386:
11265:
11124:
11117:
10775:
10453:
10411:
9432:
8980:
7248:
6367:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. May 30, 2015. Archived from
6217:
5887:
4865:
4596:
4239:"Egerton Ryerson, the Residential School System and Truth and Reconciliation"
3823:
3531:
3261:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. May 31, 2015. Archived from
3103:
2764:
2401:
2386:
2329:
2186:
1949:
1938:
1934:
1753:
1021:, as well as studies on extrasensory perception, vitamin D diet supplements,
996:
883:
879:
825:
782:
707:
692:
477:
274:
164:
9641:"Conservatives disavow Tory senator's positive views of residential schools"
5033:
3897:"A timeline of residential schools, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
12460:
12357:
12352:
12327:
11608:
11344:
10820:
10499:
A National Crime: The Canadian Government and the Residential School System
9916:"Building Reconciliation: Universities answering the TRC's Calls to Action"
9321:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. December 14, 2015. Archived from
9156:. Indian Residential Schools Adjudication Secretariat. 2007. Archived from
7026:
7024:
7022:
6235:
6174:(Report). First Nations Information Governance Centre. 2012. Archived from
5222:. First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada. Archived from
4567:. National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health. 2010. Archived from
3761:"Aboriginal Residential Schools Before Confederation: The Early Experience"
3727:. In White, Jerry P.; Peters, Julie; Beavon, Dan; Spence, Nicholas (eds.).
3549:
2583:
2556:
2393:
2004:
1840:
1761:
1683:
1662:
1643:
1095:
1080:
1001:
895:
821:
804:
775:
760:
703:
639:
497:
246:
160:
11804:
8616:"Highlights from the Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples"
5223:
4975:"Residential Schools: The Intergenerational Impacts on Aboriginal Peoples"
4833:
4795:
4367:
2450:
Justice Murray Sinclair at the 2015 Shingwauk Gathering and Conference at
2240:, British Columbia. Formerly standing on the traditional territory of the
2054:, meaning they had no direct responsibility in residential school policy.
1820:
After the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement was accepted by
1454:, on behalf of the Canadian Jewish Humanitarian and Relief Committee, 2009
991:
Most schools operated with the stated goal of providing students with the
752:", further coercing Indigenous parents into having their children attend.
174:
The residential school system harmed Indigenous children significantly by
12503:
12382:
12337:
12271:
11703:
11409:
10863:
9675:"Senator dumped from aboriginal issues committee for controversial views"
6585:"Healing the Generations Residential School: Section 5: Church Apologies"
5172:
5142:
4182:
Canada's First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times
3959:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2519:
2253:
2211:
2127:
1824:
1606:
1498:
1074:
1018:
943:
722:
660:
489:
392:
290:
183:
148:
8048:"Winnipeg police investigating toppling of queen statues at legislature"
7019:
5149:(Report). Department of Indian Affairs. pp. 272â284. Archived from
1639:
issued from the Vatican, but be delivered by the Pope on Canadian soil.
233:
and released a report that concluded that the school system amounted to
12332:
12322:
12158:
11841:
11300:
10720:
9548:"Survivors push to turn former Manitoba residential school into museum"
8730:
8586:"Alert Bay residential school survivors gather for demolition ceremony"
8428:
7720:"Innu Nation won't accept PM's apology for residential schools in N.L."
7214:
7151:
5850:"Blue Quills celebrates new status as Indigenous-controlled university"
5176:
Report on the Indian Schools of Manitoba and the North-West Territories
4696:"Escape and resist: An untold history of residential schools in Quebec"
4119:"Archbishop won't commit to asking Pope for residential school apology"
3568:"Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools"
2523:
2491:
2257:
2104:
2078:
2043:
2015:
1555:
1217:
1030:
461:
359:
317:
313:
309:
200:
140:
119:
12240:
9856:"Making history: Indigenous studies now mandatory at two universities"
8944:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. May 27, 2015. Archived from
8733:"2008 Plenary Assembly Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB)"
8675:
6479:
Historical and Contemporary Realities: Movement Towards Reconciliation
2065:, is the first Indigenous person to be appointed to the viceregal post
12518:
12498:
12412:
12402:
12387:
12347:
11809:
11779:
11720:
11255:
10060:"Gord Downie named Canadian Press Newsmaker for 2nd consecutive year"
9579:"Documents of residential school abuse can be destroyed, court rules"
9208:. Indian Residential Schools Adjudication Secretariat. Archived from
9182:. Indian Residential Schools Adjudication Secretariat. Archived from
8140:"The key role of The Queen and her representatives in Reconciliation"
7360:"Government Apology to Former Students of Indian Residential Schools"
7185:"Archbishop of Canterbury apologises to Indigenous peoples of Canada"
6875:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015. Archived from
5819:"First Nations transform residential school into Blue Quills college"
5701:"751 unmarked graves found at former Saskatchewan residential school"
5482:"Remains of 215 children found at former Kamloops residential school"
4024:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015. Archived from
2925:
Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools
2237:
2207:
2042:
in the establishment of residential schools, though sovereigns since
1534:
1411:
1221:
1122:
1026:
1022:
799:
628:
385:
297:
and cultural practices, and a concept of land ownership based on the
294:
278:
10520:
Residential Schools and Reconciliation: Canada Confronts its History
7564:"Ottawa agrees to pay survivors of Newfoundland residential schools"
423:
and about three dozen Catholic communities; 21 were operated by the
12300:
11769:
11379:
9918:. Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences. Archived from
9704:
Hiltz, Frank; MacDonald, Mark; Thompson, Michael (March 20, 2017).
8854:. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. September 30, 2014. Archived from
7119:"Reactions to the Pope's apology show Canadians are over symbolism"
4400:
Reconciling Canada: Critical Perspectives on the Culture of Redress
3006:. Public Works and Government Services Canada. 2017. Archived from
2637:
2427:
settlement in Canadian history. By December 2012, a total of $ 1.62
2169:
2011:
1919:
1887:
1735:
On behalf of the Anglican Church of Canada, I present our apology.
1632:
1618:
1407:
1182:
624:
345:
11205:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act
8794:
7871:"How Alberta intends to follow up on its apology to First Nations"
4632:"Your questions answered about Canada's residential school system"
2821:
descent who were removed from their families by the Government of
1756:
apologized to former residential school students on behalf of the
1533:
In 1991, at the National Meeting on Indian Residential Schools in
281:, in what is now Canada, trading with an Indigenous person in 1777
12437:
12392:
12367:
12312:
12274:
11742:
11629:
Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin
11092:
10092:. Indigenous Corporate Training. January 18, 2019. Archived from
7273:. Royal Canadian Mounted Police. January 24, 2012. Archived from
6336:
2804:
Media portrayals of the Canadian Indian residential school system
1831:
in 2005, activists called for Martin's successor, Prime Minister
1781:
1642:
On May 29, 2017, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau asked the current
1168:
erected in 1975 marking the Battleford Industrial School cemetery
1136:
In 2011, reflecting on the TRC's research, Justice Sinclair told
1126:
1084:
Death rates per 1,000 students in residential schools (1869â1965)
1045:
813:
786:
764:
St. Paul's Indian Industrial School, Middlechurch, Manitoba, 1901
420:
349:
208:
159:. The last federally-funded residential school, Kivalliq Hall in
11494:
6870:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action"
6327:
6325:
6323:
6096:"The Residential School Experience: Syndrome or Historic Trauma"
5278:"This is not just an aboriginal issue. This is a Canadian issue"
5014:
Chrisjohn, Roland D.; Young, Sherri L.; Maraun, Michael (1997).
4452:
Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 2 â 1939 to 2000
3660:"Motion to call residential schools genocide backed unanimously"
3520:
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie
2286:"The recognition of Aboriginal land and treaty rights in Canada;
2034:. Following this event, associate professor of sociology at the
1847:, introduced a motion for an apology, which passed unanimously.
1098:, the first effective treatment, was not introduced until 1943.
967:
717:
545:
system, something fiercely opposed by First Nations governments.
12569:
12508:
12397:
12317:
12282:
11920:
Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic
11198:
10478:
Resistance and Renewal: Surviving the Indian Residential School
10029:"Gord Downie's brothers open up about his childhood and legacy"
9346:"TRC report charts path to 'true reconciliation,' says Trudeau"
7810:"Greg Selinger, Manitoba premier, apologizes for Sixties Scoop"
6287:. In Younging, Gregory; Dewar, Jonathan; DeGagné, Mike (eds.).
6282:"Reconciliation and the Revitalization of Indigenous Languages"
4562:"Child Welfare Services in Canada: Aboriginal & Mainstream"
3929:. Anglican Church of Canada. September 23, 2008. Archived from
2116:
2100:, participated in moments of reflection and prayer, first with
1749:
1301:
in Canada. Following the success of the Blue Quills effort the
931:
8618:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 1996. Archived from
8403:"The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall visit Canada"
8374:"Prince Charles and Camilla wrap up whirlwind visit to N.W.T."
7990:
Ontario's Commitment to Reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples
6335:. National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. Archived from
4212:. National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. Archived from
2897:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
2595:
2324:. On November 30, 1999, the CCCB signed an agreement with the
1295:
University nuhelotÊŒÄŻne thaiyotsÊŒÄŻ nistameyimĂąkanak Blue Quills
923:
that many of the teachers lacked any teaching qualifications.
10538:
Loyie, Larry; Spear, Wayne K.; Brissenden, Constance (2014).
10090:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation â the date debate"
9258:"Residential school settlement offers $ 3K education credits"
8882:"Funding cuts a catastrophe for residential school survivors"
7750:"Manitoba Premier Greg Selinger issues sixties scoop apology"
7298:"RCMP mostly unaware of abuse at residential schools: report"
6320:
2868:
2629:
2616:
2062:
1907:
1613:
were in attendance. The Indigenous delegation were funded by
1579:
1165:
221:
offered a public apology on his behalf and that of the other
6936:"Trudeau meets Pope, looking for residential school apology"
4869:
What We Have Learned: Principles of Truth and Reconciliation
4724:
3729:
Aboriginal Education: Current Crisis and Future Alternatives
2688:
12304:
12056:
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
11175:
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
10541:
Residential Schools: With the Words and Images of Survivors
7481:"PM cites 'sad chapter' in apology for residential schools"
7245:"More Healing & Reconciliation: The Confession of 1994"
6720:"Canadian First Nations Delegation Meets Pope Benedict XVI"
6511:. United Church of Canada. January 21, 2016. Archived from
6135:
Wesley-Esquimaux, Cynthia C.; Smolewski, Magdalena (2004).
5190:"New documents may shed light on residential school deaths"
3871:
Shingwauk's Vision: A History of Native Residential Schools
2112:
1903:
1069:
Tuberculosis death rates in residential schools (1869â1965)
471:
An Act to amend and consolidate the laws respecting Indians
8702:"$ 700K raised so far this year for Anglican Healing Fund"
6840:"Pope expresses 'sorrow' for abuse at residential schools"
4727:"Regulations relating to the education of Indian children"
4505:. UBC First Nations and Indigenous Studies. Archived from
3513:
3068:. UBC First Nations and Indigenous Studies. Archived from
2542:
Raising of the Reconciliation Pole on UBC Vancouver campus
627:, Manitoba. He visited only one industrial day school, in
10433:
Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada (2016).
8738:. Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from
8171:"Long Live the Queen? Statue of Queen Victoria Torn Down"
7034:. Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from
6626:. Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from
6134:
5981:
Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada 1800â1950
5633:"Canada: 751 unmarked graves found at residential school"
5247:"Beechwood ceremony to honour medical officer's tenacity"
4292:– via National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation.
4151:. Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from
3096:"Survivors of Canada's 'cultural genocide' still healing"
2604:
2592:
2026:, and that of Queen Elizabeth II in the garden of nearby
1748:
On August 6, 1993, at the National Native Convocation in
1267:
Students at the Blue Quills residential school in Alberta
10299:"Indigenous stat holiday bill destined to die in Senate"
9066:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Archived from
9040:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Archived from
7215:"Charles' message of listening, learning and reflecting"
6255:
Shingwauk Narratives: Sharing Residential School History
4395:"Appendix A: Aboriginal Peoples and Residential Schools"
4364:
Report on industrial schools for Indians and half-breeds
2923:
is the term used in the final report of the TRC and the
1402:
Although some schools permitted students to speak their
1293:
school in the country. It continues to operate today as
606:
Report on Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds
496:, who was then the Chief Superintendent of Education in
10393:. Canadian Heritage. September 21, 2021. Archived from
9999:"Reconciliation Pole installed on UBC Vancouver campus"
6899:
6897:
5921:(8). Aboriginal Multi-Media Society: 18. Archived from
4458:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015.
3056:
3054:
3052:
1995:
Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada
1145:
573: Investigations that concluded with no discoveries
10454:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2016).
10412:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015).
9703:
9668:
9666:
7624:
7622:
7620:
6460:
Comparing Histories of Education for Indigenous People
6257:. Shingwauk Residential Schools Centre. Archived from
5442:. Vol. 4. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2015.
4866:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015).
4184:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 309.
2435:
2356:, the Canadian government committed an additional $ 40
2092:
In his first speech of his royal tour in 2022, Prince
1780:
adopted a confession at its 120th General Assembly in
1309:
that responded, in part, to the Canadian Government's
1271:
In the 1960s, a major confrontation took place at the
519:'s letter "Report by Dr Ryerson on Industrial Schools"
488:, who had been impressed by industrial schools in the
117:, but it was primarily active from the passage of the
9405:
Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff (October 2, 2015).
9234:. Parliament of Canada. March 7, 2013. Archived from
8849:"Aboriginal Healing Foundation closes after 16 years"
8078:"2 statues of queens toppled at Manitoba Legislature"
6582:
4208:; Davidson, John; Hepburn, William (March 20, 1845).
4204:
2613:
2607:
2144:
already apologized on behalf of the Church of England
1988:
1244:
11619:
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador
10537:
10147:"Phyllis (Jack) Webstad's story in her own words..."
8456:
8454:
7086:
7084:
6894:
6810:"Pope expresses sorrow for residential-school abuse"
6482:. Laurentian University. p. 105. Archived from
5340:"Children taught to hate themselves says TRC report"
5013:
4392:
Henderson, Jennifer; Wakeham, Pauline, eds. (2013).
4081:
4079:
4077:
3570:. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Archived from
3049:
2968:"Terminology Guide: Research on Aboriginal Heritage"
2911:
is used to refer to non-Indigenous topics or people.
2740:
2601:
1519:
Students of St. Anne's Indian Residential School in
12666:
Assimilation of indigenous peoples of North America
12044:
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)
11395:
Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a MĂ©tis Child
10631:
9663:
8429:"Canada's indigenous leaders ask for royal apology"
7617:
7112:
7110:
6471:
6469:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3805:Gordon, Catherine E.; White, Jerry P. (June 2014).
3731:. Thompson Educational Publishing. pp. 13â14.
3722:"A Short History of Aboriginal Education in Canada"
3462:"Natives died in droves as Ottawa ignored warnings"
3323:"341 students died at Northern residential schools"
2046:have had their powers constrained by the tenets of
1983:
Ministry of Indigenous Relations and Reconciliation
1968:, on May 30, 2016, the serving Premier of Ontario,
1283:. The TRC report pertaining to this period states:
695:by Patrick Johnston, the author of the 1983 report
8642:"Aboriginal Rights Coalition Project North Arc-PN"
6750:"Canada â CommuniquĂ© of the Holy See Press Office"
6356:
6354:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
1197:. As of May 2024, no remains have been excavated.
113:The system had its origins in laws enacted before
12072:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)
11454:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians
10589:(Updated ed.). Library and Archives Canada.
9542:
9540:
9404:
9121:"Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement"
9091:"Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement"
8451:
7714:
7712:
7662:. Queen's Printer for Canada. November 24, 2017.
7208:
7206:
7081:
6773:
6771:
6391:
6389:
6089:
6087:
5476:
5474:
5178:(Report). Government Printing Bureau. p. 18.
4875:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.
4244:. Ryerson University. August 2010. Archived from
4074:
2126:At a reception hosted by the Governor General at
962:
882:aspired to have the residential schools, through
566: Investigations underway as of July 30, 2021
12582:
10579:
10297:Somos, Christy; Aiello, Rachel (June 21, 2019).
9791:
9789:
9508:
9506:
9474:
9472:
8731:Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (2008).
8695:
8693:
7511:"Harper apologizes for residential school abuse"
7107:
6563:
6561:
6466:
5787:O'Hara, Jane; Treble, Patricia (June 26, 2000).
5786:
5694:
5692:
4626:
4624:
4391:
4172:
4170:
3964:Indian Education in Canada, Volume 1: The Legacy
3599:"Pope Francis offers historic apology in Canada"
3316:
3314:
2102:Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador
1798:
1760:. Almost 30 years later, in April to May, 2022,
1414:were also banned. Some survivors reported being
12601:Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in Canada
11978:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
11649:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
9319:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada"
8822:. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Archived from
8793:. Presbyterian Church in Canada. Archived from
7390:"MPs vote 257â0 for residential school apology"
7247:. Presbyterian Church in Canada. Archived from
7057:Jiang, Kevin; Spurr, Ben (September 24, 2021).
6654:"Apology to Native Americans for Past Mistakes"
6351:
6142:. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Archived from
6065:. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Archived from
4794:. BC Teachers' Federation. 2015. Archived from
4416:
3980:
3287:
3285:
3283:
2409:Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement
1789:healing and wholeness together as God's people.
1397:
554:. This map can be expanded and interacted with.
301:. As explained in the executive summary of the
11669:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
10502:(2nd ed.). University of Manitoba Press.
9761:
9537:
9002:
9000:
8998:
8525:"U of M sorry for role in residential schools"
8350:. Queen's Printer for Canada. April 11, 2022.
8017:"Manitoba First Nations ask Queen for apology"
7709:
7593:Kelland, Arianna; Quinn, Mark (May 10, 2016).
7203:
7146:
7144:
6768:
6386:
6084:
5660:
5658:
5471:
4305:"First Nations Act draws fire from SCPA panel"
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3460:Curry, Bill; Howlett, Karen (April 24, 2007).
3350:
3348:
3145:
3143:
3141:
2586:master carver and hereditary chief, 7idansuu (
1679:lead to a formal visit to Canada by the pope.
482:Report on the affairs of the Indians in Canada
12256:
11480:
10668:
10637:A Lost Heritage: Canada's Residential Schools
9825:"Giving a voice to residential school ghosts"
9786:
9672:
9503:
9469:
8879:
8690:
6779:"Pope apologizes for abuse at native schools"
6558:
6457:
5911:"Wrecker's ball claims White Calf Collegiate"
5689:
5367:
5365:
4621:
4591:
4589:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4167:
3807:"Indigenous Educational Attainment in Canada"
3455:
3453:
3451:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3311:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
2893:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
2442:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
2348:(AHF). The foundation was provided with $ 350
2304:Promoting Aboriginal justice within Jubilee."
1152:Canadian Indian residential school gravesites
718:Parental resistance and compulsory attendance
303:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
237:. Ongoing efforts since 2021 have identified
227:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
12676:Violence against Indigenous people in Canada
12547:Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School
11654:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
11644:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism
10632:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
10628:Indian Residential School Survivors Society.
9892:. University of Saskatchewan. Archived from
7592:
4763:. Canadian Museum of History. Archived from
4733:. Government Printing Bureau. Archived from
3697:. Canadian Museum of History. Archived from
3459:
3280:
3089:
3087:
2788:List of Indian residential schools in Canada
2651:In October 2016, Canadian singer-songwriter
2460:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
2204:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
1251:List of Indian residential schools in Canada
697:Native Children and the Child Welfare System
476:The report commissioned by Governor General
231:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
11332:Portrayals of the residential school system
10391:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation"
10296:
9800:. Assembly of First Nations. Archived from
9708:. Anglican Church of Canada. Archived from
8995:
8674:. Anglican Church of Canada. Archived from
8460:
8320:
8318:
7329:"No residential school apology, Tories say"
7158:. Anglican Church of Canada. Archived from
7141:
7090:
6994:
6572:. University of Alberta Press. p. 179.
6503:
6501:
6035:. Old Sun Community College. Archived from
6009:. Anglican Church of Canada. Archived from
5655:
3927:"The Mohawk Institute â Brantford, ON"
3843:
3804:
3793:
3719:
3345:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
2863:rather than by language that distinguishes
2610:
2598:
2508:Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs
2236:Former St. Michael's Residential School in
2206:in Winnipeg. At the opening, UBC President
12263:
12249:
11487:
11473:
10675:
10661:
10474:
10327:
10115:Hwang, Priscilla Ki Sun (March 27, 2019).
9607:
9154:"About the Independent Assessment Process"
7116:
7056:
6651:
6475:
5362:
4586:
4526:
4524:
4347:
3448:
3379:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3178:
3118:
2533:
2276:
1474:
414:Number of schools and residences 1867â1998
155:designed to confine Indigenous peoples to
11910:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
10558:
9853:
9762:Yoshida-Butryn, Carly (August 28, 2022).
9422:
9374:
8966:
8767:. United Church of Canada. Archived from
8491:
7685:McIntyre, Catherine (November 24, 2017).
7449:McIntyre, Catherine (November 24, 2017).
7187:. Archbishop of Canterbury. May 2, 2022.
6752:. Vatican. April 29, 2009. Archived from
6592:Nishnawbe Aski Nation Residential Schools
6458:Child, Brenda J; Klopteck, Brian (2014).
6453:
6451:
6449:
6422:
6225:
6093:
5337:
5077:
4972:
4659:
4657:
4492:
4490:
3962:; HĂ©bert, Yvonne; McCaskill, Don (eds.).
3822:
3539:
3084:
2799:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
2751:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
2689:National Day for Truth and Reconciliation
2640:artist Shane Perley-Dutcher, and Muqueam
2338:
2071:National Day for Truth and Reconciliation
1999:The Manitoba Keewatinook Ininew Okimowin
1386:; and 7 percent have been diagnosed with
442:
75:Canadian Indian residential school system
16:Schools to assimilate Indigenous children
11900:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples
11022:Violence against WetÊŒsuwetÊŒen protesters
9638:
8817:"Summary Points of the AHF Final Report"
8315:
8260:
8168:
8137:
7684:
7534:"NDP aide's Commons sense saved the day"
7448:
7212:
6533:
6498:
6395:
6137:"Historic Trauma and Aboriginal Healing"
5698:
5244:
5137:
5135:
4176:
3966:. University of British Columbia Press.
3320:
3295:. University of Manitoba. Archived from
3033:. University of Manitoba. Archived from
2962:
2960:
2537:
2445:
2231:
2149:
2056:
1697:penitential pilgrimage to western Canada
1657:
1588:Superior General of the Society of Jesus
1514:
1510:
1441:
1262:
1159:
1100:
1079:
1064:
1049:Chief medical officer Peter Bryce (1890)
1044:
966:
865:
774:care led to high rates of influenza and
759:
721:
506:
409:
358:
273:
53:
31:
12636:Indigenous child displacement in Canada
12270:
12020:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
10619:How do I reach the 24 Hour Crisis Line?
10328:Ballingall, Alex (September 29, 2020).
10204:
9966:
9795:
9512:
9478:
8967:Petoukhov, Konstantin (February 2013).
8942:"Timeline â Indian Residential Schools"
8699:
8212:from the original on September 27, 2022
8181:from the original on September 25, 2022
7933:. Office of the Premier. May 30, 2016.
7357:
7179:
7177:
7069:from the original on September 25, 2021
6652:Kolvenbach, Peter-Hans (June 3, 1993).
6567:
5729:
5306:
5275:
4521:
4269:
3811:International Indigenous Policy Journal
3720:White, Jerry P.; Peters, Julie (2009).
3203:
2835:
2318:Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops
2073:, on September 30, 2021, Elizabeth, as
264:Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples
12583:
11890:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
10516:
10495:
10358:
10057:
9854:Macdonald, Nancy (November 19, 2015).
9730:
9673:Campion-Smith, Bruce (April 5, 2017).
9576:
8880:Rolbin-Ghanie, Maya (March 20, 2010).
8522:
8303:from the original on September 8, 2022
8106:
8045:
7955:
7747:
7697:from the original on December 16, 2017
7666:from the original on December 17, 2017
7640:from the original on December 17, 2017
7544:from the original on December 21, 2016
7295:
7129:from the original on September 3, 2022
6966:"Justin Trudeau asks Pope for apology"
6692:
6446:
6279:
6199:
6057:
5908:
5847:
5664:
4941:
4693:
4654:
4487:
4302:
4085:
3951:
3866:
3758:
3691:"Population â Religious Congregations"
3627:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3562:
3490:
3354:
3321:Schwartz, Daniel (December 15, 2015).
3149:
2271:Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
2256:. Referred to by media outlets as the
1914:former students and their families in
1793:
1428:list of endangered languages in Canada
838:Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
579: Other Indian Residential Schools
550:Map of residential schools, including
44:, Assiniboia, North-West Territories,
12244:
11775:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples
11674:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
11468:
10656:
10265:
10114:
9822:
9289:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
9286:
9008:"School abuse victims getting $ 1.9B"
8553:
8242:from the original on October 18, 2021
7986:
7937:from the original on October 26, 2016
7729:from the original on December 6, 2017
7531:
7326:
7150:
7091:Stefanovich, Olivia (April 1, 2022).
6995:Stefanovich, Olivia (June 29, 2021).
6807:
6717:
6534:de Souza, Raymond J. (June 4, 2021).
5756:
5600:
5403:Paul, Alexandra (February 19, 2011).
5371:
5141:
5132:
4819:
4725:Department of Indian Affairs (1908).
4595:
4358:
4116:
4049:
3426:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
3423:
3392:
3179:Callimachi, Rukmini (July 19, 2021).
3093:
3028:
2980:from the original on November 8, 2022
2973:. Library and Archives Canada. 2012.
2957:
2244:, it was demolished in February 2015.
1958:missing and murdered Indigenous women
971:Residential school group photograph,
665:Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
513:Statistics Respecting Indian Schools,
239:thousands of possible unmarked graves
11103:Justice for our Stolen Children Camp
10683:Violence and discrimination against
10243:. September 29, 2017. Archived from
10205:Laanela, Mike (September 30, 2016).
9088:
8492:Mae-Jones, Alexandra (May 8, 2023).
8473:from the original on January 4, 2024
8409:from the original on October 6, 2022
8199:
7868:
7296:Tutton, Michael (October 29, 2011).
7191:from the original on October 2, 2022
7174:
6007:"Old Sun School â Gleichen, AB"
5601:Nardi, Christopher (June 23, 2021).
5402:
5372:Leung, Marlene (December 15, 2015).
5220:"Who was Dr. Peter Henderson Bryce?"
4149:"Indian Residential Schools and TRC"
3688:
3628:Taylor, Stephanie (August 2, 2022).
2930:
2407:The compensation package led to the
2061:Governor General Mary Simon, who is
1437:
1328:in Lebret, Saskatchewan, was run by
1146:Missing children and unmarked graves
937:
502:Statistics Respecting Indian Schools
12418:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
11163:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
10771:First Nations nutrition experiments
10460:. McGill-Queen's University Press.
10266:Hwang, Priscilla (March 27, 2019).
10058:Friend, David (December 19, 2017).
9554:. December 16, 2015. Archived from
9343:
9014:. November 23, 2005. Archived from
8700:Folkins, Tali (November 16, 2017).
8592:. February 18, 2015. Archived from
8461:Stefanovich, Olivia (May 4, 2023).
8354:from the original on April 11, 2022
8273:from the original on August 9, 2022
8150:from the original on August 2, 2022
8138:Tidridge, Nathan (March 19, 2016).
8023:. February 21, 2008. Archived from
7820:from the original on April 28, 2017
5338:Schroeder, Janice (June 17, 2015).
5245:Deachman, Bruce (August 14, 2015).
4942:Benjoe, Kerry (November 26, 2015).
3586:
3393:Smith, Joanna (December 15, 2015).
2675:Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
2553:Mohawk Institute Residential School
2436:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1653:COVID-19 global travel restrictions
1313:calling for the abolishment of the
1187:TkÊŒemlĂșps te SecwĂ©pemc First Nation
900:Chilocco Indian Agricultural School
634:Davin's findings were supported by
378:Mohawk Institute Residential School
364:Mohawk Institute Residential School
38:Qu'Appelle Indian Industrial School
13:
12606:Christianity-related controversies
12050:Convention on Biological Diversity
11431:The Unnatural and Accidental Women
10404:
10035:. October 21, 2017. Archived from
9731:Hopper, Tristan (March 20, 2017).
9639:Galloway, Gloria (March 9, 2017).
9608:Ballingall, Alex (April 6, 2017).
9513:Vincent, Donovan (June 13, 2015).
9264:. January 24, 2014. Archived from
8554:Baker, Rafferty (April 10, 2018).
8383:from the original on June 28, 2022
8261:Zimonjic, Peter (March 17, 2022).
8169:Blondeau, Abraham (July 6, 2021).
7760:from the original on July 25, 2016
7605:from the original on June 25, 2016
7574:from the original on June 10, 2016
7521:from the original on July 9, 2008.
7461:from the original on March 7, 2023
7430:from the original on March 7, 2023
7370:from the original on July 26, 2021
7117:McCullough, J.J. (July 28, 2022).
5943:
5582:from the original on June 25, 2024
5552:from the original on June 25, 2024
4910:
4694:Dupuis, Josée (October 27, 2016).
4496:
4341:Statutes of the Province of Canada
4309:Concordia's Thursday Report Online
4303:Comeau, Sylvain (March 23, 2003).
4086:Miller, J. R. (October 10, 2012).
3666:. October 28, 2022. Archived from
3355:Tasker, John Paul (May 29, 2015).
2859:were homogeneously referred to as
2582:(UBC) Vancouver campus. Carved by
1989:Calls for the monarch to apologize
1892:International Grenfell Association
1815:
1615:Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
1352:
1307:Indian Control of Indian Education
1245:Self-governance and school closure
1235:Kootenay Indian Residential School
1233:reported 182 unmarked graves near
1202:Marieval Indian Residential School
1056:retention and disposition policies
1040:
1007:
928:Kamloops Indian Residential School
596:, Prime Minister of what was then
14:
12692:
12681:Education controversies in Canada
12626:First Nations education in Canada
12527:Anishinabek Educational Institute
12078:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)
11192:An Act to amend the Criminal Code
10612:
9967:Griffin, Kevin (March 31, 2017).
8765:"Justice and Reconciliation Fund"
8523:Martin, Nick (October 26, 2011).
8504:from the original on May 19, 2023
8439:from the original on May 19, 2022
7968:from the original on May 30, 2016
7400:from the original on May 18, 2014
7339:from the original on June 2, 2014
7225:from the original on May 19, 2022
6933:
6291:. Aboriginal Healing Foundation.
6248:
6094:Robertson, Lloyd Hawkeye (2006).
5730:Delorme, Cadmus (June 24, 2021).
5699:Skjerven, Kelly (June 24, 2021).
5307:Barrera, Jorge (April 22, 2017).
5196:. January 7, 2014. Archived from
5171:
5078:Blackburn, Mark (July 24, 2013).
5046:
4538:. October 6, 2017. Archived from
3491:Daniel, Allison (June 28, 2021).
2927:issued by Stephen Harper in 2008.
2227:
2087:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1601:Grand Chief Phil Fontaine of the
340:, an Anglican missionary, at the
176:removing them from their families
12596:Anti-Indigenous racism in Canada
12217:
12216:
11930:Government of the Sakha Republic
11639:Indigenous Environmental Network
11520:Free, prior and informed consent
11051:Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet
10383:
10352:
10321:
10290:
10259:
10229:
10198:
10168:
10139:
10108:
10082:
10051:
10021:
10005:. March 30, 2017. Archived from
9991:
9960:
9944:. Spirit Gallery. Archived from
9934:
9908:
9878:
9847:
9816:
9796:Cercado, Celso (June 15, 2022).
9755:
9724:
9697:
9632:
9601:
9570:
9439:
9398:
9368:
9344:Mas, Susan (December 15, 2015).
9337:
9311:
9280:
9250:
9224:
9198:
9172:
9146:
9113:
9082:
9056:
9030:
8960:
8934:
8918:. April 13, 2016. Archived from
8904:
8873:
8841:
8809:
8783:
8757:
8724:
8664:
8634:
8608:
8578:
8547:
8516:
8485:
8421:
8405:. Clarence House. May 19, 2022.
8395:
8366:
8340:
8285:
8254:
8224:
8193:
8162:
8131:
8107:Taylor, Rebecca (July 2, 2021).
8100:
8070:
8039:
8009:
7987:Wynne, Kathleen (May 30, 2016).
7980:
7949:
7923:
7893:
7862:
7850:from the original on May 7, 2017
7832:
7802:
7772:
7741:
7678:
7652:
7586:
7556:
7525:
7503:
7473:
7442:
7412:
7382:
7358:Parrott, Zach (April 24, 2015).
7351:
7320:
7289:
7263:
7237:
7213:Campbell, Sarah (May 19, 2022).
7050:
6988:
6958:
6927:
6862:
6846:. April 29, 2009. Archived from
6832:
6801:
6785:. April 29, 2009. Archived from
6742:
6711:
6686:
6645:
6613:
6576:
6527:
6416:
6273:
6242:
6193:
5974:
5825:. March 25, 2014. Archived from
5665:Taylor, Brooke (June 24, 2021).
5405:"Where are the children buried?"
5276:Edwards, Peter (June 10, 2011).
4917:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
4671:. March 21, 2016. Archived from
2793:Native American boarding schools
2771:
2757:
2743:
2588:
1890:. These schools were run by the
1255:When the government revised the
560: Ground anomaly discoveries
243:penitential pilgrimage to Canada
85:. The network was funded by the
21:American Indian boarding schools
12204:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
12066:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing
11750:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
11246:British Columbia Treaty Process
10580:Pouliot-Thisdale, Eric (2016).
10565:. University of Toronto Press.
10523:. University of Toronto Press.
10418:. James Lorimer & Company.
10176:"The Story of Orange Shirt Day"
9577:Perkel, Colin (April 4, 2016).
8348:"The 2022 Royal Tour itinerary"
8046:Bergen, Rachel (July 2, 2021).
7956:Benzie, Robert (May 30, 2015).
7786:. June 17, 2015. Archived from
7748:Murray, James (June 20, 2015).
7532:Smith, Joanna (June 13, 2008).
7487:. June 11, 2008. Archived from
6161:
6128:
6051:
6025:
5999:
5968:
5937:
5902:
5876:
5841:
5811:
5780:
5750:
5723:
5639:. June 24, 2021. Archived from
5625:
5594:
5564:
5534:
5504:
5427:
5396:
5331:
5300:
5269:
5238:
5212:
5182:
5165:
5102:
5071:
5040:
5007:
4966:
4935:
4904:
4822:Histoire Sociale/Social History
4813:
4779:
4749:
4718:
4687:
4554:
4402:. University of Toronto Press.
4385:
4327:
4296:
4263:
4231:
4198:
4141:
4110:
4043:
3945:
3919:
3889:
3875:. University of Toronto Press.
3752:
3713:
3682:
3652:
3621:
3556:
3507:
3484:
3417:
3062:"The Residential School System"
2914:
2176:
1966:Legislative Assembly of Ontario
1771:
1605:in British Columbia, and Chief
1388:borderline personality disorder
904:Child Welfare League of America
874:, Carpenter's shop. circa 1894.
329:Indigenous peoples in both the
182:, and exposing many of them to
12114:2009 Peruvian political crisis
11624:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
10544:. Indigenous Education Press.
9823:Brown, Louise (July 2, 2016).
9453:. June 2, 2015. Archived from
9407:"Canada and colonial genocide"
9287:Moran, Ry (December 7, 2017).
9125:Residential Schools Settlement
8791:"Healing & Reconciliation"
8084:. July 1, 2021. Archived from
7907:. May 30, 2015. Archived from
7869:Tait, Carrie (June 26, 2015).
7424:Facing History & Ourselves
7327:Curry, Bill (March 27, 2007).
6972:. May 29, 2017. Archived from
6911:. May 29, 2017. Archived from
6808:Curry, Bill (April 29, 2009).
6583:Nishnawbe Aski Nation (2002).
6333:"Residential Schools Timeline"
5757:Kotyk, Alyse (June 30, 2021).
5518:. May 28, 2021. Archived from
5488:. May 28, 2021. Archived from
4638:. June 4, 2021. Archived from
4117:Grant, Tavia (June 30, 2021).
3903:. May 16, 2008. Archived from
3293:"Residential Schools Overview"
3172:
3094:Luxen, Micah (June 24, 2016).
3031:"Briefing Note on Terminology"
3022:
2992:
2882:
2842:
2679:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year
2580:University of British Columbia
2214:and Canadian Justice Minister
2200:University of British Columbia
2018:, July 1, 2021, the statue of
1972:, apologized on behalf of the
1305:(NIB) released the 1972 paper
1299:Indigenous-governed university
963:Instruction style and outcomes
610:President of the United States
486:James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin
382:Six Nations of the Grand River
270:History of education in Canada
225:leaders. On June 1, 2008, the
135:in 1894, under Prime Minister
123:in 1876, under Prime Minister
25:Indian school (disambiguation)
1:
12651:Residential schools in Canada
12378:Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")
11945:Council of Indigenous Peoples
10359:Bryden, Joan (June 3, 2021).
9424:10.1080/14623528.2015.1096580
9392:10.1080/14623528.2015.1096583
9206:"Information: IAP Statistics"
9127:. May 8, 2006. Archived from
6718:Dolha, Lloyd (May 25, 2009).
6440:10.1525/ae.1993.20.2.02a00010
6410:10.1080/00309230.2017.1293700
3867:Miller, James Rodger (1996).
3424:Moran, Ry (October 5, 2020).
3029:McKay, Celeste (April 2015).
2951:
2825:and state government agencies
2346:Aboriginal Healing Foundation
2328:, represented by Grand Chief
2143:
2024:Manitoba Legislative Building
1925:
1805:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
1799:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
1778:Presbyterian Church in Canada
1524:
1380:posttraumatic stress disorder
1195:Royal British Columbia Museum
755:
465:by what was then the federal
367:
260:Settler colonialism in Canada
62:Indian Residential School in
45:
12537:Canadian residential schools
12129:Expulsion of the Chagossians
10685:Indigenous peoples in Canada
10559:MacDonald, David B. (2019).
9479:Woolley, Pieta (June 2015).
9411:Journal of Genocide Research
9380:Journal of Genocide Research
9064:"Common Experience Payments"
9038:"Indian Residential Schools"
8200:Rana, Abbas (May 14, 2018).
6697:. Loyola Press. p. 43.
6568:McNally, Vincent J. (2000).
4607:. Portage & Main Press.
3695:Virtual Museum of New France
2857:Indigenous peoples in Canada
2829:Christianity and colonialism
2098:Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
1845:Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation
1466:
1398:Loss of language and culture
872:Battleford Industrial School
649:Battleford Industrial School
93:and administered by various
91:Department of Indian Affairs
7:
11925:Government of Bashkortostan
11790:American Indian reservation
11659:Native American Rights Fund
11306:Old-growth logging protests
4973:Partridge, Cheryle (2010).
2899:. In the Canadian context,
2736:
2484:Court of Appeal for Ontario
2322:Catholic Aboriginal Council
2248:In the summer of 1990, the
1716:
1550:, then presidential of the
1303:National Indian Brotherhood
1239:Cranbrook, British Columbia
830:Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs
734:In 1894, amendments to the
532:Gradual Enfranchisement Act
10:
12697:
12631:Former education in Canada
11880:Fundação Nacional do Ăndio
11073:Judge David William Ramsay
10475:Haig-Brown, Celia (2002).
8973:McGill Sociological Review
4982:Native Social Work Journal
3952:Wilson, J. Donald (1986).
2692:
2572:University of Saskatchewan
2439:
1992:
1956:to hold an inquiry on the
1862:Harper's apology excluded
1740:Archbishop Michael Peers,
1637:pastoral letter to Ireland
1248:
1183:Kamloops, British Columbia
1149:
843:
828:, then Grand Chief of the
810:Indians of Canada Pavilion
623:, and church officials in
600:, commissioned politician
467:Department of the Interior
431:; 13 were operated by the
267:
257:
253:
178:, depriving them of their
18:
12671:Christianity and children
12591:Anglican Church of Canada
12560:
12542:Hannahville Indian School
12517:
12484:
12446:
12299:
12281:
12212:
12096:
12033:
12008:
11965:
11857:
11850:
11691:
11614:Assembly of First Nations
11599:
11507:
11444:
11324:
11264:
11227:
11218:
11194:for trafficking of minors
11183:
11148:
11085:
11061:Saskatoon freezing deaths
11008:
10924:
10852:
10843:
10801:
10745:Residential school system
10735:
10698:
10691:
9886:"Building Reconciliation"
9293:The Canadian Encyclopedia
9095:The Canadian Encyclopedia
7364:The Canadian Encyclopedia
4536:The Canadian Encyclopedia
4092:The Canadian Encyclopedia
4056:The Canadian Encyclopedia
3430:The Canadian Encyclopedia
2419:billion in compensation.
2371:Assembly of First Nations
2363:Attawapiskat First Nation
2326:Assembly of First Nations
2136:Assembly of First Nations
1864:Newfoundland and Labrador
1758:Anglican Church of Canada
1599:Assembly of First Nations
1376:chronic medical condition
1334:Old Sun Community College
1277:Blue Quills Indian School
1178:accidental disturbance".
598:post-Confederation Canada
450:British North America Act
435:, and 2 were operated by
429:Anglican Church of Canada
12646:Native American genocide
12552:U.S. residential schools
12532:Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School
12104:ChechenâRussian conflict
11955:Bureau of Indian Affairs
11135:Walking With Our Sisters
11056:Killing of Chantel Moore
10950:Winnipeg serial killings
10709:Gradual Civilization Act
10496:Milloy, John S. (2017).
10439:. McGill-Queen's Press.
7993:(Speech). Archived from
6693:Letson, Douglas (1995).
6280:Galley, Valerie (2009).
6218:10.1177/1363461513503380
6206:Transcultural Psychiatry
5909:LaRose, Stephen (1999).
4761:Virtual Museum of Canada
4731:Peel's Prairie Provinces
4366:(Report). Archived from
4178:Dickason, Olive Patricia
3824:10.18584/iipj.2014.5.3.6
3532:10.1177/0706743717702075
3150:Milloy, John S. (1999).
2661:, a concept album about
2134:, National Chief of the
2094:Charles, Prince of Wales
1902:delivered an apology to
1766:Archbishop of Canterbury
1330:Star Blanket Cree Nation
742:The introduction of the
538:Gradual Civilization Act
526:Gradual Civilization Act
293:centred around European
12149:Little Danes experiment
11935:Government of Tatarstan
11602:political organizations
11311:Trans Mountain pipeline
11034:Gustafsen Lake standoff
10639:. CBC Digital Archives.
8979:: 73â91. Archived from
8672:"Anglican Healing Fund"
7420:"Are Apologies Enough?"
7156:"A step along the path"
4988:: 33â62. Archived from
4052:"Duncan Campbell Scott"
3774:: 13â40. Archived from
3759:Carney, Robert (1995).
2669:. Proceeds went to the
2534:Educational initiatives
2380:Supreme Court of Canada
2277:Ecclesiastical projects
2048:constitutional monarchy
1481:United Church of Canada
1475:United Church of Canada
1450:receives a plaque from
920:Arthur Wellesley Vowell
433:United Church of Canada
354:subsistence agriculture
333:and military pursuits.
285:Attempts to assimilate
223:federal political party
127:. Under Prime Minister
12348:Grand Medicine Society
12134:High Arctic relocation
12036:Declarations of Rights
11733:Cultural appropriation
11664:Survival International
11286:Caledonia land dispute
11140:Women's Memorial March
10900:Healthcare inequality
10788:High Arctic relocation
10481:. arsenal pulp press.
9890:Aboriginal Initiatives
8648:. 2014. Archived from
8238:. September 30, 2021.
7784:Saskatoon Star Phoenix
7426:. September 20, 2019.
6424:Lomawaima, K. Tsianina
6251:"Indigenous Languages"
5848:Narine, Shari (2015).
5110:"Canada's Dark Secret"
4503:Indigenous Foundations
3066:Indigenous Foundations
2671:University of Manitoba
2568:University of Winnipeg
2543:
2454:
2339:Financial compensation
2269:, the creation of the
2245:
2225:
2198:On April 9, 2018, the
2183:University of Manitoba
2156:
2066:
2052:responsible government
2036:University of Winnipeg
1916:Happy Valley-Goose Bay
1868:28th Canadian Ministry
1866:on the basis that the
1857:committee of the whole
1791:
1752:, Ontario. Archbishop
1737:
1693:
1676:
1665:
1628:
1572:
1559:religious congregation
1544:
1530:
1508:
1494:
1455:
1290:
1268:
1229:On June 30, 2021, the
1227:
1210:Cowessess First Nation
1206:Marieval, Saskatchewan
1185:, on the lands of the
1169:
1106:
1085:
1070:
1050:
976:
875:
765:
727:
520:
443:Government involvement
415:
373:
282:
192:forced enfranchisement
70:
51:
23:. For other uses, see
12611:Cultural assimilation
12139:Human rights in Tibet
11866:Aotearoa-New Zealand
11760:Fortress conservation
11562:Traditional knowledge
11525:Intellectual property
10985:Jean Virginia Sampare
10970:Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon
10624:May 31, 2021, at the
10517:Miller, J.R. (2017).
10278:on September 29, 2021
10186:on September 29, 2021
10156:on September 30, 2021
10127:on September 29, 2021
9948:on September 27, 2020
9299:on September 29, 2021
9238:on September 17, 2016
8983:on September 12, 2016
8861:on September 14, 2016
8829:on September 28, 2016
8797:on September 16, 2016
7725:. November 23, 2017.
7636:. November 24, 2017.
7038:on September 25, 2021
6820:on September 19, 2016
6398:Paedagogica Historica
6339:on September 28, 2016
6149:on September 14, 2016
6058:Reimer, Gwen (2010).
5977:"Orr, Roland Guerney"
5956:on September 17, 2016
5799:on September 18, 2016
5734:. CBC. Archived from
5350:on September 19, 2016
5257:on September 15, 2016
5200:on September 23, 2016
4995:on September 18, 2017
4834:10.1353/his.2013.0015
4675:on September 11, 2016
4360:Davin, Nicholas Flood
4219:on September 28, 2016
4088:"Residential Schools"
4050:McDougall, Robert L.
3907:on September 16, 2016
3436:on September 29, 2021
2942:Duncan Campbell Scott
2819:Australian Aboriginal
2721:private member's bill
2541:
2449:
2399:Deputy Prime Minister
2316:In October 1997, the
2250:Mohawks of Kanesatake
2235:
2220:
2181:On October 27, 2011,
2153:
2121:Northwest Territories
2060:
1993:Further information:
1786:
1776:On June 9, 1994, the
1742:A Step Along the Path
1721:
1688:
1671:
1661:
1623:
1584:Peter Hans Kolvenbach
1567:
1539:
1518:
1511:Roman Catholic Church
1503:
1489:
1445:
1326:White Calf Collegiate
1285:
1266:
1214:
1163:
1150:Further information:
1104:
1083:
1068:
1048:
1015:nutrition experiments
981:traditional knowledge
970:
869:
763:
725:
644:Hector-Louis Langevin
617:Five Civilized Tribes
536:acts overturned. The
510:
469:. Adopted in 1876 as
413:
362:
277:
258:Further information:
197:post-traumatic stress
139:, made attendance at
57:
35:
12408:Seven fires prophecy
12163:Residential schools
12109:Sri Lankan Civil War
11851:Legal representation
11820:Urban Indian reserve
11709:Internal colonialism
11600:Non-governmental and
11555:in the United States
11366:Missing and Murdered
10926:Missing and Murdered
10766:Forced sterilization
10070:on December 20, 2017
9866:on February 25, 2017
9457:on September 6, 2016
9212:on November 10, 2016
8922:on December 23, 2016
8892:on December 23, 2016
8596:on February 20, 2015
6976:on September 5, 2021
6946:on December 27, 2017
6915:on December 23, 2017
6428:American Ethnologist
6200:Bombay, Amy (2014).
6072:on September 9, 2016
6039:on September 3, 2016
5890:on February 19, 2017
5415:on November 10, 2016
5384:on November 17, 2016
5288:on November 28, 2016
5059:on February 13, 2021
4954:on November 28, 2016
4923:on November 28, 2016
4706:on December 12, 2016
4574:on November 23, 2015
3933:on November 14, 2016
3831:on November 30, 2015
3603:Catholic News Agency
3503:on October 30, 2022.
2836:Notes on terminology
2705:Phyllis Jack Webstad
2516:New Democratic Party
2514:, and leader of the
2242:âNamgis First Nation
2216:Jody Wilson-Raybould
2081:to represent her as
1835:, to apologize. The
1809:Giuliano Zaccardelli
1807:(RCMP) Commissioner
1603:First Nations Summit
1578:On May 16, 1993, in
1565:, Alberta, stating:
1404:Indigenous languages
986:Indigenous languages
973:Regina, Saskatchewan
957:North-West Rebellion
745:Family Allowance Act
712:Prince Edward Island
636:Vital-Justin Grandin
602:Nicholas Flood Davin
291:imperial colonialism
169:Prince Edward Island
12641:Institutional abuse
12621:Education in Canada
12428:Traditional beliefs
11714:Settler colonialism
11281:Burnt Church Crisis
11108:Moose Hide campaign
10980:Helen Betty Osborne
10879:Criminal sentencing
10853:Structural violence
10700:Settler colonialism
10365:Winnipeg Free Press
10039:on October 21, 2017
9804:on October 30, 2022
9774:on October 30, 2022
9743:on October 20, 2021
9376:MacDonald, David B.
9186:on October 14, 2016
9101:on October 19, 2019
9089:Marshall, Tabitha.
8529:Winnipeg Free Press
7491:on January 14, 2017
7123:The Washington Post
6695:The Jesuit Mystique
6633:on October 25, 2016
6546:on October 20, 2021
6374:on January 10, 2016
6308:on October 24, 2016
6109:(1). Archived from
5944:MiĆosz, Magdalena.
5860:(1). Archived from
5409:Winnipeg Free Press
4801:on February 1, 2021
4542:on November 4, 2019
4509:on October 10, 2018
4098:on October 19, 2019
3748:on October 3, 2016.
3670:on October 29, 2022
3640:on October 30, 2022
3037:on October 25, 2016
2938:Richard Henry Pratt
2715:On March 21, 2019,
2564:Lakehead University
2192:Winnipeg Free Press
2165:Charles' coronation
1794:Canadian government
1710:The Washington Post
1695:During a July 2022
1363:intergenerationally
1347:Old Sun College Act
1343:Mount Royal College
1273:Saddle Lake Reserve
1231:Lower Kootenay Band
993:vocational training
771:Corporal punishment
726:Enrolment 1869â1960
456:education in Canada
180:ancestral languages
125:Alexander MacKenzie
87:Canadian government
12661:Total institutions
12461:Birch bark scrolls
12433:Underwater panther
12199:Stolen Generations
12000:BBNJ ABS Committee
11755:Discovery doctrine
11699:Civilizing mission
11540:Self-determination
11291:Clayoquot protests
10884:Mass incarceration
10857:and discrimination
10371:on August 16, 2021
10340:on August 13, 2021
10309:on August 15, 2021
10180:OrangeShirtDay.org
10150:OrangeShirtDay.org
9896:on January 8, 2017
9645:The Globe and Mail
9558:on August 13, 2016
9525:on August 15, 2016
9160:on August 17, 2016
9018:on October 1, 2016
8590:The Globe and Mail
8330:The Globe and Mail
7997:on January 1, 2017
7881:on August 26, 2016
7875:The Globe and Mail
7568:The Globe and Mail
7333:The Globe and Mail
7302:The Globe and Mail
7154:(August 6, 2013).
6814:The Globe and Mail
6724:First Nations Drum
6181:on August 25, 2016
6116:on August 26, 2016
5854:Alberta Sweetgrass
5578:. March 28, 2024.
5576:The Globe and Mail
5486:The Globe and Mail
5344:Canadian Mennonite
5313:APTN National News
5153:on August 29, 2016
5053:The Globe and Mail
4948:Regina Leader-Post
4911:Titley, E. Brian.
4767:on August 18, 2016
4123:The Globe and Mail
3781:on August 14, 2016
3768:Historical Studies
3689:Gourdeau, Claire.
3664:The Globe and Mail
3634:The Globe and Mail
3472:on August 27, 2016
3466:The Globe and Mail
3405:on August 26, 2016
3185:The New York Times
3004:Translation Bureau
2815:Stolen Generations
2544:
2503:Standing Committee
2455:
2246:
2157:
2132:RoseAnne Archibald
2069:On Canada's first
2067:
1954:federal government
1946:Premier of Alberta
1666:
1617:. Afterwards, the
1531:
1456:
1269:
1208:, on the lands of
1170:
1109:In 1920 and 1922,
1107:
1086:
1071:
1051:
1033:, bedwetting, and
977:
876:
766:
728:
521:
416:
374:
299:discovery doctrine
287:Indigenous peoples
283:
145:industrial schools
95:Christian churches
83:Indigenous peoples
71:
58:Study period at a
52:
12616:Cultural genocide
12578:
12577:
12238:
12237:
12223:Indigenous rights
12092:
12091:
12025:Indigenous Caucus
11966:Intergovernmental
11815:Russian republics
11785:Autonomous okrugs
11634:Cultural Survival
11462:
11461:
11449:Indigenous rights
11440:
11439:
11296:Keystone Pipeline
11251:Yukon Land Claims
11214:
11213:
11130:Sisters in Spirit
11081:
11080:
10965:Pamela Holopainen
10839:
10838:
10793:RCMP dog killings
10715:Numbered Treaties
10596:978-1-988411-10-1
10572:978-1-4875-2269-8
10551:978-0-9939371-0-1
10530:978-1-4875-0218-8
10509:978-0-88755-519-0
10488:978-1-55152-335-4
10467:978-0-7735-9823-2
10446:978-0-7735-9828-7
10425:978-1-4594-1067-1
10397:on July 11, 2022.
9973:The Vancouver Sun
9491:on April 20, 2016
9356:on April 16, 2017
9268:on March 25, 2016
9134:on April 11, 2019
8622:on April 30, 2017
7846:. June 23, 2015.
7816:. June 18, 2015.
7517:. June 11, 2008.
7103:on April 1, 2022.
6298:978-1-897285-72-5
6013:on August 7, 2016
5987:on August 8, 2017
5925:on April 25, 2015
5915:Saskatchewan Sage
5864:on August 3, 2016
5829:on April 28, 2017
5607:The National Post
5449:978-0-7735-9825-6
5226:on April 16, 2016
5090:on April 26, 2021
5025:978-0-919441-85-9
5018:. Theytus Books.
4882:978-0-660-02073-0
4737:on August 8, 2016
4614:978-1-55379-689-3
4465:978-0-7735-9819-5
4409:978-1-4426-1168-9
4251:on April 29, 2016
4206:Rawson, Rawson W.
3973:978-0-7748-5313-2
3882:978-0-8020-7858-2
3738:978-1-55077-185-5
3609:on August 1, 2022
3566:(June 11, 2008).
3299:on April 20, 2016
3010:on August 8, 2017
2726:Steven Guilbeault
2717:Georgina Jolibois
2452:Algoma University
2267:Meech Lake Accord
2161:Elizabeth II died
2140:Church of England
2032:Assiniboine River
1974:Executive Council
1595:Pope Benedict XVI
1438:Native resistance
1367:collective memory
1359:historical trauma
1281:St. Paul, Alberta
938:Family visitation
594:John A. Macdonald
592:In January 1879,
586:
425:Church of England
405:cultural genocide
401:European Canadian
344:in what is today
235:cultural genocide
129:John A. Macdonald
99:their own culture
77:was a network of
12688:
12494:Birchbark biting
12305:myth and stories
12265:
12258:
12251:
12242:
12241:
12220:
12219:
12154:Mapuche conflict
12124:Chiapas conflict
12119:Alta controversy
12097:Historical cases
11855:
11854:
11837:Rainbow Warriors
11827:Manifest destiny
11515:Ancestral domain
11489:
11482:
11475:
11466:
11465:
11397:
11359:Highway of Tears
11316:UnistÊŒotÊŒen Camp
11273:Water protection
11271:
11232:
11225:
11224:
11146:
11145:
11039:Ipperwash Crisis
11013:
11010:Police brutality
11000:Lisa Marie Young
10990:Loretta Saunders
10955:Immaculate Basil
10938:Highway of Tears
10930:Indigenous Women
10929:
10856:
10850:
10849:
10831:Indian hospitals
10727:Role of the RCMP
10696:
10695:
10677:
10670:
10663:
10654:
10653:
10607:
10605:
10603:
10588:
10576:
10555:
10534:
10513:
10492:
10471:
10450:
10429:
10399:
10398:
10387:
10381:
10380:
10378:
10376:
10367:. Archived from
10356:
10350:
10349:
10347:
10345:
10336:. Archived from
10334:The Toronto Star
10325:
10319:
10318:
10316:
10314:
10305:. Archived from
10294:
10288:
10287:
10285:
10283:
10274:. Archived from
10263:
10257:
10256:
10254:
10252:
10233:
10227:
10226:
10224:
10222:
10213:. Archived from
10202:
10196:
10195:
10193:
10191:
10182:. Archived from
10172:
10166:
10165:
10163:
10161:
10152:. Archived from
10143:
10137:
10136:
10134:
10132:
10123:. Archived from
10112:
10106:
10105:
10103:
10101:
10086:
10080:
10079:
10077:
10075:
10066:. Archived from
10055:
10049:
10048:
10046:
10044:
10025:
10019:
10018:
10016:
10014:
9995:
9989:
9988:
9986:
9984:
9975:. Archived from
9964:
9958:
9957:
9955:
9953:
9938:
9932:
9931:
9929:
9927:
9912:
9906:
9905:
9903:
9901:
9882:
9876:
9875:
9873:
9871:
9862:. Archived from
9851:
9845:
9844:
9842:
9840:
9831:. Archived from
9820:
9814:
9813:
9811:
9809:
9793:
9784:
9783:
9781:
9779:
9770:. Archived from
9759:
9753:
9752:
9750:
9748:
9739:. Archived from
9728:
9722:
9721:
9719:
9717:
9712:on April 4, 2017
9701:
9695:
9694:
9692:
9690:
9681:. Archived from
9670:
9661:
9660:
9658:
9656:
9647:. Archived from
9636:
9630:
9629:
9627:
9625:
9620:on April 7, 2017
9616:. Archived from
9605:
9599:
9598:
9596:
9594:
9589:on June 11, 2016
9585:. Archived from
9574:
9568:
9567:
9565:
9563:
9544:
9535:
9534:
9532:
9530:
9521:. Archived from
9510:
9501:
9500:
9498:
9496:
9487:. Archived from
9481:"Grim reminders"
9476:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9462:
9443:
9437:
9436:
9426:
9402:
9396:
9395:
9372:
9366:
9365:
9363:
9361:
9352:. Archived from
9341:
9335:
9334:
9332:
9330:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9295:. Archived from
9284:
9278:
9277:
9275:
9273:
9254:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9243:
9228:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9217:
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9193:
9191:
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9169:
9167:
9165:
9150:
9144:
9143:
9141:
9139:
9133:
9117:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9106:
9097:. Archived from
9086:
9080:
9079:
9077:
9075:
9060:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9044:on June 29, 2016
9034:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9023:
9004:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8964:
8958:
8957:
8955:
8953:
8938:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8927:
8908:
8902:
8901:
8899:
8897:
8888:. Archived from
8877:
8871:
8870:
8868:
8866:
8860:
8853:
8845:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8834:
8828:
8821:
8813:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8802:
8787:
8781:
8780:
8778:
8776:
8771:on July 16, 2016
8761:
8755:
8754:
8752:
8750:
8745:on July 12, 2021
8744:
8737:
8728:
8722:
8721:
8719:
8717:
8712:on July 12, 2021
8708:. Archived from
8706:Anglican Journal
8697:
8688:
8687:
8685:
8683:
8668:
8662:
8661:
8659:
8657:
8652:on July 12, 2021
8638:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8627:
8612:
8606:
8605:
8603:
8601:
8582:
8576:
8575:
8573:
8571:
8566:on July 27, 2021
8562:. Archived from
8551:
8545:
8544:
8542:
8540:
8535:on March 4, 2016
8531:. Archived from
8520:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8489:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8478:
8458:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8444:
8435:. May 19, 2022.
8425:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8399:
8393:
8392:
8390:
8388:
8379:. May 19, 2022.
8370:
8364:
8363:
8361:
8359:
8344:
8338:
8337:
8336:on May 19, 2022.
8332:. Archived from
8322:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8308:
8299:. May 17, 2022.
8289:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8278:
8258:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8247:
8228:
8222:
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8219:
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8190:
8188:
8186:
8166:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8155:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8124:
8115:. Archived from
8104:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8093:
8088:on July 12, 2021
8074:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8063:
8054:. Archived from
8043:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8032:
8027:on July 27, 2021
8013:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8002:
7984:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7962:The Toronto Star
7953:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7916:
7897:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7877:. Archived from
7866:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7855:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7806:
7800:
7799:
7797:
7795:
7790:on June 20, 2016
7776:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7765:
7745:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7734:
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7702:
7682:
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7671:
7656:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7634:The Toronto Star
7626:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7570:. May 10, 2016.
7560:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7549:
7538:The Toronto Star
7529:
7523:
7522:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7496:
7477:
7471:
7470:
7468:
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7377:
7375:
7355:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7313:
7308:on March 8, 2021
7304:. Archived from
7293:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7210:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7181:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7162:on March 7, 2016
7148:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7114:
7105:
7104:
7099:. Archived from
7088:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7063:The Toronto Star
7054:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7028:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7003:. Archived from
6992:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6981:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6942:. Archived from
6931:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6901:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6882:on June 24, 2021
6881:
6874:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6850:on June 26, 2021
6836:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6816:. Archived from
6805:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6789:on June 26, 2021
6775:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6756:on June 24, 2016
6746:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6730:on June 26, 2021
6726:. Archived from
6715:
6709:
6708:
6690:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6674:on June 26, 2021
6673:
6667:. Archived from
6658:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6632:
6625:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6600:
6594:. Archived from
6589:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6565:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6542:. Archived from
6531:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6515:on June 29, 2016
6505:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6486:on June 26, 2021
6473:
6464:
6463:
6462:. pp. 1â15.
6455:
6444:
6443:
6420:
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6358:
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6348:
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6344:
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6318:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6307:
6301:. Archived from
6286:
6277:
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6270:
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6266:
6246:
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6239:
6229:
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6029:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5983:. Archived from
5975:Hill, Robert G.
5972:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5952:. Archived from
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5880:
5874:
5873:
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5869:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5795:. Archived from
5784:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5764:. Archived from
5754:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5738:on June 24, 2021
5727:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5711:on June 24, 2021
5707:. Archived from
5696:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5677:on July 17, 2021
5673:. Archived from
5662:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5643:on June 24, 2021
5629:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5609:. Archived from
5598:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5492:on June 18, 2021
5478:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5459:on July 10, 2021
5458:
5452:. Archived from
5441:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5411:. Archived from
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5380:. Archived from
5369:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5346:. Archived from
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5319:on March 5, 2017
5315:. Archived from
5304:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5284:. Archived from
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5253:. Archived from
5242:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5139:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5116:. Archived from
5106:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5086:. Archived from
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5055:. Archived from
5044:
5038:
5037:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4994:
4979:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4950:. Archived from
4939:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4919:. Archived from
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4892:on July 27, 2021
4891:
4885:. Archived from
4874:
4863:
4838:
4837:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4800:
4793:
4783:
4777:
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4774:
4772:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4702:. Archived from
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4661:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4642:on July 28, 2021
4628:
4619:
4618:
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4593:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4573:
4566:
4558:
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4547:
4528:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4468:. Archived from
4457:
4447:
4414:
4413:
4397:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4372:
4356:
4345:
4344:
4338:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4315:on July 28, 2009
4311:. Archived from
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4284:on March 5, 2017
4283:
4271:Ryerson, Egerton
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4218:
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4196:
4195:
4174:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4125:. Archived from
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4094:. Archived from
4083:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4058:. Archived from
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4023:
4015:
3978:
3977:
3957:
3949:
3943:
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3916:
3914:
3912:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3874:
3864:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3827:. Archived from
3826:
3802:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3765:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3741:. Archived from
3726:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3636:. Archived from
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3605:. Archived from
3595:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3543:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3499:. Archived from
3497:The Conversation
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3468:. Archived from
3457:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3432:. Archived from
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3401:. Archived from
3390:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3363:. Archived from
3352:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3329:. Archived from
3318:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3289:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3191:on July 19, 2021
3187:. Archived from
3176:
3170:
3169:
3157:
3147:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3106:on July 25, 2016
3102:. Archived from
3091:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3072:on July 19, 2021
3058:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2996:
2990:
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2985:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2945:
2934:
2928:
2918:
2912:
2886:
2880:
2875:peoples. Use of
2846:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2695:Orange Shirt Day
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2430:
2418:
2391:Justice Minister
2359:
2351:
2109:Government House
2083:governor general
2040:British monarchy
2028:Government House
2022:in front of the
1980:
1932:Manitoba Premier
1880:North West River
1744:
1611:TlÊŒaztÊŒen Nation
1552:Oblate of Canada
1529:
1526:
1452:Avrum Rosensweig
1384:anxiety disorder
1311:1969 White Paper
1176:
1139:The Toronto Star
1132:
1116:
892:Great Depression
613:Ulysses S. Grant
582:
580:
578:
574:
572:
567:
565:
561:
559:
529:of 1857 and the
515:1898, including
372:
369:
342:Red River Colony
137:Mackenzie Bowell
79:boarding schools
50:
47:
12696:
12695:
12691:
12690:
12689:
12687:
12686:
12685:
12581:
12580:
12579:
12574:
12556:
12513:
12480:
12442:
12295:
12277:
12269:
12239:
12234:
12229:Minority rights
12208:
12194:San controversy
12088:
12062:Nagoya Protocol
12035:
12029:
12012:
12010:
12004:
11967:
11961:
11859:
11846:
11687:
11601:
11595:
11503:
11501:minority rights
11493:
11463:
11458:
11436:
11393:
11373:The Pass System
11320:
11269:
11266:Land protection
11260:
11241:Specific claims
11230:
11220:
11210:
11179:
11150:
11144:
11113:REDress Project
11077:
11066:Neil Stonechild
11011:
11004:
10943:list of victims
10927:
10920:
10891:Food insecurity
10854:
10845:
10835:
10797:
10781:Kimelman Report
10731:
10687:
10681:
10650:
10626:Wayback Machine
10615:
10610:
10601:
10599:
10597:
10586:
10573:
10552:
10531:
10510:
10489:
10468:
10447:
10426:
10407:
10405:Further reading
10402:
10389:
10388:
10384:
10374:
10372:
10357:
10353:
10343:
10341:
10326:
10322:
10312:
10310:
10295:
10291:
10281:
10279:
10264:
10260:
10250:
10248:
10247:on June 2, 2021
10235:
10234:
10230:
10220:
10218:
10217:on July 7, 2021
10203:
10199:
10189:
10187:
10174:
10173:
10169:
10159:
10157:
10145:
10144:
10140:
10130:
10128:
10113:
10109:
10099:
10097:
10096:on June 2, 2021
10088:
10087:
10083:
10073:
10071:
10056:
10052:
10042:
10040:
10027:
10026:
10022:
10012:
10010:
9997:
9996:
9992:
9982:
9980:
9979:on May 18, 2017
9965:
9961:
9951:
9949:
9940:
9939:
9935:
9925:
9923:
9922:on May 18, 2017
9914:
9913:
9909:
9899:
9897:
9884:
9883:
9879:
9869:
9867:
9852:
9848:
9838:
9836:
9835:on July 3, 2016
9821:
9817:
9807:
9805:
9794:
9787:
9777:
9775:
9760:
9756:
9746:
9744:
9729:
9725:
9715:
9713:
9702:
9698:
9688:
9686:
9685:on May 21, 2017
9671:
9664:
9654:
9652:
9651:on May 11, 2017
9637:
9633:
9623:
9621:
9606:
9602:
9592:
9590:
9575:
9571:
9561:
9559:
9546:
9545:
9538:
9528:
9526:
9511:
9504:
9494:
9492:
9485:The UC Observer
9477:
9470:
9460:
9458:
9445:
9444:
9440:
9403:
9399:
9373:
9369:
9359:
9357:
9342:
9338:
9328:
9326:
9325:on May 16, 2017
9317:
9316:
9312:
9302:
9300:
9285:
9281:
9271:
9269:
9256:
9255:
9251:
9241:
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9230:
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9225:
9215:
9213:
9204:
9203:
9199:
9189:
9187:
9178:
9177:
9173:
9163:
9161:
9152:
9151:
9147:
9137:
9135:
9131:
9119:
9118:
9114:
9104:
9102:
9087:
9083:
9073:
9071:
9070:on May 16, 2017
9062:
9061:
9057:
9047:
9045:
9036:
9035:
9031:
9021:
9019:
9006:
9005:
8996:
8986:
8984:
8965:
8961:
8951:
8949:
8948:on May 16, 2017
8940:
8939:
8935:
8925:
8923:
8910:
8909:
8905:
8895:
8893:
8878:
8874:
8864:
8862:
8858:
8851:
8847:
8846:
8842:
8832:
8830:
8826:
8819:
8815:
8814:
8810:
8800:
8798:
8789:
8788:
8784:
8774:
8772:
8763:
8762:
8758:
8748:
8746:
8742:
8735:
8729:
8725:
8715:
8713:
8698:
8691:
8681:
8679:
8678:on July 6, 2016
8670:
8669:
8665:
8655:
8653:
8646:Wiser Directory
8640:
8639:
8635:
8625:
8623:
8614:
8613:
8609:
8599:
8597:
8584:
8583:
8579:
8569:
8567:
8552:
8548:
8538:
8536:
8521:
8517:
8507:
8505:
8490:
8486:
8476:
8474:
8459:
8452:
8442:
8440:
8427:
8426:
8422:
8412:
8410:
8401:
8400:
8396:
8386:
8384:
8372:
8371:
8367:
8357:
8355:
8346:
8345:
8341:
8324:
8323:
8316:
8306:
8304:
8291:
8290:
8286:
8276:
8274:
8259:
8255:
8245:
8243:
8230:
8229:
8225:
8215:
8213:
8198:
8194:
8184:
8182:
8167:
8163:
8153:
8151:
8136:
8132:
8122:
8120:
8119:on July 2, 2021
8105:
8101:
8091:
8089:
8076:
8075:
8071:
8061:
8059:
8058:on July 4, 2021
8044:
8040:
8030:
8028:
8015:
8014:
8010:
8000:
7998:
7985:
7981:
7971:
7969:
7954:
7950:
7940:
7938:
7929:
7928:
7924:
7914:
7912:
7911:on July 3, 2016
7899:
7898:
7894:
7884:
7882:
7867:
7863:
7853:
7851:
7838:
7837:
7833:
7823:
7821:
7808:
7807:
7803:
7793:
7791:
7778:
7777:
7773:
7763:
7761:
7754:Net News Ledger
7746:
7742:
7732:
7730:
7718:
7717:
7710:
7700:
7698:
7683:
7679:
7669:
7667:
7658:
7657:
7653:
7643:
7641:
7628:
7627:
7618:
7608:
7606:
7591:
7587:
7577:
7575:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7547:
7545:
7530:
7526:
7509:
7508:
7504:
7494:
7492:
7479:
7478:
7474:
7464:
7462:
7447:
7443:
7433:
7431:
7418:
7417:
7413:
7403:
7401:
7396:. May 1, 2007.
7388:
7387:
7383:
7373:
7371:
7356:
7352:
7342:
7340:
7325:
7321:
7311:
7309:
7294:
7290:
7280:
7278:
7277:on June 3, 2012
7269:
7268:
7264:
7254:
7252:
7251:on May 18, 2017
7243:
7242:
7238:
7228:
7226:
7211:
7204:
7194:
7192:
7183:
7182:
7175:
7165:
7163:
7149:
7142:
7132:
7130:
7115:
7108:
7089:
7082:
7072:
7070:
7055:
7051:
7041:
7039:
7030:
7029:
7020:
7010:
7008:
7007:on July 5, 2021
6993:
6989:
6979:
6977:
6964:
6963:
6959:
6949:
6947:
6934:Smith, Joanna.
6932:
6928:
6918:
6916:
6903:
6902:
6895:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6872:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6853:
6851:
6838:
6837:
6833:
6823:
6821:
6806:
6802:
6792:
6790:
6777:
6776:
6769:
6759:
6757:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6733:
6731:
6716:
6712:
6705:
6691:
6687:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6656:
6650:
6646:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6623:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6604:
6602:
6601:on June 4, 2021
6598:
6587:
6581:
6577:
6566:
6559:
6549:
6547:
6532:
6528:
6518:
6516:
6509:"The Apologies"
6507:
6506:
6499:
6489:
6487:
6474:
6467:
6456:
6447:
6421:
6417:
6394:
6387:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6364:
6360:
6359:
6352:
6342:
6340:
6331:
6330:
6321:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6299:
6284:
6278:
6274:
6264:
6262:
6261:on June 2, 2021
6247:
6243:
6198:
6194:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6171:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6139:
6133:
6129:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6098:
6092:
6085:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6062:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6040:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6016:
6014:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5973:
5969:
5959:
5957:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5926:
5907:
5903:
5893:
5891:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5867:
5865:
5846:
5842:
5832:
5830:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5802:
5800:
5785:
5781:
5771:
5769:
5768:on July 1, 2021
5755:
5751:
5741:
5739:
5728:
5724:
5714:
5712:
5697:
5690:
5680:
5678:
5663:
5656:
5646:
5644:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5616:
5614:
5613:on July 6, 2021
5599:
5595:
5585:
5583:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5555:
5553:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5525:
5523:
5522:on July 6, 2021
5510:
5509:
5505:
5495:
5493:
5480:
5479:
5472:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5418:
5416:
5401:
5397:
5387:
5385:
5370:
5363:
5353:
5351:
5336:
5332:
5322:
5320:
5305:
5301:
5291:
5289:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5243:
5239:
5229:
5227:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5203:
5201:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5173:Bryce, Peter H.
5170:
5166:
5156:
5154:
5143:Bryce, Peter H.
5140:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5120:on May 20, 2018
5108:
5107:
5103:
5093:
5091:
5076:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5045:
5041:
5026:
5012:
5008:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4977:
4971:
4967:
4957:
4955:
4940:
4936:
4926:
4924:
4909:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4872:
4864:
4841:
4828:(91): 145â172.
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4738:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4692:
4688:
4678:
4676:
4663:
4662:
4655:
4645:
4643:
4630:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4594:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4545:
4543:
4532:"Sixties Scoop"
4530:
4529:
4522:
4512:
4510:
4499:"Sixties Scoop"
4495:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4475:on May 10, 2021
4472:
4466:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4417:
4410:
4390:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4373:on May 29, 2016
4370:
4357:
4348:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4318:
4316:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4175:
4168:
4158:
4156:
4155:on July 2, 2021
4147:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4129:on July 1, 2021
4115:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4084:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4062:on June 3, 2021
4048:
4044:
4034:
4032:
4031:on May 13, 2021
4028:
4021:
4017:
4016:
3981:
3974:
3950:
3946:
3936:
3934:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3910:
3908:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3865:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3803:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3745:
3739:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3701:on July 8, 2016
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3597:
3596:
3587:
3577:
3575:
3574:on May 16, 2017
3564:Harper, Stephen
3561:
3557:
3512:
3508:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3458:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3391:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3367:on May 18, 2016
3353:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3333:on July 9, 2018
3319:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3268:on May 30, 2021
3265:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3148:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3092:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3060:
3059:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3011:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2935:
2931:
2919:
2915:
2887:
2883:
2853:Indian hospital
2847:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2795:(United States)
2777:
2772:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2733:until sunrise.
2697:
2691:
2634:Zacharias Kunuk
2591:
2587:
2536:
2512:Carolyn Bennett
2490:In March 2017,
2475:Murray Sinclair
2471:Calls to Action
2444:
2438:
2428:
2416:
2357:
2354:its 2005 budget
2349:
2341:
2279:
2230:
2179:
2075:Queen of Canada
1997:
1991:
1978:
1928:
1898:Prime Minister
1818:
1816:Federal Cabinet
1801:
1796:
1774:
1746:
1739:
1719:
1705:J.J. McCullough
1701:Murray Sinclair
1527:
1513:
1477:
1469:
1440:
1400:
1355:
1353:Lasting effects
1253:
1247:
1191:Rosanne Casimir
1174:
1154:
1148:
1130:
1114:
1060:Murray Sinclair
1043:
1041:Mortality rates
1035:dermatoglyphics
1010:
1008:Experimentation
965:
940:
912:vows of poverty
846:
758:
720:
590:
589:
588:
587:
576:
575:
570:
569:
568:
563:
562:
557:
556:
555:
517:Egerton Ryerson
511:Front cover of
494:Egerton Ryerson
445:
370:
289:were rooted in
272:
266:
256:
205:substance abuse
64:Fort Resolution
48:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12694:
12684:
12683:
12678:
12673:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12653:
12648:
12643:
12638:
12633:
12628:
12623:
12618:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12593:
12576:
12575:
12573:
12572:
12566:
12564:
12558:
12557:
12555:
12554:
12549:
12544:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12523:
12521:
12515:
12514:
12512:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12490:
12488:
12482:
12481:
12479:
12478:
12473:
12471:Ottawa dialect
12468:
12463:
12458:
12452:
12450:
12444:
12443:
12441:
12440:
12435:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12415:
12410:
12405:
12400:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12373:Medicine wheel
12370:
12365:
12360:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12343:Gitche Manitou
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12315:
12309:
12307:
12297:
12296:
12294:
12293:
12287:
12285:
12279:
12278:
12268:
12267:
12260:
12253:
12245:
12236:
12235:
12233:
12232:
12213:
12210:
12209:
12207:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12185:
12184:
12179:
12174:
12169:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12144:Indian removal
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12116:
12111:
12106:
12100:
12098:
12094:
12093:
12090:
12089:
12087:
12086:
12080:
12074:
12068:
12058:
12052:
12046:
12039:
12037:
12031:
12030:
12028:
12027:
12022:
12016:
12014:
12009:Indigenous-led
12006:
12005:
12003:
12002:
11997:
11996:
11995:
11987:
11985:Arctic Council
11982:
11981:
11980:
11974:African Union
11971:
11969:
11963:
11962:
11960:
11959:
11958:
11957:
11949:
11948:
11947:
11939:
11938:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11914:
11913:
11912:
11904:
11903:
11902:
11894:
11893:
11892:
11884:
11883:
11882:
11874:
11873:
11872:
11870:Te Puni KĆkiri
11863:
11861:
11852:
11848:
11847:
11845:
11844:
11839:
11834:
11832:Plastic shaman
11829:
11824:
11823:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11800:Indian reserve
11797:
11792:
11787:
11782:
11772:
11767:
11765:Green grabbing
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11746:
11745:
11740:
11738:Sports mascots
11730:
11729:
11728:
11726:Bioprospecting
11718:
11717:
11716:
11711:
11701:
11695:
11693:
11689:
11688:
11686:
11685:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11641:
11636:
11631:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11605:
11603:
11597:
11596:
11594:
11593:
11592:
11591:
11589:in New Zealand
11586:
11576:
11575:
11574:
11569:
11559:
11558:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11511:
11509:
11505:
11504:
11495:International
11492:
11491:
11484:
11477:
11469:
11460:
11459:
11457:
11456:
11451:
11445:
11442:
11441:
11438:
11437:
11435:
11434:
11427:
11420:
11413:
11406:
11399:
11390:
11383:
11376:
11369:
11362:
11355:
11348:
11341:
11340:
11339:
11328:
11326:
11322:
11321:
11319:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11277:
11275:
11262:
11261:
11259:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11237:
11235:
11222:
11216:
11215:
11212:
11211:
11209:
11208:
11201:
11199:Project E-Pana
11196:
11187:
11185:
11181:
11180:
11178:
11177:
11172:
11171:
11170:
11160:
11154:
11152:
11143:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11121:
11120:
11110:
11105:
11100:
11095:
11089:
11087:
11083:
11082:
11079:
11078:
11076:
11075:
11070:
11069:
11068:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11047:
11046:
11036:
11031:
11030:
11029:
11018:
11016:
11014:and misconduct
11006:
11005:
11003:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10946:
10945:
10934:
10932:
10922:
10921:
10919:
10918:
10916:Long-term DWAs
10913:
10912:
10911:
10909:Joyce Echaquan
10906:
10904:Brian Sinclair
10898:
10893:
10888:
10887:
10886:
10876:
10874:Climate change
10871:
10866:
10860:
10858:
10847:
10841:
10840:
10837:
10836:
10834:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10807:
10805:
10799:
10798:
10796:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10784:
10783:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10762:
10761:
10759:Chanie Wenjack
10752:
10741:
10739:
10733:
10732:
10730:
10729:
10724:
10717:
10712:
10704:
10702:
10693:
10689:
10688:
10680:
10679:
10672:
10665:
10657:
10648:
10647:
10640:
10634:
10629:
10614:
10613:External links
10611:
10609:
10608:
10595:
10577:
10571:
10556:
10550:
10535:
10529:
10514:
10508:
10493:
10487:
10472:
10466:
10451:
10445:
10430:
10424:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10400:
10382:
10351:
10320:
10289:
10258:
10228:
10197:
10167:
10138:
10107:
10081:
10050:
10020:
10009:on May 3, 2017
9990:
9959:
9933:
9907:
9877:
9846:
9815:
9785:
9754:
9723:
9696:
9662:
9631:
9600:
9569:
9536:
9502:
9468:
9438:
9417:(4): 373â390.
9397:
9386:(4): 411â431.
9367:
9336:
9310:
9279:
9249:
9223:
9197:
9171:
9145:
9112:
9081:
9055:
9029:
8994:
8959:
8933:
8903:
8872:
8840:
8808:
8782:
8756:
8723:
8689:
8663:
8633:
8607:
8577:
8546:
8515:
8484:
8450:
8420:
8394:
8365:
8339:
8314:
8284:
8253:
8223:
8206:The Hill Times
8192:
8161:
8130:
8099:
8069:
8038:
8008:
7979:
7948:
7922:
7892:
7861:
7831:
7801:
7771:
7740:
7708:
7677:
7651:
7616:
7585:
7555:
7524:
7502:
7472:
7441:
7411:
7381:
7350:
7319:
7288:
7271:"RCMP apology"
7262:
7236:
7202:
7173:
7140:
7106:
7080:
7049:
7018:
6987:
6957:
6926:
6893:
6861:
6831:
6800:
6767:
6741:
6710:
6703:
6685:
6644:
6612:
6575:
6557:
6526:
6497:
6465:
6445:
6434:(2): 227â240.
6415:
6404:(6): 763â782.
6385:
6350:
6319:
6297:
6272:
6249:Lemay, Jenna.
6241:
6212:(3): 320â338.
6192:
6160:
6127:
6083:
6050:
6024:
5998:
5967:
5936:
5901:
5875:
5840:
5810:
5779:
5749:
5722:
5688:
5654:
5624:
5593:
5563:
5533:
5503:
5470:
5448:
5426:
5395:
5361:
5330:
5299:
5268:
5251:Ottawa Citizen
5237:
5211:
5181:
5164:
5131:
5101:
5070:
5039:
5024:
5006:
4965:
4934:
4913:"Reed, Hayter"
4903:
4881:
4839:
4812:
4778:
4748:
4717:
4686:
4653:
4620:
4613:
4597:Vowel, Chelsea
4585:
4553:
4520:
4497:Hanson, Erin.
4486:
4464:
4415:
4408:
4384:
4346:
4326:
4295:
4262:
4230:
4197:
4190:
4166:
4140:
4109:
4073:
4042:
3979:
3972:
3944:
3918:
3888:
3881:
3842:
3792:
3751:
3737:
3712:
3681:
3651:
3620:
3585:
3555:
3526:(6): 422â430.
3506:
3483:
3447:
3416:
3378:
3344:
3310:
3279:
3202:
3171:
3164:
3117:
3083:
3048:
3021:
2991:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2929:
2913:
2881:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2817:, children of
2812:
2809:Native schools
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:Schools portal
2768:
2754:
2738:
2735:
2729:June 3, 2021.
2693:Main article:
2690:
2687:
2683:Canadian Press
2667:CBC Television
2663:Chanie Wenjack
2624:) (Edenshaw),
2535:
2532:
2528:Mark MacDonald
2498:member of the
2440:Main article:
2437:
2434:
2340:
2337:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2278:
2275:
2262:Brian Mulroney
2229:
2228:Reconciliation
2226:
2178:
2175:
2020:Queen Victoria
2001:Tribal Council
1990:
1987:
1970:Kathleen Wynne
1927:
1924:
1900:Justin Trudeau
1833:Stephen Harper
1822:Prime Minister
1817:
1814:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1773:
1770:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1548:Douglas Crosby
1546:In July 1991,
1512:
1509:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1448:Rodney Monague
1439:
1436:
1399:
1396:
1354:
1351:
1338:Siksika Nation
1246:
1243:
1216:This is not a
1147:
1144:
1042:
1039:
1009:
1006:
964:
961:
939:
936:
860:
859:
856:
853:
845:
842:
796:Chanie Wenjack
757:
754:
719:
716:
621:Washington, DC
581:
549:
548:
547:
444:
441:
255:
252:
245:in July 2022,
219:Stephen Harper
216:Prime Minister
60:Roman Catholic
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12693:
12682:
12679:
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12423:Turtle Island
12421:
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12409:
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12401:
12399:
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12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
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12379:
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12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12363:Little people
12361:
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12182:United States
12180:
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12063:
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12047:
12045:
12041:
12040:
12038:
12032:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12018:
12017:
12015:
12011:international
12007:
12001:
11998:
11994:
11991:
11990:
11988:
11986:
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11840:
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11825:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11795:Indian colony
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11777:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
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11579:Treaty rights
11577:
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11470:
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11455:
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11450:
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11432:
11428:
11426:
11425:
11421:
11419:
11418:
11414:
11412:
11411:
11407:
11405:
11404:
11403:Rustic Oracle
11400:
11398:
11396:
11391:
11389:
11388:
11387:Quiet Killing
11384:
11382:
11381:
11377:
11375:
11374:
11370:
11368:
11367:
11363:
11361:
11360:
11356:
11354:
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11342:
11338:
11335:
11334:
11333:
11330:
11329:
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11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
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11299:
11297:
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11279:
11278:
11276:
11274:
11267:
11263:
11257:
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11244:
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11217:
11207:
11206:
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11200:
11197:
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11186:
11182:
11176:
11173:
11169:
11166:
11165:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11155:
11153:
11151:and inquiries
11147:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11125:Red handprint
11123:
11119:
11118:Red Dress Day
11116:
11115:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
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11091:
11090:
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11059:
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11045:
11042:
11041:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11028:
11025:
11024:
11023:
11020:
11019:
11017:
11015:
11007:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10995:Amber Tuccaro
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10960:Tina Fontaine
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10944:
10941:
10940:
10939:
10936:
10935:
10933:
10931:
10923:
10917:
10914:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10901:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10885:
10882:
10881:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10869:Child poverty
10867:
10865:
10862:
10861:
10859:
10851:
10848:
10842:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10826:Indian agents
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10808:
10806:
10804:
10800:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10782:
10779:
10778:
10777:
10776:Sixties Scoop
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10760:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10747:
10746:
10743:
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10738:
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10713:
10711:
10710:
10706:
10705:
10703:
10701:
10697:
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10686:
10678:
10673:
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10666:
10664:
10659:
10658:
10655:
10651:
10645:
10641:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10627:
10623:
10620:
10617:
10616:
10598:
10592:
10585:
10584:
10578:
10574:
10568:
10564:
10563:
10557:
10553:
10547:
10543:
10542:
10536:
10532:
10526:
10522:
10521:
10515:
10511:
10505:
10501:
10500:
10494:
10490:
10484:
10480:
10479:
10473:
10469:
10463:
10459:
10458:
10452:
10448:
10442:
10438:
10437:
10431:
10427:
10421:
10417:
10416:
10410:
10409:
10396:
10392:
10386:
10370:
10366:
10362:
10355:
10339:
10335:
10331:
10324:
10313:September 27,
10308:
10304:
10300:
10293:
10282:September 27,
10277:
10273:
10269:
10262:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10232:
10216:
10212:
10208:
10201:
10185:
10181:
10177:
10171:
10155:
10151:
10148:
10142:
10126:
10122:
10118:
10111:
10095:
10091:
10085:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10054:
10038:
10034:
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10024:
10008:
10004:
10000:
9994:
9978:
9974:
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9963:
9947:
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9917:
9911:
9895:
9891:
9887:
9881:
9865:
9861:
9857:
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9830:
9826:
9819:
9803:
9799:
9792:
9790:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9758:
9742:
9738:
9737:National Post
9734:
9727:
9711:
9707:
9700:
9684:
9680:
9676:
9669:
9667:
9650:
9646:
9642:
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9408:
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9389:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9371:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9340:
9324:
9320:
9314:
9303:September 10,
9298:
9294:
9290:
9283:
9267:
9263:
9259:
9253:
9237:
9233:
9227:
9211:
9207:
9201:
9185:
9181:
9175:
9159:
9155:
9149:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9116:
9105:September 10,
9100:
9096:
9092:
9085:
9069:
9065:
9059:
9043:
9039:
9033:
9017:
9013:
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8611:
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8499:
8495:
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8424:
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8012:
7996:
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7983:
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7952:
7936:
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7902:
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7880:
7876:
7872:
7865:
7849:
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7841:
7835:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7805:
7789:
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7759:
7755:
7751:
7744:
7728:
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7604:
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7596:
7589:
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7516:
7512:
7506:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7476:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7445:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7415:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7385:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7354:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7323:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7292:
7276:
7272:
7266:
7250:
7246:
7240:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7209:
7207:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7178:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7147:
7145:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7113:
7111:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7087:
7085:
7073:September 25,
7068:
7064:
7060:
7053:
7042:September 25,
7037:
7033:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6991:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6961:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6930:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6900:
6898:
6878:
6871:
6865:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6835:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6804:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6772:
6755:
6751:
6745:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6714:
6706:
6700:
6696:
6689:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6629:
6622:
6616:
6597:
6593:
6586:
6579:
6571:
6564:
6562:
6545:
6541:
6540:National Post
6537:
6530:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6502:
6485:
6481:
6480:
6472:
6470:
6461:
6454:
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6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6392:
6390:
6370:
6363:
6357:
6355:
6338:
6334:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6304:
6300:
6294:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6260:
6256:
6252:
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6237:
6233:
6228:
6223:
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6211:
6207:
6203:
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6170:
6164:
6145:
6138:
6131:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6088:
6068:
6061:
6054:
6038:
6034:
6033:"Our History"
6028:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5971:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5940:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5844:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5783:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5753:
5737:
5733:
5726:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5693:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5661:
5659:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5438:
5437:
5430:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5368:
5366:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5334:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5272:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5177:
5174:
5168:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5105:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5017:
5010:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4976:
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4953:
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4938:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4907:
4888:
4884:
4878:
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4862:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4848:
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4831:
4827:
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2400:
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2383:
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1950:Rachel Notley
1948:at the time,
1947:
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1940:
1939:Sixties Scoop
1936:
1935:Greg Selinger
1933:
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997:social skills
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905:
902:: $ 350. The
901:
897:
893:
887:
885:
884:forced labour
881:
880:Edgar Dewdney
873:
870:Anglican-run
868:
864:
857:
854:
851:
850:
849:
841:
839:
833:
831:
827:
826:Phil Fontaine
823:
819:
818:psychological
815:
811:
807:
806:
801:
797:
791:
788:
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783:forced labour
779:
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772:
762:
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747:
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737:
732:
724:
715:
713:
709:
708:New Brunswick
705:
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694:
693:Sixties Scoop
690:
689:child welfare
686:
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447:Although the
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437:Presbyterians
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165:New Brunswick
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43:
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26:
22:
12656:School types
12536:
12358:Jingle dress
12353:Jiibayaabooz
12328:Dreamcatcher
12228:
12222:
12177:South Africa
12166:
12034:Treaties and
11906:Philippines
11858:Governmental
11680:
11609:Amazon Watch
11584:in Australia
11545:in Australia
11429:
11422:
11415:
11408:
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11392:
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11364:
11357:
11352:Foster Child
11350:
11345:Finding Dawn
11343:
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11191:
11098:History wars
10975:Serena McKay
10864:Birth alerts
10821:Potlatch ban
10757: /
10744:
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10649:
10600:. Retrieved
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5282:Toronto Star
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3947:
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3409:November 27,
3407:. Retrieved
3403:the original
3399:Toronto Star
3398:
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2642:Coast Salish
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2561:
2557:David Zimmer
2549:
2545:
2496:Conservative
2489:
2480:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2425:class action
2421:
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2406:
2394:Irwin Cotler
2384:
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2315:
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2307:
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2247:
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2197:
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2180:
2177:Universities
2158:
2125:
2091:
2068:
2009:
2005:Elizabeth II
1998:
1963:
1943:
1929:
1897:
1861:
1849:
1841:Gary Merasty
1819:
1802:
1787:
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1772:Presbyterian
1762:Justin Welby
1747:
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1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
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1681:
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1663:Pope Francis
1649:
1644:Pope Francis
1641:
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1002:middle class
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247:Pope Francis
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188:sexual abuse
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161:Rankin Inlet
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105:in order to
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12504:Ribbon work
12383:Mudjekeewis
12338:Elbow witch
12291:Clan system
12272:Anishinaabe
12189:Rubber boom
12172:New Zealand
11704:Colonialism
11530:Land rights
11410:Secret Path
11233:land claims
11149:Commissions
10896:Foster care
10816:Pass system
10811:Stereotypes
10241:newswire.ca
10043:October 21,
9808:October 30,
9778:October 30,
9583:Global News
8175:The Trumpet
8144:PP+G Review
8113:Yahoo! News
7941:October 25,
7691:Macleans.ca
7152:Hiltz, Fred
6378:February 4,
6103:Pimatisiwin
5705:Global News
5546:Global News
4710:December 3,
4371:(microform)
4319:December 2,
3674:October 30,
3644:October 30,
2710:SJM Project
2658:Secret Path
2653:Gord Downie
2646:Susan Point
2520:Tom Mulcair
2254:Oka, Quebec
2212:Edward John
2128:Rideau Hall
1912:NunatuKavut
1825:Paul Martin
1607:Edward John
1528: 1945
1523:, Ontario,
1521:Fort Albany
1499:Bill Phipps
1497:Right Rev.
1075:Peter Bryce
1019:BCG vaccine
953:pass system
944:Hayter Reed
661:Robert Hoey
490:West Indies
393:War of 1812
371: 1932
279:Fur traders
153:pass system
149:Hayter Reed
141:day schools
49: 1885
12585:Categories
12476:Potawatomi
12456:Algonquian
12333:Drumkeeper
12323:Deer Woman
12159:Oka Crisis
11842:Two-spirit
11567:ecological
11497:Indigenous
11417:This River
11301:Oka Crisis
11229:Indigenous
10750:gravesites
10721:Indian Act
10692:Background
10344:October 7,
9942:"Jim Hart"
9461:August 31,
8413:August 22,
8387:August 22,
8307:August 22,
8277:August 23,
7229:August 23,
7195:August 23,
6704:0829408657
6185:August 31,
6076:August 31,
5884:"About Us"
5204:August 24,
5114:Al Jazeera
4771:August 15,
2952:References
2901:Indigenous
2889:Indigenous
2626:James Hart
2524:Fred Hiltz
2492:Lynn Beyak
2478:society."
2258:Oka Crisis
2185:president
2105:Judy Foote
2079:Mary Simon
2044:George III
2016:Canada Day
1926:Provincial
1876:Cartwright
1872:St Anthony
1556:missionary
1336:is run by
1319:Indian Act
1257:Indian Act
1249:See also:
1222:headstones
1218:mass grave
1121:school in
1119:Ermineskin
1031:hemoglobin
1023:amebicides
863:control."
756:Conditions
750:baby bonus
736:Indian Act
685:Indian Act
681:section 88
672:Indian Act
552:gravesites
462:Indian Act
314:New France
295:worldviews
268:See also:
201:alcoholism
133:Indian Act
120:Indian Act
107:assimilate
12519:Education
12499:Quillwork
12448:Languages
12413:Shingebis
12403:Pukwudgie
12388:Nanabozho
11810:Rancherie
11805:RancherĂa
11780:Bantustan
11721:Biopiracy
11550:in Canada
11256:Land Back
11086:Responses
10602:April 22,
10013:April 22,
9983:April 22,
9926:April 22,
9900:April 22,
9870:April 22,
9860:Maclean's
9433:1462-3528
9360:April 22,
9329:April 22,
9216:April 10,
9190:April 10,
9022:April 27,
8886:rabble.ca
8626:April 13,
8246:August 2,
8216:August 2,
8185:August 2,
8154:August 2,
8001:April 14,
7854:April 22,
7844:APTN News
7824:April 22,
7548:April 22,
7455:Maclean's
7255:April 22,
6312:March 26,
5833:April 22,
5793:Maclean's
5586:April 15,
5556:April 15,
5094:March 31,
5084:APTN News
5063:March 31,
4578:March 26,
4513:March 25,
3303:April 14,
3076:April 14,
3041:April 30,
3014:April 30,
2823:Australia
2655:released
2632:director
2238:Alert Bay
2208:Santa Ono
1843:, of the
1535:Saskatoon
1467:Apologies
1412:Sun Dance
1027:isoniazid
805:Maclean's
800:Ian Adams
787:artisanal
642:Minister
629:Minnesota
480:, titled
386:Brantford
338:John West
331:fur trade
326:Ursulines
318:Recollets
12301:Religion
11770:Homeland
11681:more ...
11535:Language
11380:Pig Girl
10844:Specific
10737:Genocide
10622:Archived
10303:CTV News
10272:CBC News
10211:CBC News
10121:CBC News
10064:CBC News
10033:CBC News
10003:UBC News
9952:June 21,
9768:CTV News
9562:June 29,
9552:CBC News
9529:June 29,
9495:June 29,
9451:CBC News
9350:CBC News
9262:CBC News
9164:July 14,
9048:June 28,
9012:CBC News
8916:CTV News
8775:July 15,
8749:July 12,
8716:July 12,
8682:July 15,
8656:July 12,
8560:CBC News
8539:June 27,
8502:Archived
8498:CTV News
8471:Archived
8467:CBC News
8437:Archived
8433:BBC News
8407:Archived
8381:Archived
8377:CBC News
8352:Archived
8301:Archived
8297:CBC News
8271:Archived
8267:CBC News
8240:Archived
8236:Royal.uk
8210:Archived
8179:Archived
8148:Archived
8082:CBC News
8052:CBC News
8021:CBC News
7972:June 28,
7966:Archived
7935:Archived
7915:June 28,
7905:CBC News
7885:June 28,
7848:Archived
7818:Archived
7814:CBC News
7794:June 28,
7764:June 28,
7758:Archived
7727:Archived
7723:CBC News
7695:Archived
7664:Archived
7638:Archived
7609:June 28,
7603:Archived
7599:CBC News
7578:June 28,
7572:Archived
7542:Archived
7519:Archived
7515:CTV News
7485:CBC News
7465:March 7,
7459:Archived
7434:March 7,
7428:Archived
7398:Archived
7394:CTV News
7374:July 12,
7368:Archived
7337:Archived
7281:July 10,
7223:Archived
7219:BBC News
7189:Archived
7166:June 27,
7133:March 7,
7127:Archived
7097:CBC News
7067:Archived
7001:CBC News
6970:BBC News
6940:CBC News
6886:June 27,
6854:June 26,
6844:CBC News
6793:June 26,
6783:CTV News
6734:June 26,
6678:June 26,
6605:June 26,
6550:June 26,
6490:June 26,
6236:24065606
6153:July 12,
6120:June 28,
6017:June 29,
5823:CBC News
5762:CTV News
5715:June 25,
5671:CTV News
5647:June 24,
5637:BBC News
5617:June 24,
5580:Archived
5550:Archived
5516:CBC News
5463:June 13,
5378:CTV News
5194:CBC News
5145:(1907).
5034:37984632
4700:CBC News
4669:CBC News
4646:July 28,
4636:CBC News
4599:(2017).
4479:June 27,
4377:July 11,
4362:(1879).
4288:June 28,
4273:(1847).
4255:June 28,
4223:July 12,
4180:(1998).
4159:June 28,
3901:CBC News
3835:June 27,
3785:June 29,
3613:July 25,
3550:28355491
3476:June 29,
3361:CBC News
3337:July 31,
3327:CBC News
3195:July 24,
3110:June 28,
3100:BBC News
2984:April 8,
2975:Archived
2921:Survivor
2909:Canadian
2905:European
2895:and the
2737:See also
2638:Maliseet
2566:and the
2170:CTV News
2012:Winnipeg
1920:Labrador
1888:Makkovik
1829:ministry
1717:Anglican
1633:CBC News
1619:Holy See
1501:stated:
1420:eat soap
1416:strapped
1408:potlatch
1317:and the
808:and the
625:Winnipeg
421:dioceses
346:Manitoba
184:physical
157:reserves
103:religion
12562:Housing
12438:Wendigo
12393:Nokomis
12368:Manitou
12313:Aayaase
12275:culture
11941:Taiwan
11916:Russia
11896:Mexico
11886:Canada
11876:Brazil
11743:Redface
11572:medical
11219:Related
11168:Holiday
11093:AmINext
11044:Inquiry
10375:June 3,
10251:May 30,
10221:May 30,
10190:May 30,
10160:May 30,
10131:May 30,
10100:May 30,
9839:July 7,
9593:July 7,
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8600:May 20,
8570:July 4,
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8477:May 19,
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8358:May 16,
8123:July 4,
8092:July 4,
8062:July 4,
8031:July 4,
7404:May 19,
7343:May 19,
7312:June 4,
7011:July 5,
6661:Origins
6519:July 6,
6265:June 1,
6227:4232330
5772:July 1,
5742:July 6,
5681:July 4,
5526:May 28,
5496:May 28,
5157:July 1,
5124:May 20,
4896:July 9,
4805:May 30,
4741:July 1,
4133:July 4,
4066:June 3,
4035:June 1,
3705:July 1,
3541:5455875
3272:May 30,
2861:Indians
2681:by the
2644:artist
2551:former
1964:In the
1837:Cabinet
1782:Toronto
1586:, then
1485:Sudbury
1127:Calgary
1123:Hobbema
844:Funding
814:Expo 67
683:of the
543:reserve
350:Ontario
322:Jesuits
254:History
209:suicide
12570:Wigwam
12509:Wampum
12466:Ojibwe
12398:Powwow
12318:Baykok
12283:Family
12167:Canada
12082:2024:
12076:2023:
12070:2018:
12060:2010:
12054:2007:
12048:1992:
12042:1989:
12013:bodies
11968:bodies
11860:bodies
11692:Issues
11508:Rights
11221:topics
10846:issues
10803:Racism
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10548:
10527:
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9074:May 2,
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11989:WIPO
11424:Taken
11325:Media
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11184:Legal
11158:IRSSA
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1930:Then-
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1580:Idaho
1166:cairn
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454:made
384:near
11951:USA
11499:and
11337:list
11027:2020
10755:list
10604:2019
10591:ISBN
10567:ISBN
10546:ISBN
10525:ISBN
10504:ISBN
10483:ISBN
10462:ISBN
10441:ISBN
10420:ISBN
10377:2021
10346:2020
10315:2019
10284:2019
10253:2021
10223:2021
10192:2021
10162:2021
10133:2021
10102:2021
10076:2017
10045:2017
10015:2017
9985:2017
9954:2020
9928:2017
9902:2017
9872:2017
9841:2016
9810:2022
9780:2022
9749:2017
9718:2017
9691:2017
9657:2017
9626:2017
9595:2016
9564:2016
9531:2016
9497:2016
9463:2016
9429:ISSN
9362:2017
9331:2017
9305:2019
9274:2016
9244:2016
9218:2017
9192:2017
9166:2016
9140:2017
9107:2019
9076:2017
9050:2016
9024:2007
8989:2016
8954:2017
8928:2017
8898:2017
8867:2017
8835:2016
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