706:
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51:
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604:, an additional two miles (3.2 km) downstream of this squadron, lay at anchor the remaining ships of the 22-vessel invasion fleet. The cited contemporary U.S. Army map shows the nominal positions of the bombardment fleet of four, the seven ships of the transport squadron, and the relative position farther out in the Gulf of the remaining vessels. The official reports of the battle generally reflect the map's information. The total number of Union infantry assault troops in the landing force is given as 5,000 infantrymen, which included 500 listed as aboard the
749:
459:
which carried U.S. Army regulars—as many as 5,000 men, according to
Official records. A small artillery was included. The company-size initial landing force was to then take Sabine City and secure the area for the main force. After the main force was landed and united with the initial assault company the intention was to march the few miles north to the railroad and cut the railroad between Houston and Beaumont. Once done, the Army force would march east, presumably destroying the rail line as it went, and attack
661:"Louisiana channel" against the Louisiana shore. The white-painted stakes were for determining accurate range of the fort's guns: six old smooth-bore cannon. Each "Davis Guards" gun crew during gunnery practice thereby worked to predetermine the approximate charge (amount of gunpowder) needed for each type projectile available for their specific gun (ball, canister, or grapeshot); and which specific guns, charges, and loads had the best potential to hit each range-stake.
1429:
519:, the Davis Guards had mounted their unit's six old smoothbore cannon on the elevated platform of the small earthen fort. Although unimpressive to Union observers and scouts, the fort's gun positions were high enough to afford a clear view to the horizon for many miles: the flat marshlands stretched northeastward into Louisiana, westward toward Houston, southwestward toward Galveston, northward toward Port Arthur and Beaumont, and southeastward into the
797:
1439:
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as possible but out of range of the fort's guns, were to land in the open space adjacent to and downstream of the fort. This was a flat, often muddy area already cleared of brush by the
Confederate garrison as a clear field of fire for the canister and grape of the fort's artillery. The U.S. Army's
514:
area, recently had merged into the First Texas Heavy
Artillery. They were stationed at the hastily built earthworks a mile (1.6 km) upstream (north) on the southwest bank of the Pass. When the battle began with the Union gunboats' bombardment on September 8, 1863, at the fort were forty-six
458:
of about 200 U.S. Army infantrymen, riding the deck of one of the main fleet's reserve gunboats, would debark immediately below (east) of the fort and effect the fort's surrender. The main fleet, less than five miles offshore and well beyond
Confederate gunfire, contained as many as 20 vessels,
664:
Crocker's squadron had no local river pilots, but only general knowledge of the river's channels, and no assurance of locations of the constantly varying depths especially of large oyster-shell "reefs" or "banks" between the river's two channels. Regarding this battle no mention is found in
660:
Dowling's well practiced Irish-Texan artillerymen, whose chosen and officially approved unit name was "Jefferson Davis Guards", had placed range-stakes in the two narrow and shallow (5-to-7 feet or 1.5-to-2.1 m) river channels. These were the "Texas channel" near the southwest shore and the
772:
The Battle of Sabine Pass was of moderate tactical or strategic significance to the Civil War. It was successful in ensuring that the anticipated overland Union invasion of Texas was delayed indefinitely. A Confederate supply line from Mexico to Texas had existed out of the
669:
from the gunboats' now dangerous top decks, while the
Confederate cannon shots pounded and shook their ships. The few maps to which they had access were old and outdated or could not account for recent changes in river-bottom conditions. On Captain Crocker's signal the
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Considering the dominant size of the Union expeditionary force, taking control of Sabine Pass and environs was not expected to be a great challenge to the U.S. forces. To prevent intervention from
Confederate forces in Louisiana that consisted of Brigadier General
705:
702:. Despite their old smoothbore cannon, one of which had just become inoperable, after only a few rounds it was obvious the Confederate artillerymen's months of training and target practice was an astounding success as their aim was deadly accurate.
596:, all former merchant ships. Less than three miles southeast downriver, well out of range of the Confederate fort's cannons, were anchored seven U.S. Navy transports carrying most of the U.S. Army soldiers of the landing force. The
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was well aware of
Confederate intentions and sent an expedition to establish a military presence in Texas and to discourage Maximilian from opening trade with the Confederacy. The military Federal force was commanded by
760:
In recognition of the victory, the
Confederate Congress passed a resolution of special thanks to the officers and men of the Davis Guard. In addition, Houston residents raised funds to provide medals to the Guard; the
416:, the Union military had better control of both the east and west banks and of the mouth of the Mississippi. Unusually low water in the Red River at this time, however, prevented even relatively low-draft Union
953:
643:
and sent them down the river to reinforce Fort
Griffin. Smith and a Captain Good rode to the fort on horseback, reaching the fort some three hours before the steamer, arriving just as the Union gunboats
254:
1465:
781:. By the time Imperial French and Mexican forces captured Bagdad in 1864, a supply line to anywhere in the Confederacy east of the Mississippi was no longer feasible on account of the Union victory at
736:. The Union casualties amounted to two dozen killed and badly wounded, about 37 missing, and 315 Navy men captured. The combined Union Army and Navy invasion force withdrew and returned to
968:, Archeological Report #8, Antiquities Permit #21 by T. Holtzapple and Wayne Roberson. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Historic Sites and Restoration Branch, Austin, Texas, Sept. 1976
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were made from silver
Mexican pesos by smoothing off the coins, then hand-stamping and hand-engraving on one side, the battle name and date and on the other side the initials "D G" and a
769:. The medals were hung on green ribbons, and presented to the members of the Davis Guard. The official Confederate silver medals were presented in a public ceremony a year later.
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Fort Sabine had been renamed "Fort Griffin" in honor of an earlier commander, Confederate Lt. Colonel W. H. Griffin, although this was not shown on Union maps since the
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408:, which was navigable upstream as far as where the boundaries of the Confederate states of Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas came together. The Union had effected its
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invasion plan, therefore, absolutely required that the Confederate guns be silenced before any troops were debarked. This engagement was to be the largest
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1063:
Six decades in Texas; or, Memoirs of Francis Richard Lubbock, governor of Texas in war time, 1861–63. A personal experience in business, war, and politics
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600:, hosting invasion force commander U.S. Army Major General Franklin and his staff, headed the seven-vessel squadron. Outside the principal Gulf shore
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523:. The nearest observation point affording a view of Fort Griffin, other than from the mast "top" of a naval vessel seaward of the Pass, was the
378:, the Confederates hoped to establish a formal route between Texas and Mexico by way of which the Confederacy could obtain much-needed supplies.
396:, a political general with little discernible command ability. Banks's original intent was to launch a combined Army–Navy campaign in northwest
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in late September 1862. The Confederate detachment residing at the Sabine Pass fort was the Jeff Davis Guards (named for Confederate president
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in July 1863. The Confederacy was therefore forced to continue its reliance on blockade running to import valuable materials and resources.
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History Under Siege: Sabine Pass battlefield designated by CWPT as one of the top 10 most endangered Civil War battlefields of 2009
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The King of Louisiana, 1862–1865, and Other Government Work: A Biography of Major General Nathaniel Prentice Banks
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Cite error: The named reference "books.google.com" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
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The U.S. Army battle plan was that after the U.S. Navy gunboats silenced the guns of Fort Sabine, the
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wrote in 1876 that he "considered the battle of Sabine pass the most remarkable in military history."
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563:. Crocker was a veteran officer of considerable recent experience in Union river-gunboat actions and
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men; all but two or three were members of the Davis Guards. Under the immediate command of Lieutenant
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and defeat the small Confederate detachment at "Fort Sabine" on the river's west bank (Texas side) at
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from operating effectively, and the anticipated overland Union invasion of Texas was further delayed.
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The War of the Rebellion: A compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate armies
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It has often been credited as the war's most one-sided Confederate victory. Confederate President
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supported the effort and lost three gunboats during the battle, two captured and one destroyed.
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as "Emperor". With a de facto French government bordering Texas on the south across the
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official U.S. Navy reports of whether Union sailors were making observations and taking
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1009:, Series 1, 26(1), pp. 286–290. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1901
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981:, Series 1, part 20, p. 546. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1921.
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This Fort Griffin is not the 1867 post-Civil War U.S. Army cavalry frontier post
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on enemy territory in the history of the U.S. military up to that date.
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forces were defeated by French forces in summer 1863, Mexican president
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Richard Dowling, The Battle of Sabine Pass, and The Davis Guards Medal
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Confederate Military History: A Library of Confederate States, Vol. 11
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entered among the range-stakes, the Confederates opened fire. Then
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approached in the lead, ascending the Texas channel at full speed.
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on the Louisiana (opposite) side of Sabine Pass at the mouth of the
451:, a tiny town with some wharfs on the east side of its main street.
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on May 1, 1862, and after the July 3, 1863 surrender of Confederate
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with a total of 13 heavy cannon, including at least two new potent
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199:
183:
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Battles of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War
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Consequently, General Banks ordered his subordinate Major General
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Boom and Bust: The Historical Cycles of Matamoros and Brownsville
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was the original earthworks thrown up on the Texas bank of the
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Map of Sabine Pass II Battlefield core and study areas by the
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Company F ("Jeff Davis Guards"), 1st Heavy Artillery Regiment
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came within range, and assisted in the defense of the fort.
400:. The Union plan was to send Union Navy warships from the
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The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (Complete)
483:’s infantry division, the Union division of Major General
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1022:
Day, James M. (1965) "Leon Smith: Confederate Mariner,"
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escaped the capital, and the French installed Austrian
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upstream from the Gulf about 6 miles (9.6 km) to
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Official Records of the Union and Confederate navies
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Official Records of the Union and Confederate navies
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Battle of Mouth of Sabine River, September 8th, 1863
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Battle of Mouth of Sabine River, September 8th, 1863
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956:. War Department. Office of the Chief of Engineers.
506:), a company of mostly Irish-American men from the
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1147:. Las Vegas, NV: R. H. Banks, 2005. Chapter 44.
1476:Confederate victories of the American Civil War
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427:to coordinate with the U.S. Navy, to enter the
811:List of conflicts involving the Texas Military
19:For the 1862 battle in the same location, see
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248:
966:Sabine Pass Battleground State Historic Park
826:Awards and decorations of the Texas Military
479:First Cavalry Brigade and Brigadier General
1114:Sabine Pass: The Confederacy's Thermopylae
1481:Battles of the American Civil War in Texas
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1116:, University of Texas Press, Austin, 2004.
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873:Sabine Pass: The Confederacy's Thermopylae
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732:, which were handed over to Leon Smith's
555:("Acting Captain") was in command of the
447:about three miles (4.8 km) south of
1127:National Park Service battle description
993:, Series 2, part 1, pp. 39, 59, 97, 195.
918:The Papers of Jefferson Davis: 1871–1879
908:
747:
704:
574:, a steam-powered side-wheeler. Besides
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1471:Naval battles of the American Civil War
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754:American Battlefield Protection Program
547:On the afternoon of September 8, 1863,
491:as a diversion, which precipitated the
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1099:(1st ed.). Austin, Texas: Eakin Press.
1095:Kearney, Milo; Knopp, Anthony (1991).
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740:. The Confederates had no casualties.
578:, Crocker's advance squadron included
265:Operations to Blockade the Texas Coast
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612:in the seven-ship squadron headed by
354:France was openly sympathetic to the
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222:Over 350 killed, wounded, or captured
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1288:Battle of Galveston Harbor (1862)
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319:(September 8, 1863) was a failed
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1222:Texas in the American Civil War
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1051:, Clement A. Evans, pp. 109–110
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493:Battle of Stirling's Plantation
1491:1863 in the American Civil War
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620:which steamed as close behind
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1024:East Texas Historical Journal
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698:came into range, followed by
356:Confederate States of America
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168:West Gulf Blockading Squadron
1314:Second Battle of Sabine Pass
1293:Great Hanging at Gainesville
1026:: Vol. 3: Iss. 1, Article 7.
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686:hovered out of range behind
317:Second Battle of Sabine Pass
302:Second Battle of Sabine Pass
31:Second Battle of Sabine Pass
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1283:First Battle of Sabine Pass
1236:History of slavery in Texas
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500:First Battle of Sabine Pass
441:First Battle of Sabine Pass
277:First Battle of Sabine Pass
67:September 8, 1863
21:First Battle of Sabine Pass
10:
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848:west of Fort Worth, Texas.
720:The Confederates captured
297:Action off Galveston Light
287:Battle of Galveston Harbor
18:
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816:Texas Military Department
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38:Trans-Mississippi Theater
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1329:Battle of Fort Esperanza
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1278:Battle of Corpus Christi
915:Jefferson Davis (2012).
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567:duty. His ship was the
282:Battle of Corpus Christi
1486:Jefferson County, Texas
1366:Battle of Palmito Ranch
1112:Cotham, Edward T. Jr.,
896:. National Park Service
734:Texas Marine Department
608:, those aboard the six
84:Jefferson County, Texas
1252:Ordinance of Secession
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525:Sabine Pass lighthouse
410:Capture of New Orleans
323:attempt to invade the
137:Commanders and leaders
1506:September 1863 events
1319:Battle of Brownsville
1177:29.72028°N 93.87083°W
977:Crocker's Report, in
821:Texas Military Forces
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217:Casualties and losses
55:Drawing of the battle
1361:Battle of Dove Creek
1268:Marshall Conferences
1309:Battle of Galveston
1182:29.72028; -93.87083
1173: /
1137:CWSAC Report Update
779:Mexican Republicans
763:Davis Guards Medals
425:William B. Franklin
292:Battle of Galveston
224:2 gunboats captured
143:William B. Franklin
1141:Banks, Raymond H.
1005:Banks' Report, in
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627:amphibious assault
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517:Richard W. Dowling
394:Nathaniel P. Banks
333:American Civil War
202:+ 4 reinforcements
152:Richard W. Dowling
131:Confederate States
43:American Civil War
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1039:, Jefferson Davis
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485:Francis J. Herron
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36:Part of the
1382:Confederate
1180: /
1107:Works cited
900:24 February
738:New Orleans
551:Lieutenant
465:Sabine Lake
449:Sabine City
437:Sabine Pass
402:Mississippi
331:during the
325:Confederate
95:Confederate
1460:Categories
1403:Juneteenth
1168:93°52′15″W
1165:29°43′13″N
937:1124457723
856:References
633:Leon Smith
376:Rio Grande
372:Maximilian
350:Background
337:Union Navy
321:Union Army
194:transports
156:Leon Smith
71:1863-09-08
1396:Aftermath
1061:Lubbock.
880:help page
783:Vicksburg
744:Aftermath
646:USS
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549:U.S. Navy
512:Galveston
487:moved to
431:from the
414:Vicksburg
406:Red River
398:Louisiana
383:President
360:Civil War
327:state of
1433:Category
1153:63270945
789:See also
602:sand bar
565:blockade
561:gunboats
489:Morganza
461:Beaumont
418:gunboats
200:infantry
189:gunboats
184:infantry
177:Strength
79:Location
1444:Commons
1229:Origins
722:Clifton
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571:Clifton
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364:Mexican
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535:Battle
335:. The
182:5,000
91:Result
40:of the
1387:Union
1375:Units
952:Map:
832:Notes
329:Texas
1354:1865
1338:1864
1302:1863
1261:1862
1245:1861
1149:OCLC
933:OCLC
923:ISBN
902:2017
724:and
713:and
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456:wave
315:The
227:None
211:fort
64:Date
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