Scottish island names

536: 1715:

earliest settlers after the Ice Age. We do not know what languages the people spoke who may have coined some of these names." It therefore seems possible that the early Gaels were just as fond of "analogical reformation" as the Norse. Perhaps then we should think these island names "as pre-Celtic and also as pre-Indo-European, a solution ‒ if it solves anything - that leaves us with the thought that practically all the major islands in the Northern and Western Isles have very old names, so old and so linguistically and lexically opaque that we do not have any plausible referents for them elsewhere. They are linguistic fossils, perhaps some three thousand years old or even older."

2670: 326:. However, there is virtually no direct attestation of Pictish short of the names of people found on monuments in the lands controlled by the Picts - the area north of the Forth-Clyde line in the Early Middle Ages. Many of these monuments include elaborate carved symbols, but an understanding of their significance has so far proved as elusive as interpretation of the few written fragments, which have been described as resembling an "odd sort of gibberish". Nonetheless, there is significant indirect place-name evidence for the Picts use of Brythonic or 730: 5846: 158: 2556: 777:, the 7th century abbot of Iona, recorded the names of various islands in the Hebrides. Unlike the unnamed monk of Ravenna and his classical forebears, Adomnán was clearly writing about places with which he was familiar. It is therefore possible that some of these records indicate for the first time names used by the islands' inhabitants.There are also various early references from texts written in Ireland and Scotland - 'Celtic' in the list below. 2784: 436: 249: 1742: 245:. It is clear that whenever place names are recorded at an early date as having been transposed from a form of P-Celtic into Gaelic that this occurred prior to the transformation from "Old British" into modern Welsh. There are numerous Scottish place names with Brythonic roots although the number of island names involved is relatively small. 222:, which is descended from Proto-Celtic, the hypothetical parent language that many linguistics belief had already begun to diverge into separate dialects or languages in the first half of the first millennium BC. By the sixth century AD, scholars of early Insular history often begin to talk about four geographically separate forms of British: 3265:

Writing in the 1880s, Rev. Thomas McLauchlan urged caution, noting that it "is necessary to ensure a historical, and hence an accurate instead of a fanciful, account of our topographical terms. Any one acquainted with Highland etymologies, knows to what an extent our imaginative countrymen have gone

2592:

in the sixth century: "As for Shetland, Orkney, Skye and the Western Isles, their inhabitants, most of whom appear to have been Pictish in culture and speech at this time, are likely to have regarded Bridei as a fairly distant presence.” However, the place names that existed prior to the 9th century

1723:

The main difference between Youngson/MacEeachern and Fitzpatrick-Matthews is that the former assumes two different routes for the relevant Ravenna listings whereas the latter assumes the second list is further north and west. Fitzpatrick-Matthews describes Rivet and Smith's identification of Bath in

574:

around AD 700, mentions various Scottish island names. This document frequently used maps as a source of information and it has been possible to speculate about their modern equivalents based on assumptions about voyages made by early travellers 300–400 years prior to its creation. The presence

2756:

it should be borne in mind that Old Norse is a dead language and that as a result names of Old Norse origin exist only as loan words in the Scots language. Nonetheless if we distinguish between names of obviously Norse origin and those with a significant Scots element the great majority are in the

2641:

From some point before 900 until the 14th century both Shetland and Orkney became Norse societies. The Norse also dominated the Hebrides and the islands of the Clyde for much of the same period, although their influence was much weaker there from the 13th century onwards. According to Ó Corráin

1714:

In the above table there is some linguistic continuity between the earliest and modern names for almost all of the fifteen largest islands surrounding Scotland. However, the derivations of many of these early names are obscure "suggesting that they were coined very early on, some perhaps by the

803:

These Scandinavian settlers were "past masters in the art of analogical reformation" meaning that when they heard the names of islands from the native population they amended the sounds so that they became "known words or phrases in their own language" in a way that did not reflect the original

19: 2254: 2642:(1998) "when and how the Vikings conquered and occupied the Isles is unknown, perhaps unknowable" although from 793 onwards repeated raids by Vikings on the British Isles are recorded. "All the islands of Britain" were devastated in 794 with Iona being sacked in 802 and 806. 3334:, too". Watson (1926) is sure that Tacitus was referring to Shetland, although Breeze (2002) is more sceptical. Thule is first mentioned by Pytheas but it is unlikely he meant Shetland as he believed it was six days sail north of Britain and one day from the frozen sea. 2720:

and that original Gaelic place names predominate to the south. However, recent research suggests that the obliteration of pre-Norse names throughout the Hebrides was almost total and Gaelic derived place names on the southern islands are of post-Norse origin.

1724:

south-west England as "a little fanciful as we are dealing with islands in the northern part of the Irish Sea" and is sceptical about some of their other suggestions for similar reasons. Fitzpatrick-Matthews follows Rivet and Smith's suggestion for

337:

Given the paucity of knowledge about the Pictish language it may be assumed that islands names with P-Celtic affiliations in the southern Hebrides, and Firths of Clyde and Forth are Brythonic and those to the north and west are of Pictish origin.

466:

it belongs to the West Scandinavian group. Very little written evidence of the language has survived and as a result it is not possible to distinguish any island names that may be Norn rather than Old Norse. After the Northern Isles were

3297:

After the dissolution of the Kingdom of the Isles Mann was then under intermittent Scots rule from 1266 to 1346. Mann continued to play a significant role in the ecclesiastical affairs of Scotland for several centuries thereafter - see

2587:

It is assumed that Pictish names must once have predominated in the northern Inner Hebrides, Outer Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland although the historical record is sparse. For example, Hunter (2000) states that in relation to King

3266:

in attaching meanings altogether fanciful to such terms; but nothing is more likely to mislead the inquirer than elevating our ancient and irregular orthography to a position which it is altogether unfit to occupy".

2610:, meaning "lady's isle". Remarkably few Pictish placenames of any kind can be identified in Orkney and Shetland, although some apparently Norse names may be adaptations of earlier Pictish ones. There are various 73:

origin and some of an unknown origin that may represent a pre-Celtic language. These islands have all been occupied by the speakers of at least three and in many cases four or more languages since the

2716:

and unsurprisingly this language has had a significant influence on the islands there. It has been argued that the Norse impact on the onomasticon only applied to the islands north of

2397:

in Old Norse and although various suggestions have been made as to a Norse meaning (such as "song house") the name is not of Gaelic origin and the Norse credentials are questionable.

1620:

For details of the first recorded Norse names for the individual islands of Orkney and Shetland, many of which will also have been in use prior to their being written down in the

471:

to Scotland by Norway in the 15th century, the early Scottish Earls spoke Gaelic when the majority of their subjects spoke Norn and both of these languages were then replaced by

132:. Many of the names for larger islands show some continuity although few of the names they identified for the smaller ones are cognate with the modern ones. Later writers such as 599:

incursions, written evidence from local sources all but vanishes for three hundred years. Some modern island names appear to have ancient pre-Celtic roots as identified below.

2645:

As a result, most of the island names in Orkney and Shetland have Norse names and many in the Hebrides are Gaelic transformations of the original Norse, with the Norse ending

3377:

Youngson writes that "MacEachern is the only scholar to write on the subject who pays any attention at all to the fact that in extract XXI Adomnán refers to an island called

3423:. (Although not immediately obvious, it is possible that the Pictish "cat" sound forms part of the Old Norse name for Shetland and may thus have informed the modern name.) 2223:

The designation "desert island" may seem odd for a part of the world that experiences frequent rain, but the Celtic monastic system called their isolated retreat centres

2740:

in the Inner Hebrides, which are of unknown location and these names must have passed out of usage in the Norse era. One of the complexities is that an island such as

296:

offers considerable difficulties. It is a term used for the language(s) thought to have been spoken by the Picts, the people of northern and central Scotland in the

4461:

Gammeltoft, Peder "Scandinavian Naming-Systems in the Hebrides—A Way of Understanding how the Scandinavians were in Contact with Gaels and Picts?" in Ballin Smith

4039:

Gammeltoft, Peder "Scandinavian Naming-Systems in the Hebrides—A Way of Understanding how the Scandinavians were in Contact with Gaels and Picts?" in Ballin Smith

2309:

meaning "deep furrow". However these descriptions are hardly obvious ones as island names and are probably adaptations of a pre-Norse language. This may have been

432:

which resulted in almost all of the inhabitable islands of Scotland (except those in the Firth of Forth) coming under Norse control from the 9th to 13th centuries.

5415:

Jennings, Andrew and Kruse, Arne "One Coast-Three Peoples: Names and Ethnicity in the Scottish West during the Early Viking period" in Woolf, Alex (ed.) (2009)

3416: 2780:

Many small islets and skerries have Scots or Insular Scots names such as Da Skerries o da Rokness and Da Buddle Stane in Shetland, and Kirk Rocks in Orkney.

3490: 8056: 503: 2744:

may have had a Celtic name, that was replaced by a similar-sounding Norse name, but then reverted to an essentially Gaelic name with a Norse ending.

5566: 5690: 2794:

Great Cumbrae and Little Cumbrae are English/Brythonic in derivation and there are other examples of the use of "great" and "little" such as

373:. This the oldest known form of the Goidelic languages, which is known only from fragments, mostly personal names, inscribed on stone in the 4113: 8431: 7509: 6159: 6143: 2241: 910: 662:, both of which are assumed to be Shetland. The earliest written references that have survived relating to the Hebrides also appear in the 587:

had a significant influence on toponyms from the 9th century onwards although there is little contemporary documentation of this period of

65:

origin. There are also some island place names that originate from three other influences, including a limited number that are essentially

171:

times, it is clear that pre-modern languages must have been used, and by extension names for the islands, that have been lost to history.

8229: 5276:. Translated by Jón A. Hjaltalin & Gilbert Goudie. Edinburgh. Edmonston and Douglas. The Internet Archive. Retrieved 26 August 2013. 2943:

as two islands for this purpose) the following results apply, excluding Scots/English qualifiers such as "muckle" "east", "little" etc.

198:

A small number of island names may contain elements of such an early Celtic or pre-Celtic language, but no certain knowledge of any pre-

6965: 785: 2724:

There are also examples of island names that were originally Gaelic but have become completely replaced. For example, Adomnán records

2473:. In early Irish literature Arran is "Aru" and Watson (1926) notes there are similar names in Wales but suggests it may be pre-Celtic. 5356: 535: 2441:

describes Arran as being "between Alba and Cruithen-land" although there is possible confusion in the annals between the meaning of

4831: 2453:

to refer to Britain as a whole. In support of the Vasconic substratum hypothesis, Vennemann notes the recurrence of the element

5817: 527:

Although they are the dominant languages in modern Scotland the presence of both Scots and English in island names is limited.

498:, sometimes regarded as a variety of English, has regional and historic importance in Scotland. It is officially recognised as 314: 6167: 5645: 5598: 5424: 5378: 5341: 5327: 4597: 4155: 1738:

although his reasoning for not preferring the "usual" identification of Rathlin may exaggerate Watson's remark on the topic.

3763: 3461:. However, authorities that consider Scotland's islands as a whole set tend to avoid this inconsistency e.g. Haswell-Smith, 3440:

is "not obvious" whereas Fitzpatrick-Matthews suggests he implied "there is no linguistic connection between the two forms".

780:

The following table lists island names that are either recorded prior to AD 1200 or, in the case of the Norse names for the

8046: 6507: 5822: 5302: 308:

disagreed with his argument. The idea that a distinct Pictish language was perceived at some point is attested clearly in

5553:. Edinburgh. Birlinn/Scotland on Sunday. (Ross generally quotes dates but not sources, which are presumed to be 'Celtic'.) 3936: 3726: 5235:

Statistical Bulletin: 2011 Census: First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland Release 1C (Part Two)

3231: 2802:

which are English/Gaelic and Norse/English respectively. The informal use of "Isle of" is commonplace, although only the

8958: 6037: 2422:

meaning "isle of the ridge" although Mac an Tàilleir (2003) is unequivocal that it is a "pre-Gaelic name and unclear".

5559:

From Starafjall to Starling Hill: An investigation of the formation and development of Old Norse place-names in Orkney

5485:. Appin Regiment/Appin Historical Society. Retrieved 3 March 2007. First published in by William Auld, Edinburgh 1774. 613:– probably sometime between 322 and 285 BC – and described it as triangular in shape, with a northern tip called 5683: 5663: 5630: 5615: 5584: 5537: 5523: 5438: 5399: 5288: 4104: 3644: 3534: 580: 450:

is an extinct North Germanic language that developed from Old Norse and was spoken in Shetland, Orkney and possibly

5227: 7502: 7458: 7113: 6346: 9464: 3419:

for a list of these islands. Including those assumed to have a pre-Norse root the only outright exception may be

3311:

There are numerous variants - Broderick (2013) provides a comprehensive listing for these and other early names.

6958: 5827: 4045: 1689: 330:. The term "Pritennic" is sometimes used to refer to the proto-Pictish language spoken in this area during the 5480: 3288:

Breeze (2002) quotes J.J. Tierney who believed that Ptolemy's information about Scotland "was extremely poor".

2876:

The Norse often gave animal names to islands and these have been transferred into English in for example, the

9325: 3236: 621:

on mainland Scotland, from which Orkney is visible. Writing in the 1st century AD, the Roman geographer

9459: 9355: 8525: 8487: 8472: 7001: 6065: 5676: 5223: 3466: 1586:

respectively. See below for further interpretations of the Ravenna list which is "obscure in the extreme".

424:, until about 1300. Its influence on Scots island names is considerable due to the development of both the 7799: 9335: 9195: 8545: 8504: 8494: 7495: 7310: 7136: 6898: 6888: 6770: 6351: 5921: 5903: 5699: 2000: 1551: 2618:

found in Shetland that have been claimed as representing Pictish, or perhaps even a precursor language.

9454: 7711: 6261: 3226: 2528:

in Welsh means a "stone-girt fort" and was especially applied to Roman camp sites. This is the root of

2435:

is also obscure. Haswell-Smith (2004) offers a Brythonic derivation and a meaning of "high place". The

180: 5845: 9052: 6951: 6594: 6336: 5877: 5448: 2929: 2831: 6224: 2814:

of the larger Scottish islands use this nomenclature in a formal sense. "Island" also occurs, as in

2482:

Several of the islands of the Clyde have possible Brythonic roots. In addition to Arran (see above)

2368:, the use of the "p" hinting at a Brythonic or Pictish tribal name. Adomnán refers to the island as 2316:

The roots of several of the Hebrides may also have a pre-Celtic origin. Indeed, the name comes from

9330: 9284: 9279: 9203: 8813: 8797: 8676: 8535: 8426: 8421: 7347: 7290: 7075: 7034: 6584: 6544: 5735: 5387: 5234: 4589: 3241: 2933: 413: 5307:

Broderick, George (2013) "Some Island Names in the Former 'Kingdom of the Isles': a reappraisal."

3574: 2757:

former camp. "Muckle", meaning large or big, is one of few Scots words in the island names of the

784:, were probably recorded at a slightly later date but are likely to have been in use by then. The 542:

1654 map of Orkney and Shetland. Map makers at this time continued to use the original Latin name

9269: 9213: 9208: 9128: 8801: 8751: 8051: 7869: 7625: 7553: 7541: 6924: 6837: 6474: 3488:

M'Lauchlan, Rev. Thomas (Jan 1866) "On the Kymric Element in the Celtic Topography of Scotland".

3365: 2909: 1249: 686:

concludes is unequivocally the Outer Hebrides. Writing about 80 years later, in 140-150 AD,

487: 381:

and western Britain up to about the 6th century. Its modern form is still spoken in parts of the

9391: 9111: 8509: 2920:

Etymological details for all inhabited islands and some larger uninhabited ones are provided at

2245:

of 1549, which in some cases also provides the earliest written form of the modern island name.

9274: 8756: 8722: 8340: 8156: 8016: 7856: 7751: 7463: 6589: 6428: 6418: 6088: 5784: 5772: 5747: 4249: 3526: 1649: 1013:

The original meaning of the name is uncertain but appears to "correspond with that of Lewis".

691: 636: 499: 2437: 9432: 9396: 8664: 8657: 8609: 8379: 8350: 8319: 8282: 8207: 7964: 7877: 7738: 7700: 7440: 6989: 6858: 6730: 6423: 6032: 3458: 3403: 3211: 2589: 2545: 584: 510: 327: 172: 8897: 7772: 6213: 4581: 4141: 3566: 3518: 2925: 2331:

possibly meaning "lofty isle" although it is pre-Gaelic in origin. In Norse times it became

1730: 1625: 9401: 9381: 9350: 9223: 9083: 8829: 8647: 8239: 8066: 8028: 8023: 7897: 7844: 7602: 7041: 6694: 6663: 6459: 6024: 5913: 5812: 5807: 5572:. Selected Papers from the FRLSU Conference, Kirkwall 2009, edited by Robert McColl Millar. 5363:. Selected Papers from the FRLSU Conference, Kirkwall 2009, edited by Robert McColl Millar. 5093: 5071: 3152: 3113: 2669: 2560: 2042: 1683:

There are few other recorded names for these islands from early dates. Hudson suggests the

1575: 793: 734: 707: 429: 81:

Scotland has over 790 offshore islands, most of which are to be found in four main groups:

9057: 3381:- presumably "Little Hinba". Only Colonsay and Oronsay provide a large and little island". 3330:

describes the discovery and conquest of Orkney and records that the Roman fleet had seen "

2921: 2320:

recorded by Ptolemy, via the mis-reading "Hebudes" and may itself have a pre-Celtic root.

78:, and many of the names of these islands have more than one possible meaning as a result. 8: 9340: 8576: 8530: 8464: 8217: 7864: 7777: 7575: 7452: 7342: 7335: 7318: 7084: 7048: 6873: 6512: 6454: 6341: 6109: 6042: 5476: 5461: 5455: 4582: 4499: 4493: 3819:

Breeze, David J. "The ancient geography of Scotland" in Smith and Banks (2002) pp. 11–13.

3567: 3393:

from the Norse for "deer island" is the generally accepted derivation of the modern name.

3344: 3299: 2541: 2516:

and both Mac an Tàilleir (2003) and Watson (1926) suggest that the root is the Brthyonic

2236: 1805: 1747: 829: 566: 553: 398: 242: 129: 8887: 8732: 7979: 5507: 5159: 5137: 5115: 5049: 5024: 2520:. The derivation would appear to be assumed rather than attested and the modern form is 9386: 9310: 9238: 9228: 9183: 8945: 8872: 8769: 8614: 8589: 8584: 8477: 8305: 8190: 8011: 7789: 7784: 7763: 7724: 7528: 7518: 7405: 7241: 7199: 6903: 6479: 6241: 5869: 5791: 5271: 3631: 3612: 3216: 3004: 463: 459: 382: 353:

from the 6th century onwards. It was formerly spoken over a far wider area than today.

301: 258: 191:

is the only surviving member. This proposal was originally made by the German linguist

8540: 5963: 9360: 9159: 9075: 9068: 9023: 8967: 8727: 8717: 8700: 8695: 8599: 8482: 8361: 8161: 8122: 8102: 7940: 7832: 7814: 7666: 7057: 7025: 7011: 6883: 6863: 6819: 6745: 6740: 6495: 6464: 6256: 6052: 5659: 5641: 5626: 5611: 5603: 5594: 5580: 5533: 5519: 5434: 5420: 5395: 5374: 5337: 5323: 5298: 5295:

West over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300

5284: 4593: 4151: 3640: 3530: 3519: 2939:

Based on these tables, for the inhabited off-shore islands of Scotland (and counting

2881: 2787: 2770: 2384: 683: 639:

had "discovered and subjugated the Orcades hitherto unknown" (although both Mela and

514: 425: 342: 305: 297: 161: 6501: 4657:

Broderick (2013) p. 21 quoting Nicolaisen (1992) "Arran Place-Names: a fresh look".

2693:

of the Northern Isles is slight. No Gaelic-derived island names and indeed only two

2428:

is probably a pre-Gaelic name, although a case has been made for a Norse derivation.

2235:

The earliest comprehensive written list of Hebridean island names was undertaken by

9315: 9106: 9040: 8996: 8991: 8951: 8940: 8932: 8737: 8705: 8652: 8641: 8554: 8263: 8202: 7992: 7974: 7809: 7570: 7562: 7323: 7298: 7266: 7247: 7208: 7184: 7126: 7102: 6974: 6878: 6868: 6809: 6735: 6684: 6599: 6469: 6114: 5953: 5368: 3745:

in Ulster in Wakelin M.F., Patterns in the Folk Speech of The British Isles, London

3039: 2940: 2858: 2819: 2615: 2580: 1699: 937: 729: 588: 507: 483: 455: 293: 284: 238: 235: 231: 176: 82: 70: 66: 27: 9152: 7411: 2713: 9345: 9305: 9138: 9045: 9028: 9013: 9008: 9001: 8710: 8619: 8604: 8559: 8411: 8374: 8366: 8345: 8332: 8312: 8298: 8061: 8038: 7969: 7959: 7951: 7731: 7366: 7260: 7220: 7121: 6720: 6689: 6604: 6136: 6119: 6060: 5893: 5888: 5028: 4796:

Baldi & Page (December 2006) Review of "Europa Vasconica - Europa Semitica",

4127: 4108: 4058: 4051: 3855:

ac simul incognitas ad id tempus insulas, quas Orcadas vocant, invenit domuitque.

3831: 3730: 3450: 3322: 2846:

in the Solway Firth is an English/Norse combination, the second word coming from

2815: 2606:

is pre-Norse in origin and Pictish, as may be the uninhabited Orkney island name

1062: 646:

In AD 43 and circa AD 77 respectively Pomponius Mela and Pliny (in his

640: 394: 390: 370: 354: 268: 227: 188: 184: 46: 5640:. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 5546:(2011) No. 16. Lorn Archaeological and Historical Society. Edited by J Overnell. 9426: 9320: 9300: 9252: 9144: 9018: 8688: 8455: 8394: 8173: 8130: 8087: 8004: 7999: 7888: 7838: 7689: 7640: 7595: 7588: 7478: 7434: 7387: 7358: 7214: 7151: 7064: 6893: 6853: 6832: 6760: 6750: 6648: 6609: 6538: 6080: 5968: 5927: 5779: 5767: 5722: 5621:

Woolf, Alex "The Age of the Sea-Kings: 900–1300" in Omand, Donald (ed.) (2006)

4098: 3723: 3081: 3054: 2877: 2862: 2753: 2685:

literature and it is just possible that this forms part of the later Norn name

2622: 2576: 2537: 2529: 2501: 2491: 2286: 2266: 1677: 1665: 1583: 1434: 1319: 945: 919: 622: 557: 495: 491: 440: 362: 223: 219: 192: 183:

suggest that many western European languages contain remnants of an even older

106: 102: 98: 94: 86: 58: 54: 9448: 9376: 9218: 8974: 8925: 8742: 8681: 8594: 8499: 8437: 8384: 8268: 8195: 7417: 7255: 6755: 6710: 6668: 6658: 6361: 6218: 6151: 4102: 3141: 3137: 2897: 2870: 2866: 2795: 2774: 2766: 2572: 2564: 2487: 2462: 2432: 2390: 1412: 1390: 975: 610: 561: 472: 447: 358: 215: 3453:

uses "Isle of" for Arran, Bute Gigha, Mull, Noss, Skye and Raasay as do the

2289:. The earliest recorded forms of these three names do carry Norse meanings: 1534:

Youngson offers suggestions for the other Scottish islands mentioned in the

1337:

Youngson is "quite convinced by MacEachern's reasoning about Saine/Sainea".

157: 128:

The earliest written references to Scottish islands were made by authors in

9245: 8669: 8633: 8566: 8389: 8212: 8185: 8168: 8112: 8071: 7653: 7632: 7234: 7164: 6725: 6715: 6528: 5958: 5937: 5488: 3700:

Armit, Ian "The Iron Age" in Omand (2006) p. 57 - but see Campbell critique

3402:

The entry records a victory of the Scots over the Danes during the time of

3276: 3133: 2960: 2905: 2885: 2717: 2568: 2483: 2324: 2182: 2022: 1856: 1594: 1559: 1368: 1173: 1018: 756: 539: 468: 366: 137: 110: 8892: 6001: 350: 9062: 9035: 8853: 8761: 8443: 8404: 7987: 7682: 7646: 7581: 6908: 6653: 6433: 5567:"Linguistic patterns in the place-names of Norway and the Northern Isles" 5206: 3521:

The Atlantic Iron Age: Settlement and Identity in the First Millennium BC

3462: 3420: 3043: 2839: 2835: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2597: 2095: 2075: 2009: 1673: 1610: 1579: 1506: 1454: 1360: 797: 618: 417: 118: 45:

stem from two main influences. There are many names that derive from the

8907: 5558: 583:

being relatively well recorded from the mid-6th to the mid-9th century.

8902: 8882: 8247: 7917: 7618: 6827: 6765: 6374: 6246: 5898: 5228:"Appendix 2: Population and households on Scotland's Inhabited Islands" 3454: 3221: 3000: 2762: 2741: 2555: 2161: 2143: 1641: 1621: 576: 421: 323: 168: 122: 114: 5668: 4882:

Woolf, Alex "The Age of the Sea-Kings: 900-1300" in Omand (2006) p. 95

3432:

Per the above, Watson suggests that the linguistic connection between

2339: 774: 133: 9088: 8836: 8399: 8180: 8135: 8107: 7933: 7487: 7446: 7399: 7227: 7157: 6320: 6315: 6070: 3035: 2955: 2901: 2843: 2682: 2594: 2497: 1525: 1217: 964: 838: 606: 451: 409: 319: 62: 8912: 5392:

Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland

8877: 8225: 7393: 6943: 6438: 6413: 6310: 6300: 6093: 5932: 5883: 5759: 5730: 5348: 5293:

Ballin Smith, Beverley; Taylor, Simon; and Williams, Gareth (2007)

3588:

Eska, Joseph (2008). "Continental Celtic". In Roger Woodard (ed.).

2979: 2900:" in English and there are numerous examples of this use including 2783: 2694: 2690: 2626: 2274: 2213: 1871: 1225: 851: 789: 517: 435: 386: 331: 211: 90: 75: 50: 35: 18: 6251: 3633:

Language in Pictland: the case against 'non-Indo-European Pictish'

2227:

and the implication is that a retreat of some kind existed there.

8918: 8514: 8416: 7330: 7303: 7145: 7018: 6305: 6009: 5510:. Trans. John O'Donovan. Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society. 5508:"The martyrology of Donegal: a calendar of the saints of Ireland" 3844: 3327: 3102: 3038:

is of unknown derivation, the Orkney mainland itself is probably

2470: 2466: 1985: 1801: 1741: 1657: 1633: 1474: 877:

mentioned it in AD 98 it is likely he was referring to Shetland.

874: 687: 632: 602: 592: 571: 552:

The earliest written references to Scottish islands were made by

378: 346: 141: 5181: 4430:

Murray (1966) p. 49. He provides no evidence for this assertion.

3136:

is of uncertain origin and could be Norse, Gaelic or Brythonic.

1609:

could refer to several islands. It has also been suggested that

248: 8221: 7371: 6533: 6369: 5742: 3015: 2999:

There are two islands with names of joint Norse/Celtic origin,

2851: 2702: 2607: 2603: 2278: 2258: 1980: 1779: 1543: 882: 596: 521: 167:

As humans have lived on the islands of Scotland since at least

31: 5211:

The Islands of Western Scotland: the Inner and Outer Hebrides.

4709: 4222:

Strang, Alistair (1997) "Explaining Ptolemy's Roman Britain".

2822:

although both islands are also known by their Gaelic names of

2697:

words exist in the language of modern Orcadians - "iper" from

2677:

Perhaps surprisingly Shetland may have a Gaelic root—the name

2411: 1084: 369:, a derivative of Old Gaelic, which is descended in turn from 8139: 6014: 5404:

Hudson, Benjamin T. (October 1998) "The Scottish Chronicle".

3331: 2673:

Geographic Distribution of Gaelic speakers in Scotland (2011)

2611: 2361: 2351: 2253: 2027: 1887: 1797: 1708: 1342: 1274: 1241: 1149: 873:", first recorded by Pytheas, is not known for certain. When 870: 746: 742: 374: 199: 23: 5222: 4250:"Group 34: islands in the Irish Sea and the Western Isles 1" 3754:

Lamb, Gregor "The Orkney Tongue" in Omand (2003) pp. 248-49.

2857:

Some smaller islets and skerries have English names such as

2834:

off Arran is an entirely English name as is the collective

2425: 2401: 2380:

in Old Norse. The root is not Gaelic and of unknown origin.

2343: 2310: 2282: 2262: 1694: 1298: 1197: 1127: 1105: 1038: 997: 901: 764: 309: 4511:

Ross (2007) p. 17. Bot dates from 1093 and Bote from 1204.

3615:(1955). "The Pictish Language". In F.T. Wainwright (ed.). 650:) also referred to seven islands they respectively called 494:

of which is generally dated from about 1550. The related

4966:

Lamb, Gregor "The Orkney Tongue" in Omand (2003) p. 250.

4534:

Watson (1994) p. 96 "Arann" possibly dating from c. 1200

4474:

Ross (2007) p. 44. Ile dates from 800 and Ilea from 690.

808:

means "song-house" (an unlikely name for an island) and

1493:

Watson suggests that the linguistic connection between

113:, and numerous small islands within the many bodies of 5349:"Britannia in the Ravenna Cosmography: a reassessment" 2536:

meaning "the fort on the Almond river". The island of

1718: 252:

Linguistic division in early twelfth century Scotland.

5281:

In the Shadow of the Brochs, the Iron Age in Scotland

3764:"European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" 3491:

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland

2709:- used to describe a small sheep in the North Isles. 140:

also contributed to our understanding of these early

5505: 5346: 4521: 4519: 4517: 3639:. Utrecht: Stichting Uitgeverij de Keltische Draak. 2896:, meaning "a small and rounded islet" has become " 504:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

175:is the presumed ancestor language of all the known 5357:Shetland and Orkney Island-Names – A Dynamic Group 3279:scholar Donald MacEachern for his identifications. 2387:is complex and may also include a pre-Celtic root. 389:, and in Scottish cities by some communities. The 4960: 4514: 3766:Scottish Government. Retrieved 27 September 2007. 3449:Usage is not always consistent. For example, the 3275:Youngson (2001) draws heavily on the work of the 2712:The Hebrides remain the stronghold of the modern 2504:is recorded as "Insula Keth" in the 12th century 1429:The Norse is a collective noun for both Cumbraes 9446: 6577: 5542:Rae, Robert J. "A Voyage in Search of Hinba" in 4071:Gammeltoft (2010) p. 21. First recorded in 1190. 3986:Broderick (2013) p. 6 quoting Coates (1988) p.22 3552:Studies on Celtic Languages before the Year 1000 2477: 1628:. Gammeltoft also lists the Norse saga names of 300:. It may have been a fifth branch of Brythonic; 5347:Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith J (5 August 2013). 3356:Youngson (2001) records MacEachern's view that 3046:is a Scots name based in part on a Norse root. 2915: 812:(probably "islands of the boar people") became 800:were of Norse origin from the mid-9th century. 570:, which was compiled by an anonymous cleric in 349:due to the growing influence of the kingdom of 6152:A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland 5482:A Description Of The Western Isles of Scotland 2593:have been all but obliterated by the incoming 690:, drawing on the earlier naval expeditions of 7503: 7314:? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European) 6959: 5878:Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site 5684: 5562:. (pdf) Doctoral Dissertation, NTU Trondheim. 5366: 4030:Youngson (2001) p. 62 and as otherwise stated 3549: 2631:monasterium Sancti Columbe in insula Euomonia 420:and of their overseas settlements during the 6160:A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland 6144:Description of the Western Isles of Scotland 5320:Islay, Jura and Colonsay: A Historical Guide 5279:Ballin Smith, B. and Banks, I. (eds) (2002) 4111: 3941:University of Chicago. Retrieved 1 May 2020. 3896: 2689:— but the influence of this language in the 1734:. Fitzpatrick-Matthews chooses Colonsay for 1216:The Norse name means "Holy Isle" - see also 911:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 591:by those who lived there. From 849 on, when 195:, but has been rejected by other linguists. 101:. There are also clusters of islands in the 5431:The Edinburgh history of the Scots language 5419:. St Andrews. St Andrews University Press. 4878: 4876: 4575: 4573: 4252:. Kmatthews.org.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2008. 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4143:Venerabilis Baedae Historiam Ecclesiasticam 3853: 3364:are Colonsay and the nearby tidal islet of 2277:of unknown and possibly pre-Celtic origin: 1728:but as noted above Rùm is "Ruiminn" in the 720: 712: 706:. Later texts in Latin, by writers such as 696: 676: 668: 657: 651: 626: 543: 7510: 7496: 6966: 6952: 5691: 5677: 5417:Scandinavian Scotland – Twenty Years After 4561: 4114:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 3827: 3825: 2747: 1490:Rachra, Ragharee, Reachrainn & Rechru 702:(possibly meaning the Inner Hebrides) and 635:in 98 AD, claiming that his father-in-law 5443:King, Jacob and Cotter, Michelle (2012) 5010: 5008: 4584:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 4546: 3867: 3865: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3569:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 3516: 2313:but there is no clear evidence for this. 1244:location is uncertain and controversial. 767:(although it is not listed as one of the 643:had previously referred to the islands). 4873: 4570: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4173: 3894:Louis Deroy & Marianne Mulon (1992) 2892:meaning "broad beach island". The Norse 2782: 2668: 2554: 2372:and it occurs in early Irish records as 2252: 1740: 728: 534: 434: 247: 156: 17: 5698: 4834:cyberscotia.com. Retrieved 27 Dec 2010. 4738: 4736: 4139: 4026: 4024: 4022: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3902:, Paris: Le Robert, article "Hébrides". 3832:"Early Historical References to Orkney" 3822: 3629: 3611: 3368:but there are several other candidates. 2449:of Ireland and the Welsh equivalent of 1589:Watson (1926) concluded that Adomnán's 1479:Rhicina/Eggarikenna/Rignea/Ricnea etc. 666:, where Pliny states that there are 30 318:, which names it as distinct from both 304:thought that the evidence is weak, but 9447: 7517: 5005: 4953: 4951: 4562:Rivet, A. L. F.; Smith, Colin (1979). 4417: 4415: 4413: 4353:Ross (2007) p. 21 - no date specified. 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4279:Ross (2007) p. 19 - no date specified. 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4130:Orkneyjar.com. Retrieved 27 June 2009. 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3862: 3834:Orkneyjar.com. Retrieved 27 June 2009. 3794: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3678: 3676: 3668:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 2842:is also known as "Paddy's Milestone". 2248: 741:For the individual Hebridean islands, 595:'s relics were removed in the face of 315:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 241:. These are collectively known as the 202:language exists anywhere in Scotland. 9181: 8795: 7539: 7491: 6947: 6791: 6630: 6566: 6395: 6282: 6190: 6168:The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides 5989: 5857: 5710: 5672: 5638:From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 5635: 5579:. Newton Abbot. David & Charles. 5502:. London. Eyre Methuen. SBN 413303802 5213:London. Eyre Methuen. ISBN 0413303802 4816: 4442: 4121: 3994: 3992: 3619:. Edinburgh: Nelson. pp. 129–66. 2633:) a name of likely Brythonic origin. 271:zone, use of either or both languages 6973: 5309:The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 4772: 4733: 4579: 4019: 3587: 3564: 3343:A meaning of "lush island" from the 940:rather than the entire archipelago. 674:, and makes a separate reference to 478: 443:was spoken in the twentieth century. 210:British or Brythonic was an ancient 8072:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German 7396:(Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh) 5252: 4975:Jennings and Kruse (2009) pp. 83–84 4948: 4885: 4712:Shetlopedia. Retrieved 23 Jan 2011. 4685: 4410: 4314: 4291: 4233: 4001: 3944: 3929: 3905: 3874: 3843: 3769: 3743:The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries 3673: 3232:List of Scottish Gaelic place names 2664: 1719:Ravenna Cosmography interpretations 1656:etc. referring to the peninsula of 1613:off Islay could be the identity of 205: 13: 9431:Languages between parentheses are 8796: 6038:Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles 5608:The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland 5551:Dictionary of Scottish Place-names 5471:The Races of Ireland and Scotland. 4694: 4398:Ross (2007) p. 44 dated to c. 1100 4195:Ross (2007) p. 54 dated to c. 1100 3989: 2461:) meaning "valley", in names like 786:rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles 694:, wrote that there were only five 416:that was spoken by inhabitants of 187:of "Vasconic languages", of which 179:. Proponents of the controversial 152: 14: 9476: 3457:for some larger islands in their 2494:both certainly have (see below). 1213:Iae, Ioua, Hiona-Columcille etc. 970:means "near" or "east of" Domon. 581:Scotland in the Early Middle Ages 530: 404: 147: 7459:Scottish Gaelic-medium education 6347:Highlands and Islands Enterprise 6066:Treaty of Ardtornish-Westminster 5844: 5577:Harris and Lewis, Outer Hebrides 5216: 5200: 5174: 5152: 5130: 5108: 5086: 5064: 5042: 5017: 4996: 4987: 4978: 4969: 4939: 4930: 4921: 4912: 4903: 4894: 4864: 4855: 4846: 4837: 4825: 4807: 4790: 4781: 4763: 4754: 4745: 4724: 4715: 4703: 4564:The Place Names of Roman Britain 3713:. Edinburgh. Birlinn. pp. 225-29 3443: 2579:, all of which names may have a 2358:, which may be pre-Celtic names. 2273:There are three island names in 1711:was recorded as "Hirt" in 1202. 1269:may mean simply "little Hinba". 5570:Northern Lights, Northern Words 5500:The Islands of Western Scotland 5469:Mackenzie, William Cook (1906) 5361:Northern Lights, Northern Words 4676: 4667: 4651: 4642: 4633: 4624: 4615: 4606: 4555: 4543:Ross (2007) p. 9 dated to 1154. 4537: 4528: 4505: 4486: 4483:Ross (2007) p. 45 dated to 678. 4477: 4468: 4433: 4424: 4401: 4392: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4305: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4164: 4133: 4092: 4083: 4074: 4065: 4033: 3980: 3888: 3837: 3785: 3757: 3748: 3735: 3716: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3660: 3623: 3590:The Ancient Languages of Europe 3550:Sims-Williams, Patrick (2007). 3426: 3409: 3396: 3384: 3371: 3350: 3337: 3314: 3305: 3291: 3282: 3269: 2629:as "Eumonia" (referring to the 2230: 9435:of the language on their left. 7408:(Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic) 5858: 5433:. Edinburgh University Press. 5367:Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). 5270:Anderson, Joseph (ed.) (1873) 5002:Gammeltoft (2010) pp. 482, 486 4148:Ecclesiastical History of Bede 3605: 3596: 3581: 3558: 3543: 3510: 3501: 3482: 3259: 2636: 2338:The 7th century abbot of Iona 1690:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba 1359:The Ravenna name may refer to 737:at the end of the 11th century 1: 9326:Germanic substrate hypothesis 9182: 7479:extinct or ancestor languages 6191: 5711: 5589:Thomson, William P.L. (2008) 5454:Mac an Tàilleir, Iain (2003) 5445:Place-names in Islay and Jura 5336:. Stroud. The History Press. 4760:Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 104 4566:. Batsford. pp. 410–411. 4492:Mac an Tàilleir, Iain (2003) 4043:(2007) pp. 484-85 drawing on 3898:Dictionnaire de noms de lieux 3247: 3237:Goidelic substrate hypothesis 3144:does have, a Brythonic root. 2548:takes its name from P-Celtic 2478:Brythonic & Pictish names 794:islands of the Firth of Clyde 735:Kingdom of Mann and the Isles 625:called the islands of Orkney 399:Scottish travelling community 9356:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law 8047:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch 6631: 6567: 5429:Jones, Charles (ed.) (1997) 5224:National Records of Scotland 4984:King and Cotter (2012) p. 4 4721:Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 89 4502:. Retrieved 26 August 2012. 4248:Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith 3724:Scottish National Dictionary 2916:Summary of inhabited islands 2614:inscriptions such as on the 2508:. The name may derive from 2486:may have a British root and 2418:for "wide island" or Gaelic 2297:and means "shoulder-straps" 1528:records use the name Manaw. 747: 617:. This may have referred to 579:led to life in this part of 7: 9336:High German consonant shift 6792: 6396: 6352:Scottish Islands Federation 6283: 5990: 5922:Zenith of Iron Age Shetland 5904:Standing Stones of Stenness 5528:Omand, Donald (ed.) (2006) 5514:Omand, Donald (ed.) (2003) 5473:Alexander Gardner. Paisley. 5464:. Retrieved 26 August 2012. 5014:Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 515 4751:Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 138 4691:Gammeltoft (2010) pp. 19-20 3630:Forsyth, Katherine (1997). 3227:Origin of names of St Kilda 3205: 2445:to refer to the Picts, the 2327:was recorded by Ptolemy as 1168:"Tir iath" is 6th century. 564:. At a much later date the 277: English-speaking zone 10: 9481: 7874:Westlauwers–Terschellings 7527:According to contemporary 5406:Scottish Historical Review 5355:Gammeltoft, Peder (2010) " 5318:Caldwell, David H. (2011) 4843:Watson (1994) pp. 365, 369 4648:Broderick (2013) pp. 20-21 4380:Broderick (2013) pp. 13-14 3517:Henderson, Jon C. (2007). 2414:may be from the Old Norse 1511:Mona/Monopia/Mevania etc. 957:Suðureyjar/Suðreyiar etc. 585:Norse settlers in Scotland 181:Vasconic substratum theory 9418: 9369: 9293: 9262: 9194: 9190: 9177: 9126: 9099: 9053:Southern Schleswig Danish 8984: 8865: 8821: 8812: 8808: 8791: 8632: 8575: 8463: 8454: 8359: 8331: 8290: 8281: 8256: 8238: 8149: 8121: 8095: 8086: 8037: 7950: 7925: 7916: 7855: 7750: 7699: 7674: 7665: 7561: 7552: 7548: 7535: 7525: 7472: 7427: 7380: 7357: 7294:? (possibly hypothetical) 7282: 7198: 7176: 7135: 7112: 7094: 7083: 7074: 6999: 6981: 6917: 6846: 6818: 6802: 6798: 6787: 6703: 6677: 6641: 6637: 6626: 6595:Comhairle nan Eilean Siar 6573: 6562: 6521: 6488: 6447: 6406: 6402: 6391: 6360: 6337:Community Energy Scotland 6329: 6293: 6289: 6278: 6234: 6201: 6197: 6186: 6128: 6102: 6079: 6051: 6023: 6000: 5996: 5985: 5947:Prehistoric Western Isles 5946: 5912: 5868: 5864: 5853: 5842: 5800: 5758: 5721: 5717: 5706: 5591:The New History of Orkney 5575:Thompson, Francis (1968) 5506:O'Clery, Michael (1864). 5449:Scottish Natural Heritage 5394:. Edinburgh. Mainstream. 5258:Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 4 4891:Gammeltoft (2010) pp. 8-9 4439:Youngson (2001) pp. 73-74 4140:Plummer, Carolus (2003). 4046:Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar 3977:Youngson (2001) pp. 65-67 3782:Youngson (2001) pp. 63-67 3507:Clarkson (2008) pp. 30-34 2705:slurry, and "keero" from 2661:in modern Scots/English. 2625:also records the name of 1144:Also Kollr in Old Norse. 69:names, a few that are of 43:names of Scottish islands 9331:West Germanic gemination 9285:Ancient Belgian language 9280:Germanic parent language 9224:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) 8346:Austrian Standard German 7540: 6585:Shetland Islands Council 6545:West Highland Free Press 5373:. Edinburgh: Canongate. 4861:Hunter (2000) pp. 44, 49 4832:"The Life of Saint Serf" 4822:Watson (1994) pp. 381-82 4778:Haswell-Smith 2004 p. 11 4407:Gammeltoft (2010) p. 18. 4213:Broderick (2013) pp. 8-9 4118:. Retrieved 3 July 2009. 4062:unless otherwise stated. 3617:The Problem of the Picts 3417:Scottish islands by area 3242:Insular Celtic languages 1703:refers to the island as 1693:refers to the island of 816:meaning "seal islands". 61:most place names have a 7302:? (possibly related to 6925:Highland Boundary Fault 6838:Yesnaby Sandstone Group 6508:Free Church of Scotland 6475:Orkney Heritage Society 5654:Youngson, Peter (2001) 5618:. First published 1926. 5457:Ainmean-àite/Placenames 4936:Thomson (2008) p. 24-27 4804:Issue 12 pp. 2183-2220 4682:Gammeltoft (2010) p. 17 4552:Mackenzie (1906) p. 203 4495:Ainmean-àite/Placenames 4335:Watson (1994) pp. 84-86 4016:Gammeltoft (2010) p. 21 3938:Ptolemy: the Geography. 3871:Watson (1994) pp. 40–41 3722:Grant, William (1931) 2888:is an anglicisation of 2873:in the Inner Hebrides. 2748:Scots and English names 2552:, meaning "homestead". 2408:) is similarly unclear. 936:Possibly references to 513:historically spoken in 414:North Germanic language 136:and the authors of the 93:, sub-divided into the 9465:Place name etymologies 9392:Preterite-present verb 9275:Proto-Germanic grammar 9229:North Sea (Ingvaeonic) 8341:German Standard German 8017:East Frisian Low Saxon 7464:Welsh-medium education 7114:Southwestern Brittonic 6590:Orkney Islands Council 6429:Shetland Amenity Trust 6225:Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba 6089:Buckquoy spindle-whorl 5658:. Edinburgh. Birlinn. 5625:. Edinburgh. Birlinn. 5610:. Edinburgh. Birlinn. 5593:. Edinburgh. Birlinn. 5565:Sandnes, Berit (2010) 5556:Sandnes, Berit (2003) 5532:. Edinburgh. Birlinn. 5518:. Edinburgh. Birlinn. 5322:. Edinburgh. Birlinn. 5188:. Royal Mail Group Ltd 5072:"Isle of Gigha/Giogha" 4927:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 25 4742:Mac an Tàilleir (2003) 4700:Gammeltoft (2010) p. 9 4621:Anderson (1873) p. 124 4580:Koch, John T. (2006). 4344:Broderick (2013) p. 10 4150:]. Gorgias Press. 4128:"The Origin of Orkney" 4112: 3897: 3854: 3525:. Routledge. pp. 2791: 2752:In the context of the 2674: 2653:for "island" becoming 2584: 2270: 1751: 1652:) in the Hebrides and 822:Island or Archipelago 788:, which comprised the 738: 721: 713: 697: 677: 669: 658: 652: 627: 549: 544: 500:autochthonous language 488:West Germanic language 444: 289: 164: 117:in Scotland including 38: 9397:Grammatischer Wechsel 8380:Namibian Black German 8351:Swiss Standard German 8320:Early New High German 7878:Mainland West Frisian 7739:Harlingerland Frisian 7441:Skol Veythrin Karenza 7381:Celtic-speaking areas 7306:or pre-Indo-European) 6859:Great Estuarine Group 6731:North Ronaldsay sheep 6424:Peerie Willie Johnson 6209:Scottish island names 6103:18th and 19th Century 6053:Lordship of the Isles 6033:Scandinavian Scotland 5332:Clarkson, Tim (2008) 5240:(Report). SG/2013/126 4639:Broderick (2013) p. 7 4612:Caldwell (2011) p. 25 4421:Youngson (2001) p. 67 4311:O'Clery (1864) p. 105 4270:Youngson (2013) p. 65 3709:Neat, Timothy (2002) 3691:Clarkson (2008) p. 10 3682:Clarkson (2008) p. 31 3459:database of addresses 3212:Languages of Scotland 2786: 2672: 2590:Bridei I of the Picts 2558: 2546:Dumfries and Galloway 2256: 1763:Fitzpatrick-Matthews 1744: 904:also referred to the 900:The Anglo-Saxon monk 732: 538: 438: 365:, are descended from 312:'s early 8th-century 251: 160: 21: 9402:Indo-European ablaut 9382:Germanic strong verb 9351:Germanic spirant law 8488:Southeast Limburgish 7984:Gelders-Overijssels 7613:Irish Middle English 7603:Early Modern English 6918:Islands of the Clyde 6704:Domesticated animals 6664:St Kilda field mouse 6460:Peter Maxwell Davies 6025:Kingdom of the Isles 5914:Prehistoric Shetland 5813:Islands of the Forth 5808:Islands of the Clyde 5656:Jura: Island of Deer 5636:Woolf, Alex (2007). 5498:Murray, W.H. (1973) 5495:. London. Heinemann. 5370:The Scottish Islands 5334:The Picts: A History 4909:Watson (1994) p. 104 4852:Watson (1994) p. 358 4673:Murray (1973) p. 263 4588:. ABC-CLIO. p. 3998:Broderick (2013) p.6 3573:. ABC-CLIO. p. 3153:Islands of the Forth 3114:Islands of the Clyde 2934:Islands of the Forth 2930:Islands of the Clyde 2621:In the 14th century 2561:islands of the Clyde 2301:is "corn-stack" and 1605:are unexplained and 1079:Kanna in Old Norse. 430:Kingdom of the Isles 357:, along with modern 9460:Islands of Scotland 9370:Synchronic features 9341:Germanic a-mutation 9294:Diachronic features 8644:in the broad sense 8577:East Central German 8531:Lorraine Franconian 8505:Transylvanian Saxon 8465:West Central German 8240:East Low Franconian 8150:West Low Franconian 7453:Bunscoill Ghaelgagh 7428:Immersive education 6874:Lorne plateau lavas 6721:Hebridean Blackface 6513:Iain Crichton Smith 6455:George Mackay Brown 6342:Crofters Commission 6043:Bishop of the Isles 5700:Islands of Scotland 5549:Ross, David (2007) 5462:Pàrlamaid na h-Alba 5273:The Orkneyinga Saga 4993:Watson (1994) p. 93 4957:Sandnes (2010) p. 9 4918:Sandnes (2003) p 14 4900:Sandnes (2010) p. 8 4870:Watson (1994) p. 65 4813:Watson (1994) p. 97 4787:Watson (1994) p. 67 4730:Watson (1994) p. 45 4525:Watson (1994) p. 64 4500:Pàrlamaid na h-Alba 4371:Watson (1994) p. 72 4302:Watson (1994) p. 95 4261:Watson (1994) p. 39 4186:Watson (1994) p. 41 4170:Watson (1994) p. 40 4107:14 May 2011 at the 4080:Watson (1994) p. 30 3926:Watson (1994) p. 37 3885:Watson (1994) p. 38 3602:Watson (1994) p. 71 3565:Koch, John (2006). 3406:in the 9th century. 3347:has been suggested. 3300:Bishop of the Isles 2790:from the north west 2657:in Gaelic and then 2532:in the Forth, with 2438:Acallam na Senórach 2249:Pre-Celtic remnants 1748:Ravenna Cosmography 1536:Ravenna Cosmography 567:Ravenna Cosmography 243:Brythonic languages 218:. It is a form of 214:language spoken in 130:Classical antiquity 26:inscription on the 9387:Germanic weak verb 9196:Language subgroups 8546:Pennsylvania Dutch 8495:Moselle Franconian 8473:Central Franconian 8306:Middle High German 8057:Central Pomeranian 8012:Northern Low Saxon 7725:Wangerooge Frisian 7519:Germanic languages 7406:Cape Breton Island 7242:Early Modern Irish 7002:Continental Celtic 6695:Shetland Mouse-ear 6480:St Magnus Festival 5870:Prehistoric Orkney 5818:Freshwater Islands 5283:. Stroud. Tempus. 5265:General references 5226:(15 August 2013). 4945:Woolf (2007) p. 57 4630:Hudson (1998) p. 9 4089:Watson (1994) p. 7 3791:Woolf (2006) p. 94 3741:Gregg R.J. (1972) 3729:2012-01-21 at the 3711:The Summer Walkers 3554:. CMCS. p. 1. 3222:Etymology of Gigha 3217:Etymology of Arran 3140:probably has, and 3101:The derivation of 2792: 2681:is referred to in 2675: 2585: 2563:. The largest are 2506:Life of Saint Serf 2457:, (Unified Basque 2271: 2269:highlighted in red 1752: 1501:is "not obvious". 1405:Aru, Arann, Arran 763:is presumed to be 739: 550: 445: 393:is a Gaelic-based 383:Scottish Highlands 302:Kenneth H. Jackson 290: 165: 39: 9455:Scottish toponymy 9442: 9441: 9427:extinct languages 9414: 9413: 9410: 9409: 9361:Great Vowel Shift 9173: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9122: 9121: 8968:Greenlandic Norse 8787: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8718:Southern Bavarian 8701:Northern Bavarian 8677:Highest Alemannic 8628: 8627: 8362:standard variants 8277: 8276: 8123:Standard variants 8082: 8081: 7941:Middle Low German 7912: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7712:Saterland Frisian 7485: 7484: 7278: 7277: 7194: 7193: 7137:Western Brittonic 7026:Cisalpine Gaulish 6941: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6884:Moine Thrust Belt 6864:Hebridean Terrane 6820:Geology of Orkney 6783: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6690:Scottish Primrose 6622: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6578:Local authorities 6558: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6496:Compton Mackenzie 6465:F. Marian McNeill 6387: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6274: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6081:Earldom of Orkney 5981: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5647:978-0-7486-1234-5 5599:978-1-84158-696-0 5477:Monro, Sir Donald 5425:978-0-9512573-7-1 5380:978-1-84195-454-7 5342:978-0-7524-4392-8 5328:978-1-84158-961-9 5297:. Leiden. Brill. 5162:. Ordnance Survey 5140:. Ordnance Survey 5118:. Ordnance Survey 5096:. Ordnance Survey 5074:. Ordnance Survey 5052:. Ordnance Survey 4599:978-1-85109-440-0 4389:Ross (2007) p. 44 4362:Ross (2007) p. 89 4288:Ross (2007) p. 77 4204:Ross (2007) p. 92 4157:978-1-59333-028-6 3203: 3202: 3005:Shetland Mainland 2882:Horse of Copinsay 2788:Horse of Copinsay 2771:Muckle Green Holm 2431:The etymology of 2385:etymology of Skye 2293:is the plural of 2221: 2220: 1745:Map based on the 1532: 1531: 1055:Sceth, Scii etc. 960:Erdomon/Iardomon 869:The location of " 856:Haemodae/Acmodae 577:monastery on Iona 479:English and Scots 426:Earldom of Orkney 345:that arrived via 343:Goidelic language 306:Katherine Forsyth 298:Early Middle Ages 9472: 9219:Elbe (Irminonic) 9192: 9191: 9179: 9178: 9107:Mainland Gutnish 8997:Swedish dialects 8959:Middle Icelandic 8933:Middle Norwegian 8822:Historical forms 8819: 8818: 8810: 8809: 8793: 8792: 8752:South Franconian 8738:Hutterite German 8706:Central Bavarian 8526:Rhine Franconian 8461: 8460: 8291:Historical forms 8288: 8287: 8203:Surinamese Dutch 8096:Historical forms 8093: 8092: 7926:Historical forms 7923: 7922: 7675:Historical forms 7672: 7671: 7559: 7558: 7550: 7549: 7537: 7536: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7489: 7488: 7267:Galwegian Gaelic 7248:Classical Gaelic 7209:Classical Gaelic 7103:Common Brittonic 7092: 7091: 7081: 7080: 6975:Celtic languages 6968: 6961: 6954: 6945: 6944: 6879:Moine Supergroup 6869:Lewisian complex 6810:Geopark Shetland 6800: 6799: 6789: 6788: 6685:Arran whitebeams 6639: 6638: 6628: 6627: 6600:Highland Council 6575: 6574: 6564: 6563: 6470:Kirkwall Ba game 6404: 6403: 6393: 6392: 6291: 6290: 6280: 6279: 6199: 6198: 6188: 6187: 6115:Jacobite risings 5998: 5997: 5987: 5986: 5954:Callanish Stones 5866: 5865: 5855: 5854: 5848: 5823:Outlying Islands 5719: 5718: 5708: 5707: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5651: 5511: 5384: 5352: 5303:97890-04-15893-1 5259: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5239: 5232: 5220: 5214: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5160:"Isle of Raasay" 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5003: 5000: 4994: 4991: 4985: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4967: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4946: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4871: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4814: 4811: 4805: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4731: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4665: 4659:Northern Studies 4655: 4649: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4587: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4512: 4509: 4503: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4466: 4459: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4408: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4312: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4289: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4246: 4231: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4187: 4184: 4171: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4117: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4017: 4014: 3999: 3996: 3987: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3942: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3903: 3900: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3872: 3869: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3820: 3817: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3739: 3733: 3720: 3714: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3671: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3638: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3613:Jackson, Kenneth 3609: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3572: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3524: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3486: 3470: 3447: 3441: 3430: 3424: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3375: 3369: 3354: 3348: 3341: 3335: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3273: 3267: 3263: 2946: 2945: 2941:Lewis and Harris 2859:Barrel of Butter 2828:Eilean Mhealasta 2769:in Shetland and 2665:Gaelic influence 2616:Lunnasting stone 1766:Rivet and Smith 1754: 1753: 1700:Book of Leinster 1664:is probably the 1624:circa 1300, see 938:Lewis and Harris 887:Orcades insulae 819: 818: 750: 733:Location of the 724: 716: 710:, use the forms 700: 680: 672: 661: 655: 630: 589:Scottish history 547: 454:. Together with 439:Areas where the 341:Old Gaelic is a 294:Pictish language 282: 276: 266: 256: 239:Cumbric language 206:Celtic languages 177:Celtic languages 67:English language 49:language in the 28:Lunnasting stone 9480: 9479: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9438: 9406: 9365: 9346:Germanic umlaut 9311:Holtzmann's law 9289: 9258: 9186: 9165: 9118: 9095: 9029:South Jutlandic 9014:Danish dialects 8980: 8861: 8804: 8775: 8757:East Franconian 8711:Viennese German 8624: 8605:Silesian German 8571: 8560:Central Hessian 8450: 8375:Namibian German 8364: 8355: 8333:Standard German 8327: 8313:New High German 8299:Old High German 8273: 8252: 8234: 8145: 8117: 8078: 8062:East Pomeranian 8052:Brandenburgisch 8039:East Low German 8033: 7960:Dutch Low Saxon 7952:West Low German 7946: 7904: 7870:Schiermonnikoog 7851: 7746: 7732:Wursten Frisian 7695: 7661: 7544: 7531: 7521: 7516: 7486: 7481: 7468: 7423: 7376: 7367:Beurla Reagaird 7353: 7291:Ancient Belgian 7274: 7261:Scottish Gaelic 7221:Primitive Irish 7190: 7172: 7131: 7108: 7087: 7070: 6995: 6977: 6972: 6942: 6929: 6913: 6842: 6814: 6794: 6775: 6746:Shetland cattle 6699: 6673: 6633: 6614: 6605:Argyll and Bute 6569: 6550: 6517: 6484: 6443: 6398: 6379: 6356: 6325: 6285: 6266: 6230: 6193: 6174: 6137:Orkneyinga Saga 6124: 6120:Flora MacDonald 6098: 6075: 6061:Treaty of Perth 6047: 6019: 5992: 5973: 5964:Rubha an Dùnain 5942: 5908: 5894:Ring of Brodgar 5889:Ness of Brodgar 5860: 5849: 5832: 5796: 5754: 5713: 5702: 5697: 5648: 5623:The Argyll Book 5544:Historic Argyll 5530:The Argyll Book 5516:The Orkney Book 5381: 5351:. Academia.edu. 5262: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5221: 5217: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5189: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5143: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5029:Ordnance Survey 5025:"Isle of Arran" 5023: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4769:Rae (2011) p. 9 4768: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4578: 4571: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4460: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4247: 4234: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4109:Wayback Machine 4099:Pokorny, Julius 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4059:Orkneyinga saga 4052:Magnus Barefoot 4038: 4034: 4029: 4020: 4015: 4002: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3945: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3906: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3875: 3870: 3863: 3842: 3838: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3740: 3736: 3731:Wayback Machine 3721: 3717: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3586: 3582: 3563: 3559: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3473: 3451:Ordnance Survey 3448: 3444: 3431: 3427: 3414: 3410: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3376: 3372: 3355: 3351: 3342: 3338: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3208: 2918: 2824:Eilean Macaskin 2820:Mealista Island 2816:Island Macaskin 2761:and appears in 2750: 2667: 2639: 2480: 2251: 2233: 2158:Little Cumbrae 1874:and River Awe? 1837:Desert Island? 1731:Félire Óengusso 1721: 1662:Barreyarfjorder 1654:Saltíri, Satíri 1334:Doiread Eilinn 1308:Oidech/Aithche 1291:Ili, Ilea, Ile 990:Leodus, Lyodus 950:Hebudes/Ebudes 906:Orcades insulae 664:Natural History 648:Natural History 641:Pliny the Elder 533: 481: 407: 391:Beurla-reagaird 371:Primitive Irish 355:Scottish Gaelic 288: 280: 278: 274: 272: 264: 262: 254: 208: 185:language family 155: 153:Early languages 150: 47:Scottish Gaelic 12: 11: 5: 9478: 9468: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9436: 9429: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9373: 9371: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9297: 9295: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9270:Proto-Germanic 9266: 9264: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9249: 9242: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9211: 9206: 9200: 9198: 9188: 9187: 9175: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9167: 9166: 9164: 9163: 9156: 9149: 9145:Crimean Gothic 9134: 9132: 9124: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9116: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9100: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9081: 9080: 9079: 9072: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9033: 9032: 9031: 9021: 9019:Insular Danish 9016: 9006: 9005: 9004: 9002:Rinkebysvenska 8999: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8971: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8955: 8943: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8929: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8869: 8867: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8859: 8858: 8857: 8850: 8848:Old East Norse 8845: 8843:Old West Norse 8833: 8825: 8823: 8816: 8806: 8805: 8789: 8788: 8785: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8773: 8766: 8765: 8764: 8754: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8723:South Tyrolean 8715: 8714: 8713: 8703: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8686: 8685: 8684: 8674: 8673: 8672: 8665:High Alemannic 8662: 8661: 8660: 8655: 8638: 8636: 8630: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8581: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8552: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8533: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8517: 8507: 8502: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8469: 8467: 8458: 8456:Central German 8452: 8451: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8446: 8441: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8414: 8409: 8408: 8407: 8397: 8395:Barossa German 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8371: 8369: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8337: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8309: 8302: 8294: 8292: 8285: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8260: 8258: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8244: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8232: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8174:French Flemish 8166: 8165: 8164: 8153: 8151: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8133: 8127: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8099: 8097: 8090: 8088:Low Franconian 8084: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8043: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8009: 8008: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7990: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7956: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7937: 7929: 7927: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7889:Westereendersk 7883: 7872: 7867: 7861: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7835: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7823: 7820: 7812: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7775: 7767: 7756: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7705: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7690:Middle Frisian 7686: 7678: 7676: 7669: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7650: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7629: 7622: 7610: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7596:Modern English 7592: 7589:Middle English 7585: 7578: 7567: 7565: 7556: 7546: 7545: 7533: 7532: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7515: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7492: 7483: 7482: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7391: 7388:Lower Brittany 7384: 7382: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7363: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7348:Paleo-Hispanic 7339: 7327: 7315: 7307: 7295: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7212: 7204: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7161: 7149: 7141: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7118: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7098: 7096: 7089: 7078: 7076:Insular Celtic 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7045: 7035:Hispano-Celtic 7031: 7030: 7029: 7015: 7007: 7005: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6971: 6970: 6963: 6956: 6948: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6894:Rhinns complex 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6854:Colonsay Group 6850: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6833:Orcadian Basin 6830: 6824: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6806: 6804: 6796: 6795: 6785: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6761:Shetland sheep 6758: 6753: 6751:Shetland Goose 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6707: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6649:Fair Isle wren 6645: 6643: 6635: 6634: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6610:North Ayrshire 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6581: 6579: 6571: 6570: 6560: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6541: 6539:Sorley MacLean 6536: 6531: 6525: 6523: 6522:Inner Hebrides 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6502:Fèis Bharraigh 6498: 6492: 6490: 6489:Outer Hebrides 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6410: 6408: 6400: 6399: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6366: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6295: 6287: 6286: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6221: 6216: 6214:Northern Isles 6211: 6205: 6203: 6195: 6194: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6164: 6156: 6148: 6140: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6085: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6057: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6006: 6004: 5994: 5993: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5969:Dun Nosebridge 5966: 5961: 5956: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5928:Broch of Mousa 5925: 5918: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5874: 5872: 5862: 5861: 5851: 5850: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5780:Inner Hebrides 5777: 5776: 5775: 5768:Outer Hebrides 5764: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5727: 5725: 5723:Northern Isles 5715: 5714: 5704: 5703: 5696: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5652: 5646: 5633: 5619: 5601: 5587: 5573: 5563: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5526: 5512: 5503: 5496: 5486: 5474: 5466: 5465: 5452: 5441: 5427: 5413: 5402: 5385: 5379: 5364: 5353: 5344: 5330: 5316: 5305: 5291: 5277: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5251: 5215: 5199: 5186:Powered By Paf 5173: 5151: 5138:"Isle of Skye" 5129: 5116:"Isle of Noss" 5107: 5094:"Isle of Mull" 5085: 5063: 5050:"Isle of Bute" 5041: 5016: 5004: 4995: 4986: 4977: 4968: 4959: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4920: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4884: 4872: 4863: 4854: 4845: 4836: 4824: 4815: 4806: 4789: 4780: 4771: 4762: 4753: 4744: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4702: 4693: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4650: 4641: 4632: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4598: 4569: 4554: 4545: 4536: 4527: 4513: 4504: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4313: 4304: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4232: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4172: 4163: 4156: 4132: 4120: 4091: 4082: 4073: 4064: 4032: 4018: 4000: 3988: 3979: 3943: 3928: 3904: 3887: 3873: 3861: 3851:. Chapter 10. 3836: 3821: 3793: 3784: 3768: 3756: 3747: 3734: 3715: 3702: 3693: 3684: 3672: 3659: 3645: 3622: 3604: 3595: 3580: 3557: 3542: 3535: 3509: 3500: 3498:Part 2, p. 318 3480: 3479: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3442: 3425: 3408: 3395: 3383: 3370: 3362:Hinbina insula 3349: 3336: 3326:of AD 98 3313: 3304: 3290: 3281: 3268: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3105:is not clear. 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3082:Inner Hebrides 3078: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3055:Outer Hebrides 3051: 3050: 3047: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3008: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2965:Scots/English 2963: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2926:Northern Isles 2917: 2914: 2878:Calf of Flotta 2865:in Orkney and 2863:Old Man of Hoy 2754:Northern Isles 2749: 2746: 2666: 2663: 2638: 2635: 2623:John of Fordun 2595:Norse-speaking 2577:Little Cumbrae 2530:Cramond Island 2502:Firth of Forth 2492:Little Cumbrae 2479: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2429: 2423: 2409: 2400:The origin of 2398: 2388: 2381: 2359: 2336: 2257:Shetland with 2250: 2247: 2232: 2229: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2141: 2140:Great Cumbrae 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2006: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1983: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1869: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1840:Desert Island 1838: 1835: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1783: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1720: 1717: 1685:Innisib Solian 1678:Firth of Forth 1666:Sound of Barra 1626:Northern Isles 1542:is the modern 1538:. He believes 1530: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1435:Little Cumbrae 1431: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402:Herray/Hersey 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1264: 1263:Eilean Orain? 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1222: 1221: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1099: 1098:Ruim, Ruiminn 1096: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1046:Scitis/Scetis 1044: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1000: 994: 993: 991: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 972: 971: 961: 958: 955: 953: 951: 948: 946:Inner Hebrides 942: 941: 934: 931: 929: 927: 925: 922: 920:Outer Hebrides 916: 915: 898: 895: 892: 890: 888: 885: 879: 878: 867: 864: 861: 859: 857: 854: 848: 847: 844: 841: 836: 833: 826: 823: 804:meaning. Thus 623:Pomponius Mela 532: 531:Earliest names 529: 496:Scots language 492:modern variant 480: 477: 441:Scots language 406: 405:Norse and Norn 403: 279: 273: 263: 253: 234:, and the now 220:Insular Celtic 207: 204: 193:Theo Vennemann 162:Rodney's stone 154: 151: 149: 148:Main languages 146: 107:Firth of Forth 103:Firth of Clyde 99:Outer Hebrides 95:Inner Hebrides 59:Northern Isles 55:Firth of Clyde 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9477: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9434: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9417: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9377:Germanic verb 9375: 9374: 9372: 9368: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9316:Sievers's law 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9263:Reconstructed 9261: 9255: 9254: 9250: 9248: 9247: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9236: 9235: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9216: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9180: 9176: 9162: 9161: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9141: 9140: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9125: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9101: 9098: 9090: 9087: 9086: 9085: 9082: 9078: 9077: 9076:Middle Danish 9073: 9071: 9070: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9034: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9010: 9007: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8977: 8976: 8972: 8970: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8960: 8956: 8954: 8953: 8952:Old Icelandic 8949: 8948: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8935: 8934: 8930: 8928: 8927: 8926:Old Norwegian 8923: 8920: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8875: 8874: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8864: 8856: 8855: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8794: 8790: 8772: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8744: 8743:Gottscheerish 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8716: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8698: 8697: 8694: 8690: 8687: 8683: 8682:Walser German 8680: 8679: 8678: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8666: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8648:Low Alemannic 8646: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8631: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8610:High Prussian 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8595:Erzgebirgisch 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8568: 8565: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8556: 8553: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8524: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8500:Luxembourgish 8498: 8497: 8496: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8453: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8438:Klezmer-loshn 8435: 8433: 8432:Scots Yiddish 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8303: 8301: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8270: 8269:Meuse-Rhenish 8267: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8255: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8197: 8196:Kleverlandish 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8167: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8157:Central Dutch 8155: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8120: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8085: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8018: 8015: 8014: 8013: 8010: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7965:Stellingwarfs 7963: 7962: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7942: 7938: 7936: 7935: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7899: 7896: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7885:Wood Frisian 7884: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7752:North Frisian 7749: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7734: 7733: 7729: 7727: 7726: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7649: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7630: 7628: 7627: 7623: 7621: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7554:Anglo-Frisian 7551: 7547: 7543: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7520: 7513: 7508: 7506: 7501: 7499: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7426: 7419: 7418:Y Fro Gymraeg 7416: 7413: 7412:Gàidhealtachd 7410: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7349: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7269: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7243: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095:Reconstructed 7093: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7027: 7023: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982:Reconstructed 6980: 6976: 6969: 6964: 6962: 6957: 6955: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6790: 6786: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6756:Shetland pony 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6711:Cairn Terrier 6709: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6669:St Kilda wren 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6659:Shetland wren 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6629: 6625: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6565: 6561: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6419:Thomas Fraser 6417: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6390: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6277: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6185: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5984: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5852: 5847: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5689: 5687: 5682: 5680: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5665: 5664:1-84158-136-4 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5632: 5631:1-84158-480-0 5628: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5616:1-84158-323-5 5613: 5609: 5605: 5604:Watson, W. J. 5602: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5586: 5585:0-7153-4260-6 5582: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5539: 5538:1-84158-480-0 5535: 5531: 5527: 5525: 5524:1-84158-254-9 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5489:Murray, W. H. 5487: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5440: 5439:0-7486-0754-4 5436: 5432: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5401: 5400:1-84018-376-4 5397: 5393: 5389: 5388:Hunter, James 5386: 5382: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5290: 5289:0-7524-2517-X 5286: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5255: 5236: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5161: 5155: 5139: 5133: 5117: 5111: 5095: 5089: 5073: 5067: 5051: 5045: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5011: 5009: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4972: 4963: 4954: 4952: 4942: 4933: 4924: 4915: 4906: 4897: 4888: 4879: 4877: 4867: 4858: 4849: 4840: 4833: 4828: 4819: 4810: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4737: 4727: 4718: 4711: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4670: 4663: 4660: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4576: 4574: 4565: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4508: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4465:(2007) p. 487 4464: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4436: 4427: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4308: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4285: 4276: 4267: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4167: 4159: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4136: 4129: 4124: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4036: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3983: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3940: 3939: 3935:Thayer, Bill 3932: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3901: 3899: 3891: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3858: 3856: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3788: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3765: 3760: 3751: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3677: 3669: 3663: 3648: 3646:90-802785-5-6 3642: 3635: 3634: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3599: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3571: 3570: 3561: 3553: 3546: 3538: 3536:9780415436427 3532: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3513: 3504: 3497: 3494:. Edinburgh, 3493: 3492: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3475: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3405: 3399: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3374: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3346: 3340: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3317: 3308: 3301: 3294: 3285: 3278: 3272: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3142:Great Cumbrae 3139: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2871:Bottle Island 2868: 2867:Maiden Island 2864: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2796:Great Bernera 2789: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2775:Muckle Skerry 2772: 2768: 2767:Muckle Flugga 2764: 2760: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2714:Gàidhealtachd 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2591: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2364:is Ptolemy's 2363: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1922:Loch Ailort? 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1794:Shiant Isles 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1757:Ravenna Name 1756: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1743: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1716: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1687:found in the 1686: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1413:Great Cumbrae 1411: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1363:, off Gigha. 1362: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1329:Saine/Sainea 1328: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1159:Ethica Terra 1158: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1003: 1001: 999: 996: 995: 992: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 977: 974: 973: 969: 966: 962: 959: 956: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 943: 939: 935: 932: 930: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 917: 913: 912: 907: 903: 899: 896: 893: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 880: 876: 872: 868: 865: 863:Hetlandensis 862: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 849: 845: 842: 840: 837: 834: 832: 831: 827: 824: 821: 820: 817: 815: 811: 807: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 778: 776: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 745:is Ptolemy's 744: 736: 731: 727: 725: 723: 717: 715: 709: 705: 701: 699: 693: 689: 685: 681: 679: 673: 671: 665: 660: 654: 649: 644: 642: 638: 634: 629: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 573: 569: 568: 563: 562:Ancient Greek 559: 555: 546: 541: 537: 528: 525: 523: 520:and parts of 519: 516: 512: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 476: 474: 473:Insular Scots 470: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 442: 437: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 339: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 316: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 287:speaking zone 286: 270: 260: 250: 246: 244: 240: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 203: 201: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 163: 159: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 79: 77: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 29: 25: 22:Undeciphered 20: 16: 9422: 9306:Verner's law 9251: 9246:Gotho-Nordic 9244: 9237: 9158: 9151: 9143: 9137: 9127: 9112:Fårö Gutnish 9074: 9067: 8973: 8966: 8957: 8950: 8931: 8924: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8835: 8828: 8768: 8670:Swiss German 8634:Upper German 8567:Amana German 8541:Volga German 8510:Hunsrückisch 8436: 8390:Unserdeutsch 8385:Berlinerisch 8318: 8311: 8304: 8297: 8257:Cover groups 8213:Mohawk Dutch 8208:Jersey Dutch 8186:East Flemish 8169:West Flemish 8113:Middle Dutch 8067:Low Prussian 7939: 7932: 7898:Terschelling 7882:Clay Frisian 7857:West Frisian 7845:Wiedingharde 7837: 7825: 7785:Heligolandic 7762: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7718: 7701:East Frisian 7688: 7681: 7654:Middle Scots 7652: 7645: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7612: 7601: 7594: 7587: 7580: 7474: 7346:? (possibly 7341: 7334:? (possibly 7329: 7322:? (possibly 7317: 7309: 7297: 7289: 7265: 7246: 7240: 7235:Middle Irish 7233: 7226: 7219: 7207: 7183: 7165:Middle Welsh 7163: 7156: 7144: 7101: 7063: 7056: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7000: 6990:Proto-Celtic 6988: 6726:Luing cattle 6716:Eriskay Pony 6543: 6529:Islay whisky 6500: 6362:Oil industry 6223: 6208: 6166: 6158: 6150: 6142: 6135: 5959:Dun Carloway 5938:Old Scatness 5655: 5637: 5622: 5607: 5590: 5576: 5569: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5529: 5515: 5499: 5493:The Hebrides 5492: 5481: 5470: 5456: 5444: 5430: 5416: 5409: 5405: 5391: 5369: 5360: 5333: 5319: 5312: 5308: 5294: 5280: 5272: 5254: 5242:. Retrieved 5218: 5210: 5207:Murray, W.H. 5202: 5190:. Retrieved 5185: 5176: 5164:. Retrieved 5154: 5142:. Retrieved 5132: 5120:. Retrieved 5110: 5098:. Retrieved 5088: 5076:. Retrieved 5066: 5054:. Retrieved 5044: 5032:. Retrieved 5019: 4998: 4989: 4980: 4971: 4962: 4941: 4932: 4923: 4914: 4905: 4896: 4887: 4866: 4857: 4848: 4839: 4827: 4818: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4726: 4717: 4705: 4696: 4687: 4678: 4669: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4644: 4635: 4626: 4617: 4608: 4583: 4563: 4557: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4507: 4494: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4462: 4435: 4426: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4349: 4340: 4307: 4284: 4275: 4266: 4257: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4166: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4123: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4057: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4035: 3982: 3937: 3931: 3895: 3890: 3852: 3848: 3839: 3787: 3759: 3750: 3742: 3737: 3718: 3710: 3705: 3696: 3687: 3667: 3662: 3650:. Retrieved 3632: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3592:. Cambridge. 3589: 3583: 3568: 3560: 3551: 3545: 3520: 3512: 3503: 3495: 3489: 3484: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3411: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3373: 3361: 3358:Hinba insula 3357: 3352: 3339: 3321: 3316: 3307: 3293: 3284: 3271: 3261: 2961:Scots Gaelic 2949:Archipelago 2938: 2919: 2906:Thieves Holm 2893: 2889: 2886:Brother Isle 2875: 2856: 2847: 2827: 2823: 2793: 2779: 2758: 2751: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2723: 2718:Ardnamurchan 2711: 2706: 2701:, meaning a 2698: 2686: 2678: 2676: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2620: 2602: 2598:Gall-Ghaeils 2586: 2549: 2533: 2525: 2522:Innis Cheith 2521: 2517: 2513: 2510:Innis Cheith 2509: 2505: 2496: 2481: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2404:(Old Norse: 2394: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2347: 2332: 2328: 2317: 2315: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2272: 2240: 2237:Donald Monro 2234: 2231:Modern names 2224: 2222: 2210:Isle of Man 2205: 2189: 2183:River Kenwyn 2176:Ailsa Craig 2171: 2153: 2135: 2120: 2104: 2087: 2069: 2054: 2037: 2017: 2008: 1995: 1975: 1960: 1945: 1929: 1914: 1899: 1882: 1863: 1857:River Severn 1845: 1829: 1814: 1789: 1771: 1746: 1735: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1713: 1707:for AD 568. 1704: 1698: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1669: 1661: 1660:. The Norse 1653: 1645: 1637: 1629: 1619: 1614: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1590: 1588: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1547: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1498: 1494: 1266: 1019:Shiant Isles 967: 933:Domon/Doman 909: 905: 828: 813: 809: 805: 802: 781: 779: 773: 768: 760: 752: 740: 719: 711: 703: 695: 675: 667: 663: 647: 645: 614: 601: 565: 551: 526: 482: 446: 408: 377:alphabet in 367:Middle Irish 340: 336: 313: 291: 269:Norse-Gaelic 209: 197: 173:Proto-Celtic 166: 138:Irish annals 127: 111:Solway Firth 80: 42: 40: 15: 9321:Kluge's law 9301:Grimm's law 9084:Dalecarlian 9063:Perkerdansk 9036:East Danish 8854:Old Gutnish 8830:Proto-Norse 8770:Langobardic 8762:Vogtlandian 8590:Upper Saxon 8444:Lachoudisch 8405:Lotegorisch 8283:High German 8029:Westphalian 8024:Eastphalian 7988:Achterhooks 7865:Hindeloopen 7800:Bökingharde 7769:Föhr–Amrum 7683:Old Frisian 7647:Early Scots 7582:Old English 7088:(Brythonic) 7042:Celtiberian 6909:Torridonian 6654:Orkney vole 6434:Up Helly Aa 5412:. Issue 204 5182:"PAF Stats" 3666:Bede (731) 3463:W.H. Murray 3345:Phonenician 3044:South Walls 3042:in origin. 2952:Pre-Celtic 2910:Little Holm 2890:breiðare-øy 2840:Ailsa Craig 2836:Small Isles 2832:Holy Island 2812:Isle Martin 2808:Isle of May 2804:Isle of Ewe 2800:Rysa Little 2777:in Orkney. 2683:early Irish 2637:Norse names 2242:Description 2096:Loch Linnhe 2076:Garvellachs 2010:Aquae Sulis 2001:Holy Island 1940:River Eden 1877:River Avon 1674:Isle of May 1622:Norse sagas 1611:Nave Island 1580:Garvellachs 1552:Holy Island 1522:Manau/Mano 1455:Ailsa Craig 1210:Eyin helga 1139:Kolbeinsey 798:Isle of Man 619:Dunnet Head 556:authors in 418:Scandinavia 119:Loch Lomond 115:fresh water 41:The modern 30:found near 9449:Categories 9153:Burgundian 9069:Old Danish 9058:Gøtudanskt 9041:Bornholmsk 8903:Vestlandsk 8883:Kebabnorsk 8620:Halcnovian 8585:Thuringian 8248:Limburgish 8218:Stadsfries 8191:Brabantian 7918:Low German 7764:Eiderstedt 7619:Fingallian 7414:(Scotland) 7390:(Brittany) 7343:Tartessian 7319:Lusitanian 7049:Gallaecian 6828:Eday Group 6766:Soay sheep 6375:Sullom Voe 6129:Literature 6110:Clearances 5899:Skara Brae 5859:Prehistory 5828:Sea Stacks 3465:, and the 3455:Royal Mail 3248:References 3001:Papa Stour 2763:Muckle Roe 2679:Innse Chat 2514:Innis Coit 2463:Val d'Aran 2447:Cruithnigh 2197:Colonsay? 2162:South Uist 2144:North Uist 2070:Gra(n)dena 1419:Magnancia 1383:Bot, Bote 866:Insi Catt 825:Classical 506:. It is a 502:under the 422:Viking Age 324:Old Gaelic 169:Mesolithic 123:Loch Maree 89:, and the 9433:varieties 9425:indicate 9239:Northwest 9184:Philology 9089:Elfdalian 9024:Jutlandic 8946:Icelandic 8921:(written) 8915:(written) 8893:Trøndersk 8873:Norwegian 8837:Old Norse 8658:Coloniero 8642:Alemannic 8615:Wymysorys 8483:Colognian 8478:Ripuarian 8400:Rotwelsch 8230:Midslands 8181:Zeelandic 8162:Hollandic 8136:Afrikaans 8108:Old Dutch 7934:Old Saxon 7833:Karrharde 7815:Goesharde 7796:Mainland 7529:philology 7477:indicate 7447:Gaelscoil 7443:(Cornish) 7402:(Ireland) 7400:Gaeltacht 7336:Tyrsenian 7228:Old Irish 7158:Old Welsh 7085:Brittonic 6321:Stromness 6316:Stornoway 6192:Etymology 6171:(Boswell) 6163:(Johnson) 6071:Finlaggan 6002:Dál Riata 5712:Geography 5447:. Perth. 5244:14 August 5192:4 January 4224:Britannia 4056:saga and 3477:Footnotes 3404:Donald II 3036:Shapinsay 2956:Old Norse 2902:Corn Holm 2844:Big Scare 2759:Nordreyar 2687:Hjaltland 2581:Brittonic 2542:River Dee 2498:Inchkeith 2136:Magnancia 1892:Lismore? 1760:Youngson 1630:Kjarbarey 1562:and that 1526:Old Welsh 1424:Kumreyar 1258:Hinbina? 1218:Eynhallow 1165:Tir iath 1136:Colossus 1120:Ega, Ego 1025:Exosades 982:Linnonsa 965:Old Irish 897:Insi Orc 894:Orkneyar 839:Old Norse 782:Suðreyjar 759:and his 631:, as did 554:classical 464:Norwegian 460:Icelandic 452:Caithness 410:Old Norse 320:Old Welsh 71:Brittonic 57:. In the 9160:Vandalic 9103:Gutnish 8908:Vikværsk 8888:Sognamål 8878:Bergensk 8728:Cimbrian 8696:Bavarian 8653:Alsatian 8600:Lusatian 8536:Palatine 8226:Amelands 8103:Frankish 7993:Sallaans 7975:Gronings 7826:Southern 7819:Northern 7810:Halligen 7759:Insular 7576:dialects 7437:(Breton) 7394:Y Wladfa 7311:Ligurian 7200:Goidelic 7058:Lepontic 7012:Galatian 6847:Hebrides 6803:Shetland 6632:Wildlife 6568:Politics 6439:Vagaland 6414:Aly Bain 6407:Shetland 6330:Agencies 6311:Rothesay 6301:Kirkwall 6262:St Kilda 6235:Specific 6219:Hebrides 6155:(Martin) 6094:Udal law 5933:Jarlshof 5884:Maeshowe 5792:St Kilda 5760:Hebrides 5731:Shetland 5460:. (pdf) 4498:. (pdf) 4230:pp. 1–30 4105:Archived 3849:Agricola 3727:Archived 3323:Agricola 3206:See also 3003:and the 2980:Shetland 2922:Hebrides 2861:and the 2738:Oideacha 2695:Q-Celtic 2691:toponymy 2627:Inchcolm 2534:Caramond 2443:Cruithen 2420:ì-dhruim 2342:records 2305:is from 2275:Shetland 2214:Anglesey 2200:Rathlin 2194:Rathlin 1872:Loch Awe 1790:Exosades 1772:Linnonsa 1697:and the 1591:Airtraig 1485:Rechrea 1482:Regaina 1326:Saponis 1279:Epidion 1226:Colonsay 1184:Male(a) 1178:Malaios 1162:Tyrvist 1112:Sobrica 1069:Elvania 987:Ljoðhús 852:Shetland 835:Adomnán 814:Orkneyar 796:and the 790:Hebrides 692:Agricola 682:, which 653:Haemodae 637:Agricola 609:visited 607:Massilia 518:Scotland 508:language 428:and the 387:Hebrides 385:and the 351:Dalriada 332:Iron Age 328:P-Celtic 261:speaking 212:P-Celtic 142:toponyms 91:Hebrides 83:Shetland 76:Iron Age 51:Hebrides 36:Shetland 9423:Italics 9046:Scanian 8992:Swedish 8941:Faroese 8919:Nynorsk 8898:Valdris 8733:Mòcheno 8689:Swabian 8555:Hessian 8515:Hunsrik 8427:Western 8422:Eastern 8417:Yiddish 8367:creoles 8264:Bergish 7980:Drèents 7970:Tweants 7822:Central 7804:Mooring 7667:Frisian 7626:Kildare 7571:English 7475:Italics 7449:(Irish) 7420:(Wales) 7331:Rhaetic 7304:Rhaetic 7299:Camunic 7283:Unknown 7185:Pictish 7177:Pictish 7146:Cumbric 7127:Cornish 7019:Gaulish 6793:Geology 6741:Sheltie 6736:Scottie 6397:Culture 6306:Lerwick 6284:Economy 6202:General 6147:(Monro) 6010:Columba 5991:History 5606:(2004) 5491:(1966) 5479:(1549) 5390:(2000) 5209:(1973) 4101:(1959) 3845:Tacitus 3434:Rhicina 3379:Hinbina 3366:Oronsay 3328:Tacitus 3179:Totals 3103:Easdale 3040:Pictish 2540:on the 2538:Threave 2500:in the 2471:Arendal 2467:Arundel 2451:Prydain 2395:Ljoðhús 2376:and as 2366:Epidion 2348:Colosus 2340:Adomnán 2329:Malaios 2311:Pictish 2239:in his 2225:deserts 2190:Regaina 2080:Tiree? 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