232:. Kenneth Frazier, librarian at the University of Wisconsin, proposed that attendees at the meeting develop a fund to create a new publication model for academic journals wherein many libraries contributed to that fund, and from that fund, the contributors would create new publications on some model which lowered the costs of all journals. As founding director, Rick Johnson led the establishment of SPARC in 2002 as a result of so many librarians expressing the desire for reform.
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SPARC has established itself as an international alliance of academic and research libraries working "to correct imbalances in the scholarly publishing system". Its focus is to stimulate the emergence of new scholarly communication models that expand the dissemination of scholarly research and reduce
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financial pressures on libraries. Action by SPARC in collaboration with stakeholders – including authors, publishers, and libraries – builds on the opportunities created by the networked digital environment to advance the conduct of scholarship. Leading academic organizations have endorsed SPARC.
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which the publisher sends to the author upon acceptance of their work for publication. Authors which use the form typically retain the rights to use their own work without restriction, receive attribution, and to
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287:. The form gives the publisher the right to obtain a non-exclusive right to distribute a work for profit and to receive attribution as the journal of first publication.
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Starting in 2006 the SPARC Innovators Award has been given semi-annually to recognize an individual, institution, or group exemplifying SPARC principles.
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SPARC publishes an addendum which authors may use to negotiate with academic publishers. The form provides a templated request by authors to add to the
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808:"OpenCon: Students and Early-Career Researchers for Open Access, Open Education, and Open Data",
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157:) is an international alliance of academic and research libraries developed by the
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505:"SPARC at Ten: A Decade Later, Organization Still Aims to Be Part of The Solution"
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Access to medical knowledge : libraries, digitization, and the public good
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to scholarship. The coalition currently includes some 800 institutions in
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Impact of
Electronic Publishing: The Future for Publishers and Librarians
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800:(December 25, 2000), "Librarians Unite Against Cost of Journals",
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The idea of SPARC was presented at the 1997 annual meeting of the
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1975:
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offers certification for journals choosing the CC-BY license (
178:
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140:
834:
134:
610:"Soaring Prices Spur a Revolt in Scientific Publishing"
337:"Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition"
698:"Europe and North America - Global Open Access Portal"
16:
Collection of research libraries promoting open access
1150:
Scholarly
Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
151:
Scholarly
Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
20:
Scholarly
Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
796:
567:. Lanham, Mar.: Scarecrow Press. pp. 218–220.
1390:
607:
2065:
768:"Access-Reuse Addendum to Publication Agreement"
247:in 2001. David Prosser became director in 2002.
2094:Political advocacy groups in the United States
188:Richard Johnson served as director 1998–2005.
1376:
857:
666:
449:David J. Brown; Richard Boulderstone (2008).
1105:Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association
409:, of which SPARC Europe is a founding member
407:Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association
113:Coalition of Open Access Policy Institutions
2089:Lobbying organizations in the United States
444:
442:
324:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1383:
1369:
864:
850:
256:SPARC Europe Seal for Open Access Journals
25:
388:Learn how and when to remove this message
439:
273:
234:
216:A video released by SPARC in support of
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2099:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.
558:
556:
554:
2066:
608:Carol Kaesuk Yoon (December 8, 1998),
1364:
845:
562:
1984:
1145:Registry of Open Access Repositories
551:
322:adding citations to reliable sources
289:
481:"Plan for Low-cost Journals Online"
13:
790:
513:, January 18, 2007, archived from
243:SPARC Europe was established with
14:
2110:
2084:Organizations established in 1998
1095:Directory of Open Access Journals
826:
719:"Using the SPARC Author Addendum"
589:"Will journal publishers perish?"
418:Open educational resources policy
264:Directory of Open Access Journals
230:Association of Research Libraries
159:Association of Research Libraries
294:
982:Budapest Open Access Initiative
871:
760:
735:
711:
690:
658:"SPARC Europe Hires Director".
1081:Directory of Open Access Books
651:
621:
601:
581:
521:
497:
473:
1:
1961:Open-source software movement
1690:Free and open-source software
1419:Commons-based peer production
1100:Initiative for Open Citations
433:
428:Open Access Movement in India
1302:List of open-access journals
1292:Access to Knowledge movement
931:Copyright transfer agreement
280:copyright transfer agreement
111:Alliance for Taxpayer Access
7:
1053:Delayed open-access journal
916:Subscription business model
400:
47:; 26 years ago
10:
2115:
2039:Open educational resources
1048:Hybrid open-access journal
563:Groen, Frances K. (2007).
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1827:Open Knowledge Foundation
1817:Open Architecture Network
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1634:Open-door academic policy
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1135:Public Library of Science
1120:Open Knowledge Foundation
1061:
1025:
974:
961:Article processing charge
897:
879:
674:"Former SPARC Innovators"
469:– via Google Books.
129:
117:
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83:
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59:
41:
33:
24:
1812:Free Software Foundation
1725:Open-source architecture
1140:Public Knowledge Project
1125:Open Society Foundations
1115:Open Archives Initiative
1012:NIH Public Access Policy
814:, US, December 2, 2014,
493:(29). US. July 20, 1998.
2079:Scholarly communication
1775:Politics and governance
161:in 1998 which promotes
1946:Free software movement
1837:Open Source Initiative
1787:Open-source governance
1670:Open-source journalism
1043:Open-access repository
240:
225:
220:, a 2012 petition for
64:Open access publishing
1951:Open science movement
1941:Free-culture movement
1619:Educational resources
1578:Collaborative writing
1455:Participatory culture
1071:The Cost of Knowledge
274:SPARC Author Addendum
238:
215:
2074:Open access projects
1730:Open-source hardware
1708:Open-design movement
1701:Open-source software
1469:Research and science
966:Predatory publishing
798:David D. Kirkpatrick
459:. pp. 200–201.
318:improve this section
239:Logo of SPARC Europe
222:open-access mandates
2012:Free Cultural Works
1956:Open Source Ecology
1842:Open Web Foundation
1739:Economic principles
1696:Free/libre software
1593:Participatory media
1221:Republic of Ireland
1038:Open-access mandate
539:on 5 September 2015
517:on December 2, 2008
21:
1878:Alexandra Elbakyan
1822:Openmod Initiative
1659:Citizen journalism
1536:Open communication
1517:Data, information,
1440:Open collaboration
1017:Research Works Act
1007:Geneva Declaration
992:Bethesda Statement
987:Berlin Declaration
941:Scientific journal
662:. August 30, 2002.
597:, UK, May 11, 2000
423:Library publishing
270:on article level.
262:) and provide the
241:
226:
194:executive director
85:Official language
19:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2049:Open Web movement
2034:Open Data Indices
1888:Peter Murray-Rust
1832:Open Rights Group
1795:
1794:
1678:
1677:
1531:Knowledge commons
1358:
1357:
921:Subscribe to Open
811:Information Today
574:978-0-8108-5272-3
486:Publishers Weekly
466:978-3-598-44013-7
398:
397:
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372:
213:
147:
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2106:
2044:Open music model
2008:Definition docs
1997:Creative Commons
1982:
1981:
1898:Richard Stallman
1893:Douglas Rushkoff
1807:Creative Commons
1583:Democratic media
1568:
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1491:Notebook science
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1076:Creative Commons
1002:Durham Statement
936:Academic journal
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535:. Archived from
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1873:Tim Berners-Lee
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1782:Open government
1770:
1766:Sharing economy
1751:Open innovation
1734:
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1663:Wiki journalism
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1476:Citizen science
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1330:Open government
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791:Further reading
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743:"Author rights"
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802:New York Times
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639:on 16 May 2015
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2017:Free Software
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1564:and learning
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303:This section
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1927:Projects and
1913:Aaron Swartz
1856:
1847:Pirate Party
1746:Gift economy
1526:Free content
1501:Science data
1481:Open science
1433:
1429:
1412:Key concepts
1403:Concepts and
1396:open content
1392:Free culture
1345:Open science
1315:Open content
1261:South Africa
1149:
1062:Projects and
909:
905:
809:
801:
778:. Retrieved
774:
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751:. Retrieved
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726:. Retrieved
722:
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702:. Retrieved
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681:. Retrieved
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643:11 September
641:. Retrieved
637:the original
632:
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543:11 September
541:. Retrieved
537:the original
532:
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515:the original
508:
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484:
475:
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384:
378:October 2015
375:
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316:Please help
304:
285:self-archive
277:
266:(DOAJ) with
255:
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187:
154:
150:
148:
125:SPARC Africa
121:SPARC Europe
118:Affiliations
107:Subsidiaries
70:Headquarters
34:Abbreviation
2027:Open Source
1971:OpenWetWare
1908:Peter Sunde
1903:Peter Suber
1756:Open patent
1720:Open gaming
1598:Peer review
1445:Open source
1350:Open source
1236:New Zealand
1231:Netherlands
1084: [
873:Open access
455:. Germany:
413:Open Access
224:in the USA.
163:open access
123:SPARC Japan
2068:Categories
1647:Journalism
1629:Admissions
1624:University
1164:By country
1026:Strategies
975:Statements
946:Manuscript
780:2021-02-07
753:2021-02-07
728:2021-02-07
704:2017-05-11
683:2021-05-09
629:"About Us"
434:References
348:newspapers
1966:OpenCores
1929:movements
1866:Activists
1607:Education
1405:practices
1320:Open data
1171:Australia
956:Postprint
820:8755-6286
457:K.G. Saur
305:does not
196:in 2005.
183:Australia
42:Formation
1992:Licenses
1713:Robotics
1683:Products
1496:Research
1450:Openness
1251:Portugal
1110:OpenAIRE
1087:Wikidata
951:Preprint
898:Concepts
889:Timeline
700:. UNESCO
401:See also
268:metadata
1976:Sci-Hub
1692:(FOSS)
1546:Content
1460:Sharism
1432:versus
1276:Ukraine
1211:Hungary
1201:Germany
1191:Denmark
1181:Belgium
1176:Austria
1155:Sci-Hub
926:Paywall
908:versus
884:History
362:scholar
326:removed
311:sources
200:History
192:became
130:Website
90:English
50: (
1936:DIYbio
1506:Plan S
1486:Access
1430:Gratis
1271:Sweden
1256:Russia
1246:Poland
1241:Norway
1206:Greece
1196:France
1186:Canada
1130:Plan S
906:Gratis
818:
749:. 2013
571:
463:
364:
357:
350:
343:
335:
171:Europe
96:Leader
1985:Tools
1857:SPARC
1571:Media
1434:libre
1285:Other
1266:Spain
1226:Italy
1216:India
1090:]
910:libre
775:SPARC
771:(PDF)
747:SPARC
723:SPARC
633:SPARC
533:SPARC
369:JSTOR
355:books
245:LIBER
179:China
175:Japan
155:SPARC
60:Focus
37:SPARC
2022:Open
1852:PLOS
1661:and
1551:Data
1394:and
997:DORA
816:ISSN
645:2013
569:ISBN
545:2013
461:ISBN
341:news
309:any
307:cite
181:and
149:The
78:U.S.
52:1998
45:1998
2002:GPL
491:244
320:by
185:.
2070::
773:.
745:.
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385:(
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376:(
366:·
359:·
352:·
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314:.
153:(
54:)
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