145:
based on an annual report he wrote and signed stating that he had transferred "all assets" from his sole proprietorship. The jury rejected
Johnson's claim he intended only to transfer the license to sell the software, and further decided that Johnson became a work for hire upon forming the corporation, thereby also forfeiting all rights to his derivative works. This is the first case in which a document, not itself a contract or agreement and containing no reference to the copyrights, was considered a "note or memorandum" of copyright transfer, and the first time a sole owner of a company was designated a work for hire for copyright ownership purposes. This serves as a lesson that a "writing" required by the Copyright Act need not necessarily be "clear", but may contain ambiguous language which can be interpreted by course of dealing by third parties to the alleged transaction.
173:/publication pressure), and the time potentially wasted should the review and publication process have to be started afresh. There are power dynamics at play that do not benefit authors, and instead often compromise certain academic freedoms. This might in part explain why authors in scientific research, in contrast to all other industries where original creators get honoraria or royalties, typically do not receive any payments from publishers at all. It also explains why many authors seem to continue to sign away their rights while simultaneously disagreeing with the rationale behind doing so.
217:" where they require full and exclusive rights transfer from authors to the publisher for OA articles, while the copyright in name stays with the authors. The assumption that this practice is a condition for publication is misleading, since even works that are in the public domain can be repurposed, printed, and disseminated by publishers. Authors can instead grant a simple non-exclusive license to publish that fulfils the same criteria. However, according to a survey from
161:, typically as a precondition for publication. This process transfers control and ownership over dissemination and reproduction from authors as creators to publishers as disseminators, with the latter then able to monetise the process. The transfer and ownership of copyright represents a delicate tension between protecting the rights of authors, and the interests – financial as well as reputational – of publishers and institutes. With
185:, in an increasingly complex licensing and copyright landscape, and for which a steep learning curve for librarians and researchers exists. Thus, in many cases, authors might not even have the legal rights to transfer full rights to publishers, or agreements have been amended to make full texts available on repositories or archives, regardless of the subsequent publishing contract.
230:
in the best interest of the authors. While one argument of publishers in favor of copyright transfer might be that it enables them to defend authors against any copyright infringements, publishers can take on this responsibility even when copyright stays with the author, as is the policy of the Royal
Society.
144:
upheld a copyright transfer involving no written assignment. In that case, the Author, Anthony
Johnson, sold software as a sole proprietor and incorporated his company in 2003 as Storix, Inc. The court upheld a jury decision that Johnson transferred the copyright to the corporation upon its formation
238:
Copyright transfer agreements are one way to govern permissions based on copyright. Since the advent of digital publishing, various commentators have pointed out the benefits of author-retained copyright, and publishers have started to implement it using license agreements, wherein the author of the
229:
requires that authors and their respective institutes retain copyright to articles without transferring them to publishers; something also supported by OA2020. Researchers failed to find proof that copyright transfer is required for publication, or any case where a publisher has exercised copyright
205:
actively monitor and remove copyrighted content they publish on behalf of authors, as this is seen as not being in the best interests of either authors or the reusability of published research and a sign of the system of copyright transfer being counterproductive (because original creators lose all
115:
Copyright transfer agreements also ask that the authors confirm that they actually own the copyright for all the materials pertaining to a given act of publishing, and, in many agreements, that the item for which the copyright is to be transferred has not been previously published and is not under
168:
The timing of the process of rights transfer is in itself problematic for several reasons. Firstly, copyright transfer usually being conditional for publication means that it is rarely freely transferred or acquired without pressure. Secondly, it becomes very difficult for an author to not sign a
111:
Granting publishers the permission to copy, display and distribute the work is necessary for publishers to act as such, and publishing agreements across a wide range of publishers have such provisions. The reach of copyright transfer agreements can go well beyond that, and "ome publishers require
180:
or institutes, public museums or art galleries might have over-ruling policies that state that copyright over research, content, intellectual property, employs or funds is not allowed to be transferred to third parties, commercial or otherwise. Usually a single author is signing on behalf of all
132:
Critics have said that the copyright transfer agreement in commercial scholarly publishing is "as much about ensuring long–term asset management as it is about providing service to the academic community" because the practice seems to grant favor to the publisher in a way that does not obviously
100:
The situation in which authors hold the copyright usually involves considerable effort in the form of correspondence and record keeping and often leads to unnecessary delays. Although this may appear to be trivial for a few requests, a good scholarly journal publishing exciting papers can expect
90:
in the United States and similar legislation in other countries redefined copyright as accruing to the author from the moment of creation (rather than publication) of a work. This required publishers to acquire copyrights from the author in order to sell the works or access to it, and written
50:
In some countries, a transfer of copyright is not legally allowed, and only licensing is possible. In some countries like the United States and the United
Kingdom, copyright transfer agreements generally must be in writing and must be signed by the person transferring the copyright. In many
200:
for illicit file sharing by academics and the wider public. Factually, widespread, unrestricted sharing helps to advance science faster than paywalled articles, thus it can be argued that copyright transfer does a fundamental disservice to the entire research enterprise. It is also highly
1442:
Vanholsbeeck, Marc; Thacker, Paul; Sattler, Susanne; Ross-Hellauer, Tony; Rivera-López, Bárbara S.; Rice, Curt; Nobes, Andy; Masuzzo, Paola; Martin, Ryan; Kramer, Bianca; Havemann, Johanna; Enkhbayar, Asura; Davila, Jacinto; Crick, Tom; Crane, Harry; Tennant, Jonathan P. (2019-03-11).
224:
Therefore, critics argue that in scientific research, copyright is largely ineffective in its proposed use, but also wrongfully acquired in many cases, and goes practically against its fundamental intended purpose of helping to protect authors and further scientific research.
70:-based academic publishing, and have been said to facilitate the handling of copyright-based permissions in print-only publishing. In the age of electronic communication, the benefits of copyright transfer agreements have been questioned, and while they remain the norm, open
192:(i.e., to grant full choice to an author/creator over dissemination of works) and the application of it, because authors lose these rights during copyright transfer. Such fundamental conceptual violations are emphasised by the popular use of sites such as
239:
work retains copyright and gives the publisher the permission (exclusive or not) to reproduce and distribute the work. A third model is the so-called "browse-wrap" or "click-wrap" license model that is becoming more and more popular in the form of the
101:
several hundred requests per year; a task of this magnitude can become onerous. On the other hand, if the
Journal holds the copyright, requests, value judgements, and permissions can be handled expeditiously to the satisfaction of all concerned.
51:
countries, if an employee is hired for the purpose of creating a copyrightable work for an employer, that employer is by default the owner of the copyright, so no copyright transfer agreement is necessary. In many countries that recognize the
112:
that, to the extent possible, copyright be transferred to them." This means that no one, including the authors, can reuse text, tables, or figures in other publications without first getting permission from the new copyright owner.
627:
Bachrach, S.; Berry, R. S.; Blume, M.; Von
Foerster, T.; Fowler, A.; Ginsparg, P.; Heller, S.; Kestner, N.; Odlyzko, A.; Okerson, A.; Wigington, R.; Moffat, A. (1998). "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY:Who Should Own Scientific Papers?".
255:
Copyright transfer agreements are usually prepared by the publisher, and some print journals include a copy of the statement in every issue they published. If authors wish to deviate from the default phrasing –
260:, if they want to retain copyright or would not like to grant the publisher an exclusive right to publish – they can specify desired modifications, either by editing the document directly or by attaching an
2354:
2334:
1079:
Bachrach, S.; Berry, R. S.; Blume, M.; von
Foerster, T.; Fowler, A.; Ginsparg, P.; Heller, S.; Kestner, N.; Odlyzko, A.; Okerson, A.; Wigington, R.; Moffat, A. (1998). "Who Should Own Scientific Papers?".
264:
to a copy of the default version. Publisher policies on the acceptance of such addenda vary, though. Some institutions offer instructions and assistance for staff in creating such addenda.
2174:
273:
1282:
Fyfe, Aileen; McDougall-Waters, Julie; Moxham, Noah (2018). "Credit, Copyright, and the
Circulation of Scientific Knowledge : The Royal Society in the Long Nineteenth Century".
35:
and authors of books, magazines, movies, television shows, video games, and other commercial artistic works who want to include and use a work of a second creator: for example, a
243:
licenses: it allows anyone (including the publisher) to reproduce and distribute the work, with some possible restrictions. Creative
Commons licenses are used by many
2184:
2497:
481:
2349:
181:
authors, perhaps without their awareness or permission. The full understanding of copyright transfer agreements requires a firm grasp of "legal speak" and
214:
1735:"Open Access in Ethics Research: An Analysis of Open Access Availability and Author Self-Archiving Behaviour in Light of Journal Copyright Restrictions"
323:
165:
publishing, typically authors retain copyright to their work, and articles and other outputs are granted a variety of licenses depending on the type.
338:
2344:
1365:
2166:
1267:"Untangling Academic Publishing. A History of the Relationship between Commercial Interests, Academic Prestige and the Circulation of Research".
2452:
2339:
2211:
1013:
398:
2433:
976:
Coleman, A. (2007). "Self-archiving and the
Copyright Transfer Agreements of ISI-ranked library and information science journals".
2109:
221:
in 2013, almost half of researchers surveyed answered that they would still be content with copyright transfer for OA articles.
2568:
2492:
2236:
202:
2442:
2204:
91:
statements signed by the rights owner became necessary in order for the copyright transfer to be considered valid.
55:
of creators, those rights cannot be transferred, and copyright transfer agreements only transfer economic rights.
2329:
1767:
353:
278:
2578:
2428:
2697:
2447:
1643:
Jamali, Hamid R. (2017). "Copyright Compliance and Infringement in ResearchGate Full-Text Journal Articles".
2649:
2639:
1620:
Chawla, Dalmeet (2017). "Publishers Take ResearchGate to Court, Alleging Massive Copyright Infringement".
2608:
2400:
2263:
2197:
2110:"Author rights: using the SPARC Author Addendum to secure your rights as the author of a journal article"
2050:
67:
2583:
2395:
1478:"Copyright Literacy in the UK: A Survey of Librarians and Other Cultural Heritage Sector Professionals"
1853:
1552:
2482:
2467:
2308:
1801:
1719:
1573:
2723:
2518:
2487:
2472:
2462:
2359:
831:
Berquist, T. H. (2009). "The Copyright Transfer Agreement: We Sign It, but Do We Understand It?".
247:. NFTs can allow the transfer of copyright in the asset by way of the metadata on the blockchain.
2598:
2293:
1511:"Institutional Repositories, Open Access and Copyright: What Are the Practices and Implications?"
2738:
2623:
2558:
2548:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2390:
2231:
913:
431:
2733:
2618:
2603:
2593:
2588:
2553:
2543:
2533:
2418:
1788:
1706:
1560:
1510:
512:
303:
298:
169:
copyright transfer agreement, due to the association of publication with career progression (
117:
87:
2682:
2613:
2573:
2563:
2313:
637:
36:
1331:
1124:
943:
8:
2728:
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2252:
244:
59:
40:
641:
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2288:
2170:
2091:
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1999:
1901:
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1660:
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1388:
1309:
1244:
1217:
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1157:
1105:
884:
867:
805:
788:
707:
680:
661:
542:
218:
177:
158:
154:
62:, copyright transfer agreements do not normally involve the payment of remuneration or
2117:
1332:"RoMEO Studies 1: The Impact of Copyright Ownership on Academic Author Self-archiving"
944:"RoMEO studies 1: The impact of copyright ownership on academic author self-archiving"
2434:
2268:
2095:
2031:
1983:
1966:
1947:
1906:
1855:
Open Access Survey: Exploring the Views of Taylor & Francis and Routledge Authors
1392:
1313:
1249:
1097:
1061:
889:
848:
810:
712:
653:
368:
170:
1768:"Effects of Copyrights on Science - Evidence from the US Book Republication Program"
1664:
1537:
1202:
1161:
1109:
665:
546:
383:
31:
for a work from the copyright owner to another party. This is one legal option for
2423:
2283:
2083:
2021:
2011:
1978:
1937:
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1832:
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1147:
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993:
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958:
922:
879:
840:
800:
742:
702:
692:
645:
604:
574:
532:
524:
240:
1815:
Morrison, Heather (2017). "From the Field: Elsevier as an Open Access Publisher".
1529:
1093:
649:
2677:
2644:
2016:
1892:
1234:
762:
697:
86:
Copyright transfer agreements became common in the publishing business after the
2180:
1461:
1444:
261:
2687:
2672:
2380:
1143:
565:
Friedman, B. A. (1982). "Copyright from a permissions person's point of view".
528:
339:"Guest Post — Academics and Copyright Ownership: Ignorant, Confused or Misled?"
134:
47:
the right to include and use the work, rather than transferring the copyright.
1751:
1734:
1656:
1384:
1350:
1014:"Johnson v. STORIX, INC., Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit 2017 - Google Scholar"
962:
747:
730:
2712:
1872:
456:
182:
2139:
1629:
1056:
1039:
2692:
2662:
2035:
1951:
1910:
1253:
1065:
893:
852:
814:
716:
193:
153:
Traditional methods of scholarly publishing require complete and exclusive
52:
1828:
1295:
1193:
1176:
1125:"RoMEO Studies 4: An Analysis of Journal Publishers" Copyright Agreements"
1101:
927:
908:
657:
513:"RoMEO studies 4: An analysis of journal publishers' copyright agreements"
2220:
162:
75:
1152:
998:
844:
608:
578:
537:
176:
It remains unclear if such copyright transfer is generally permissible.
2087:
1837:
1697:
1441:
1304:
133:
benefit the authors. Copyright transfer agreements often conflict with
121:
1942:
1926:"Non-profit publishing: Open access and the end of copyright transfer"
1925:
1605:
1588:
1424:
1407:
989:
978:
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
324:"Seven Things Every Scholarly Publisher Should Know about Researchers"
2667:
2303:
1687:
1678:
1494:
1477:
595:
Lagowski, J. (1982). "Journal Copyright Problems: An Editor's View".
189:
63:
32:
28:
2457:
2298:
1779:
288:
210:
148:
116:
consideration to be published elsewhere, to limit the frequency of
274:
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
2502:
2273:
354:"Monitoring of Unauthorized Internet Posting of Journal Articles"
283:
197:
71:
44:
2477:
2000:"The Open Knowledge Foundation: Open Data Means Better Science"
226:
2189:
1078:
626:
328:, Alice Meadows and Karin Wulf, The Scholarly Kitchen. (2016)
293:
188:
This amounts to a fundamental discord between the purpose of
1330:
Gadd, Elizabeth; Oppenheim, Charles; Probets, Steve (2003).
1123:
Gadd, Elizabeth; Oppenheim, Charles; Probets, Steve (2003).
1851:
1281:
1408:"The Changing Copyright Landscape in Academic Publishing"
137:
practices or appear to do so due to ambiguous language.
1044:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
2498:
Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
201:
counter-intuitive when learned societies such as the
1329:
1122:
941:
510:
78:
publishing have been established as an alternative.
1967:"Intellectual Property in the Context of e-Science"
1040:"Take Another Look at the Instructions for Authors"
1177:"Copyright Contradictions in Scholarly Publishing"
909:"Copyright Contradictions in Scholarly Publishing"
868:"Coping with copying and conflicts (of interest)"
763:"Chapter 2 - Circular 92 - U.S. Copyright Office"
16:Contract to become rightholder of a creative work
2710:
149:Prevalence of copyright assignment to publishers
1877:"Another reason for opening access to research"
1732:
384:"Elsevier, Copyright: Protecting author rights"
343:, Elizabeth Gadd, The Scholarly Kitchen. (2017)
206:control over, and rights to, their own works).
1475:
1168:
622:
620:
618:
590:
588:
560:
558:
556:
2205:
1808:
1509:Dawson, Patricia H.; Yang, Sharon Q. (2016).
1469:
1325:
1323:
1072:
1031:
942:Gadd, E.; Oppenheim, C.; Probets, S. (2003).
826:
824:
511:Gadd, E.; Oppenheim, C.; Probets, S. (2003).
140:In 2017, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in
2453:Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association
1865:
1445:"Ten Hot Topics around Scholarly Publishing"
1209:
597:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
567:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
506:
504:
502:
432:"Understanding Copyright and Related Rights"
43:to include in a game. Another option is to
1726:
1671:
1636:
1613:
1580:
1550:
1502:
1437:
1435:
1357:
615:
585:
553:
482:"Copyright Notice: Assignment of copyright"
2212:
2198:
1971:Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
1845:
1765:
1759:
1733:Laakso, Mikael; Polonioli, Andrea (2018).
1544:
1508:
1399:
1366:"Academic Freedom: A Lawyer's Perspective"
1320:
1116:
865:
821:
672:
2025:
2015:
1982:
1941:
1923:
1900:
1836:
1778:
1750:
1696:
1686:
1604:
1553:"Will open access undermine peer review?"
1493:
1460:
1423:
1303:
1275:
1260:
1243:
1233:
1192:
1174:
1151:
1055:
997:
926:
906:
883:
804:
746:
706:
696:
536:
499:
2048:
1871:
1814:
1432:
1037:
830:
594:
564:
1852:W. Frass; J. Cross; V. Gardner (2013).
1215:
975:
678:
66:. Such agreements are a key element of
2711:
2076:Applied Physics A: Solids and Surfaces
1997:
1642:
1619:
1476:Morrison, Chris; Secker, Jane (2015).
1363:
2193:
1766:Biasi, Barbara; Moser, Petra (2018).
1586:
1405:
786:
373:, Berlin 14th Open Access conference.
358:, American Psychological Association.
39:who wants to pay an artist to draw a
2493:Registry of Open Access Repositories
1964:
1589:"Gold, Green, and Black Open Access"
426:
424:
422:
209:Some commercial publishers, such as
907:Willinsky, John (4 November 2002).
27:is an agreement that transfers the
13:
1518:Science & Technology Libraries
806:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1999.tb00393.x
735:Journal of Applied Crystallography
399:"Royal Society License to Publish"
203:American Psychological Association
14:
2750:
2443:Directory of Open Access Journals
2160:
2051:"NFT Metadata - What's All This?"
1861:. Taylor & Francis/Routledge.
833:American Journal of Roentgenology
419:
250:
1984:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00340.x
1482:Library and Information Research
866:Lee, I. S.; Spector, M. (2012).
2330:Budapest Open Access Initiative
2219:
2132:
2102:
2067:
2042:
1991:
1958:
1924:Watt, F. M.; Sever, R. (2004).
1917:
1006:
969:
935:
900:
859:
780:
755:
391:
376:
361:
346:
331:
316:
279:Committee on Publication Ethics
233:
2429:Directory of Open Access Books
2140:"Amend a Publishing Agreement"
1218:"Why Full Open Access Matters"
723:
681:"Why Full Open Access Matters"
474:
449:
25:copyright assignment agreement
1:
2448:Initiative for Open Citations
2167:Copyright Transfer Agreements
1530:10.1080/0194262X.2016.1224994
1094:10.1126/science.281.5382.1459
789:"Authorship: "Law" and Order"
650:10.1126/science.281.5382.1459
413:
127:
2650:List of open-access journals
2640:Access to Knowledge movement
2279:Copyright transfer agreement
2017:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001195
1893:10.1136/sbmj.39063.730660.F7
1284:Victorian Periodicals Review
1235:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001210
1216:Carroll, Michael W. (2011).
885:10.1088/1748-6041/7/1/010201
698:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001210
369:"Final conference statement"
21:copyright transfer agreement
7:
2401:Delayed open-access journal
2264:Subscription business model
1587:Björk, Bo-Christer (2017).
1462:10.3390/publications7020034
793:Academic Emergency Medicine
267:
10:
2755:
2396:Hybrid open-access journal
2144:Harvard University Library
1551:Peter Suber (2007-09-02).
1144:10.1087/095315103322422053
1038:Matushek, Kurt J. (2017).
529:10.1087/095315103322422053
94:
81:
2658:
2632:
2511:
2483:Public Library of Science
2468:Open Knowledge Foundation
2409:
2373:
2322:
2309:Article processing charge
2245:
2227:
1752:10.1007/s11192-018-2751-5
1657:10.1007/s11192-017-2291-4
1385:10.1007/s10734-015-9884-8
1351:10.1108/00220410310698239
963:10.1108/00220410310698239
748:10.1107/S0021889878012753
2488:Public Knowledge Project
2473:Open Society Foundations
2463:Open Archives Initiative
2360:NIH Public Access Policy
1339:Journal of Documentation
1175:Willinsky, John (2002).
951:Journal of Documentation
309:
2049:Mintable (2021-08-09).
1930:Journal of Cell Science
1630:10.1126/science.aaq1560
1406:Dodds, Francis (2018).
1057:10.2460/javma.250.3.258
731:"Transfer of Copyright"
679:Carroll, M. W. (2011).
2391:Open-access repository
2074:"Forthcoming papers".
1998:Molloy, J. C. (2011).
1817:The Charleston Advisor
1796:Cite journal requires
1714:Cite journal requires
1568:Cite journal requires
437:. 2016. p. 14, 20
109:
2419:The Cost of Knowledge
2185:Open Access Directory
1965:Burk, Dan L. (2007).
1829:10.5260/chara.18.3.53
1364:Davies, Mark (2015).
1296:10.1353/vpr.2018.0045
1194:10.5210/fm.v7i11.1006
928:10.5210/fm.v7i11.1006
787:Gaeta, T. J. (1999).
304:Scientific misconduct
299:Intellectual property
118:duplicate publication
98:
88:Copyright Act of 1976
2314:Predatory publishing
872:Biomedical Materials
245:open access journals
157:from authors to the
37:video game developer
2569:Republic of Ireland
2386:Open-access mandate
1887:(7582): 1306–1308.
1679:"Access and Piracy"
845:10.2214/AJR.09.2655
642:1998Sci...281.1459B
636:(5382): 1459–1460.
609:10.1021/ci00034a600
579:10.1021/ci00034a001
60:academic publishing
2365:Research Works Act
2355:Geneva Declaration
2340:Bethesda Statement
2335:Berlin Declaration
2289:Scientific journal
2171:Pacific University
2120:on 30 October 2013
2088:10.1007/BF00348410
2055:Mintable Editorial
1593:Learned Publishing
1412:Learned Publishing
1132:Learned Publishing
1018:Scholar.google.com
517:Learned Publishing
457:"Copyright Basics"
219:Taylor and Francis
155:copyright transfer
106:J. Lagowski (1982)
2706:
2705:
2269:Subscribe to Open
1943:10.1242/jcs.00873
1606:10.1002/leap.1096
1425:10.1002/leap.1157
1088:(5382): 1459–60.
990:10.1002/asi.20494
215:nominal copyright
171:publish or perish
142:Johnson v. Storix
2746:
2439:
2436:
2424:Creative Commons
2350:Durham Statement
2284:Academic journal
2214:
2207:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2116:. Archived from
2106:
2100:
2099:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2029:
2019:
2010:(12): e1001195.
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
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1799:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1782:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1702:
1700:
1690:
1688:10.1629/uksg.333
1675:
1669:
1668:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:10.29173/lirg675
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1373:Higher Education
1370:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1228:(11): e1001210.
1213:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1129:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
973:
967:
966:
948:
939:
933:
932:
930:
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898:
897:
887:
863:
857:
856:
828:
819:
818:
808:
784:
778:
777:
775:
773:
759:
753:
752:
750:
727:
721:
720:
710:
700:
691:(11): e1001210.
676:
670:
669:
624:
613:
612:
592:
583:
582:
562:
551:
550:
540:
508:
497:
496:
494:
492:
486:
478:
472:
471:
469:
467:
461:
453:
447:
446:
444:
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436:
428:
407:
405:
403:
395:
389:
387:
380:
374:
372:
365:
359:
357:
350:
344:
342:
335:
329:
327:
320:
241:Creative Commons
178:Research funders
107:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2724:Legal documents
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2678:Open government
2654:
2645:Access2Research
2628:
2507:
2431:
2411:
2405:
2369:
2318:
2241:
2223:
2218:
2163:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2057:
2047:
2043:
1996:
1992:
1963:
1959:
1922:
1918:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1813:
1809:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1731:
1727:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1641:
1637:
1618:
1614:
1585:
1581:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1474:
1470:
1440:
1433:
1404:
1400:
1379:(6): 987–1002.
1368:
1362:
1358:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1214:
1210:
1173:
1169:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1077:
1073:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1007:
974:
970:
946:
940:
936:
905:
901:
864:
860:
829:
822:
785:
781:
771:
769:
761:
760:
756:
741:: 63–64. 1978.
729:
728:
724:
677:
673:
625:
616:
593:
586:
563:
554:
509:
500:
490:
488:
484:
480:
479:
475:
465:
463:
459:
455:
454:
450:
440:
438:
434:
430:
429:
420:
416:
411:
410:
401:
397:
396:
392:
382:
381:
377:
367:
366:
362:
352:
351:
347:
337:
336:
332:
322:
321:
317:
312:
270:
253:
236:
151:
130:
108:
105:
97:
84:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2752:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:Open knowledge
2685:
2680:
2675:
2673:Open education
2670:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
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2616:
2611:
2606:
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2591:
2586:
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2485:
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2475:
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2450:
2445:
2440:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2381:Self-archiving
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
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2249:
2247:
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2239:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2181:Author addenda
2178:
2162:
2161:External links
2159:
2157:
2156:
2131:
2101:
2066:
2041:
1990:
1977:(2): 600–617.
1957:
1916:
1864:
1844:
1807:
1798:|journal=
1780:10.3386/w24255
1758:
1739:Scientometrics
1725:
1716:|journal=
1670:
1645:Scientometrics
1635:
1612:
1599:(2): 173–175.
1579:
1570:|journal=
1543:
1524:(4): 279–294.
1501:
1488:(121): 75–97.
1468:
1431:
1418:(3): 270–275.
1398:
1356:
1345:(3): 243–277.
1319:
1290:(4): 597–615.
1274:
1259:
1208:
1167:
1138:(4): 293–308.
1115:
1071:
1050:(3): 258–259.
1030:
1005:
984:(2): 286–296.
968:
934:
899:
858:
839:(4): 849–851.
820:
799:(4): 297–301.
779:
754:
722:
671:
614:
584:
552:
498:
473:
448:
417:
415:
412:
409:
408:
390:
375:
360:
345:
330:
314:
313:
311:
308:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
269:
266:
252:
251:Author addenda
249:
235:
232:
150:
147:
135:self-archiving
129:
126:
103:
96:
93:
83:
80:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2751:
2740:
2739:Copyright law
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:Open hardware
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2648:
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2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
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2602:
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2567:
2565:
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2441:
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2422:
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2414:
2412:organizations
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2402:
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2392:
2389:
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2379:
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2222:
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2201:
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2195:
2192:
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2182:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
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2141:
2135:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
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1666:
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1658:
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1650:
1646:
1639:
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1326:
1324:
1315:
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1278:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1186:
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1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
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1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
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1091:
1087:
1083:
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1067:
1063:
1058:
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1019:
1015:
1009:
1000:
995:
991:
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960:
956:
952:
945:
938:
929:
924:
920:
916:
915:
910:
903:
895:
891:
886:
881:
878:(1): 010201.
877:
873:
869:
862:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
827:
825:
816:
812:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
783:
768:
767:Copyright.gov
764:
758:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
726:
718:
714:
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704:
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694:
690:
686:
682:
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667:
663:
659:
655:
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647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
623:
621:
619:
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602:
598:
591:
589:
580:
576:
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559:
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539:
534:
530:
526:
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518:
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505:
503:
483:
477:
458:
452:
433:
427:
425:
423:
418:
400:
394:
385:
379:
370:
364:
355:
349:
341:. 2017-10-31.
340:
334:
326:. 2016-08-30.
325:
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292:
290:
287:
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265:
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259:
248:
246:
242:
231:
228:
222:
220:
216:
213:, engage in "
212:
207:
204:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
183:copyright law
179:
174:
172:
166:
164:
160:
156:
146:
143:
138:
136:
125:
123:
119:
113:
102:
92:
89:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
54:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2734:Business law
2693:Open science
2663:Open content
2609:South Africa
2410:Projects and
2278:
2257:
2253:
2175:WebCite copy
2147:. Retrieved
2143:
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:the original
2113:
2104:
2082:: A5. 1994.
2079:
2075:
2069:
2058:. Retrieved
2054:
2044:
2007:
2004:PLOS Biology
2003:
1993:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1884:
1880:
1873:Wilbanks, J.
1867:
1854:
1847:
1823:(3): 53–59.
1820:
1816:
1810:
1789:cite journal
1761:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1707:cite journal
1673:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1621:
1615:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1561:cite journal
1546:
1521:
1517:
1504:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1452:
1449:Publications
1448:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1376:
1372:
1359:
1342:
1338:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1268:
1262:
1225:
1222:PLOS Biology
1221:
1211:
1184:
1181:First Monday
1180:
1170:
1153:10150/105141
1135:
1131:
1118:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1017:
1008:
999:10150/105292
981:
977:
971:
954:
950:
937:
918:
914:First Monday
912:
902:
875:
871:
861:
836:
832:
796:
792:
782:
770:. Retrieved
766:
757:
738:
734:
725:
688:
685:PLOS Biology
684:
674:
633:
629:
603:(2): 72–73.
600:
596:
573:(2): 70–72.
570:
566:
538:10150/105141
520:
516:
489:. Retrieved
476:
464:. Retrieved
451:
439:. Retrieved
393:
378:
363:
348:
333:
318:
257:
254:
237:
234:Other models
223:
208:
194:ResearchGate
187:
175:
167:
152:
141:
139:
131:
114:
110:
99:
85:
68:subscription
57:
53:moral rights
49:
24:
20:
18:
2698:Open source
2584:New Zealand
2579:Netherlands
2432: [
2221:Open access
2149:20 November
2124:20 November
1936:(Pt 1): 1.
1838:10393/35779
1745:: 291–317.
1698:10023/16938
1651:: 241–254.
1305:10023/16928
487:. p. 3
462:. p. 3
76:open access
74:as used in
2729:Publishing
2719:Agreements
2713:Categories
2512:By country
2374:Strategies
2323:Statements
2294:Manuscript
2060:2022-08-10
957:(3): 243.
523:(4): 293.
414:References
128:Criticisms
122:plagiarism
33:publishers
2668:Open data
2519:Australia
2304:Postprint
2096:198207309
1455:(2): 34.
1393:144222460
1314:166171714
190:copyright
159:publisher
64:royalties
29:copyright
2599:Portugal
2458:OpenAIRE
2435:Wikidata
2299:Preprint
2246:Concepts
2237:Timeline
2036:22162946
1952:14657267
1911:17185718
1875:(2006).
1665:27138477
1538:63819187
1254:22140361
1203:39334346
1162:40861778
1110:36290551
1066:28117640
1023:23 March
894:22287538
853:19320070
815:10230981
772:23 March
717:22140361
666:36290551
547:40861778
289:Fair use
268:See also
262:addendum
211:Elsevier
104:—
72:licenses
2624:Ukraine
2559:Hungary
2549:Germany
2539:Denmark
2529:Belgium
2524:Austria
2503:Sci-Hub
2274:Paywall
2256:versus
2232:History
2183:at the
2027:3232214
1902:1761190
1622:Science
1245:3226455
1102:9750115
1082:Science
708:3226455
658:9750115
638:Bibcode
630:Science
284:ETBLAST
198:Sci-Hub
95:Purpose
82:History
45:license
2619:Sweden
2604:Russia
2594:Poland
2589:Norway
2554:Greece
2544:France
2534:Canada
2478:Plan S
2254:Gratis
2094:
2034:
2024:
1950:
1909:
1899:
1663:
1536:
1391:
1312:
1252:
1242:
1201:
1187:(11).
1160:
1108:
1100:
1064:
921:(11).
892:
851:
813:
715:
705:
664:
656:
545:
491:16 May
466:16 May
441:16 May
227:Plan S
2633:Other
2614:Spain
2574:Italy
2564:India
2438:]
2258:libre
2114:SPARC
2092:S2CID
1859:(PDF)
1771:(PDF)
1661:S2CID
1534:S2CID
1514:(PDF)
1389:S2CID
1369:(PDF)
1335:(PDF)
1310:S2CID
1199:S2CID
1158:S2CID
1128:(PDF)
1106:S2CID
947:(PDF)
662:S2CID
543:S2CID
485:(PDF)
460:(PDF)
435:(PDF)
402:(PDF)
310:Notes
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