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1196:'s followers. He had already lived 300 years before meeting Muhammad, and was well versed in all of the world's religions, though he chose to follow Islam alone. As Muhammad's death drew near, he asked his followers who would take the stone of his holy date, a carrier of all Islamic knowledge, and give it to the next generation. Arslan replied that he would gladly bear this burden, and taking the stone, continued on his journey. Hundreds of years later, as he passed through the small town of Isfijab, Arslan Baba was stopped on the road by a young boy. "Grandfather, give me my date stone!" demanded the young Ahmad. Arslan relinquished the stone, and following the death of Ahmad's father in 1113, journeyed with Ahmad to Yasi.
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apartments in the city proper, and no buildings more than two stories high, allowing the skyline to be dominated by the domes of local minarets, mosques, and mausoleums, some more than 1,000 years old. The main tourist and pilgrimage attractions are the mausoleums and the
Minaret of the former Kydyr mosque built in the 10th century.
705:
in northern China and traveled to Persia to present himself before
Genghis Khan. His fame as a pious exemplar of Taoist belief had preceded him, and his travels carried him over roads newly restored by the Mongols, roads that were then in better condition than when the Russian imperial orientalist V.
1254:. The earliest historical record of the Yasavi Order comes from Hakim Ata, and the uncertainty surrounding Ahmad's order stems from the confusion regarding the multiple dates given for Hakim's life and possible direct descent from Ahmad as the second, third, fourth, or fifth generation of the order.
937:
in 1864, several new villages were founded around Sayram. They were found to be prosperous by I. I. Geier, a local
Russian journalist/historian writing in the first decade of the 20th century, though Sayram was still noted for its superior wheat, horse market, historical background, and many tombs.
678:. Sayram was part of the eastern Qarakhanid khanate based on three cities: Sayram itself, Talas, and Farghāna. Coins were minted there by the Qarakhanid rulers. In the opening years of the 7th/13th century, the district seems to have been taken over by the Qipchaqs of the middle Syr Darya, for the
604:
Sayram is significant for maintaining a degree of independence from the
Samanids, remaining a possession of the local Turkic dynasty. The rulers owed three signs of loyalty to the Samanids: military service, the presentation of symbolic gifts, and the name of the Samanid ruler on minted currency.
520:
Sayram was already an important trading site in the centuries before the Arab
Conquest. Islam was brought to Sayram and its neighboring cities by a detachment of Arabic and Arabic-speaking soldier-missionaries from the already converted lands to the south. Sayram, or Isfijab as it was then known,
1093:
Modern Sayram is still very much a part of ancient
Central Asia. Unlike most of Kazakhstan, it bears almost no mark of Soviet planning or modernization. The streets curve in many directions, while the center of the town occupies the same crossroads that have been used for centuries. There are no
572:
Nūḥ ibn Asad, wrested control of the city from the Turks. In that year, Nūḥ built a wall around it to protect it from the Turks. By this time the city was a flourishing market center at the nexus of nomad and sedentary lands. It was also a linchpin in the broad zone of protective forts built to
1176:
sources show evidence of pushing the date of his life to before the Mongol
Conquest, i.e. c. 1103–1166. This chronology is generally accepted in contemporary Central Eurasian studies. His first teacher was Hazrat Shayh Shahobiddin Isfijabi. Today he is known by the nickname Oqota Baba (White
1319:
464:. There are several names mentioned, though it is possible they refer to people, places, cities, or geographic features. Historian Richard Frye states that "even guesses about their identity do not help us in reconstructing history." The word appearing in the Avesta is
447:
Sayram steadily lost its importance as an important trading hub after a time of rapid growth due to the internal warriors of the local feudal lords at the beginning of the 18th century and there is only one village with the same name on its position today.
920:
in 1810. The local Qazaq population, and possibly the local sedentary population, revolted against Kokand control in 1820-1. There is little mention of Sayram in regional histories until its fall to the
Russians in 1864, by which time the nearby city of
1177:
Grandfather). Near his mausoleum, there is a small stream bridged by the main road into Sayram. This bridge is the focus of a local legend concerning the meeting of Ahmad as a boy and the great wanderer Arslan Bab - also well known as
896:
Sayram was slowly rebuilt, likely with the support of the merchants of
Central Asia and the leadership of the Kazakhs. This knowledge comes from the fact that the city appears again as a target of Zunghar aggression forty years later.
581:
s, at 1,700. They built outer walls to protect the crops of the inhabitants from raiders, but the town was not only a military outpost. Traders from
Bukhara and Samarkand constructed large caravanserais for themselves in Sayram.
484:
In the 7th century, the Western Turkic Confederation consisted of five Tu-lu and five Nu-shih-pi tribes, known collectively as the On Oq (Ten Arrows) and by the Chinese as Shih Hsing (Ten Clans). In 642, the
777:
China-bound invasion force wintered in Sayram, Tashkent, and Banākath. ‘Abd al-Razzāq wrote that in 1410 the fortress of Sayram was besieged by Moghul forces, and by the end of the 15th century was given to
986:
The population of over 40,000 is roughly 95% Uzbek, 3% Kazakh, and 1% Russian, with the remainder being Uzbek-speaking Azeris, Chechens and Tajiks. Sayram is a city of observant Muslims, and the
1242:
He spent the majority of his life in Yasi, taking the name Ahmad Yasawi. His order is known as the Yasawiyya/Yasavi, and is particularly important in the history of the region, as well as in
342:, and there is likewise renewed interest in the city as one of the oldest cities of the independent country of Kazakhstan. Notable among the archaeological discoveries is evidence of an early
328:. Sayram is significant today for maintaining mud-brick architecture and the absence of Soviet-style architecture. There are many pre-20th-century mausoleums, and more continue to be built.
823:
took Sayram in 1503. With the coming of Uzbek power in the region, Sayram fell to Muhammad Shaybani Khan along with the rest of the region. However, peace in the region was elusive. The
547:(Christian) of the seventieth generation, and my faith is true! That is why I shall fight you." Hand-to-hand combat ensued, and lasted for three days and nights. Ten thousand Nestorian
889:
east of Sayram. Galdan sent forces against Sayram in 1681, which must have been unsuccessful because they returned in 1683, when Barthold tells us that his commander Rabtan (probably
456:
Some local historians have attempted to find proof of Sayram's prehistory in the holy book of the Zoroastrian faith. They state that the first recorded mention of Sayram is in the
524:
The Arab Conquest was led by Iskak, known today in Sayram as Iskak-bab. The standard bearer of these soldiers of Islam was ‘Abd al-‘Azīz. One surviving manuscript, entitled
1749:
Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century
1684:
Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century
605:
Sayram at this time was one-third the size of Banākath (now in ruins near present-day Chinoz, Uzbekistan), the chief town of the neighboring district of Shāsh (present-day
555:
The same manuscript goes on to describe Iskak-bab's building of the first mosque in Sayram, which would make it the first mosque in all of present-day Kazakhstan, as well.
440:
The modern city of Sayram celebrated its 3,000th year of continued habitation in 1999. Sayram is a city on the frontier between irrigated farmland and the pastures of the
753:(1247–1318) wrote that Sayram was also known as Kary Sailam (Old Sayram). At that time it was a large city with forty gates, and it took one whole day to cross the city.
1816:
V. V. Barthold, "History of the Semirechyé," in Barthold, Four Studies on the History of Central Asia, tr. V. and T. Minorsky (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1962), pp. 98-100.
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being much stronger than Uzbekistan's, Sayram has seen an increase of migrant laborers from Uzbekistan, as well as those coming to stay as permanent residents.
885:
of the Zunghars, had successfully conquered and destroyed the power of Sayram did he move his encampment west to the valley of the Ili, ensuring his control of
309:, into which the Sayram Su river flows. Since 2018, it has been part of Shymkent City. Population: 30,887 (2009 Census results); 25,408 (1999 Census results).
496:
After the expulsion of the heretical sects of Christianity, there came a large number of Christians to Central Asia and the East. Largest among them were the
305:
on the Sayram Su River, which rises at the nearby 4000-meter mountain Sayram Su. In medieval times, the city and countryside were located on the banks of the
1257:
Ahmad's mother and father are buried in Sayram. Their mausoleums are both major sites of pilgrimage today, drawing pilgrims from all over Central Asia:
412:, 'sea, river' and referred to the source of a stream. If the name Sayrām is actually Turkic, it probably refers to 'a place of shallow water.' To wit,
955:
559:"After that he set up a Friday mosque in Sayram. The first stone in the foundation was laid by his hands. He sanctified the stone with holy water."
397:
951:
381:
The oldest name of the city according to historical evidence is Isfijab (Espijâb, Isfījāb, Asfījāb), which remained until the Mongol conquest.
1414:
Devin DeWeese, "Sacred History for a Central Asian Town: Saints, Shrines, and Legends of Origin in Histories of Sayrām, 18th-19th Centuries,"
1246:. Their order was known for its disdain for hypocrisy and also the inclusion of certain historic Central Eurasian traditions identified with
877:
in the 1600s saw much of what is now southern Kazakhstan leave the control of the Kazakh Khans. The historian Barthold argued that only after
444:. It has a long history of commercial and political importance as a border town and has been the site of numerous conquests and reconquests.
91:
1964:
1959:
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V. Barthold described them in the early 20th century. Qui Chuji (Chan-Chun, or Чан-чунь in Barthold's work) traveled through the land of the
317:
424:'shallow water,' which coincidentally is the name of the river running east of the center of the city. Kāsgharī also later notes the verb
682:ʿAlāʾ al-dīn Muḥammad devastated the area beyond the Syr Darya to prevent it from falling into the hands of the Mongol leader Küchlüg.
338:, but remains a relatively understudied area. There has been some field work done in the city both before and during the rise of the
947:
870:. The failure of this expedition to control Kazakh raids effectively ended attempts by the Uzbeks to control Sayram and its region.
1438:, Sources of Oriental Languages and Literatures, 7, Turkish Sources, VII, Cambridge, Harvard University Printing Office. II, p. 256
738:
camped in Sayram, and awaited the arrival of his sons in 1223. Sayram's neighbor to the west was not so lucky, the doomed city of
726:
on a bridge of stone, before reaching Sayram in November 1221. The city of Sayram is mentioned in some detail in Qui Chuji's book
628:), the prison, and the Friday mosque were all in the inner city. There were four main gates to the inner town, each guarded by a
385:
mentioned it as the "White City which is called Isbījāb," suggesting its connection with the Soghdian/Persian word for white,
272:
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s and fifteen thousand Muslim missionaries died for their faith. The color-bearer of the Muslim forces was ‘Abd al-‘Azīz.
393:. Kashgari also mentioned that the city was known as Sayram at that time, the name which the town bears today. The Russian
847:
1537:
Early mystics in Turkish literature. By Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Gary Leiser, Robert Dankoff. Published by Routledge, 2006.
866:
Manṣūr Khān led an Uzbek force against the Kazakhs in 1522 in response to their raids from the region of Sayram into the
528:, tells how the Muslim warriors under Iskak-bab came to Sayram and met with the Nestorian patriarch of Sayram, Nakhibar.
1172:
was born in Sayram. The date of his birth is difficult to ascertain from historical documents, and later 13th-century
59:
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1542:
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1322:[Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan] (in Russian). Департамент социальной и демографической статистики
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1796:
History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part II: The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia
267:
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1357:
The monumental inscriptions from early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana. By Sheila Blair. Published by BRILL, 1992.
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Toward the end of the Timurid power, in the middle of the 15th century, Sayram was raided regularly (along with
1381:
1133:
954:. At that time, the majority of modern-day Kazakhstan, including the steppe regions, were part of the separate
1642:
by M.S. Asimov, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson, Ahmad Hasan Dani, Unesco, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Muḥammad Osimī
1376:
Kazakhstan: Coming of Age. Michael Fergus and Zhanar Zhandosova, Stacey International Publishers, March 2004 (
468:, which some historians equate with the name Sayram. There is mention of a river, and a land or people called
624:(suburb), the latter two being protected by walls. All the houses were of mud brick. The government center (
1513:
The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia. By Denis Sinor. Published by Cambridge University Press, 1990.
769:, Sayram was an important border city, a center of trade, and Timur gave rule of the city to his grandson
597:. The alternate southern routes were controlled by rival factions, leaving the primary route east through
827:
soon grew in power and Sayram became a common prize of raids and wars between the Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and
679:
312:
The city celebrated the 3,000th anniversary of its founding in 1999. It is among the oldest cities in
1226:
was built on his grave. Following Arslan's death, Ahmad moved to Bukhara and followed the studies of
790:
535:
Three-Domed Mausoleum of ‘Abd al-‘Azīz-baba and Seyt Kozhakhan-ata, originally built by the order of
863:'s account, no khan was as respected or authoritative as Qasim, who could command over 300,000 men.
501:
257:
17:
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820:
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1646:, János Harmatta, Boris Abramovich Litvinovskiĭ. Published by Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1999
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Sayram's Friday Mosque, built in the last ten years by donations from foreign philanthropists.
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994:
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mentions that the "king of the Turkmen" at nearby rdū habitually sent presents to Asfījāb.
1763:
by Vasiliĭ Vladimirovich Bartolʹd. Published by E.J. Brill, 1963, University of California
1345:
Sayram Region, 75th Anniversary. By Yerkin Nurazxan, editor 2003. Published independently.
958:. After this period of border drawing and redrawing, Sayram eventually became part of the
8:
646:. The ruler of Sayram apparently also exercised some authority within the steppes, since
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Sayram Region, 75th Anniversary. Yerkin Nurazxan, editor 2003. Published independently.
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1615:. By Louis Massignon, Herbert Mason. Published by Princeton University Press, 1994.
1418:, 89-90 | July 2000, uploaded May 12, 2009, accessed December 10, 2010. URL :
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The newest mausoleum in Sayram today was built and finished in 2005 for Botbay Ata.
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who resisted conversion. Buddhism was also prevalent in Central Asia at that time.
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and remained within their control until their destruction by the Chinese in 1758.
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of the Kazakhs, Sayram, Turkistān, and Tashkent passed under the control of the
1713:^Si You Ki: Travels to the West of Kiu Ch‘ang Ch‘un, by Emil Bretschneider, in
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Ahmad Yasawi's mausoleum, bearing the largest dome in Central Asia, located in
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Sayram was also the main contact between Samanid Islam and the Qaghan Turks of
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369:, which, according to local tradition, was founded by captives captured by the
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351:
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1948:
1704:
Bartold, V. V. (1963). Sochineniia. Moskva,, Izd-vo vostochnoi lit-ry. p. 518
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Bartold, V. V. (1963). Sochineniia. Moskva,, Izd-vo vostochnoi lit-ry. p. 517
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Minaret to the Kydyr mosque, 10th century. Roughly 45 feet (15 meters) tall.
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Iskak-bab invited Nakhibar to the true faith. But Nakhibar replied, "I am a
1287:
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882:
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735:
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1785:, tr. V. and T. Minorsky (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1962), vol. I, pp. 137-165.
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1207:) marking the bridge where Arslan Baba passed a persimmon stone to young
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that also receives domestic flights from Kazakhstan's international hubs
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The rise of the collection of Oirat clans into what became known as the
493:) of the Tu-lu Turkic tribe took refuge in Isfijab from the Nu-shih-pi.
1842:. Handbook of Oriental Studies, sec. 8, vol. 9- Leiden: Brill, 2003. xi
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Bosworth, C.E. "Isfīdjāb." Encyclopædia of Islam, 2nd ed., Brill, 2010.
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served as a border town between the Islamic lands and the pagan Turks.
313:
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1717:, vol. 1 (1888) Trubner & Co, London; Reprint by Elibron Classics
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1502:
The Heritage of Central Asia: From Antiquity to the Turkish Expansion
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From there Ahmad became a prize pupil and one of the rising stars of
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962:. It remains in the successor independent country of the Kazakh SSR,
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762:
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in 431. There was a community of Nestorian Christians in Sayram when
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1591:, by Svatopluk Soucek. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2000
1751:, E. Bretschneider. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & co., ltd, 1910.
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404:, or 'Ancient of Days'. His editor held, however, that instead of
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1686:, E. Bretschneider. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & co., ltd, 1910.
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Sayram was divided into three districts, like others of the time:
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1218:. Arslan Baba finally succumbed to old age and was buried near
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Sayram is reachable via a ten- to fifteen-minute bus, taxi, or
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Barthold, rev. of Tārīkh-i Amniyya, in Sochineniya, viii, 213
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1736:, by Vasiliĭ Vladimirovich Bartolʹd Published by Luzac, 1958
1452:
An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish
1157:
318:
one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the World
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khanate and subsequently dedicated one chapter of his book
1781:
V. V. Barthold, "History of the Semirechyé," in Barthold,
1658:
by Lawrence Krader. Published by Indiana University, 1971
925:
had already begun to eclipse Sayram in local importance.
803:
A Record of the Barbarian Countries in the Western Region
334:
in Central Asia was active following its conquest by the
1436:
Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Diwân lughāt al-Turk)
324:
in Kazakhstan, and similarly among the oldest cities in
1905:
The Basic Views of Khoja Ahmad Yasavî and His Followers
1009:. There is small minority of other ethnicities, mostly
732:, recorded by his disciples after Chuji returned home.
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using catapults under the command of the Siet Alahai.
1772:
E. Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches Vol. 2, p. 250
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The Passion of al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam
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of Moghulistan, where his son was reigning in 1496.
746:, which was utterly destroyed by the Mongol leader.
742:, also called Utrar or Farab, and the birthplace of
638:
s (volunteer fighters for the faith) recruited from
1372:
1370:
859:, Khan of the Kazakhs when he came to the city. In
851:
1890s: Destroyed city walls of Madīnah (Inner town)
1449:
950:, the area of Sayram was at one point part of the
1744:
1742:
1674:
815:
674:, the city marked the border between Karluks and
573:protect the Samanid empire from nomadic raiders.
1946:
1715:Medieval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources
1416:Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée
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1399:
1367:
941:
916:The city of Sayram was taken by the Ming of the
1739:
1341:
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812:) by the Moghul amir Mir Haqq-Berdi Bekichek.
1807:Tārīkh-i Rashīdī, tr. Elias and Ross, 79, 358
1396:
1273:be raised over the site of the Sufi's grave.
1098:List of the most popular mausoleums in Sayram
1029:The religion of the inhabitants of Sayram is
1504:. Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton. 1996.
928:
855:In 1512, the keys of the city were given to
662:seized the city in 980, during the reign of
1911:, vol. 13, issue 38 (Winter 2009), p. 29-38
1783:Four Studies on the History of Central Asia
1761:Four Studies on the History of Central Asia
1353:
1351:
1334:
1309:
1189:According to legend, Arslan was one of the
685:
1937:. Originally published December 15, 2003.
1893:. Originally published December 15, 1988.
1152:
432:, 'the water became shallow (or scanty)'.
1184:
1005:The citizens of modern Sayram are ethnic
400:suggested that Sayram's correct name was
301:) is a rural locality located in eastern
1640:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
1562:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
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428:-, 'to become shallow,' with the phrase
1564:Published by Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
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761:It is unclear when the city fell under
690:The city of Sayram was captured by the
1947:
990:can be heard from the city's mosques.
357:There is another city named Sayram in
1924:, 2nd ed., Brill, 2010. Brill Online.
1868:, 2nd ed., Brill, 2010. Brill Online.
1734:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
1420:http://remmm.revues.org/index283.html
756:
563:
296:
1965:Populated places along the Silk Road
1960:Populated places in Turkistan Region
1456:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp.
670:Empire. At this time, according to
1840:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia
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515:
451:
420:as the name of Isfijāb, the phrase
13:
1037:, the people of Sayram follow the
912:Sayram under the Khanate of Kokand
23:Place in Shymkent City, Kazakhstan
14:
1976:
1119:
835:Sayram under Kazakhs and Zunghars
178:Husan Muzafarhanovich Akhmadhanov
1878:No Counting the Saints in Sayram
1798:. Burt Franklin, New York. 1880.
1667:O. Pritsak, "Die Karachaniden,"
1320:"Население Республики Казахстан"
1000:
960:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
568:In 840 AD, the Samanid chief of
191:10 km (4.2 sq mi)
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1430:al-Kàshgharî, Mahmûd, 1982–85,
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346:system like the kinds found in
1601:Nasabname, Book of Generations
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1408:
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816:Sayram under Muhammad Shaybani
729:Travels to the Western Regions
577:numbered these fortresses, or
416:gives, alongside his entry on
350:and other cities of the early
66:
1:
1933:DeWeese, Devin. "Ḥakim Aṭā",
1303:
1276:
942:Sayram under the Soviet Union
773:. In 1404, the right wing of
722:on a wooden bridge, then the
474:people or land of/near Sayram
1265:, and the surrounding area.
1115:‘Abd al-‘Azīz-baba Mausoleum
893:took the city and razed it.
500:, who were condemned at the
408:, it was instead the Arabic
376:
7:
1434:and James Kelly (transl.),
1203:Sign in Sayram (written in
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1016:
10:
1981:
1920:Zarcone, Th. "Yasawiyya."
1880:, Makhmut Nursalaev (1999)
1864:Zarcone, Th. "Yasawiyya."
1827:The Encyclopæedia of Islam
982:of the former Kydyr mosque
435:
199:600 m (1,970 ft)
15:
1267:Tīmūr ibn Taraghay Barlas
1168:The man who later became
929:Sayram under the Russians
900:In 1723, the year of the
697:In 1220, the Taoist monk
293:
278:
266:
256:
244:
227:
216:
208:
203:
195:
187:
182:
167:
162:
154:
142:
122:
87:
53:
44:
37:
28:
1448:Clauson, Gerard (1972).
686:Sayram under the Mongols
508:first came to Sayram in
502:First Council of Ephesus
361:, China located between
320:, the site of the first
1656:Peoples of Central Asia
1589:A history of inner Asia
1153:Ahmad Yasavi and Sayram
1103:Karashash Ana Mausoleum
1065:Karashash Ana Mausoleum
18:Sayram (disambiguation)
1853:Encyclopæedia of Islam
1211:
1185:Ahmad in local legends
1165:
1132:, which is host to an
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1035:Central Asia's Muslims
1026:
983:
852:
844:
701:left his home town of
561:
553:
539:
79:Location in Kazakhstan
1922:Encyclopædia of Islam
1866:Encyclopædia of Islam
1283:History of Kazakhstan
1224:Arystan Bab Mausoleum
1202:
1160:
1112:Mirali Baba Mausoleum
1106:Ibrahim Ata Mausoleum
1088:
1080:
1073:Ibrahim Ata Mausoleum
1072:
1064:
1056:
1043:Islamic jurisprudence
1024:
977:
948:National delimitation
850:
842:
749:The famous historian
718:, crossing first the
654:Under the Qarakhanids
557:
541:
534:
107:42.30000°N 69.76667°E
1935:Encyclopedia Iranica
1909:Ekev Academic Review
1891:Encyclopedia Iranica
1109:Botbay Ata Mausoleum
879:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
16:For other uses, see
1671:31, 1954, pp. 36-38
1057:Main Gate of Sayram
843:Sayram in the 1890s
460:, the holy book of
103: /
1212:
1170:Khoja Ahmad Yasavi
1166:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1027:
984:
978:Sayram's historic
853:
845:
757:Sayram under Timur
620:(inner town), and
564:Under the Samanids
540:
168: • Akim
112:42.30000; 69.76667
1907:. Tosun, Necdet.
1889:Algar, H. "Bāb."
1629:978-0-691-01919-2
1578:978-81-208-1540-7
1551:978-0-415-36686-1
1527:978-0-521-24304-9
1230:before moving to
902:Barefooted Flight
298:[sɑjˈrɑm]
283:
282:
279:Old name: Isfījāb
209: • City
188: • City
1972:
1940:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1794:Howorth, Henry.
1792:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1637:
1631:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1559:
1553:
1535:
1529:
1511:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1445:
1439:
1428:
1422:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1374:
1365:
1355:
1346:
1343:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1316:
1238:The Yasavi Order
956:Kirgizistan ASSR
935:Russian conquest
793:was sent by the
765:rule. Under the
516:Islamic Conquest
452:Earliest history
300:
295:
175:
135:
133:
132:
118:
117:
115:
114:
113:
108:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
69:
68:
62:
49:
39:
26:
25:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1903:
1899:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1638:
1634:
1611:
1607:
1603:: Sayram, Anon.
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1560:
1556:
1536:
1532:
1512:
1508:
1500:Frye, Richard.
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1446:
1442:
1429:
1425:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1375:
1368:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1279:
1269:decreed that a
1240:
1191:Islamic prophet
1187:
1155:
1150:
1122:
1100:
1051:
1033:. Like most of
1019:
1003:
993:The economy of
972:
944:
931:
914:
875:Zunghar Khanate
837:
818:
759:
688:
656:
566:
518:
482:
454:
442:Dasht-i Qipchaq
438:
430:sūw seyremlendī
383:Mahmud Kashgari
379:
294:Сайрам / Sairam
252:
169:
158:10th century BC
130:
128:
111:
109:
105:
102:
97:
94:
92:
90:
89:
83:
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
75:
74:
70:
40:
38:Сайрам / Sairam
31:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1942:
1941:
1926:
1913:
1897:
1882:
1870:
1857:
1844:
1838:Bregel, Yuri.
1831:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1787:
1774:
1765:
1753:
1738:
1726:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1673:
1660:
1648:
1644:Muhammad Osimi
1632:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1554:
1530:
1506:
1493:
1472:
1463:
1440:
1432:Robert Dankoff
1423:
1407:
1395:
1386:
1366:
1347:
1333:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1248:Zoroastrianism
1239:
1236:
1228:Yusuf Hamadani
1186:
1183:
1174:hagiographical
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1121:
1120:Transportation
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1050:
1047:
1018:
1015:
1002:
999:
988:call to prayer
971:
968:
952:Turkistan ASSR
943:
940:
930:
927:
918:Kokand Khanate
913:
910:
891:Tsewang Rabtan
836:
833:
817:
814:
795:Yongle Emperor
758:
755:
687:
684:
655:
652:
565:
562:
517:
514:
481:
478:
462:Zoroastrianism
453:
450:
437:
434:
398:N. S. Lykoshin
378:
375:
336:Russian Empire
281:
280:
276:
275:
270:
264:
263:
260:
254:
253:
250:
248:
242:
241:
231:
225:
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165:
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126:
120:
119:
85:
84:
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72:
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64:
63:
57:
56:
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
32:
29:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1977:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1854:
1851:E. J. Brill,
1848:
1841:
1835:
1828:
1825:E. J. Brill,
1822:
1813:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1723:1-4021-9303-3
1720:
1716:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:0-691-01919-3
1618:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:81-208-1540-8
1567:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:0-415-36686-0
1540:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:0-521-24304-1
1516:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1482:
1476:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1444:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1364:
1363:90-04-09367-2
1360:
1354:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1299:
1296:
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1280:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1001:Ethnic groups
998:
996:
991:
989:
981:
976:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
939:
936:
926:
924:
919:
909:
907:
903:
898:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
864:
862:
858:
849:
841:
832:
830:
826:
822:
821:Shaybani Khan
813:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
754:
752:
751:Rashid-al-Din
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
731:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
700:
695:
693:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:
631:
627:
626:dār al-imārah
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
580:
576:
571:
560:
556:
552:
550:
546:
538:
533:
529:
527:
522:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
449:
445:
443:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
396:
392:
388:
384:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
327:
323:
319:
316:, as well as
315:
310:
308:
304:
299:
291:
287:
277:
274:
271:
269:
265:
261:
259:
255:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
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230:
226:
222:
220:
217: •
215:
211:
207:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
177:
173:
166:
161:
157:
153:
150:
149:Shymkent City
147:
145:
141:
138:
127:
125:
121:
116:
88:Coordinates:
86:
61:
52:
48:
43:
35:
27:
19:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1855:. 1913–1938.
1852:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1826:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1733:
1729:
1714:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1683:
1668:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1639:
1635:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1561:
1557:
1533:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1475:
1466:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1426:
1415:
1410:
1389:
1324:. Retrieved
1288:Ahmed Yesevi
1256:
1241:
1222:. Later the
1213:
1209:Ahmad Yasavi
1188:
1167:
1123:
1092:
1028:
1004:
992:
985:
970:Demographics
945:
932:
915:
899:
895:
883:Khong Tayiji
872:
865:
854:
819:
807:
787:Ming dynasty
784:
760:
748:
736:Genghis Khan
734:
727:
696:
689:
657:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
611:
603:
601:and Sayram.
584:
578:
567:
558:
554:
548:
544:
542:
525:
523:
519:
495:
486:
483:
480:Before Islam
473:
470:Sairima elis
469:
465:
455:
446:
439:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:al-Kāshgharī
409:
405:
401:
390:
386:
380:
356:
340:Soviet Union
330:
311:
285:
284:
1252:Manichaeism
1179:Arystan Bab
1049:Main sights
805:to Sayram.
785:During the
724:Talas River
680:Khorezmshah
672:al-Istakhri
660:Qarakhanids
616:(citadel),
422:seyrem sūw,
402:Sar-i ayyām
395:Orientalist
332:Archaeology
326:Transoxania
246:Postal code
110: /
1949:Categories
1829:1913–1938.
1382:1900988615
1326:8 December
1304:References
1293:Kazakhstan
1263:Uzbekistan
1259:Kyrgyzstan
1142:Nur-Sultan
1128:ride from
1126:marshrutka
1041:school of
995:Kazakhstan
964:Kazakhstan
933:After the
857:Qasim Khan
791:Chen Cheng
780:Yunus Khan
714:, through
710:, through
676:Oğuz Turks
632:manned by
498:Nestorians
314:Kazakhstan
307:Arys River
204:Population
163:Government
137:Kazakhstan
1669:Der Islam
1298:Silk Road
1271:mausoleum
1163:Turkestan
810:Turkestan
744:Al-Farabi
720:Chu River
699:Qiu Chuji
648:Moqaddasi
644:Samarkand
575:Moqaddasi
570:Samarkand
526:Nasabname
426:seyremlen
377:Etymology
354:empires.
348:Samarqand
258:Area code
229:Time zone
196:Elevation
98:69°46′0″E
95:42°18′0″N
1955:Shymkent
1486:April 8,
1481:"Sayram"
1277:See also
1244:Anatolia
1194:Muhammad
1148:See also
1130:Shymkent
1017:Religion
923:Chimkent
868:Farghana
789:, envoy
767:Timurids
703:Shandong
614:qohandez
607:Tashkent
359:Xinjiang
344:plumbing
303:Shymkent
262:+7 72531
223:Shymkent
1458:859–860
1134:airport
1011:Kazakhs
980:minaret
946:During
906:Qalmaqs
887:Zhetysu
829:Qalmaqs
825:Kazakhs
799:Timurid
797:to the
775:Timur's
771:Ulugbek
763:Timur's
716:Zhetysu
708:Uyghurs
692:Mongols
668:Samanid
666:of the
640:Bukhara
618:madīnah
591:Kashgar
466:Sairima
436:History
371:Qalmaqs
352:Persian
268:Climate
155:Founded
124:Country
1721:
1627:
1619:
1576:
1568:
1549:
1541:
1525:
1517:
1380:
1361:
1216:Sufism
1138:Almaty
1039:Hanafi
1007:Uzbeks
881:, the
664:Nuh II
593:, and
587:Turpan
510:766 AD
487:khaqan
458:Avesta
418:Sayrām
322:mosque
290:Kazakh
286:Sayram
251:160812
212:32,757
144:Region
134:
73:Sayram
34:Kazakh
30:Sayram
1220:Otrar
1205:Uzbek
1031:Islam
861:Babur
740:Otrar
712:Kulja
635:ghāzī
630:ribat
622:rabaż
599:Farab
595:Kucha
579:ribāṭ
549:tarsa
545:tarsa
537:Timur
506:Islam
472:, or
406:ayyām
391:ispīd
387:sipīd
363:Kucha
234:UTC+6
219:Metro
172:mayor
1719:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1566:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1488:2021
1378:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1328:2013
1250:and
1232:Yasi
1140:and
658:The
642:and
491:khan
410:yamm
367:Aksu
365:and
238:ALMT
183:Area
609:).
389:or
273:Csa
1951::
1741:^
1676:^
1623:,
1572:,
1545:,
1521:,
1398:^
1369:^
1350:^
1336:^
1311:^
1261:,
1234:.
1181:.
1144:.
1045:.
1013:.
966:.
831:.
589:,
476:.
373:.
292::
36::
1490:.
1460:.
1384:)
1330:.
489:(
288:(
240:)
236:(
174:)
170:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
