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they learned of the terrible conditions the war inflicted on the
Chinese people, a perspective that they had not been exposed to before their capture. Closer to the end of the war, the growing possibility of defeat created anxiety among the Japanese army. Because of the Japanese military's policy to never surrender, Japanese soldiers never received any training about how to act as POWs: upon returning to Japanese ranks, many would face disgrace, punishment, and starvation. Many Japanese soldiers committed suicide after their capture, but those who chose to live generally came to sympathize with the Chinese. The Japanese army was aware of the existence of Nosaka's Communist Japanese soldiers, and feared the phenomena out of proportion to their actual threat.
712:
Japanese soldiers to critique and improve their own methods of anti-Japanese psychological warfare. Shortly after Japan's surrender in 1945, Nosaka began to march with approximately 200 other
Japanese Communists across northern China. They arrived at the coast after picking up hundreds of other Japanese along the way. Demanding immediate repatriation from the first Americans they found, they declared their intention to return and work "for the democratization of Japan and the establishment of peace in the Far East". Although there are no records of the exact number of Japanese "re-educated" by Nosaka who elected to remain in Communist-occupied China after 1945, it is estimated that "the number must have been considerable".
696:, the main communist force active during World War II, was to interrogate prisoners and then release them. After reports surfaced that the Japanese were punishing Japanese prisoners after they returned, the Red Army's policy gradually changed to one of retraining POWs, and the communists began to implement this policy after Nosaka arrived in Yan'an. By the time of its war with China, the Japanese army was educating its officers and common soldiers to die rather than surrender. Injured soldiers were easily captured, and made up the bulk of Japanese POWs. Captured Japanese believed that they would be killed, but were instead fed and clothed, and began to develop a rapport with their captors.
637:
35:
776:, and enjoyed the informal recognition as a "roving ambassador" for Japanese communism. After his return to Japan, Nosaka worked to organize Japanese communists. Nosaka's strategy was to foster what he called a "lovable" image for the JCP, seeking to take advantage of the seemingly pro-labor American-led Occupation to bring about a peaceful socialist revolution in Japan. This strategy was highly successful at first, attracting for the party a large following within the student and labor movements and among intellectuals. In the
704:, an American who met Nosaka in Yan'an wrote that Nosaka was "the Japanese national who undoubtedly contributed the most in the war against Japanese militarism". The Japanese army attempted to use numerous spies and assassins in order to eliminate Nosaka (who used the name "Okano Susumu" for the duration of the war), but were unsuccessful. Nosaka maintained a network of agents throughout Japanese-occupied China, which he used to gather information about events within the Japanese Empire and about the war.
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885:. After his arrest, Yamaguchi told police that he had hoped to assassinate Nosaka as well. On November 13, 1963, Nosaka survived an assassination attempt while making a speech in Osaka. The perpetrator was 22-year-old Masahiro Nakao, a member of the rightist group Dai Nippon Gokuku Dan. Nakao, armed with a dagger, leaped on a platform where Nosaka was giving his speech. Nakao was subdued by Party members who turned him over to the police.
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499:. Like many British intellectuals at the time, Nosaka deepened his studies of Marxism, and became a confirmed communist at the university. While in London Nosaka became active in communist circles. He affiliated himself with notable trade union leaders active in London, and attended the September 8–13, 1919 Glasgow Trade Union Congress as a correspondent for
862:, to resign, but failed to achieve their main goal of preventing passage of the revised Security Treaty, which Kishi ruthlessly rammed through the Diet in spite of the popular opposition. In Japanese public opinion, the demonstrations were received as a national embarrassment, and the JCP received only 3% of the popular vote in the
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further. The JCP ordered Nosaka to be present for a general Party meeting on
December 27, 1992. After some deliberation, the party that Nosaka helped found expelled him by unanimous vote. The Party newspaper reported that Nosaka, when asked if he had any reply to the charges against him, would only state: "I have nothing to say".
541:. After his second arrest in 1929, Nosaka spent two years in jail. He was released in 1931 on the grounds of illness. The short lengths of Nosaka's arrests aroused suspicion among other Japanese communists that Nosaka had given important information to the Japanese secret police, but these suspicions were never acted upon.
799:" in Occupation policy, shifting away from demilitarization and democratization to remilitarization, suppressing leftists, and strengthening Japan's conservative elements in support of U.S. Cold War objectives in Asia. At the Occupation's urging, the Japanese state and private corporations carried out a sweeping "
839:. The JCP spent the next three years gradually backing down from the militant line, finally renouncing it fully in 1955, which paved the way for Nosaka's return to power. Nosaka re-emerged in Japan in 1955 as the First Secretary of the JCP. Nosaka was briefly arrested after he resurfaced, but quickly released.
526:(JCP) that same year. Nosaka was more secretive about his relationship with the Communist Party than he had been in Britain, and kept his membership a secret from Bunji Suzuki and other moderate labour leaders. After his return, Nosaka worked as a trade unionist and editor of the JCP's official newspaper,
811:"Cominform Criticism" ultimately led by the summer of 1951 to a complete reversal in JCP tactics from the peaceful pursuit of revolution within democratic institutions to an embrace of immediate and violent revolution along Maoist lines. This resulted in a campaign of terror in which JCP activists threw
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to establish a cell that would operate as a communist front organization. Because the records from this period are incomplete, historians cannot be certain to what extent Nosaka's efforts in
America were successful. Nosaka worked as a Comintern agent in America until 1938, when he returned to Moscow.
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environment. As a young man Nosaka was known for his fashionable taste in clothing and for the large dog that often accompanied him in public. He was quiet, serious, studious, introverted, and more comfortable in libraries than at public demonstrations. After his secondary education, Nosaka attended
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Sanzō Nosaka was featured in the "International
Friends during the Anti-Japanese War". A show organized by the Beijing People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries. The show "features 160 pictures of 39 foreign friends who worked together with the Chinese people and made contributions
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One of Nosaka's friends was Kenzo
Yamamoto, a legendary Japanese communist who had been in the Soviet Union with his common-law wife, Matsu, since 1928. Yamamoto had a reputation as a great womanizer; and, when rumors circulated that Yamamoto was engaged in an affair with Nosaka's wife, Ryu, Nosaka
537:, but he was released after short periods both times. Nosaka was first arrested in 1923, and released within a year. After his release, Nosaka became more active within the Japanese labor movement. In March 1928, the Japanese police began a campaign to harass and destroy the JCP, beginning with the
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After the allegations against Nosaka became widely known, he checked himself into Yoyogi
Hospital in Tokyo (a common tactic of Japanese politicians facing scandal). When a team of investigators sent by the JCP visited him, Nosaka confessed that the letter was his, but refused to discuss the matter
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Besides Nosaka's regimen of psychological indoctrination, there were several reasons that
Japanese POWs chose to join the Chinese communists. Communist guerrillas took care to develop an early rapport with their prisoners by treating them well. Captured Japanese soldiers were generally moved when
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Nosaka's
Japanese "prisoner converts" fought freely for the Chinese communists once their re-education was complete. In Yan'an, the Japanese lived normal lives without guards, owned a cooperative store, and printed their own news bulletins and propaganda. Visiting American officers used Nosaka's
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praised Nosaka as an "outstanding fighter of the
Japanese people and comrade-in-arms of the Chinese people". The Soviets sent Nosaka a matter-of-fact confirmation of his status within the JCP, and within a month sent the JCP another letter scolding the Party for not adequately supporting Soviet
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published a tract harshly criticizing the JCP's peaceful line as "opportunism" and "glorifying American imperialism" and demanding that the JCP take steps to pursue immediate violent revolution in Japan. Competition between JCP factions to win Cominform approval in the wake of this devastating
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on behalf of the Chinese Communists. Japanese troops captured by the Communists were then used by the Communists in various civilian and military roles, and were especially valued because their level of technical expertise was generally greater than that of most Chinese soldiers. "Re-educated"
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From 1940 to 1943, Nosaka's presence in China was kept a secret. Under a Chinese name, Lin Zhe, he directed the work of the Research Office of the Japanese Problem. His work with the Research Office in Yan'an brought Yan'an's intelligence information about Japan up to date. Nosaka collected
515:. In Russia, with the help of friendly contacts in the communist hierarchy, Nosaka became influential within the Communist Party. Nosaka was suspected of being either a British or Japanese agent; but, because of his contacts among high-ranking Finnish and Russian leaders, Nosaka was never
418:, which was then considered a "rich boys school". At Keio, Nosaka became interested in the international labor movement, an interest that was largely supported by one of his professors, Kiichi Horie. Nosaka decided to write his senior thesis on the moderate labor organization founded by
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newspapers and other publications from Japan. To research the enemy, Nosaka and his crew took care to analyze current events in Japan and China, which they did by stocking Japanese newspapers, magazines, journals, and diaries that were purchased or seized on the battlefield.
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One year after being expelled from the Japanese Communist Party, Sanzō Nosaka died in his home of old age. Outside the JCP, Nosaka was remembered for his gentle demeanor, good manners, and conservative sense of style, "just like a British gentleman". He was 101 years old.
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by organizing public demonstrations, but he generally supported the JCP's role as a peaceful party. In 1958 Nosaka became Chairman of the JCP, a position he held until retirement at the age of 90, after which he was declared Honorary Chairman. Nosaka joined the faculty of
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Nosaka's contributions to the eventual victory of the Red Army were not forgotten by the leaders he had worked with in China. In 1965, on the twentieth anniversary of Japan's defeat, Nosaka was publicly praised by name by the highest-ranking general in China at the time,
927:, Akira Kato and Shun'ichi Kobayashi, publicly revealed evidence of Nosaka's involvement in the deaths of Kenzo Yamamoto and his wife. On a trip to Moscow, Kobayashi and Kato had managed to purchase a number of KGB documents, which had been kept secret since the
310:. While in university, Nosaka became interested in social movements, and joined a moderate labor organization after graduation, working as a research staff member, and as a writer and editor of the organization's magazine. He traveled to Britain in 1919 to study
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government. Nosaka's activities included disseminating information to communists still active in Japan, infiltrating and making contact with the Japanese communities active in the United States, and establishing a number of communist front organizations in
557:. While in Moscow Nosaka helped to draft the "1932 Thesis", which became the guiding document of the JCP until 1946. Most of his colleagues active in the JCP, who were not able to go abroad, were subsequently arrested by the kempeitai by the fall of 1932.
609:, and other cities on the West Coast. Nosaka worked to gain funding from the Comintern for his activities, and attempted to have other Japanese Communists secretly relocated to America. He planned to recruit American and Japanese agents to send to
913:, and was one of many prominent communist intellectuals active in Japanese academic institutions in his time. Nosaka remained the JCP's chairman from 1958 to 1982, when he stepped down at the age of 90 and took the role of "Honorary Chairman".
337:(JCP). Nosaka became a labor organizer, but was arrested twice by the Japanese government for his activities. After being released from prison a second time, Nosaka secretly returned to the USSR in 1931, where he became an agent of the
830:
reported that he temporarily returned to China. Meanwhile, the JCP's new militant line was a disaster. A full-blown communist revolution failed to emerge in Japan, the JCP activists were rapidly arrested and imprisoned, and in the
452:. As a greater volume of leftist literature entered Japan from the West, Nosaka's political orientation moved farther from the center. The first Western texts on revolutionary social theory available in Japan were mostly on
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s head office, and acquainted himself with its senior leaders: Suzuki initially mistook Nosaka for a salesman the first time they met, but eventually grew fond of Nosaka. When Nosaka graduated from Keio, in 1915, he joined
749:, who may also have been a Soviet spy. Before returning to Japan, Nosaka gained Stalin's endorsement for the leadership of the Japanese Communist Party. Nosaka's re-entry to Japan was also aided by the American diplomat
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of the 1960s, though the CIA interpreted that Nosaka's party remained somewhat more friendly with the Chinese. On Nosaka's seventieth birthday party in 1962, Nosaka received extravagant praise from Beijing.
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1965:
Ware Jr, George (October 1, 1983). "Political Change During the Allied Occupation of Japan (1945-1952): The Justin Williams Papers in the East Asia Collection, McKeldin Library, University of Maryland".
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Because of his activities within the Communist Party (which was illegal in Japan), Nosaka, like many communists in Japan, was arrested (twice in his case), interrogated, and tortured by the
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the JCP temporarily endorsed violence, and Nosaka disappeared from public life and went underground. He re-emerged to lead the JCP again in 1955, after which he attempted to disrupt the
685:, in which most of the artillery fielded by the Communists was manned by Japanese gunners. In general, the method of "re-education" devised and employed by Nosaka was highly effective.
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Yonago Nosaka was the foster daughter of Sanzō Nosaka. She attended the 60th anniversary of the victory of the War against Fascism. She received a medal as a daughter of Sanzō Nosaka.
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on May 23, 1956, recognizing the lack of any evidence that the two were actually spies. In his autobiography, Nosaka later wrote that he had tried to save Yamamoto's life.
944:("Red Flag"), a prominent communist newspaper, sent a team of journalists to Moscow to investigate the allegations, and they confirmed the authenticity of the documents.
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in 1920, and attended the Party's first session as a representative from London. Nosaka's activities within the Communist Party brought him to the attention of
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519:. Nosaka wrote A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan. It was published by the International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions in 1921
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Revolutionary Struggle of the Toiling Masses of Japan. Speech By Okano, 13th Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International
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823:). As punishment for his advocacy of the "lovable" image, Nosaka was temporarily driven out of the party and forced to go underground.
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A Partnership for Disorder: China, the United States, and Their Policies for the Postwar Disposition of the Japanese Empire, 1941-1945
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Nosaka returned to Japan in January 1946, and received a hero's welcome by the JCP. He returned to China as a recognized protege of
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in 1945, Nosaka returned to Japan with hundreds of other Japanese communists, where he led the Japanese Communist Party during the
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After attending the Far Eastern People's Conference in the Soviet Union, Nosaka returned to Japan in 1922, and helped found the
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803:", firing tens of thousands of communists and suspected communists from their jobs in both government and the private sector.
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at police boxes across Japan and cadres were sent into the countryside with instructions to organize oppressed farmers into "
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was a Japanese writer, editor, labor organizer, communist agent, politician, and university professor and the founder of the
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569:. On Stalin's orders, both Yamamoto and Matsu were arrested as spies. A firing squad executed Yamamoto, and Matsu died in a
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352:(CCP) by encouraging and recruiting captured Japanese soldiers to support and fight for the Chinese communists against the
511:, and Nosaka was deported from Britain in 1921. After he left Britain, Nosaka traveled through Europe to the newly formed
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565:(dated February 22, 1939) indicating that he believed Yamamoto and his wife were likely Japanese spies in the pay of the
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The Anpo protests outraged and energized the Japanese right wing. On October 12, during a televised election debate,
850:. In May 1960, as the protests were reaching their height, Nosaka published a lengthy essay in the Communist journal
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in March 1931. While there, Nosaka served as a representative of the JCP, and worked as an executive member of the
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The Chinese Documentary series "Today In The History Of Anti-Japanese War" dedicated an episode to Sanzō Nosaka.
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The revelations of Nosaka's involvement in Yamamoto's death shocked the JCP, already reduced to six seats in the
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titled "We Will Not Accept the New Security Treaty." These massive demonstrations forced the American president,
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2087:"Lot 51 of 339: Four leaves of mimeograph reportage, dateline Yenan, August 14 and August 19, [1945]"
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In January 1950, in response to the Occupation-backed Red Purge and at the behest of Stalin, the Soviet-led
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Japanese troops were instrumental in a number of Communist victories after World War II, including the 1949
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and worked for the organization as a research staff member and as an editor of the organization's journal,
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Nosaka attempted to brand the JCP as a "lovable" populist party supporting Japan's peaceful transition to
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931:. Among these documents was the letter that Nosaka had written in 1939 denouncing Yamamoto and his wife.
835:, the JCP was wiped out in the polls, losing every one of the 35 seats it held in the Lower House of the
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In 1958, Nosaka became the chairman of the JCP's Central Committee. He played a part in organizing the
753:, who had a history of being friendly to Chinese Communists. Before returning to Japan, Nosaka advised
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In May 1943, Nosaka was the representative of the JCP in the case of the dissolution of the Comintern.
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Nosaka announced his intentions to go abroad to study social theory in the November 1918 issue of
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criticism of Nosaka's political theories, which advocated a peaceful transition into communism.
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harbor on July 7, 1919, and arrived in London on August 27. After his arrival, Nosaka studied
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375:, but his strategy was criticized within the party and within the Soviet Union. During the
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Honorable Survivor: Mao's China, McCarthy's America and the Persecution of John S. Service
1757:"CCP/Eighth Route Army’s Policies Toward POWs and the Japanese Anti-War Movement in China"
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After leaving the United States, Nosaka worked in China from 1940 to 1945, supporting the
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306:(JCP). He was the son of a wealthy Japanese merchant, and attended the prestigious
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1882:. London, England: Cambridge University Press. 1967. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
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573:. Both Yamamoto and his wife were formally rehabilitated after their deaths by
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Sanzō Nosaka was the son of a prosperous Japanese merchant and was raised in a
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Relations between Japanese revolutionaries, the Comintern and the Soviet Union
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positions. The Soviets' measured praise of Nosaka was consistent with earlier
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2021:(in Chinese). 【抗战史上的今天】官方频道---纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年. January 14, 2015.
1862:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law School. May 2005. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
1651:(in Chinese). 【抗战史上的今天】官方频道---纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年. January 14, 2015.
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2108:. Vol. pt 7. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 2450–2474.
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In 1940, the Comintern ordered Nosaka to aid communist forces in China.
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2071:"Vote On Emperor Status Is Urged Jap Communists Said To Ask Referendum"
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After his re-entry into public life in 1955, Nosaka was elected to the
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Foreign Languages Press. September 3, 1965. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
1767:"Spy Against Japan: Letters Shed New Light on Nosaka's Espionage Acts"
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tensions around the world, the United States initiated the so-called "
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428:" ("The Friendly Society"). To research his thesis, Nosaka contacted
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Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary (1951).
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After the World War II, Nosaka's return to Japan was facilitated by
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1747:"Staying On: Japanese Soldiers and Civilians in China, 1945-1949."
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force without the facilities to imprison POWs. The policy of the
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On September 27, 1992, two Journalists working for the magazine
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909:, a post that he held until 1977. Nosaka joined the faculty of
858:, to cancel a visit to Japan, and forced the Japanese Premier,
780:, Nosaka and four other members of the JCP were elected to the
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644:(right) at the Seventh Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
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brought to Japan by his friend, Shinzo Koizumi. After reading
333:(USSR). He returned to Japan in 1922, where he co-founded the
2831:
1860:
Harvard: John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics, and Business
1703:. United States of America: Biography Research Center. 2000.
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1867:"Sanzo Nosaka, 101, Communist in Japan Ejected by the Party"
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Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
1752:. Vol. 42, No. 3, May 1983. Retrieved on February 23, 2011.
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Ariyoshi, Koji, Alice M. Beechert, and Edward D. Beechert.
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1260:. The International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions.
1037:. The International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions.
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2047:"COMMUNISTS IN CHINA SEEK UNITY Answer to Japanese Threat"
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From Kona to Yenan: The Political Memoirs of Koji Ariyoshi
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356:, and coordinating a spy network that operated throughout
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Members of the House of Representatives (Empire of Japan)
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Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan
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Nosaka, Sanzō (May 1960). "Shin Anpo danjite yurusazu".
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Sanzō Nosaka speaking to large crowd in Tokyo (ca. 1946)
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However, with the fall of China in 1949 and increasing
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exposed controversial aspects of his relationship with
1924:"The Japanese Victims of Stalinist Terror in the USSR"
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877:, was assassinated by a 17-year-old right-wing youth,
2079:"Papers of Lieutenant Colonel Donald M. Nugent, USMC"
1891:. CIA/RSS. March 20, 1964. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
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Nosaka became interested in communism after the 1917
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Draft Constitution of the People's Republic of Japan
1663:"Int'l friends photo exhibition unveiled in Beijing"
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1162:
888:
Nosaka attempted to keep the JCP neutral during the
1108:
329:After leaving Britain, Nosaka traveled through the
3384:Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee
2114:"Japan won't end emperor system, Mao wrote in '45"
1449:
1803:"John Service, a Purged 'China Hand,' Dies at 89"
1159:
188:Honorary Chairman of the Japanese Communist Party
3562:
3440:Japan Socialist Youth League, Liberation Faction
2028:Stories of anti-war Japanese in China, 1937-1945
1732:November 15, 1993. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
980:Nosaka used the pen names of Okano and Lin Zhe.
769:if the Communists ever gained control of Japan.
2132:. The Sydney Morning Herald. February 20, 1950.
1873:. November 15, 1993. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
1809:. February 4, 1999. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
1722:. November 17, 1993. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
648:From March 1940 to the end of 1945, during the
295:
1773:. October 22, 2000. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
1716:"Obituaries: Sanzo Nosaka; Japanese Communist"
1356:
1257:A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan
1034:A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan
1022:Sanzo Nosaka (Under the Name "Okano") (1933).
466:. In 1918-1919 Nosaka read an English copy of
345:, where he worked as a spy from 1934 to 1938.
289:
2974:
2152:
1978:
1374:The Thought War: Japanese Imperial Propaganda
2166:
1999:
1941:
1894:
1347:Ariyoshi, Beechert, and Beechert pp. 123–125
1253:
1144:
1030:
728:
3616:Members of the House of Councillors (Japan)
2057:. The Sydney Morning Herald. July 12, 1944.
2049:. The Sydney Morning Herald. June 27, 1944.
990:Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period
300:, March 30, 1892 – November 14, 1993)
3330:Japan Communist League (Unified Committee)
2981:
2967:
2159:
2145:
2122:"OUT OF EXILE TO RALLY JAPANESE DEMOCRATS"
1995:. Naval Institute Press. pp. 168–183.
1990:
1879:The Japanese Communist Movement: 1920-1966
1597:. The Spokesman-Review. November 14, 1963.
1430:
1428:
1371:
788:, the JCP gained 10% of the popular vote.
33:
3369:Japanese Communist Party (Action Faction)
2097:. Sarasota Herald-Tribune. June 16, 1950.
2004:. Naval Institute Press. pp. 74–107.
1287:
1285:
580:In 1934, Nosaka secretly traveled to the
3656:Communist Party of Great Britain members
3641:Japanese expatriates in the Soviet Union
3435:Japan Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)
1334:
1332:
1330:
1312:Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern
1058:
1056:
826:After Nosaka went underground, the U.S.
732:
635:
624:
3374:Japanese Communist Party (Left Faction)
3087:1974 French Embassy attack in The Hague
1964:
1901:Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
1888:The Japanese Communist Party: 1955-1963
1851:. July 7, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
1763:. June 2002. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
1425:
1386:Ariyoshi, Beechert, and Beechert p. 126
1300:Ariyoshi, Beechert, and Beechert p. 124
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
60:August 1, 1958 – July 31, 1987
3631:People of the Second Sino-Japanese War
3563:
3067:1968–1969 Japanese university protests
2988:
1931:Hitotsubashi Journal of Social Studies
1854:Miwa, Yoshiro & Ramseyer, J. Mark
1838:Long Live the Victory of People’s War!
1812:
1745:Gillin, Donald G. and Etter, Charles.
1512:
1282:
1192:
964:to China's independence and freedom."
747:Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
620:
503:. Nosaka was a founding member of the
322:. Nosaka was a founding member of the
144:April 11, 1946 – June 6, 1950
3626:Politicians from Yamaguchi Prefecture
3445:Japanese People's Emancipation League
2962:
2140:
2124:. The Courier-Mail. January 29, 1946.
2116:. The Japan Times. February 18, 2004.
1834:"Build a People’s Army of a New Type"
1776:
1581:
1560:
1548:
1527:
1491:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1327:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1125:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1053:
745:, the Canadian representative to the
688:Initially, the Red Army was a purely
666:Japanese People's Emancipation League
3596:Japanese Communist Party politicians
3430:Enlightened People's Communist Party
3335:Japan Revolutionary Communist League
1952:
1921:
1229:
1198:
1065:
173:July 8, 1956 – July 3, 1977
3636:Japanese spies for the Soviet Union
3006:Socialist thought in Imperial Japan
2065:. Kalgoorlie Miner. August 4, 1944.
1813:Kirkup, James (November 16, 1993).
561:wrote a confidential letter to the
314:, where he deepened his studies of
13:
2130:"ADVICE ON PRISONERS Reds Charged"
1915:
1742:. 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
1207:
1083:
632:and Sanzō Nosaka (left) in Yan'an.
544:
476:, Nosaka embraced the theories of
46:Chairman of the Central Committee
14:
3667:
3611:Academic staff of Keio University
2009:
1993:OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War
1665:. This is Beijing. July 23, 2015.
1314:. Hoover Press. pp. 342–343.
668:(JPEL). The JPEL engaged in the "
3542:
3530:
3460:Mountain Village Operation Units
3425:East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front
3355:Democratic Youth League of Japan
3105:
3092:1975 AIA building hostage crisis
2073:. Toledo Blade. August 11, 1945.
1691:
1310:Milorad M. Drachkovitch (1986).
817:mountain village guerrilla units
590:International Liaison Department
505:Communist Party of Great Britain
324:Communist Party of Great Britain
3508:Proletarian literature in Japan
3389:Workers Communist Party (Japan)
1968:Journal of East Asian Libraries
1726:"Sanzo Nosaka Ousted Communist"
1711:. Retrieved on August 14, 2011.
1655:
1639:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1587:
1566:
1533:
1506:
1497:
1473:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1365:
1350:
1341:
1318:
1303:
1294:
1273:
1264:
1247:
582:West Coast of the United States
343:West Coast of the United States
18:Japanese politician (1892–1993)
3097:Malaysian Flight 653 hijacking
3062:1949 Japanese general election
2105:Institute of Pacific Relations
1740:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1150:
1099:
757:to retain the position of the
664:Province, where he headed the
584:, where he became involved in
1:
3455:Left Socialist Party of Japan
2000:Lynne Joiner (June 2, 2011).
1849:Famous Pictures: The Magazine
1042:
1026:. Workers Library Publishers.
404:
91:Japanese Communist Party
48:Japanese Communist Party
3503:Political extremism in Japan
2903:Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov
2041:. CCTV.com. August 19, 2015.
2031:. CCTV.com. August 31, 2015.
1991:Maochun Yu (July 31, 2013).
1783:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1750:The Journal of Asian Studies
1684:. CCTV.com. August 19, 2015.
1105:Gillin and Etter pp. 511-512
1047:
846:in 1960 against the revised
399:
7:
3302:Women's liberation movement
2063:"Japanese Communist Speaks"
2055:"Visit To Eight Route Army"
1922:Kato, Tetsuro (July 2000).
983:
828:Central Intelligence Agency
296:
10:
3672:
3513:The Singing Voice of Japan
2329:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
2018:抗战史上的今天 15 野坂参三决定建日本人民解放联盟
1648:抗战史上的今天 15 野坂参三决定建日本人民解放联盟
938:after the 1991 elections.
916:
723:
456:, but Nosaka also enjoyed
3526:
3478:
3402:
3312:
3274:
3114:
3103:
2998:
2878:Alexander Gregory Barmine
2868:
2829:
2780:
2683:
2645:
2607:
2597:
2550:
2407:
2181:
2172:
2081:. The MacArthur Memorial.
1595:"PLOT TO KILL RED BALKED"
967:
955:
786:general elections of 1949
778:general elections of 1946
761:, but to replace Emperor
729:Japanese political career
290:
278:
265:
257:
246:
232:
212:
207:
203:
192:
187:
177:
166:
158:
148:
137:
129:
119:
107:
96:
88:
76:
64:
53:
45:
41:
32:
25:
3646:Political party founders
3601:Japanese revolutionaries
3465:Unified Socialist League
3415:Communist League (Japan)
3403:Historical organisations
3345:Japanese Communist Party
3320:Asia-Wide Campaign-Japan
2437:Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh
2167:Soviet and Russian spies
1815:"Obituary: Sanzo Nosaka"
1785:Harvard University Press
1376:. pp. 137, 141–143.
1156:Taylor pp. iv, 13-14, 19
1015:
975:
875:Japanese Socialist Party
848:US-Japan Security Treaty
652:, Nosaka resided at the
650:Second Sino-Japanese War
524:Japanese Communist Party
381:US-Japan Security Treaty
335:Japanese Communist Party
304:Japanese Communist Party
132:House of Representatives
3420:Communist Workers Party
1395:Gillin and Etter p. 512
1324:Gillin and Etter p. 511
1225:Encyclopædia Britannica
672:" of numerous Japanese
474:The Communist Manifesto
469:The Communist Manifesto
358:Japanese-occupied China
350:Chinese Communist Party
318:and became a confirmed
89:First Secretary of the
3651:Japanese anti-fascists
3606:Keio University alumni
3282:Ainu Revolution Theory
3021:Peace Preservation Law
2753:John Alexander Symonds
2578:Harold James Nicholson
2432:Christopher John Boyce
2038:Japan-Anti-fascism War
1771:The Japan Times Online
1755:Inoue, Prof. Hisashi.
1681:Japan-Anti-fascism War
1530:, pp. 4–6, 22–24.
1095:The Japan Times Online
873:, the chairman of the
738:
645:
633:
588:work on behalf of the
354:Imperial Japanese Army
3586:Japanese centenarians
3410:Amami Communist Party
3313:Current organisations
2816:Stephen Joseph Ratkai
1956:(December 15, 1989).
1942:Roth, Andrew (1945).
1895:Universalium (2010).
1876:Scalapino, Robert A.
1856:"The Good Occupation"
1413:Miwa and Ramseyer 8-9
1254:Sanzo Nosaka (1921).
1031:Sanzo Nosaka (1921).
833:1952 general election
736:
639:
628:
396:'s Communist regime.
341:. He traveled to the
3275:Principles and ideas
3077:Lod Airport massacre
3072:Asama-Sansō incident
3037:Appeal to the People
2354:Nadezhda Ulanovskaya
1960:. Tuttle Publishing.
1777:Kapur, Nick (2018).
1357:Page, Xiaoyuan Liu.
907:House of Councillors
640:Nosaka (middle) and
450:Bolshevik Revolution
3161:Masanosuke Watanabe
3031:April 16th incident
2537:John Anthony Walker
2487:Clayton J. Lonetree
2427:David Sheldon Boone
2349:Alexander Ulanovsky
2314:William Ward Pigman
1563:, pp. 252–254.
1446:, pp. 12, 128.
1361:. pp. 170–173.
676:(POWs) and created
621:Activities in China
487:. He sailed out of
443:Labour and Industry
366:occupation of Japan
161:House of Councilors
3486:Anarchism in Japan
2991:Communism in Japan
2908:Fyodor Raskolnikov
2743:Michael John Smith
2477:Andrew Daulton Lee
2467:Robert Lee Johnson
2379:Harry Dexter White
2214:Whittaker Chambers
1871:The New York Times
1807:The New York Times
1761:Harvard University
1730:The Baltimore Sun.
1714:Associated Press.
765:with Crown Prince
739:
646:
634:
460:'s utopian novel,
362:surrender of Japan
153:Tokyo 1st district
71:Office established
3558:
3557:
3491:New Left in Japan
3450:Japanese Red Army
3256:Yoshiki Yamashita
3231:Tsuyoshi Okudaira
3206:Takaaki Yoshimoto
3026:March 15 incident
2956:
2955:
2776:
2775:
2647:Portland spy ring
2593:
2592:
2462:Edward Lee Howard
2199:Elizabeth Bentley
2095:"THE WORLD TODAY"
1720:Los Angeles Times
1635:The Baltimore Sun
1145:Universalium 2010
1062:Scalapino pp. 4-5
890:Sino-Soviet Split
856:Dwight Eisenhower
813:Molotov cocktails
743:E. Herbert Norman
694:Eighth Route Army
598:Imperial Japanese
575:Nikita Khrushchev
501:Rodo Oyobi Sangyo
497:London University
493:political economy
485:Rodo Oyobi Sangyo
439:Rodo Oyobi Sangyo
312:political economy
282:
281:
236:November 14, 1993
3663:
3591:Men centenarians
3581:Comintern people
3550:
3546:
3545:
3538:
3537:Communism portal
3534:
3533:
3496:Anti-Japaneseism
3287:Anti-Americanism
3236:Fusako Shigenobu
3141:Shoichi Ichikawa
3131:Hitoshi Yamakawa
3118:
3109:
2992:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2948:Stig Wennerström
2893:Walter Krivitsky
2758:Edith Tudor-Hart
2688:Michael Bettaney
2605:
2604:
2584:Illegals Program
2532:George Trofimoff
2502:Earl Edwin Pitts
2279:William Malisoff
2254:David Greenglass
2182:1940s and before
2179:
2178:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2032:
2022:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1975:
1961:
1949:
1948:. Little, Brown.
1945:Dilemma in Japan
1938:
1928:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1798:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1625:Associated Press
1623:
1617:
1616:Taylor p. 75, 79
1614:
1608:
1607:Taylor pp. 54-61
1605:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1470:, pp. 9–10.
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1372:Kushner, Barak.
1369:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1227:
1222:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1129:
1123:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1081:
1078:
1063:
1060:
1038:
1027:
821:sanson kōsakutai
759:Japanese Emperor
683:Pingjin Campaign
674:prisoners of war
654:Chinese Red Army
528:Musansha Shimbun
463:Looking Backward
301:
299:
293:
292:
239:
222:
220:
208:Personal details
197:
171:
142:
122:
110:
101:
79:
67:
58:
37:
23:
22:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3531:
3522:
3474:
3470:United Red Army
3398:
3361:Shimbun Akahata
3308:
3292:Anti-monarchism
3270:
3216:Yoshihiko Amino
3211:Kan'ichi Kuroda
3196:Kiyoteru Hanada
3116:
3110:
3101:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2957:
2952:
2898:Kerttu Nuorteva
2888:Dieter Gerhardt
2870:
2864:
2840:Hirohide Ishida
2825:
2811:Gerda Munsinger
2796:Jeffrey Delisle
2772:
2748:Dave Springhall
2703:Litzi Friedmann
2679:
2641:
2627:John Cairncross
2589:
2558:Evgeny Buryakov
2546:
2542:Jerry Whitworth
2527:Robert Thompson
2403:
2399:Anatoli Yatskov
2359:Julian Wadleigh
2168:
2165:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2035:
2025:
2015:
2012:
1926:
1918:
1916:Further reading
1905:
1903:
1897:"Nosaka, Sanzo"
1823:
1821:
1819:The Independent
1795:
1787:. p. 128.
1694:
1689:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1370:
1366:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:Scalapino p. 42
1290:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:Scalapino p. 21
1269:
1265:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1230:
1223:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1132:
1124:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1084:
1079:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1018:
986:
978:
970:
958:
919:
911:Keio University
879:Otoya Yamaguchi
871:Inejirō Asanuma
751:John S. Service
731:
726:
623:
547:
545:Comintern agent
539:May 15 Incident
416:Keio University
407:
402:
386:Keio University
308:Keio University
287:
272:Keio University
247:Political party
241:
240:(aged 101)
237:
226:Hagi, Yamaguchi
224:
218:
216:
198:
193:
172:
167:
143:
138:
120:
108:
102:
97:
77:
65:
59:
54:
28:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3669:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3540:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3479:Related topics
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3191:Kenji Miyamoto
3188:
3183:
3178:
3176:Shōjirō Kasuga
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3151:Kyuichi Tokuda
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:Kanson Arahata
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3050:Reverse Course
3047:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:Kantō Massacre
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2923:Vitaly Shlykov
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2871:in combination
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2733:Geoffrey Prime
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:Melita Norwood
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2670:Harry Houghton
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2632:Donald Maclean
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2609:Cambridge Five
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3145:
3126:Sen Katayama
3042:
2943:Arne Treholt
2918:Ignace Reiss
2860:Ryūzō Sejima
2850:Sanzō Nosaka
2849:
2806:Elena Miller
2763:John Vassall
2738:Goronwy Rees
2693:George Blake
2675:Konon Molody
2660:Morris Cohen
2582:
2563:Anna Chapman
2482:Robert Lipka
2472:Karl Koecher
2422:Aldrich Ames
2384:Maria Wicher
2324:Vincent Reno
2319:Lee Pressman
2304:Victor Perlo
2299:William Perl
2289:Boris Morros
2284:Hede Massing
2274:George Koval
2224:Morris Cohen
2204:Earl Browder
2104:
2037:
2027:
2017:
2001:
1992:
1986:. NYU Press.
1983:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1944:
1934:
1930:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:
1887:
1878:
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1865:Pace, Eric.
1859:
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1822:. Retrieved
1818:
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1556:
1544:
1539:Taylor p. iv
1535:
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1508:
1503:Taylor p. 19
1499:
1479:Taylor p. 28
1475:
1463:
1458:, p. 9.
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670:re-education
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586:intelligence
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513:Soviet Union
500:
484:
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447:
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423:
420:Bunji Suzuki
408:
390:Soviet Union
370:
360:. After the
347:
331:Soviet Union
328:
297:Nosaka Sanzō
285:Sanzō Nosaka
284:
283:
242:Tokyo, Japan
238:(1993-11-14)
194:
178:Constituency
168:
149:Constituency
139:
121:Succeeded by
98:
78:Succeeded by
70:
55:
27:Sanzō Nosaka
20:
15:
3576:1993 deaths
3571:1892 births
3266:Kohei Saito
3241:Yū Kikumura
2928:Herman Simm
2913:Alfred Redl
2869:Elsewhere /
2768:Arthur Wynn
2708:Klaus Fuchs
2698:David Crook
2622:Guy Burgess
2551:Post-Soviet
2442:Jack Dunlap
2417:Rudolf Abel
2389:Nathan Witt
2364:Harold Ware
2339:Saville Sax
2269:Donald Hiss
2239:Klaus Fuchs
2209:Boris Bukov
1958:Japan Diary
1434:Taylor p. 3
1279:Taylor p. 1
1193:Kirkup 1993
1000:Wataru Kaji
607:Los Angeles
253:(1922–1992)
109:Preceded by
66:Preceded by
3565:Categories
3394:Zengakuren
3251:Kazuo Shii
3246:Haruo Wakō
3186:Jun Takami
3181:Ineko Sata
3117:Key people
2655:Lona Cohen
2637:Kim Philby
2512:Myra Soble
2507:Jack Soble
2249:Harry Gold
2234:Noel Field
2219:Lona Cohen
1984:Great Road
1954:Gayn, Mark
1906:August 14,
1832:Lin Biao.
1824:August 14,
1582:Kapur 2018
1561:Kapur 2018
1549:Kapur 2018
1528:Kapur 2018
1492:Kapur 2018
1468:Kapur 2018
1456:Kapur 2018
1444:Kapur 2018
1126:Kapur 2018
1043:References
1005:Hideo Noda
774:Mao Zedong
678:propaganda
642:Mao Zedong
630:Zhou Enlai
405:Early life
377:Korean War
267:Alma mater
261:Ryu Nosaka
219:1892-03-30
3379:Kakurōkyō
3325:Hantenren
3055:Red Purge
2821:Fred Rose
2728:John Peet
2665:Ethel Gee
2309:J. Peters
2194:Joel Barr
2174:In the US
1048:Citations
900:Cominform
883:wakizashi
808:Cominform
801:Red Purge
690:guerrilla
594:Comintern
567:Kenpeitai
555:Comintern
535:Kenpeitai
454:anarchism
411:bourgeois
400:Biography
373:socialism
339:Comintern
320:communist
199:1982–1992
195:In office
169:In office
140:In office
103:1955–1958
99:In office
56:In office
3518:Zenkyōtō
3297:Feminism
3156:Kozo Uno
2791:Sam Carr
2409:Cold War
2189:John Abt
1982:(1972).
1517:: 4–115.
984:See also
793:Cold War
763:Hirohito
718:Lin Biao
656:base in
611:Yokohama
430:Yuaikai'
3350:members
2598:In the
2089:. 1945.
941:Akahata
917:Scandal
767:Akihito
724:Postwar
662:Shaanxi
603:Seattle
592:of the
478:Marxism
435:Yuaikai
425:Yuaikai
316:Marxism
228:, Japan
2999:Events
2783:Canada
1791:
1707:
1515:Zen'ei
1422:Kifner
968:Family
956:Legacy
852:Zen'ei
658:Yan'an
551:Moscow
517:purged
394:Stalin
258:Spouse
2832:Japan
1974:(72).
1927:(PDF)
1572:Lucas
1338:Inoue
1016:Works
976:Names
660:, in
571:gulag
291:野坂 参三
1972:1983
1937:(1).
1908:2011
1826:2011
1789:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1244:Pace
936:Diet
782:Diet
563:NKVD
489:Kobe
274:(BA)
233:Died
213:Born
2830:In
2781:In
1404:Lin
819:" (
495:at
445:).
422:, "
251:JCP
3567::
2600:UK
1970:.
1935:32
1933:.
1929:.
1899:.
1869:.
1858:.
1847:.
1836:.
1817:.
1805:.
1769:.
1759:.
1738:.
1728:.
1718:.
1671:^
1484:^
1427:^
1329:^
1284:^
1231:^
1209:^
1161:^
1133:^
1110:^
1085:^
1067:^
1055:^
866:.
720:.
605:,
530:.
480:.
368:.
294:,
3039:"
3035:"
2982:e
2975:t
2968:v
2160:e
2153:t
2146:v
1910:.
1828:.
1797:.
1195:.
1147:.
441:(
288:(
221:)
217:(
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