204:
83:
58:
582:
31:
595:, with a slightly compressed, elongate body tapering toward the terminal mouth. The dorsal fin is in two parts, the first made of feeble spines and the second of soft rays headed by a single feeble spine, while the ventral profile is straight. The species is known to grow to a maximum size of 51 cm and around 1.25 kg weight.
1000:
Although the sand whiting ranges down to
Victoria and Tasmania, the species is not common enough to make up a significant part of their fisheries, with other sillaginids such as school whiting and stout whiting making up the bulk of the catch. In New South Wales and Queensland, however, it is one of
939:
occurring in fully marine waters. Juveniles reach 16.5 cm in length after their first year of life, 26.7 cm after their second year and 30.5 cm after their third year. After the beginning of the spawning season young whiting of 10 mm and over can be observed swimming actively in
1170:
to inflate properly were also documented, however many of these initial problems have been overcome, and some facilities are breeding around 2000 larvae with a 95% survival rate. Some of these fingerlings are used to restock depleted estuaries, while others form the basis of commercial fish crops.
805:
movements; although there appears to be little consistency in its movements in relation to these factors. Studies on the species over the period of a year have shown the species does not change its local distribution over the course of a day, generally being of the same abundance during both night
652:
and a series laterally that diminish in size and become sawtooth-like posteriorly. The posterior extension is a single, tapering projection that extends well into the caudal region. A duct like process extends from the ventral surface to the urogenital opening. Swim bladder morphology is useless
771:
where juveniles and adolescent fish may be abundant. The adults congregate around the mouths of estuaries, bars, and spits, in depths down to 5 m where they may constitute a large percentage of the icthyofauna of such regions. As implied by their name, they are often found exclusively over sandy
398:
is most prolific in southern
Queensland and northern New South Wales where the species is most abundant, often caught along other species of whiting in estuaries and from beaches. Due to its importance as a commercial fish, substantial research has been carried out on the species, especially
1157:
potential for sand whiting was first investigated in the late 1980s, with a number of reports detailing both successful trials and also a number of problems with such trials. A 1988 study showed that sand whiting were more likely to grow in captivity than other whiting species, but the
1009:
of whiting were taken in
Queensland, a decrease from the past 4 years. The species is primarily taken in estuaries in New South Wales, and is also included under the general heading of 'school whiting' when taken from beaches. Research showed that the average commercial
1133:
In New South Wales, sand whiting have a minimum legal length of 27 cm to be taken and a daily personal bag limit of 20 applies, while in
Queensland there is a minimum size of 23 cm and a combined bag limit of 30 for all whiting species.
918:
development indicating that spawning in the southern New South Wales region occurs from
December to April, while spawning in southern Queensland occurs from September to February. Spawning takes place twice a year, evident by the two classes of
736:. The species is most abundant in lower Queensland and New South Wales, where studies show it inhabits every estuary sampled throughout the course of a study, while in north Queensland, the species is very patchily distributed along the coast.
1033:
sizes used to net the species in order to prevent juvenile individuals dying after becoming enmeshed. Associated research has also shown that those whiting that survive and are discarded tend to have much lower survival rates due to
1668:
Hyndes, G.A.; Platell, M.E.; Potter, I.C. (1997), "Relationships between diet and body size, mouth morphology, habitat and movements of six
Sillaginid species in coastal waters: implications for resource partitioning",
1753:
Gunn, J.S.; Milward, N.E.; Arthington, Angela H. (2007), "Gut content- and stable isotope-derived diets of four commercially and recreationally important fish species in two intermittently open estuaries",
2112:
Butcher, A.; Mayer, D.; Smallwood, D.; Johnston, M. (1997), "A comparison of the relative efficiency of ring, fyke, fence nets and beam trawling for estimating key estuarine fishery populations",
1083:-based locations. The catches of recreational fishermen may exceed the catches of professionals, with studies showing Queensland had over twice the amount of fish taken by anglers in 2000.
1057:
form. In abundance, sand whiting is moderately priced, with fillets being slightly more expensive. The recovery rate of fillets from whole fish is about 40%. Sand whiting may be used as
2198:
Broadhurst, M.K.; Kennelly, S.J.; Barker, D.T. (1997), "Simulated escape of juvenile sand whiting ( Sillago ciliata, Cuvier) through square-meshes: Effects on scale-loss and survival",
814:
estuary have shown no difference in numbers recruited over the course of a season. Like other sillaginids, they have the ability to 'burrow' into the sand and remained hidden until a
1846:
Smith, K.A.; Sinerchia, M. (2004), "Timing of recruitment events, residence periods and post-settlement growth of juvenile fish in a seagrass nursery area, south-eastern
Australia",
952:, swimming in very shallow water to depths of 1 m. Unlike closely related sillaginids, the juveniles usually prefer unprotected sand substrates, while other species tend to use
2040:
680:
is olive green with faint darker blotches, the second dorsal fin also a pale olive with rows of dark brown to blackish spots. The anal and ventral fins are pale yellow, the
555:
substrates. Other common names include the 'blue-nose whiting' in reference to the colour of the nose in fish of larger sizes, and 'summer whiting', a name often applied to
1801:
Burchmore, J.J.; Pollard, D.A.; Middleton, M.J.; Bell, J.D.; Pease, BC (1988), "Biology of Four
Species of Whiting (Pisces: Sillaginidae) in Botany Bay, New South Wales",
1001:
the most common species taken, especially in lower
Queensland. The species is often not differentiated from golden-lined whiting or trumpeter whiting, meaning fisheries
2345:
1441:
Gray, C.A.; McElligott, D.J.; Chick, R.C. (1996), "Intra- and Inter-estuary
Differences in Assemblages of Fishes Associated with Shallow Seagrass and Bare Sand",
1503:
Griffiths, R.J.; West, R. J. (1999), "Preliminary assessment of shallow water fish in three small intermittently open estuaries in southeastern Australia",
2164:
Gray, C.A.; Kennelly, S.J.; Hodgson, K.E.; Ashby, C.J.T. (2001), "Retained and discarded catches from commercial beach-seining in Botany Bay, Australia",
2233:
684:
are pale yellow to pale brown with a well defined dark blue-black blotch at the base. The caudal fin is yellow to olive in colour with darker margins.
1967:
West, R.J.; King, R.J. (1996), "Marine, Brackish, and Freshwater Fish Communities in the Vegetated and Bare Shallows of an Australian Coastal River",
2480:
474:
676:
reflections when the fish is first removed from the water. An indistinct silver-yellow mid-lateral band extends across some specimens. The spinous
2675:
636:
scales are also distinctive, with sand whiting possessing 60 to 69 lateral line scales and cheek scales positioned in 3-4 rows, all of which are
875:, the diet of the species is related to the size and age of the individual, with three distinct size classes identified in a study conducted in
2312:
2138:
Kennelly, S.J.; Gray, S.A. (2000), "Reducing the mortality of discarded undersize sand whiting Sillago ciliata in an estuarine seine fishery",
2714:
1106:. Specialist whiting fishermen often use a red piece of tubing or beads to attract the whiting; whether this works has yet to be proved, but
497:
2781:
2540:
1094:
beds may produce numerous undersized fish, and may be avoided if the young fish are too prevalent. Due to their preferred habitat, light
2482:
Marine fingerling production at the Bribie Island Aquaculture Research Centre intensive green-water culture: An historical perspective
2791:
2056:
1631:
Weng, H.T. (1983), "Identification, habitats and seasonal occurrence of juvenile whiting (Sillaginidae) in Moreton Bay, Queensland",
2649:
1827:
Morton, R.M. (1985), "The reproductive biology of summer whiting, Sillago ciliata C. and V., in northern Moreton Bay, Queensland",
649:
622:
2688:
1357:
1711:
Hadwen, W.L.; Russell, G.L.; Arthington, A.H. (1985), "The food, feeding habits and feeding structures of the whiting species
500:, which states that the first correct naming is the one to be used. Many of these synonyms were applied due to confusion over
2821:
2740:
2274:
2050:
1897:
1613:
1423:
1399:
1313:
2693:
2354:
2548:
2013:
1467:
Sheaves, M. (2006), "Scale-dependent variation in composition of fish fauna among sandy tropical estuarine embayments",
834:, which is the predominant method of feeding for all whiting species. All larger whiting feed by using their protrusile
1079:
due to their reputation as a food fish, and due to their relative accessibility, with large catches possible from many
810:
finding the species recruits heavily to shallow waters and increase numbers during winter months, while studies in the
763:
and coastal lakes. Sand whiting enter estuaries, including intermittently open ones, and penetrate far upstream to the
1566:
Miller, S.J.; Skilleter, G.A (2006), "Temporal variation in habitat use by nekton in a subtropical estuarine system",
2796:
2076:
West, R.J.; Gordon, G.N.G. (1994), "Commercial and Recreational Harvest of Fish from two Australian Coastal Rivers",
1537:
Weng, H.T. (1986), "Spatial and temporal distribution of whiting Sillaginidae in Moreton Bay, Queensland Australia",
1014:
from individual estuaries was around 1-2 tonnes per year, with an increase in most rivers during the 1970s and 80's.
2753:
2719:
1162:
of over 50% was unacceptable for use in an economic setting. A number of problems with diseases such as ulcerative
2816:
2441:
Battaglene, S.C.; McBride, S.; Talbot, R.C. (1994), "Swim bladder inflation in larvae of cultured sand whiting,
2801:
2242:
1042:
after sustaining scale loss. These studies have led to a number of proposals and subsequent changes to net
2610:
2597:
2489:
378:
First described in 1829, the species has long been prized as a table fish and is commonly sought by both
292:, the smelt-whitings. It is a slender, slightly compressed fish that is very similar to other species of
2615:
1237:
1086:
The species is commonly caught throughout its habitat, with sand flats, tidal gutters in estuaries and
839:
536:
39:
1211:
1038:
loss, which is a major issue, as many young fish are regularly taken in such nets and released by the
2758:
1098:
with minimal weight added are employed to avoid spooking the fish, with a small running bean or ball
561:
as well. This name is applied to these species as they move from deeper offshore waters into shallow
2321:
2090:
1888:
Kailola, P.J.; Williams, M.J.; Stewart, R.E.; et al. (1993), "Australian fisheries resources",
846:' to dig through the substrate. There is a large body of evidence that shows whiting do not rely on
82:
2806:
1127:
807:
2378:
2343:
2680:
2565:
2535:
2085:
1110:
shows the fishermen's catches don't suffer. Baits used resemble the species natural prey, with
790:
2706:
1090:
commonly having producing good catches. Excessively shallow water, especially in proximity to
1025:
are also used occasionally, but more often associated with sampling the entire population for
2530:
1070:
490:
177:
776:
seagrass beds. Individuals are occasionally taken in offshore waters to 40 m during winter.
2454:
2207:
2173:
1924:
1855:
1728:
1678:
1640:
1575:
1512:
1476:
1297:
709:
614:
606:
301:
297:
992:
of the species began in the 1980s, and has led to the development of farmed sand whiting.
8:
2018:, Brisbane: Department of Primary Industries Queensland, pp. 174–178, archived from
1892:, Canberra, A.C.T.: Bureau of Resource Sciences, Dept. of Primary Industries and Energy,
1867:
1188:
1017:
The species is commonly taken by a number of fishing methods, with the most common being
973:
899:
850:
cues when feeding, instead using a system based on the vibrations emitted by their prey.
717:
697:
685:
458:
439:
318:
47:
2458:
2211:
2177:
1928:
1859:
1732:
1682:
1644:
1579:
1516:
1480:
927:
and by the two recruitment pulses observed each year as young fish enter their juvenile
2811:
2602:
2420:
1992:
1984:
1950:
1871:
1781:
1740:
1694:
1652:
1550:
1524:
1107:
1050:
920:
705:
383:
216:
77:
2219:
2185:
887:
polychaetes and few amphipods. The largest fish over 21 cm take large amounts of
2623:
2466:
2424:
2294:
2270:
2046:
1942:
1893:
1609:
1419:
1395:
1327:
1319:
1309:
838:
and tube-like mouths to suck up various types of prey from in, on or above the ocean
811:
522:
400:
1996:
1875:
1785:
1698:
1389:
2786:
2628:
2462:
2416:
2347:
Recreational fishing size and bag limits for tidal waters in Queensland - July 2010
2215:
2181:
2147:
2121:
2095:
1976:
1954:
1932:
1863:
1810:
1771:
1763:
1736:
1686:
1648:
1583:
1546:
1520:
1484:
1450:
1301:
1289:
1206:
1137:
Sand whiting are used themselves as live bait for larger species such as mulloway,
1099:
806:
and day. Seasonal abundance due to spawning is variable, with studies conducted in
733:
721:
516:
326:
2507:
2125:
1394:, Rome: Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, pp. 19–20,
830:
The sand whiting's distinctive body shape and mouth placement is an adaptation to
2727:
2552:
1335:
1142:
1035:
911:
802:
729:
665:
629:
387:
368:
308:
2015:
Queensland's Fisheries Resources: Current conditions and recent trends 1988-2000
1587:
2588:
2545:
2019:
1159:
557:
506:
470:
454:
313:
193:
124:
532:
is most commonly called the 'sand whiting' in reference to its preference for
203:
2775:
2701:
2298:
1606:
Sea Fishes of Southern Australia. Complete Field Guide for Anglers and Divers
1353:
1331:
1233:
1197:
1138:
725:
330:
67:
62:
2310:
1915:
Roughley, T.C.; Ginsborg, BL (1951), "The Fish and Fisheries of Australia",
1339:
793:
species, whose movements are associated with a variety of factors including
1946:
1270:
McKay, R.J. (1985), "A revision of the fishes of the family Sillaginidae",
1167:
1095:
1054:
688:
less than 90 mm may have darker blotches along their sides and backs.
681:
673:
645:
626:
422:
364:
305:
289:
285:
144:
2732:
2428:
2399:
Gill, P.A.; Callinan, R.B. (1997), "Ulcerative dermatitis associated with
1690:
1305:
988:
content composition, making it easily digestible. Investigations into the
589:
The sand whiting has a very similar profile to other members of the genus
2662:
1154:
1053:, sand whiting is medium priced fish, sold fresh or frozen; whole and in
1043:
989:
969:
883:
and few polychaetes, while fish between 11 and 20 cm consume mostly
764:
696:
The sand whiting inhabits a range along the east coast of Australia from
605:
is highly useful for identification purposes, with the species having 11
444:
434:
404:
317:. The sand whiting is distributed along the east coast of Australia from
134:
2045:, Sydney: NSW Parliamentary Library Research Service, pp. 174–178,
2042:
NSW Fishing Industry: Changes and Challenges in the Twenty-First Century
2654:
2641:
1988:
1776:
1489:
1163:
1123:
1002:
941:
884:
876:
868:
864:
701:
677:
610:
451:
391:
372:
353:
349:
2667:
2344:
Queensland Government Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries,
2099:
1814:
1454:
1288:
461:
that was listed as having been collected in the "Southern seas". This
311:
counts needed to distinguish the species between its nearest relative
1937:
1103:
1076:
1039:
1018:
977:
932:
860:
819:
760:
752:
641:
426:
375:, both along the coast and well into the upper reaches of estuaries.
345:
94:
2559:
2151:
1980:
1767:
960:
as protection. As they grow older they keep further from the shore.
581:
421:, which is one of five genera belonging to the smelt whiting family
2636:
2582:
1366:
1246:
1026:
1022:
957:
953:
880:
815:
713:
618:
552:
466:
462:
430:
322:
114:
1323:
1029:
purposes. Research has focused on the effectiveness of different
1119:
1091:
1058:
1011:
976:, making it a common target for both commercial and recreational
928:
924:
891:
888:
857:
831:
773:
748:
740:
637:
602:
591:
570:
566:
540:
417:
395:
379:
360:
357:
154:
2745:
1145:, although anglers must still adhere to the minimum size limit.
1115:
895:
847:
843:
768:
104:
30:
2291:
Guide to Favourite Australian Fish: A Gregory's Consumer Guide
1391:
FAO Species Catalogue: Vol. 14. Sillaginid Fishes Of The World
879:, NSW. The smallest fish of 0–10 cm take large amount of
496:
to the species. All of these names are invalid under the ICZN
371:
twice between September and April. Young fish inhabit shallow
2111:
1800:
1126:
most often used, with more successful catches obtained using
1111:
1087:
1080:
1006:
1005:
do not reflect the total catch for the species. In 2000, 238
981:
945:
936:
915:
744:
669:
633:
562:
931:. The spawning takes place at the mouths of estuaries or in
2289:
Horrobin, P. (1997), "Guide to Favourite Australian Fish",
1030:
949:
798:
794:
548:
533:
337:
425:, this family was previously considered to be part of the
985:
948:
to which they are recruited, moving up and down with the
835:
756:
599:
544:
450:
The species was first identified and named by the French
341:
2197:
2163:
1719:
Whitley from Townsville, North Queensland, Australia.",
668:
brown colour, transitioning to white below, with green,
415:
The sand whiting is one of over 30 species in the genus
2440:
1710:
1887:
1752:
367:
in the species is variable over its range, generally
465:
specimen was apparently taken near the coastline of
1667:
1440:
644:are also diagnostic, having 32 to 34 in total. The
2311:New South Wales Department of Primary Industries,
1568:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
743:species, inhabiting exposed coastal areas such as
504:and the nearly identical, closely related species
1603:
1212:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T69738986A69742659.en
1186:
720:. The species also inhabits a number of islands;
569:waters in summer, where they become a target for
2773:
1914:
1608:, Melbourne: Swainston Publishing, p. 187,
1565:
2269:, Hong Kong: Bacragas Pty. Ltd., p. 490,
2231:
1845:
473:were subsequently placed on the species, with
2505:
1663:
1661:
1626:
1624:
1502:
2398:
2191:
2137:
1561:
1559:
910:As with many species of fish, the timing of
2293:, Singapore: Universal Magazines: 102–103,
1599:
1597:
1496:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
914:varies over the range of the species, with
772:substrates, with occasional appearances in
691:
336:The sand whiting commonly inhabits shallow
2472:
2075:
1658:
1621:
1604:Hutchins, Barry; Swainston, Roger (1986),
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1075:Sand whiting are commonly sought after by
202:
56:
29:
2509:Marine Fish Hatchery: General Information
2089:
2038:
1936:
1796:
1794:
1775:
1556:
1488:
1416:Coastal fishes of south-eastern Australia
1210:
963:
443:classifies the Sillaginidae in the order
2499:
2370:
2337:
2304:
2288:
2264:
2131:
2011:
1966:
1910:
1908:
1704:
1594:
1460:
1436:
1434:
1254:
1226:
580:
510:. The species was also misidentified as
2282:
2157:
1881:
1466:
1374:
1352:
1346:
1292:; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016).
1232:
1064:
621:has two spines with 15 to 17 soft rays
2774:
2258:
2225:
2105:
2007:
2005:
1826:
1820:
1791:
1413:
1282:
984:is white, tender and has a moist, low
410:
2564:
2563:
2434:
2392:
1905:
1431:
1418:, U.S.A: University of Hawaii Press,
1407:
1387:
1269:
1021:. Ring, fence, fyke netting and beam
995:
940:small droves of from 10 to 20 on the
403:involving the use of sand whiting in
2403:sp infection of farmed sand whiting
1960:
1630:
1536:
1530:
1102:commonly rigged above a size 4 or 6
968:The sand whiting is a highly prized
842:, as well as using their nose as a '
704:, southward along the coast and the
2782:IUCN Red List least concern species
2069:
2032:
2002:
1198:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1180:
648:has rudimentary tubules projecting
13:
2421:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb15714.x
2376:
1868:10.1023/B:EBFI.0000043154.96933.de
1746:
1741:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1985.tb04281.x
1653:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1983.tb02894.x
1551:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb04991.x
1525:10.1111/j.1365-2400.1999.tb00082.x
520:, the trumpeter whiting; and also
14:
2833:
2524:
2478:
348:and surf zones where it preys on
2792:Marine fish of Eastern Australia
1505:Fisheries Management and Ecology
1272:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
661:, as they are nearly identical.
539:compared to some members of the
81:
2380:Live-baiting Brisbane Estuaries
2314:Bag and Size Limits - Saltwater
1848:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1839:
905:
526:, the southern school whiting.
2140:Marine and Freshwater Research
1756:Marine and Freshwater Research
1469:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1443:Marine and Freshwater Research
1148:
617:on the second dorsal fin. The
613:, with one spine and 16 or 18
576:
1:
2409:Australian Veterinary Journal
2220:10.1016/S0165-7836(97)00037-4
2186:10.1016/S0165-7836(00)00228-9
2126:10.1016/j.fishres.2005.01.014
2078:Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res.
1803:Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res.
1296:(5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ:
1174:
2822:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier
2541:Fishing Australia fact sheet
2467:10.1016/0044-8486(94)90112-0
863:that feeds predominantly on
784:
664:The body is a pale brown or
7:
2536:Australian Museum Fish Site
2267:The Australian Fishing Book
1890:Bureau of Resource Sciences
1588:10.1016/j.jembe.2006.06.010
1187:Smith-Vaniz, W.F. (2017) .
10:
2838:
1068:
779:
457:in 1829 after receiving a
211:Range of the Sand whiting
40:Byron Bay, New South Wales
2572:
1205:: e.T69738986A115472623.
972:often rated equal to the
653:when determining between
284:, is a common species of
222:
215:
210:
201:
183:
176:
78:Scientific classification
76:
54:
45:
37:
28:
23:
2797:Fish of Lord Howe Island
2531:Sand whiting at Fishbase
2445:Cuvier (Sillaginidae)",
1356:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1236:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
871:. Like other species of
692:Distribution and habitat
38:Sand whiting taken near
2012:Williams, L.E. (2002),
1721:Journal of Fish Biology
1633:Journal of Fish Biology
1539:Journal of Fish Biology
1166:and the failure of the
825:
808:Moreton Bay, Queensland
739:The sand whiting is an
2817:Fish described in 1829
2039:Wilkinson, J. (2004),
964:Relationship to humans
789:The sand whiting is a
712:and the east coast of
586:
485:, Thiollière applying
333:in the Pacific Ocean.
2802:Fish of New Caledonia
2265:Starling, S. (1988),
1691:10.1007/s002270050125
1414:Kuiter, R.H. (1993),
1306:10.1002/9781119174844
1298:John Wiley & Sons
1071:Smelt-whiting fishing
584:
437:. The 5th edition of
272:), also known as the
2546:Queensland Fisheries
2232:Sydney Fish Market,
1388:McKay, R.J. (1992),
1300:. pp. 502–506.
1250:. June 2023 version.
1065:Recreational fishery
571:recreational fishers
384:commercial fishermen
2506:AquaBlue Seafoods,
2459:1994Aquac.128..177B
2212:1997FishR..32...51B
2178:2001FishR..50..205G
1929:1952Natur.170..593S
1860:2004EnvBF..71...73S
1733:1985JFBio..26..411G
1683:1997MarBi.128..585H
1645:1983JFBio..23..195W
1580:2006JEMBE.337...82M
1517:1999FisME...6..311G
1481:2006MEPS..310..173S
1370:. Aug 2007 version.
1294:Fishes of the World
974:King George whiting
755:as well as quieter
440:Fishes of the World
411:Taxonomy and naming
401:feasibility studies
394:. The sand whiting
286:coastal marine fish
48:Conservation status
2551:2007-08-31 at the
2248:on October 8, 2006
2200:Fisheries Research
2166:Fisheries Research
2114:Fisheries Research
1829:Australian Zoology
1490:10.3354/meps310173
1238:"Species in genus
1108:anecdotal evidence
996:Commercial fishery
923:size found in the
706:Great Barrier Reef
587:
585:Three sand whiting
498:nomenclature rules
469:, Australia. Four
2769:
2768:
2566:Taxon identifiers
2276:978-0-7301-0141-3
2100:10.1071/MF9941259
2052:978-0-7313-1768-4
1899:978-0-642-18876-2
1815:10.1071/MF9880709
1715:(ForsskaÊ l) and
1615:978-1-875169-78-8
1455:10.1071/MF9960723
1425:978-1-86333-067-1
1401:978-92-5-103123-0
1315:978-1-118-34233-6
494:S. ciliata diadoi
282:blue-nose whiting
278:yellowfin whiting
260:
259:
254:
250:S. ciliata diadoi
246:
238:
230:
71:
2829:
2762:
2761:
2749:
2748:
2736:
2735:
2723:
2722:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2696:
2684:
2683:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2657:
2645:
2644:
2632:
2631:
2619:
2618:
2606:
2605:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2561:
2560:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2488:, archived from
2487:
2479:Burke, Michael,
2476:
2470:
2469:
2453:(1–2): 177–192,
2438:
2432:
2431:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2353:, archived from
2352:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2320:, archived from
2319:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2241:, archived from
2240:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2093:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2055:, archived from
2036:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1940:
1938:10.1038/170593a0
1912:
1903:
1902:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1779:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1385:
1372:
1371:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1267:
1252:
1251:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1184:
734:Papua New Guinea
722:Lord Howe Island
640:. The amount of
483:S. terra-reginae
327:Lord Howe Island
296:, with detailed
252:
244:
242:S. terra-reginae
236:
229:Thiollière, 1857
228:
206:
189:
86:
85:
65:
60:
59:
33:
21:
20:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2807:Commercial fish
2772:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2757:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2731:
2728:Observation.org
2726:
2718:
2713:
2705:
2700:
2692:
2687:
2679:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2614:
2609:
2603:Sillago_ciliata
2601:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2574:Sillago ciliata
2568:
2553:Wayback Machine
2527:
2522:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2443:Sillago ciliata
2439:
2435:
2405:Sillago ciliata
2397:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2377:Downie, David,
2375:
2371:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2196:
2192:
2162:
2158:
2152:10.1071/MF00014
2136:
2132:
2110:
2106:
2091:10.1.1.694.4939
2074:
2070:
2062:
2060:
2053:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2023:
2010:
2003:
1981:10.2307/1352649
1965:
1961:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1886:
1882:
1844:
1840:
1825:
1821:
1799:
1792:
1768:10.1071/MF06157
1751:
1747:
1709:
1705:
1666:
1659:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1602:
1595:
1564:
1557:
1535:
1531:
1501:
1497:
1465:
1461:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1386:
1375:
1360:Sillago ciliata
1351:
1347:
1316:
1287:
1283:
1268:
1255:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1191:Sillago ciliata
1185:
1181:
1177:
1151:
1118:, a variety of
1073:
1067:
998:
966:
908:
828:
822:has passed by.
787:
782:
730:Woodlark Island
694:
625:to the spines.
579:
514:, a synonym of
471:junior synonyms
413:
388:New South Wales
269:Sillago ciliata
245:Castelnau, 1878
237:Castelnau, 1873
197:
191:
187:Sillago ciliata
185:
172:
169:S. ciliata
80:
72:
61:
57:
50:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
2835:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2750:
2737:
2724:
2711:
2698:
2685:
2672:
2659:
2646:
2633:
2620:
2607:
2594:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2556:
2555:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2525:External links
2523:
2521:
2520:
2498:
2471:
2433:
2391:
2369:
2336:
2303:
2281:
2275:
2257:
2224:
2190:
2172:(3): 205–219,
2156:
2130:
2104:
2084:(7): 1259–79,
2068:
2051:
2031:
2001:
1959:
1923:(4314): 36–7,
1904:
1898:
1880:
1838:
1819:
1809:(6): 709–727,
1790:
1762:(4): 363–375,
1745:
1727:(4): 411–427,
1717:Sillago analis
1713:Sillago sihama
1703:
1677:(4): 585–598,
1671:Marine Biology
1657:
1639:(2): 195–200,
1620:
1614:
1593:
1555:
1545:(6): 755–764,
1529:
1511:(4): 311–321,
1495:
1459:
1449:(5): 723–735,
1430:
1424:
1406:
1400:
1373:
1354:Froese, Rainer
1345:
1314:
1281:
1253:
1234:Froese, Rainer
1225:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1160:mortality rate
1150:
1147:
1066:
1063:
997:
994:
965:
962:
907:
904:
832:bottom feeding
827:
824:
786:
783:
781:
778:
767:of rivers and
693:
690:
578:
575:
477:applying both
455:Georges Cuvier
412:
409:
340:substrates in
314:Sillago analis
288:of the family
274:summer whiting
258:
257:
256:
255:
247:
239:
231:
220:
219:
213:
212:
208:
207:
199:
198:
192:
181:
180:
174:
173:
166:
164:
160:
159:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
125:Actinopterygii
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
74:
73:
55:
52:
51:
46:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2834:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2495:on 2007-09-28
2491:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2382:
2381:
2373:
2360:on 2010-09-23
2356:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2327:on 2007-09-27
2323:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2244:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2149:
2146:(8): 749–53,
2145:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2059:on 2007-08-17
2058:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2022:on 2007-08-29
2021:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1139:mangrove jack
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1004:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
913:
903:
901:
898:of the genus
897:
893:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:
855:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
801:patterns and
800:
796:
792:
777:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
726:New Caledonia
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
609:in the first
608:
604:
601:
596:
594:
593:
583:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:
554:
550:
546:
543:which prefer
542:
538:
535:
531:
527:
525:
524:
519:
518:
513:
509:
508:
503:
499:
495:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
453:
448:
446:
442:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:
408:
406:
402:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:
355:
352:worms, small
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
331:New Caledonia
328:
325:, as well as
324:
320:
316:
315:
310:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:
265:
253:Whitley, 1932
251:
248:
243:
240:
235:
232:
227:
224:
223:
221:
218:
214:
209:
205:
200:
195:
190:
188:
182:
179:
178:Binomial name
175:
171:
170:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
84:
79:
75:
69:
64:
63:Least Concern
53:
49:
44:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:Sand whiting
22:
19:
2573:
2557:
2513:, retrieved
2508:
2501:
2490:the original
2481:
2474:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2384:, retrieved
2379:
2372:
2362:, retrieved
2355:the original
2346:
2339:
2329:, retrieved
2322:the original
2313:
2306:
2290:
2284:
2266:
2260:
2250:, retrieved
2243:the original
2235:Sand Whiting
2234:
2227:
2206:(1): 51–60,
2203:
2199:
2193:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2120:(3): 51–60,
2117:
2113:
2107:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2061:, retrieved
2057:the original
2041:
2034:
2024:, retrieved
2020:the original
2014:
1975:(1): 31–41,
1972:
1968:
1962:
1920:
1916:
1889:
1883:
1854:(1): 73–84,
1851:
1847:
1841:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1806:
1802:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1674:
1670:
1636:
1632:
1605:
1574:(1): 82–95,
1571:
1567:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1446:
1442:
1415:
1409:
1390:
1365:
1359:
1348:
1293:
1290:Nelson, J.S.
1284:
1275:
1271:
1245:
1239:
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1202:
1196:
1190:
1182:
1168:swim-bladder
1152:
1136:
1132:
1088:surf beaches
1085:
1074:
1048:
1016:
999:
967:
909:
906:Reproduction
872:
867:and various
853:
852:
829:
788:
765:tidal limits
738:
695:
663:
658:
654:
646:swim bladder
627:Lateral line
597:
590:
588:
556:
529:
528:
523:S. bassensis
521:
515:
511:
505:
501:
493:
486:
482:
479:S. insularis
478:
449:
438:
423:Sillaginidae
416:
414:
380:recreational
377:
365:Reproduction
335:
312:
306:lateral line
293:
290:Sillaginidae
281:
277:
273:
268:
267:
264:sand whiting
263:
261:
249:
241:
234:S. insularis
233:
225:
186:
184:
168:
167:
155:
145:Sillaginidae
18:
2663:iNaturalist
2447:Aquaculture
1777:10072/17697
1590:, 0022-0981
1475:: 173–184,
1155:aquaculture
1149:Aquaculture
1124:beach worms
1044:regulations
990:aquaculture
935:, with the
900:Callianassa
869:crustaceans
865:polychaetes
812:Noosa River
708:to eastern
577:Description
517:S. maculata
512:S. gracilis
445:Spariformes
435:Perciformes
405:aquaculture
354:crustaceans
135:Spariformes
2776:Categories
2515:2007-08-17
2415:(5): 357,
2386:2007-08-17
2364:2010-09-16
2331:2007-08-17
2252:2007-08-17
2063:2007-08-25
2026:2007-08-25
1324:2015037522
1175:References
1164:dermatitis
1141:and large
1069:See also:
1019:seine nets
1003:statistics
970:table fish
942:sand flats
933:surf zones
877:Botany Bay
854:S. ciliata
753:surf zones
702:Queensland
678:dorsal fin
655:S. ciliata
650:anteriorly
611:dorsal fin
537:substrates
530:S. ciliata
502:S. ciliata
452:naturalist
392:Queensland
373:sand flats
350:polychaete
2812:Game fish
2299:1037-2059
2086:CiteSeerX
1969:Estuaries
1835:: 491–502
1340:25909650M
1332:951899884
1128:live bait
1040:fisherman
978:fisheries
958:mangroves
881:amphipods
861:carnivore
840:substrate
820:seine net
791:schooling
785:Behaviour
761:estuaries
718:Southport
698:Cape York
686:Juveniles
682:pectorals
659:S. analis
642:vertebrae
623:posterior
615:soft rays
567:estuarine
558:S. analis
507:S. analis
487:S. diadoi
475:Castelnau
427:Percoidea
346:estuaries
321:south to
319:Cape York
226:S. diadoi
163:Species:
101:Kingdom:
95:Eukaryota
2707:69738986
2681:10153449
2637:FishBase
2589:Q2207761
2583:Wikidata
2549:Archived
1997:84616956
1947:14957011
1876:21763968
1786:31612832
1699:84171376
1367:FishBase
1247:FishBase
1143:flathead
1120:bivalves
1027:research
1023:trawling
954:seagrass
929:habitats
912:spawning
892:molluscs
816:predator
803:spawning
749:sandbars
716:down to
714:Tasmania
710:Victoria
619:anal fin
467:Tasmania
463:holotype
459:specimen
431:suborder
369:spawning
361:molluscs
323:Tasmania
217:Synonyms
141:Family:
115:Chordata
111:Phylum:
105:Animalia
91:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
2787:Sillago
2655:2391940
2455:Bibcode
2429:9196825
2401:Uronema
2208:Bibcode
2174:Bibcode
1989:1352649
1955:4217479
1925:Bibcode
1856:Bibcode
1729:Bibcode
1679:Bibcode
1641:Bibcode
1576:Bibcode
1513:Bibcode
1477:Bibcode
1240:Sillago
1116:nippers
1092:Zostera
1077:anglers
1059:sashimi
1012:harvest
946:beaches
925:ovaries
896:shrimps
889:bivalve
873:Sillago
858:benthic
780:Biology
774:Zostera
745:beaches
741:inshore
666:silvery
638:ctenoid
603:anatomy
592:Sillago
491:Whitley
433:of the
418:Sillago
396:fishery
358:bivalve
294:Sillago
156:Sillago
151:Genus:
131:Order:
121:Class:
66: (
2759:273939
2746:273939
2733:907149
2720:443722
2694:168531
2668:353508
2427:
2297:
2273:
2088:
2049:
1995:
1987:
1953:
1945:
1917:Nature
1896:
1874:
1784:
1697:
1612:
1422:
1398:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1312:
1278:: 1–73
1218:2 July
1112:prawns
1100:sinker
1055:fillet
1051:market
1007:tonnes
980:. The
937:larvae
885:nereid
848:visual
844:plough
769:creeks
728:, and
630:scales
607:spines
553:grassy
196:, 1829
194:Cuvier
2754:WoRMS
2676:IRMNG
2629:6Z2HQ
2616:11286
2493:(PDF)
2486:(PDF)
2358:(PDF)
2351:(PDF)
2325:(PDF)
2318:(PDF)
2246:(PDF)
2239:(PDF)
1993:S2CID
1985:JSTOR
1951:S2CID
1872:S2CID
1782:S2CID
1695:S2CID
1096:lines
1081:shore
1036:scale
982:flesh
916:gonad
856:is a
799:lunar
670:mauve
634:cheek
563:beach
551:, or
549:silty
545:muddy
541:genus
534:sandy
338:sandy
309:scale
298:spine
2741:OBIS
2715:NCBI
2702:IUCN
2689:ITIS
2650:GBIF
2642:4709
2611:BOLD
2425:PMID
2295:ISSN
2271:ISBN
2047:ISBN
1943:PMID
1894:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1328:OCLC
1320:LCCN
1310:ISBN
1220:2024
1203:2016
1153:The
1122:and
1104:hook
1031:mesh
956:and
950:tide
944:and
894:and
836:jaws
826:Diet
795:prey
757:bays
751:and
674:rosy
672:and
657:and
632:and
598:The
565:and
489:and
481:and
429:, a
390:and
382:and
356:and
342:bays
329:and
304:and
262:The
2624:CoL
2598:AFD
2463:doi
2451:128
2417:doi
2407:",
2216:doi
2182:doi
2148:doi
2122:doi
2096:doi
1977:doi
1933:doi
1921:170
1864:doi
1811:doi
1772:hdl
1764:doi
1737:doi
1687:doi
1675:128
1649:doi
1584:doi
1572:337
1547:doi
1521:doi
1485:doi
1473:310
1451:doi
1302:doi
1207:doi
1049:At
986:oil
921:egg
818:or
600:fin
386:in
302:ray
280:or
2778::
2756::
2743::
2730::
2717::
2704::
2691::
2678::
2665::
2652::
2639::
2626::
2613::
2600::
2585::
2461:,
2449:,
2423:,
2413:75
2411:,
2214:,
2204:32
2202:,
2180:,
2170:50
2168:,
2144:51
2142:,
2118:32
2116:,
2094:,
2082:45
2080:,
2004:^
1991:,
1983:,
1973:19
1971:,
1949:,
1941:,
1931:,
1919:,
1907:^
1870:,
1862:,
1852:71
1850:,
1833:21
1831:,
1807:39
1805:,
1793:^
1780:,
1770:,
1760:58
1758:,
1735:,
1725:26
1723:,
1693:,
1685:,
1673:,
1660:^
1647:,
1637:23
1635:,
1623:^
1596:^
1582:,
1570:,
1558:^
1543:29
1541:,
1519:,
1507:,
1483:,
1471:,
1447:47
1445:,
1433:^
1376:^
1364:.
1336:OL
1334:.
1326:.
1318:.
1308:.
1276:23
1274:,
1256:^
1244:.
1201:.
1195:.
1130:.
1114:,
1061:.
1046:.
902:.
797:,
759:,
747:,
732:,
724:,
700:,
573:.
547:,
447:.
407:.
363:.
344:,
300:,
276:,
2465::
2457::
2419::
2218::
2210::
2184::
2176::
2150::
2124::
2098::
1979::
1935::
1927::
1866::
1858::
1813::
1774::
1766::
1739::
1731::
1689::
1681::
1651::
1643::
1586::
1578::
1549::
1523::
1515::
1509:6
1487::
1479::
1453::
1362:"
1358:"
1342:.
1304::
1242:"
1222:.
1209::
1193:"
1189:"
266:(
70:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
