1685:. They are also known as "transitivizers" because they can change a verb from intransitive to transitive. For example, in the sentence 'I got scared.', 'scared' is intransitive. However, with the addition of an applicative affix, which is syntactically transitive, the verb in Salish becomes transitive and the sentence can come to mean ‘I got scared of you.’. In some Salishan languages, such as Sḵwx̲wú7mesh, the transitive forms of verbs are morphologically distinctive and marked with a suffix, while the intransitive forms are not. In others such as Halkomelem, intransitive forms have a suffix as well. In some Salish languages, transitivizers can be either controlled (the subject conducted the action on purpose) or limited-control (the subject did not intend to conduct the action, or only managed to conduct a difficult action).
1689:
into first, second, and third persons, and either singular or plural. Tentative reconstructions of these suffixes include the neutral singular *-c (1st person), *-ci (2nd person), and *-∅ (3rd person), the causative singular *-mx (1st), *-mi (2nd), and *-∅ (3rd), the neutral plural *-al or *-muɬ (1st), *-ulm or *-muɬ (2nd), and the causative plural *-muɬ (1st and 2nd). In
Salishan languages spoken since Proto-Salish, the forms of those suffixes have been subject to vowel shifts, borrowing pronoun forms from other languages (such as Kutenai), and merging of neutral and causative forms (as in Secwepemc, Nlaka'pamuctsin, Twana, Straits Salishan languages, and Halkomelem).
2261:
cultural traditions are often regarded as sacred, and so are less likely to undergo any sort of change. Indeed, cognate lists between various
Salishan languages show more similarities in religious terminology than they do in technology and environment vocabulary. Other categories with noticeable similarities include words for body parts, colors, and numbers. There would be little need to change such vocabulary, so it's more likely to remain the same despite other changes between languages. The Coast Salishan languages are less similar to each other than are the Interior Salishan languages, probably because the Coast communities have more access to outside influences.
47:
2249:, with all but two of them being concentrated together in a single large area. It is clear that these languages are related, but it's difficult to track the development of each because their histories are so interwoven. The different speech communities have interacted a great deal, making it nearly impossible to decipher the influences of varying dialects and languages on one another. However, there are several trends and patterns that can be historically traced to generalize the development of the Salishan languages over the years.
1678:. Applicative affixes seem to be present on the verb when the direct object is central to the event being discussed, but is not the theme of the sentence. The direct object may be a recipient, for example. It may also refer to a related noun phrase, like the goal a verb intends to achieve, or the instrument used in carrying out the action of the verb. In the sentence ‘The man used the axe to chop the log with.’, the axe is the instrument and is indicated in Salish through an applicative affix on the verb.
1706:
2186:
for distinct lexical categories of 'noun' and 'verb' by arguing that, although any distinction is neutralised in predicative positions, words that can be categorised as 'verbs' are marked when used in syntactic argument positions. He argues that
Salishan languages are omnipredicative, but only have 'uni-directional flexibility' (not 'bi-directional flexibility'), which makes Salishan languages no different from other omnipredicative languages such as
1646:. Thus, St'át'imcets is split-ergative, as it is not ergative all the time. Subject and object pronouns usually take the form of affixes that attach to the verb. All Salish languages are head-marking. Possession is marked on the possessed noun phrase as either a prefix or a suffix, while person is marked on predicates. In Central Salish languages like Tillamook and Shuswap, only one plain NP is permitted aside from the subject.
215:
1642:, and many take unique object agreement forms in passive statements. In the St'át'imcets (Lillooet Salish) language, for example, absolutive relative clauses (including a head, like "the beans", and a restricting clause, like "that she re-fried", which references the head) omit person markers, while ergative relative clauses keep person makers on the subject, and sometimes use the topic morpheme
420:
2268:. This taboo is lifted when the name of the deceased is given to a new member of their lineage. In the meantime, the deceased person's name and words that are phonetically similar to the name are considered taboo and can only be expressed via descriptive phrases. In some cases these taboo words are permanently replaced by their chosen descriptive phrases, resulting in language change.
2257:
of new vocabulary that divides speech communities. However, these new names may come from borrowing from neighboring languages, in which case two languages or dialects can grow more alike rather than apart. Interactions with outside influences through trade and intermarriage often result in language change as well.
1697:
There are three general patterns of negation among the
Salishan languages. The most common pattern involves a negative predicate in the form of an impersonal and intransitive stative verb, which occurs in sentence initial position. The second pattern involves a sentence initial negative particle that
1688:
These transitivizers can be followed by object suffixes, which come to modern
Salishan languages via Proto-Salish. Proto-Salish had two types of object suffixes, neutral (regular transitive) and causative (when a verb causes the object to do something or be in a certain state), that were then divided
2256:
The rate of change between neighboring
Salishan languages often depends on their environments. If for some reason two communities diverge, their adaptation to a new environment can separate them linguistically from each other. The need to create names for tools, animals, and plants creates an array
1633:
Although there is a wide array of Salish languages, they all share some basic traits. All are verb initial languages, with VSO (verb-subject-object) being the most common word order. Some
Salishan languages allow for VOS and SVO as well. There is no case marking, but central noun phrases will often
2185:
This and similar behaviour in other Salish and
Wakashan languages has been used as evidence for a complete lack of a lexical distinction between nouns and verbs in these families. This has become controversial in recent years. David Beck of the University of Alberta contends that there is evidence
2260:
Some cultural elements are more resilient to language change, namely, religion and folklore. Salishan language communities that have demonstrated change in technology and environmental vocabulary have often remained more consistent with their religious terminology. Religion and heavily ingrained
404:
The
Salishan language family consists of twenty-three languages. Below is a list of Salishan languages, dialects, and subdialects. The genetic unity among the Salish languages is evident. Neighboring groups have communicated often, to the point that it is difficult to untangle the influence each
384:
are often referred to as "sleeping languages", in that no speakers exist currently. In the early 21st century, few Salish languages have more than 2,000 speakers. Fluent, daily speakers of almost all
Salishan languages are generally over sixty years of age; many languages have only speakers over
2252:
The variation between the Salishan languages seems to depend on two main factors: the distance between speech communities and the geographic barriers between them. The diversity between the languages corresponds directly to the distance between them. Closer proximity often entails more contact
1698:
is often attached to the sentence's subject, and the last pattern simply involves a sentence initial negative particle without any change in inflectional morphology or a determiner/complementizer. In addition, there is a fourth restricted pattern that has been noted only in Squamish.
2253:
between speakers, and more linguistic similarities are the result. Geographic barriers like mountains impede contact, so two communities that are relatively close together may still vary considerably in their language use if there is a mountain separating them.
411:
This list is a linguistic classification that may not correspond to political divisions. In contrast to classifications made by linguistic scholars, many Salishan groups consider their particular variety of speech to be a separate language rather than a
392:
to account for the various vowels and consonants that do not exist in most modern alphabets. Many groups have evolved their own distinctive uses of the Latin alphabet, however, such as the
2203:('the one who goes', shown in example sentence (1b) above) does represent an example of an unmarked 'verb' used as an argument and that further research may potentially substantiate
2264:
Another example of language change in the Salishan language family is word taboo, which is a cultural expression of the belief in the power of words. Among the Coast languages,
366:
6381:
2292:", 2x13) features a culture of extraterrestrial humans loosely inspired by Pacific coastal First Nations culture, and who speak a language referred to as "ancient Salish".
1376:(also: Nlakaʼpamux, Ntlakapmuk, nɬeʔkepmxcín, Thompson River, Thompson Salish, Thompson, known in frontier times as the Hakamaugh, Klackarpun, Couteau or Knife Indians)
1757:(including those with 'verb-like' meanings that refer to events). Words with noun-like meanings are automatically equivalent to when used predicatively, such as
5407:
408:
A 1969 study found that "language relationships are highest and closest among the Interior Division, whereas they are most distant among the Coast Division."
1218:
373:) in their languages; they frequently have specific names for local dialects, as the local group was more important culturally than larger tribal relations.
1276:
1562:
family. This proposal persists primarily through Sapir's stature: with little evidence for such a family, no progress has been made in reconstructing it.
1182:
1177:
5398:
2301:, the Salish lore was used on certain history of Arcadia Bay as totem poles are seen on some areas, including a segment from the first episode of its
1187:
6391:
6287:
5263:
908:
2835:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington.
2219:'is a coyote') and that the use of any content word as an argument involves an underlying relative clause. For example, with the determiner
1625:
The syntax of Salish languages is notable for its word order (verb-initial), its valency-marking, and the use of several forms of negation.
942:
369:. Linguists later applied the name Salish to related languages in the Pacific Northwest. Many of the peoples do not have self-designations (
3051:
1766:
which means '(is a) coyote'. Words with more verb-like meanings, when used as arguments, are equivalent to or . For example, Lushootseed
3365:
1223:
6386:
3018:
2965:
2955:
3315:
2990:
5391:
5411:
2899:
2875:
2666:
27:
This article is about the family of Salish/Salishan languages. For the language spoken in Montana and Washington State, see
4778:
4359:
4888:
2998:
2942:
6260:
2889:
2950:
3860:
2978:
6340:
5384:
5045:
2847:
2792:
2302:
326:
The Salishan languages are a geographically contiguous block, with the exception of the Nuxalk (Bella Coola), in the
90:
68:
61:
6422:
6396:
5021:
4260:
3044:
2819:
Jorgensen, Joseph G. (1969). Salish Language and Culture. 3. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Publications.
1507:
28:
5790:
5759:
4179:
4115:
3358:
2689:
4792:
4034:
1047:
542:
4543:
2554:
5376:
5258:
4905:
4040:
3865:
3651:
3645:
3569:
3130:
2265:
1075:
389:
5268:
5253:
4952:
4253:
4240:
4011:
3972:
2891:
Songs of power and prayer in the Columbia Plateau: the Jesuit, the medicine man, and the Indian hymn singer
2297:
2372:
1749:
languages) exhibit predicate/argument flexibility. All content words are able to occur as the head of the
6417:
6108:
5248:
5242:
5027:
4300:
4218:
4191:
3895:
3885:
3037:
1717:
1536:. Additionally, the Lummi, Semiahmoo, Songhees, and Sooke dialects of Northern Straits are also extinct.
890:
2809:. (2009). Issues in Salish Syntax and Semantics. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3: 1097–1166. Online.
2289:
6427:
6345:
5726:
4814:
4475:
4272:
4070:
3930:
3900:
3890:
3880:
3586:
3351:
850:
825:
1654:
Salishan languages are known for their polysynthetic nature. A verb stem will often have at least one
5226:
5033:
5009:
4984:
4957:
4940:
3950:
3905:
3875:
3848:
3419:
3374:
3300:
3259:
3008:
1634:
be preceded by determiners while non-central NPs will take prepositions. Some Salishan languages are
1402:
672:
172:
6432:
6355:
6206:
6188:
5851:
5434:
5273:
5080:
4717:
4705:
4537:
3599:
3592:
3408:
2237:
would be most literally translated as 'that which goes' and 'that which is a coyote' respectively.
1603:
55:
17:
2658:
4278:
4203:
3606:
3556:
3305:
3219:
3212:
2920:
Thompson, Laurence C. (1979). Salishan and the Northwest. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.),
1667:
1410:
880:
811:
679:
32:
2516:
1969:
6182:
6140:
5949:
5915:
5633:
5292:
5140:
4935:
4711:
4664:
4294:
4211:
3870:
3854:
3662:
3563:
3426:
3402:
3176:
3084:
2276:
1754:
1659:
327:
167:
72:
4930:
1681:
Applicative affixes increase the number of affixes a verb can take on, that is, its syntactic
6350:
6296:
6215:
6193:
5834:
5716:
5338:
5236:
4925:
4728:
4518:
4507:
4469:
4076:
4050:
3955:
3945:
3628:
3544:
3395:
1682:
870:
845:
6248:
6241:
5039:
4764:
1490:(Kalispel–Pend d'Oreille language, Spokane–Kalispel–Bitterroot Salish–Upper Pend d'Oreille)
6175:
6023:
5589:
5555:
5313:
5070:
4878:
4851:
4834:
4802:
4700:
4414:
4339:
4266:
4045:
4022:
3994:
3925:
3836:
3617:
2799:
2776:. Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society, 11. Lancaster, Pa: American Folk-Lore Society.
1385:
956:
860:
835:
815:
5198:
8:
6360:
6199:
6157:
6097:
6076:
5870:
5806:
5749:
5697:
5682:
5655:
5623:
5439:
5090:
4994:
4894:
4883:
4845:
4824:
4722:
4681:
4456:
4438:
4432:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4306:
4289:
4028:
3694:
3681:
3575:
3525:
3382:
3161:
1750:
1555:
1532:
Nooksack, Twana, Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis, Cowlitz, Klallam, and Tillamook are now
820:
797:
476:
377:
2648:
6271:
6227:
6151:
6051:
6037:
5967:
5857:
5673:
5617:
5521:
5505:
5004:
4999:
4989:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4946:
4915:
4910:
4863:
4857:
4808:
4753:
4676:
4560:
4524:
4427:
4234:
4229:
3940:
3699:
3668:
3634:
3622:
3581:
3456:
3244:
3170:
2622:
2614:
2586:
2490:
2482:
2454:
2411:
1551:
1258:
1090:
995:
627:
503:
380:, some extremely so, with only three or four speakers left. Those languages considered
370:
331:
295:
275:
5494:
5101:
5064:
2760:
Grammatical Convergence and the Genesis of Diversity in the Northwest Coast Sprachbund
2718:
1753:(including words with typically 'noun-like' meanings that refer to entities) or in an
1658:, which is typically a suffix. These suffixes perform a variety of functions, such as
205:
6335:
6277:
6030:
6013:
5988:
5974:
5829:
5692:
5687:
5649:
5532:
5015:
4920:
4900:
4839:
4819:
4530:
4491:
4462:
4450:
4387:
4333:
4311:
4284:
4224:
4197:
4016:
3977:
3967:
3935:
3808:
3734:
3716:
3710:
3612:
3530:
3444:
3310:
3284:
3274:
3226:
3181:
3124:
2960:
2895:
2871:
2843:
2788:
2738:
2734:
2662:
2626:
2606:
2532:
2494:
2474:
2403:
2246:
1675:
1635:
1566:
1493:
1437:
1426:
1372:
1356:
1231:
1128:
1014:
984:
973:
948:
936:
689:
660:
653:
610:
520:
493:
316:
267:
121:
5106:
5095:
5075:
3413:
6365:
6310:
6303:
6221:
6162:
6090:
6083:
6002:
5960:
5925:
5883:
5864:
5839:
5800:
5779:
5773:
5736:
5643:
5541:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5452:
5323:
5183:
5173:
5168:
5122:
5116:
5085:
4978:
4873:
4797:
4735:
4687:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4583:
4567:
4502:
4497:
4480:
4421:
4315:
4247:
4158:
4125:
4093:
3989:
3961:
3910:
3831:
3815:
3801:
3783:
3776:
3762:
3722:
3704:
3688:
3674:
3496:
3479:
3279:
3205:
3145:
3110:
2730:
2654:
2598:
2560:
2528:
2466:
1639:
1533:
1315:
1281:
1156:
1081:
1025:
1006:
967:
961:
646:
575:
530:
513:
381:
271:
236:
129:
125:
5163:
5111:
4103:
2245:
There are twenty-three languages in the Salishan language family. They occupy the
2207:'s 1983 position that all Salishan content words are essentially 'verbs' (such as
1513:
Upper Pend d’Oreille (also: Sɫq̓etk͏ʷmsčin̓t, Čłqetkʷmcin, Qlispé, Upper Kalispel)
6168:
6125:
6118:
5995:
5981:
5931:
5845:
5820:
5743:
5709:
5703:
5600:
5566:
5466:
5428:
5318:
5193:
5178:
5147:
4868:
4829:
4694:
4640:
4512:
4374:
4140:
4135:
4000:
3915:
3796:
3789:
3769:
3751:
3656:
3639:
3438:
3140:
3074:
3023:
2983:
2831:
2806:
1559:
1518:
1246:
1069:
806:
723:
452:
350:
299:
263:
162:
150:
144:
2917:(pp. 979–1045). Current Trends in Linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hague: Mouton.
2433:. Language Science Monographs. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University. p. 105.
2279:
has written a series of crime fiction novels that use Salish lore and language.
6234:
6066:
6044:
5897:
5876:
5768:
5662:
5582:
5575:
5514:
5459:
5328:
5188:
5157:
5128:
4759:
4645:
4628:
4578:
4573:
4444:
4381:
4151:
4145:
4065:
4060:
4006:
3983:
3728:
3550:
3507:
3490:
3484:
3462:
3450:
3334:
3187:
3150:
3099:
1671:
1607:
1570:
1486:
1450:
1268:
1203:
1167:
1113:
788:
772:
696:
603:
585:
551:
469:
393:
5406:
2905:
2517:"The categories verb-noun and transitive-intransitive in English and Squamish"
6411:
5938:
5904:
5890:
5548:
5445:
5212:
5152:
5134:
4650:
4634:
4588:
4345:
4165:
4130:
4120:
4098:
4055:
3920:
3501:
3433:
3135:
3003:
2742:
2610:
2478:
2407:
2284:
1593:
1583:
1054:
291:
137:
3343:
2650:
Flexible word classes: typological studies of underspecified parts of speech
353:
studying Salishan, but this is confusing in regular English usage. The name
4109:
2780:
2714:
2204:
1547:
900:
779:
2785:
Salish Languages and Linguistics: Theoretical and Descriptive Perspectives
191:
3117:
2934:
1776:
1758:
923:
483:
2973:
2759:
2455:"Grammatical Relations and Ergativity in St'át'imcets (Lillooet Salish)"
1705:
3756:
3104:
3004:
Classification of the Salishan languages reflecting current scholarship
2769:
2618:
2564:
2486:
2415:
2391:
1213:
1063:
885:
423:
Distribution of Salishan languages at the beginning of the 19th century
2922:
The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment
2266:
a person's name becomes a taboo word immediately following their death
3029:
3013:
2856:. Linguistic Data on Diskette Series, no. 09. Munchen: Lincom Europa.
1746:
1663:
875:
840:
427:
Languages or dialects with no living native speakers are marked with
346:
320:
199:
185:
181:
2913:
Thompson, Laurence C. (1973). The Northwest. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.),
1972:
demonstrates that this phenomenon is not restricted to Lushootseed.
1018:(also: Sḵwx̱wú7mesh snichim, Sḵwx̱wú7mesh, Sqwxwu7mish, Sqʷx̣ʷúʔməš)
2802:. International Journal of American Linguistics 71.1, January 2005.
2602:
2470:
1742:
1502:
1123:
1099:
830:
730:
311:
3019:
Recordings of Montana Salish Wordlists with phonetic transcription
2854:
Wakashan, Salishan and Penutian and Wider Connections Cognate Sets
1544:
No relationship to any other language family is well established.
2191:
745:
413:
362:
287:
214:
5352:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
5333:
5231:
2842:. Missoula, MT: Linguistics Laboratory, University of Montana.
2719:"Salish evidence against the universality of 'noun' and 'verb'"
2187:
1241:
865:
740:
735:
279:
133:
2943:
University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics (UMOPL)
1550:
suggested that the Salishan languages might be related to the
1655:
1599:
913:
283:
2961:
International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages
419:
245:
2197:
Beck does concede, however, that the Lushootseed argument
323:
consonants in a row with no phonetic or phonemic vowels.
254:
251:
1441:(also: Okanagan, Nsilxcín, Nsíylxcən, ta nukunaqínxcən)
219:
Pre-contact distribution of Salishan languages (in red).
2882:
American Indian languages: Cultural and Social Contexts
2691:
Lexical Categories in the Salish and Wakashan Languages
388:
Salishan languages are most commonly written using the
38:
Indigenous language family of western Canada and the US
2924:(pp. 692–765). Austin: University of Texas Press.
1010:(also: Seshelt, Sháshíshálh, Shashishalhem, Šášíšáɬəm)
2559:(Thesis). Vancouver: University of British Columbia.
1510:(also: Qalispé, Lower Pend d'Oreille, Lower Kalispel)
242:
2194:, which have a clear lexical noun-verb distinction.
1415:
1263:
1236:
1208:
1197:
1172:
1161:
1150:
1144:
1118:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1058:
1030:
1000:
989:
928:
783:
683:
621:
597:
589:
579:
569:
563:
555:
534:
507:
497:
487:
428:
248:
927:(also: dxʷləšucid, Puget Salish, Skagit-Nisqually)
239:
2832:The Salish Language Family: Reconstructing Syntax
2800:On the Syntax and Semantics of Negation in Salish
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2198:
1909:
1902:
1893:
1881:
1816:
1809:
1800:
1788:
1767:
1761:
376:All Salishan languages are considered critically
6409:
2974:Native Peoples, Plants & Animals: Halkomelem
2935:Bibliography of Materials on Salishan Languages
2653:(1 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1569:, contributed greatly to the vocabulary of the
803:Island (also: Hulʼq̱ʼumiʼnumʼ, Həl̕q̓əmín̓əm̓)
334:, to the south on the central coast of Oregon.
6107:
2123:
2114:
2107:
2098:
2086:
2018:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1981:
1117:(also: Skokomish, Sqʷuqʷúʔbəšq, Tuwáduqutšad)
5392:
3373:
3359:
3045:
2999:A Bibliography of Northwest Coast Linguistics
2951:Coast Salish Culture: an Outline Bibliography
2591:International Journal of American Linguistics
2459:International Journal of American Linguistics
1692:
5362:Families with more than 30 languages are in
2894:. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.
2826:. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.
2647:Rijkhoff, Jan; Lier, Eva Helena van (2013).
2646:
768:Central Coast Salish (also: Central Salish)
6286:
1968:An almost identical pair of sentences from
897:Upriver (also: Upper Sto:lō, Halqʼəméyləm)
270:in North America (the Canadian province of
5399:
5385:
3366:
3352:
3052:
3038:
2822:Kiyosawa, Kaoru; Donna B. Gerdts. (2010).
2774:Folk-Tales of Salishan and Sahaptin Tribes
2225:translated as 'that which', the arguments
710:The detailed classification follows here.
5408:Indigenous language families and isolates
2880:Silver, Shirley; Wick R. Miller. (1997).
2659:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199668441.003.0007
2428:
2240:
91:Learn how and when to remove this message
6012:
2389:
418:
54:This article includes a list of general
2713:
2514:
2452:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
782:(also: ʔayʔajusəm, Qʼómox̣ʷs, Kʼómoks)
14:
6410:
3059:
2887:
2884:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
2868:Bibliography of the Salishan Languages
2861:Bibliography of the Salishan Languages
2584:
2552:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
1406:(also: Snchitsuʼumshtsn, snčícuʔumšcn)
791:(also: ʔayajuθəm, Sliammon, Tla A'min)
405:dialect and language has upon others.
310:
5380:
3347:
3033:
3014:Tulalip Lushootseed Language Web Site
2814:Common Names of the Flathead Language
2271:
1021:Straits Salish group (also: Straits)
2859:Pilling, James Constantine. (1893).
2816:. St. Ignatius, Mont: The Committee.
2812:Flathead Culture Committee. (1981).
2352:Currently undergoing revitalization.
1700:
1589:Presence of syllables without vowels
1565:The Salishan languages, principally
1539:
1319:(also: Secwepemctsín, səxwəpməxcín)
1072:(also: SENĆOŦEN, Sənčáθən, Sénəčqən)
1057:(also: Xwlemiʼchosen, Xʷləmiʔčósən)
40:
2946:(Native languages of the Northwest)
2866:Pilling, James Constantine (2007).
2392:"Syllable Structure in Bella Coola"
2377:the Canadian Museum of Civilization
2373:"First Nations Culture Areas Index"
2315:
1741:Salishan languages (along with the
1496:(also: Séliš, Bitterroot, Flathead)
24:
1649:
1576:
1297:
1029:(also: Clallam, nəxʷsƛ̕áy̓emúcən)
727:(also: Bella Coola, Salmon River)
399:
60:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
6444:
2928:
2687:
2179:The one going along is a coyote.
857:Downriver (also: Hunqʼumʔiʔnumʔ)
328:Central Coast of British Columbia
3009:Nkwusm Salish Language Institute
1775:The following examples are from
1704:
312:[xɬpʼχʷɬtʰɬpʰɬːskʷʰt͡sʼ]
235:
213:
45:
29:Salish-Spokane-Kalispel language
2779:Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa; &
2752:
2707:
2681:
2640:
1736:
988:(also: Łə́čələsəm, Łə́čælosəm)
754:
2840:Salish Etymological Dictionary
2578:
2553:Jacobs, Peter William (2011).
2546:
2508:
2446:
2437:
2422:
2383:
2365:
1962:The one who goes is a coyote.
1360:(also: Lilloet, St'át'imcets)
13:
1:
2870:. Reprint by Gardners Books.
2787:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
2431:Salishan language and culture
2429:Jorgensen, Joseph G. (1969).
2359:
1628:
1414:(also: Columbia, Nxaʔamxcín)
390:Americanist phonetic notation
290:). They are characterised by
2915:Linguistics in North America
2735:10.1016/0024-3841(83)90045-1
2533:10.1016/0024-3841(68)90080-6
1616:Nounlessness (controversial)
345:are used interchangeably by
7:
2764:Anthropological Linguistics
274:and the American states of
149:One of the world's primary
10:
6449:
1693:Three patterns of negation
1431:Wenatchee (also: Pesquous)
315:), meaning "he had had a
26:
6374:
6328:
6259:
6139:
6065:
5948:
5914:
5819:
5789:
5758:
5725:
5672:
5632:
5599:
5565:
5531:
5504:
5418:
5347:
5306:
5283:
5222:
5211:
5055:
4788:
4777:
4745:
4672:
4663:
4552:
4369:
4358:
4325:
4187:
4178:
4086:
3844:
3830:
3744:
3539:
3521:
3472:
3390:
3381:
3375:Primary language families
3328:
3293:
3267:
3258:
3236:
3197:
3092:
3083:
3067:
2966:The Salishan Studies List
2852:Liedtke, Stefan. (1995).
2838:Kuipers, Aert H. (2002).
2829:Kroeber, Paul D. (1999).
2587:"The Salish Object Forms"
2515:Kuipers, Aert H. (1968).
2178:
2170:
2085:
2078:
2074:The/a coyote goes along.
2073:
2065:
1980:
1961:
1953:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1787:
1772:means '(one that) goes'.
1620:
713:
212:
198:
180:
156:
145:Linguistic classification
143:
115:
110:
105:
4192:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
2994:(Timothy Montler's site)
2956:Coast Salish Collections
2910:Salishan language hymns.
2585:Newman, Stanley (1979).
2453:Roberts, Taylor (1999).
2390:Bagemihl, Bruce (1991).
2308:
1447:Quilchena & Spaxomin
1342:Deadman's Creek–Kamloops
6423:Agglutinative languages
5359:have no living members.
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2199:
2149:Kinkade interpretation
2124:
2115:
2108:
2099:
2087:
2044:Kinkade interpretation
2019:
2010:
2003:
1994:
1982:
1934:Kinkade interpretation
1910:
1903:
1894:
1882:
1841:Kinkade interpretation
1817:
1810:
1801:
1789:
1768:
1762:
75:more precise citations.
33:Salish (disambiguation)
6392:Unclassified languages
5339:Unclassified languages
5293:list of sign languages
4261:Northeastern Tasmanian
2798:Davis, Henry. (2005).
2556:Control in Skwxwú7mesh
2241:Historical linguistics
826:Stz'uminus (Chemainus)
431:at the highest level.
424:
304:clhp’xwlhtlhplhhskwts’
31:. For other uses, see
5314:Constructed languages
3285:Thompson River Salish
2888:Hamill, Chad (2012).
2758:Beck, David. (2000).
2305:involving the raven.
1373:Thompson River Salish
1171:(also: Q̉ʷay̓áyiɬq̉)
1102:(also: Lək̓ʷəŋín̓əŋ)
1093:(also: Sooke, C̓awk)
976:(also: dxʷsqʷaliʔabš)
905:Chilliwack area bands
776:(Also: Éyɂáɂjuuthem)
661:Thompson River Salish
526:Straits Salish group
465:Central Coast Salish
422:
3861:Binanderean–Goilalan
2863:. Washington: G.P.O.
1366:Mount Currie–Douglas
1131:(also: Sqʷuqʷúʔbəšq)
1066:(also: Pak-quw-chin)
266:of languages of the
6341:Algonquian–Wakashan
5143:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
5046:Tequiraca–Canichana
4889:Harákmbut–Katukinan
3652:Northwest Caucasian
3646:Northeast Caucasian
3570:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2824:Salish Applicatives
1869:The/a coyote goes.
1556:Chimakuan languages
1219:Westport-Shoalwater
1207:(also: Łəw̓ál̕məš)
970:(also: spuyaləpabš)
319:plant", has twelve
298:. For instance the
296:syllabic consonants
6418:Salishan languages
6329:Proposed groupings
5419:Language families
4765:Tarascan/Purépecha
4254:Northern Tasmanian
4012:South Bougainville
3973:North Bougainville
3061:Salishan languages
2805:Davis, Henry. and
2565:10.14288/1.0071786
2396:Linguistic Inquiry
2295:In the video game
2272:In popular culture
1716:. You can help by
1598:Nonconcatenation (
1558:in a hypothetical
1521:(also: Npoqínišcn)
1469:Colville-Inchelium
1348:Pavilion-Bonaparte
1277:Garibaldi-Nestucca
1160:(also: ƛʼpúlmixq)
1084:(also: Tah-tu-lo)
964:(also: dxʷdəwʔabš)
962:Duwamish-Suquamish
945:(also: saʔqʷəbixʷ)
425:
332:Tillamook language
330:, and the extinct
262:) languages are a
6428:Language families
6405:
6404:
6387:Extinct languages
6324:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6135:
6134:
6061:
6060:
5815:
5814:
5791:Takelma–Kalapuyan
5374:
5373:
5324:Language isolates
5302:
5301:
5207:
5206:
4773:
4772:
4659:
4658:
4354:
4353:
4301:Western Tasmanian
4219:Eastern Tasmanian
4174:
4173:
3896:East Geelvink Bay
3826:
3825:
3517:
3516:
3341:
3340:
3335:extinct languages
3324:
3323:
3311:Colville-Okanagan
3254:
3253:
3026:
2995:
2987:
2970:
2947:
2939:
2901:978-0-87071-675-1
2876:978-1-4304-6927-8
2772:, et al. (1917).
2668:978-0-19-966844-1
2247:Pacific Northwest
2183:
2182:
1966:
1965:
1734:
1733:
1540:Genetic relations
1494:Bitterroot Salish
1478:Southern Okanogan
1475:San Poil–Nespelem
1451:Sinixt sn-selxcin
1438:Colville-Okanagan
1363:Lillooet-Fountain
1178:Oakville Chehalis
690:Colville-Okanagan
268:Pacific Northwest
224:
223:
151:language families
122:Pacific Northwest
101:
100:
93:
16:(Redirected from
6440:
6397:Linguistic areas
6284:
6283:
6105:
6104:
6010:
6009:
5723:
5722:
5502:
5501:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5378:
5377:
5220:
5219:
5174:Huaorani/Waorani
5058:(extant in 2000)
5022:Esmeralda–Yaruro
4793:Andoque–Urequena
4786:
4785:
4670:
4669:
4476:Plateau Penutian
4367:
4366:
4342:(Northern Daly?)
4185:
4184:
4071:Northwest Papuan
4035:Trans–New Guinea
3901:East New Britain
3876:Central Solomons
3842:
3841:
3587:Great Andamanese
3537:
3536:
3388:
3387:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3265:
3264:
3131:Northern Straits
3090:
3089:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3021:
2993:
2981:
2968:
2945:
2937:
2909:
2904:. Archived from
2807:Matthewson, Lisa
2783:(Eds.). (1997).
2781:Kinkade, M. Dale
2747:
2746:
2715:Kinkade, M. Dale
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2369:
2353:
2350:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2202:
2127:
2120:
2111:
2104:
2090:
2022:
2015:
2006:
1999:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1915:
1906:
1899:
1885:
1822:
1813:
1806:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1765:
1745:and the extinct
1729:
1726:
1708:
1701:
1417:
1265:
1262:(also: Hutyéyu)
1238:
1235:(also: Kʷínayɬ)
1210:
1199:
1174:
1163:
1152:
1146:
1143:(also: Olympic)
1142:
1141:
1120:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:(also: Siʔneməš)
1060:
1051:(also: Straits)
1048:Northern Straits
1032:
1002:
999:(also: Pənƛ̕áč)
991:
930:
785:
685:
623:
599:
591:
581:
571:
565:
557:
543:Northern Straits
536:
509:
499:
489:
435:Reduced overview
430:
314:
309:
272:British Columbia
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
217:
208:
194:
130:Columbia Plateau
126:Interior Plateau
103:
102:
96:
89:
85:
82:
76:
71:this article by
62:inline citations
49:
48:
41:
21:
6448:
6447:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6433:Mosan languages
6408:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6370:
6316:
6282:
6264:linguistic area
6263:
6255:
6144:linguistic area
6143:
6131:
6103:
6057:
6008:
5953:linguistic area
5952:
5944:
5918:linguistic area
5917:
5910:
5811:
5785:
5754:
5721:
5668:
5628:
5595:
5561:
5527:
5500:
5420:
5414:
5405:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5343:
5329:Mixed languages
5298:
5279:
5214:
5203:
5057:
5051:
4906:Katembri–Taruma
4780:
4769:
4741:
4655:
4548:
4361:
4350:
4321:
4170:
4082:
4041:Turama–Kikorian
3951:Lower Mamberamo
3906:East Strickland
3834:
3822:
3740:
3528:
3523:
3513:
3468:
3377:
3372:
3342:
3337:
3320:
3289:
3260:Interior Salish
3250:
3232:
3193:
3079:
3063:
3058:
3024:Peter Ladefoged
2984:Timothy Montler
2969:(Linguist List)
2931:
2902:
2755:
2750:
2712:
2708:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2427:
2423:
2388:
2384:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2316:
2311:
2298:Life Is Strange
2274:
2243:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1714:needs expansion
1695:
1652:
1650:Valency-marking
1631:
1623:
1579:
1577:Family features
1542:
1530:
1391:Thompson Canyon
1307:Interior Salish
1302:
1299:Interior Salish
1294:
1292:
1188:Tenino Chehalis
1139:
1138:
951:(also: sduhubš)
759:
752:
718:
708:
638:Interior Salish
402:
400:Family division
367:Flathead Nation
351:anthropologists
307:
292:agglutinativity
238:
234:
220:
204:
190:
173:Interior Salish
117:
97:
86:
80:
77:
67:Please help to
66:
50:
46:
39:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6446:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6382:Classification
6378:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6356:Macro-Chibchan
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6292:
6290:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6267:
6265:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6219:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6203:
6191:
6189:Tequistlatecan
6186:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6147:
6145:
6137:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6122:
6114:
6112:
6102:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6072:
6070:
6063:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6027:
6019:
6017:
6007:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5956:
5954:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5922:
5920:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5852:Tequistlatecan
5849:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5826:
5824:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5804:
5796:
5794:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5776:
5771:
5765:
5763:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5740:
5732:
5730:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5679:
5677:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5647:
5639:
5637:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5614:
5606:
5604:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5571:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5537:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5518:
5510:
5508:
5499:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5424:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5404:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5381:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5254:Indo-Pakistani
5251:
5246:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5137:
5132:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5061:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4953:Piaroa–Saliban
4950:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4854:
4849:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4720:
4718:Tequistlatecan
4715:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4631:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4522:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4454:
4447:
4442:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4385:
4378:
4370:
4364:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4337:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4309:
4304:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4269:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4245:
4241:Marrku–Wurrugu
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4195:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3812:
3805:
3799:
3794:
3786:
3781:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3666:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3600:Hurro-Urartian
3596:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3548:
3540:
3534:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3431:
3423:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3316:Montana Salish
3313:
3308:
3306:Columbia-Moses
3303:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3220:Upper Chehalis
3216:
3213:Lower Chehalis
3209:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2976:
2971:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2930:
2929:External links
2927:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2908:on 2015-09-25.
2900:
2885:
2878:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2836:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2777:
2767:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2717:(1983-05-01).
2706:
2680:
2667:
2639:
2603:10.1086/465612
2597:(4): 299–308.
2577:
2545:
2507:
2471:10.1086/466391
2465:(3): 275–302.
2445:
2436:
2421:
2402:(4): 589–646.
2382:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2282:An episode of
2273:
2270:
2242:
2239:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2088:nk’yap tit’áka
2084:
2083:Sentence (2b)
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:t’ak tink’yápa
1979:
1978:Sentence (2a)
1964:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1883:sbiaw ti ʔux̌ʷ
1879:
1878:Sentence (1b)
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1814:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1790:ʔux̌ʷ ti sbiaw
1786:
1785:Sentence (1a)
1738:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1711:
1709:
1694:
1691:
1651:
1648:
1640:split-ergative
1630:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:glottalization
1596:
1590:
1587:
1578:
1575:
1571:Chinook Jargon
1541:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1497:
1487:Montana Salish
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1411:Columbia-Moses
1407:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1204:Lower Chehalis
1194:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1168:Upper Chehalis
1164:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1019:
1011:
1003:
992:
981:
980:
979:
978:
977:
971:
965:
954:
953:
952:
946:
940:
939:(also: sqaǰət)
920:
919:
918:
917:
916:
911:
906:
903:
895:
894:
893:
891:Tsleil-waututh
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
855:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
809:
794:
793:
792:
789:Mainland Comox
786:
760:
758:
753:
751:
750:
749:
748:
743:
738:
733:
719:
717:
712:
707:
706:
705:
704:
703:
702:
701:
700:
697:Montana Salish
693:
686:
680:Columbia-Moses
676:
666:
665:
664:
657:
650:
635:
634:
633:
632:
631:
618:
617:
616:
615:
614:
607:
604:Lower Chehalis
594:
593:
592:
586:Upper Chehalis
582:
560:
559:
558:
548:
547:
546:
539:
524:
517:
510:
500:
490:
480:
473:
458:
457:
456:
438:
437:
436:
401:
398:
222:
221:
218:
210:
209:
202:
196:
195:
188:
178:
177:
176:
175:
170:
165:
158:
154:
153:
147:
141:
140:
119:
113:
112:
108:
107:
99:
98:
53:
51:
44:
37:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6445:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6285:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6208:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:Calusa–Tunica
6106:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6064:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5417:
5413:
5412:North America
5409:
5402:
5397:
5395:
5390:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5264:Original Thai
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5210:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5028:Hibito–Cholón
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4776:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4544:Yuman–Cochimí
4542:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4357:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4279:Southern Daly
4277:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4204:Darwin Region
4201:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Demta–Sentani
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3607:Indo-European
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3557:Austroasiatic
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:Coeur d’Alene
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2848:1-879763-16-8
2845:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:3-11-015492-7
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2693:
2692:
2688:Cable, Seth.
2684:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2440:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2285:Stargate SG-1
2280:
2278:
2277:Stanley Evans
2269:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1728:
1719:
1715:
1712:This section
1710:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1626:
1615:
1613:Tenselessness
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1594:reduplication
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:Coeur d’Alene
1400:
1399:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1382:Nicola Valley
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
998:
997:
993:
987:
986:
982:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
959:
958:
955:
950:
947:
944:
943:Sauk-Suiattle
941:
938:
935:
934:
932:
931:
926:
925:
921:
915:
912:
910:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
896:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
856:
852:
851:Lake Cowichan
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
802:
801:
800:
799:
795:
790:
787:
781:
778:
777:
775:
774:
770:
769:
767:
766:
765:
762:
761:
757:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
726:
725:
721:
720:
716:
711:
699:
698:
694:
692:
691:
687:
682:
681:
677:
675:
674:
673:Coeur d’Alene
670:
669:
667:
663:
662:
658:
656:
655:
651:
649:
648:
644:
643:
641:
640:
639:
636:
630:
629:
625:
624:
619:
613:
612:
608:
606:
605:
601:
600:
595:
588:
587:
583:
578:
577:
573:
572:
567:
566:
561:
554:
553:
549:
545:
544:
540:
538:
533:
532:
528:
527:
525:
523:
522:
518:
516:
515:
511:
506:
505:
501:
496:
495:
491:
486:
485:
481:
479:
478:
474:
472:
471:
467:
466:
464:
463:
462:
459:
455:
454:
450:
449:
448:
445:
444:
443:
440:
439:
434:
433:
432:
421:
417:
415:
409:
406:
397:
395:
391:
386:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
313:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
259:
233:
229:
216:
211:
207:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
187:
183:
179:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
159:
155:
152:
148:
146:
142:
139:
138:United States
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
114:
109:
104:
95:
92:
84:
74:
70:
64:
63:
57:
52:
43:
42:
34:
30:
19:
6346:Aztec–Tanoan
6309:
6302:
6297:Guanahatabey
6295:
6288:Pre-Arawakan
6270:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6214:
6205:
6198:
6183:Oto-Manguean
6181:
6174:
6167:
6150:
6141:Mesoamerican
6124:
6117:
6096:
6089:
6082:
6075:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6022:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5950:Coahuiltecan
5937:
5930:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5863:
5856:
5844:
5799:
5778:
5760:Coast Oregon
5742:
5735:
5702:
5661:
5654:
5642:
5634:Macro-Siouan
5616:
5610:
5609:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5520:
5513:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5427:
5421:and isolates
5363:
5356:
5355:Families in
5290:
5241:
5139:
5127:
4977:
4945:
4936:Pano-Tacanan
4893:
4856:
4844:
4815:Arutani–Sape
4807:
4752:
4734:
4727:
4712:Oto-Manguean
4710:
4693:
4686:
4633:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4566:
4559:
4536:
4529:
4517:
4490:
4485:
4468:
4461:
4449:
4437:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4380:
4373:
4332:
4299:
4295:Western Daly
4273:Pama–Nyungan
4271:
4259:
4252:
4239:
4217:
4212:Eastern Daly
4210:
4202:
4157:
4033:
4021:
3999:
3982:
3960:
3931:Kaure–Kosare
3891:Doso–Turumsa
3881:Chimbu–Wahgi
3871:Bulaka River
3855:Austronesian
3853:
3814:
3807:
3788:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3663:Sino-Tibetan
3661:
3644:
3627:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3574:
3564:Austronesian
3562:
3555:
3543:
3489:
3427:Nilo-Saharan
3425:
3418:
3403:Austronesian
3401:
3394:
3330:
3243:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3186:
3169:
3160:
3155:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3085:Coast Salish
3060:
2921:
2914:
2906:the original
2890:
2881:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2839:
2830:
2823:
2813:
2784:
2773:
2766:42, 147–213.
2763:
2753:Bibliography
2729:(1): 25–39.
2726:
2722:
2709:
2698:. Retrieved
2690:
2683:
2672:. Retrieved
2649:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2594:
2590:
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2555:
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2524:
2520:
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2462:
2458:
2448:
2443:Beck (2000).
2439:
2430:
2424:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2296:
2294:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2205:Dale Kinkade
2196:
2184:
2176:Translation
2116:
2100:
2071:Translation
2011:
1995:
1970:St’át’imcets
1967:
1959:Translation
1911:
1895:
1866:Translation
1850:is a coyote
1818:
1802:
1774:
1740:
1737:Nounlessness
1722:
1718:adding to it
1713:
1696:
1687:
1680:
1653:
1643:
1632:
1624:
1592:Grammatical
1586:(more areal)
1564:
1548:Edward Sapir
1546:
1543:
1531:
1485:
1436:
1409:
1401:
1371:
1355:
1345:Fraser River
1328:Shuswap Lake
1314:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1257:
1230:
1202:
1166:
1155:
1112:
1046:
1024:
1013:
1005:
994:
983:
922:
796:
780:Island Comox
771:
764:Coast Salish
763:
756:Coast Salish
755:
722:
714:
709:
695:
688:
678:
671:
659:
652:
645:
637:
626:
609:
602:
584:
574:
550:
541:
537:
529:
519:
512:
502:
492:
482:
475:
468:
461:Coast Salish
460:
451:
446:
441:
426:
410:
407:
403:
387:
375:
358:
354:
342:
338:
336:
325:
303:
231:
227:
225:
168:Coast Salish
157:Subdivisions
118:distribution
87:
81:January 2015
78:
59:
6351:Macro-Mayan
6216:Uto-Aztecan
6194:Totozoquean
6024:Coahuilteco
5835:Palaihnihan
5717:Tsimshianic
5249:Germanosign
5153:Mura-Pirahã
5034:Lule–Vilela
5010:Bora-Witoto
4985:Uru–Chipaya
4958:Ticuna–Yuri
4941:Peba–Yaguan
4926:Nambikwaran
4729:Uto-Aztecan
4665:Mesoamerica
4519:Uto-Aztecan
4508:Tsimshianic
4470:Palaihnihan
4340:Malak-Malak
4077:Papuan Gulf
4051:West Papuan
3956:Lower Sepik
3946:Lakes Plain
3849:Arai–Samaia
3837:the Pacific
3545:Afroasiatic
3420:Niger–Congo
3396:Afroasiatic
3118:Lushootseed
3068:Bella Coola
2770:Boas, Franz
2570:17 December
2538:18 November
2527:: 610–626.
2213:'goes' and
2152:is a coyote
2053:is a coyote
1937:is a coyote
1777:Lushootseed
1759:Lushootseed
1676:applicative
1582:Post-velar
1458:Similkameen
1388:–Boston Bar
924:Lushootseed
816:Snaw-Na-Was
484:Lushootseed
73:introducing
6412:Categories
6207:Mixe–Zoque
6176:Misumalpan
6098:Chitimacha
5590:Algonquian
5556:Athabaskan
5435:Yuki–Wappo
5243:Francosign
5091:Chiquitano
5071:Alacalufan
4879:Guaicuruan
4852:Chapacuran
4835:Cahuapanan
4803:Araucanian
4706:Mixe–Zoque
4701:Misumalpan
4415:Comecrudan
4267:Nyulnyulan
4046:Upper Yuat
4023:Torricelli
3995:Senu River
3926:Foja Range
3832:New Guinea
3757:Burushaski
3618:Kartvelian
3593:Hmong–Mien
3409:Khoe–Kwadi
3105:Halkomelem
2700:2013-11-20
2674:2013-11-20
2632:7 December
2500:9 December
2360:References
2158:goes along
2155:that which
2095:Morphemes
2050:that which
2047:goes along
1990:Morphemes
1940:that which
1890:Morphemes
1847:that which
1797:Morphemes
1668:reciprocal
1660:transitive
1629:Word order
1604:metathesis
1336:Canim Lake
1273:Tillamook
1214:Humptulips
1064:Pauquachin
1035:Becher Bay
886:Kwikwetlem
881:Tsawwassen
812:Snuneymuxw
798:Halkomelem
620:Tillamook
477:Halkomelem
378:endangered
337:The terms
317:bunchberry
276:Washington
116:Geographic
56:references
6361:Tolatecan
6261:Caribbean
6249:Alagüilac
6242:Purépecha
6228:Cuitlatec
6200:Totonacan
6158:Jicaquean
6077:Muskogean
6052:Mamulique
6038:Comecrudo
5968:Karankawa
5871:Jicaquean
5858:Chimariko
5807:Kalapuyan
5750:Sahaptian
5698:Yok-Utian
5683:Chinookan
5656:Iroquoian
5624:Chimakuan
5440:Chumashan
5274:Tanzanian
5215:languages
5112:Hodï/Joti
5056:Isolates
4995:Yanomaman
4931:Otomákoan
4895:Jirajaran
4884:Guajiboan
4846:Catacaoan
4825:Barbacoan
4754:Cuitlatec
4723:Totonacan
4682:Jicaquean
4561:Chimariko
4457:Muskogean
4439:Kalapuyan
4433:Iroquoian
4408:Chumashan
4401:Chinookan
4394:Chimakuan
4312:Yangmanic
4307:Worrorran
4290:Wagaydyic
4180:Australia
4029:Trans-Fly
3695:Yeniseian
3682:Tyrsenian
3576:Dravidian
3333:indicate
3245:Tillamook
3237:Tillamook
3171:Pentlatch
3156:Semiahmoo
2743:0024-3841
2627:143874319
2611:0020-7071
2495:143415352
2479:0020-7071
2408:0024-3892
2168:Predicate
2063:Predicate
1951:Predicate
1858:Predicate
1751:predicate
1747:Chimakuan
1672:reflexive
1664:causative
1499:Kalispel
1466:Southern
1455:Penticton
1444:Northern
1427:Columbian
1398:Southern
1325:Kinbasket
1311:Northern
1259:Tillamook
1224:Wynoochee
1196:Maritime
1129:Skokomish
1082:Semiahmoo
996:Pentlatch
974:Nisqually
949:Snohomish
933:Northern
901:Sts'Ailes
876:Snokomish
841:Penelakut
668:Southern
642:Northern
628:Tillamook
596:Maritime
562:Tsamosan
504:Pentlatch
385:eighty.
347:linguists
321:obstruent
200:Glottolog
182:ISO 639-2
6272:Arawakan
6152:Chibchan
6031:Cotoname
5989:Quinigua
5975:Maratino
5674:Penutian
5618:Wakashan
5611:Salishan
5522:Eskimoan
5506:Eskaleut
5307:See also
5284:Isolates
5259:Japanese
5199:Yuracaré
5081:Candoshi
5040:Macro-Jê
5005:Zaparoan
5000:Zamucoan
4990:Witotoan
4973:Tucanoan
4968:Tiniguan
4963:Timotean
4947:Quechuan
4916:Matacoan
4911:Mascoian
4901:Jivaroan
4864:Chibchan
4858:Charruan
4809:Arawakan
4746:Isolates
4677:Chibchan
4553:Isolates
4525:Wakashan
4486:Salishan
4428:Eskaleut
4334:Giimbiyu
4326:Isolates
4235:Jarrakan
4230:Iwaidjan
4087:Isolates
3941:Kutubuan
3809:Sumerian
3745:Isolates
3700:Yukaghir
3669:Tungusic
3635:Mongolic
3623:Koreanic
3582:Eskaleut
3473:Isolates
3457:Ubangian
3294:Southern
3275:Lillooet
3268:Northern
3227:Quinault
3198:Tsamosan
3182:Squamish
3177:shíshálh
3162:T'Sou-ke
3146:Songhees
3125:Nooksack
2986:'s site)
2234:ti sbiaw
2228:ti ʔux̌ʷ
2200:ti ʔux̌ʷ
2171:Subject
2141:go.along
2066:Subject
2030:go.along
1954:Subject
1861:Subject
1755:argument
1743:Wakashan
1725:May 2008
1636:ergative
1567:Chehalis
1552:Wakashan
1508:Kalispel
1503:Chewelah
1357:Lillooet
1339:Chu Chua
1333:Western
1322:Eastern
1247:Quinault
1232:Quinault
1140:Tsamosan
1124:Quilcene
1100:Songhees
1091:T'Sou-ke
1015:Squamish
985:Nooksack
968:Puyallup
957:Southern
871:Kwantlen
861:Musqueam
846:Lyackson
831:Lamalcha
807:Cowichan
731:Kimsquit
654:Lillooet
611:Quinault
521:Squamish
494:Nooksack
442:Salishan
371:autonyms
343:Salishan
228:Salishan
206:sali1255
136:and the
106:Salishan
18:Salishan
6336:Amerind
6311:Ciguayo
6304:Macorix
6278:Cariban
6252: ?
6111: ?
6091:Atakapa
6084:Natchez
6069: ?
6016: ?
6014:Pakawan
6003:Tonkawa
5961:Aranama
5916:Pueblo
5884:Salinan
5865:Esselen
5830:Shastan
5823: ?
5801:Takelma
5793: ?
5780:Siuslaw
5762: ?
5737:Klamath
5729: ?
5727:Plateau
5693:Maiduan
5688:Wintuan
5676: ?
5650:Caddoan
5636: ?
5603: ?
5542:Tlingit
5533:Na-Dene
5488:Waikuri
5481:Timucua
5474:Kutenai
5453:Beothuk
5357:italics
5334:Pidgins
5319:Creoles
5269:Swedish
5237:Chinese
5184:Urarina
5169:Puinave
5123:Itonama
5117:Irantxe
5086:Chimane
5016:Chimuan
4921:Nadahup
4840:Cariban
4820:Aymaran
4781:America
4623:Waikuri
4616:Tonkawa
4609:Timucua
4602:Takelma
4595:Siuslaw
4584:Kutenai
4568:Esselen
4531:Wintuan
4492:Shastan
4463:Na-Dene
4451:Maiduan
4388:Caddoan
4362:America
4316:Wagiman
4314:(incl.
4285:Tangkic
4225:Garawan
4198:Bunuban
4159:Tambora
4126:Maybrat
4094:Abinomn
4017:Teberan
3978:Pauwasi
3968:Mairasi
3936:Kiwaian
3816:Tambora
3802:Shompen
3784:Kusunda
3777:Kenaboi
3763:Elamite
3735:Siangic
3717:Kho-Bwa
3711:Hrusish
3629:Kra–Dai
3613:Japonic
3522:Eurasia
3497:Sandawe
3480:Bangime
3445:Songhay
3331:Italics
3280:Shuswap
3206:Cowlitz
3141:Saanich
3111:Klallam
3093:Central
2991:Klallam
2979:Saanich
2619:1264720
2487:1265788
2416:4178744
2303:prequel
2290:Spirits
2192:Nahuatl
2165:Syntax
2060:Syntax
1948:Syntax
1855:Syntax
1836:coyote
1683:valence
1600:infixes
1584:harmony
1534:extinct
1519:Spokane
1386:Spuzzum
1316:Shuswap
1282:Nehalem
1157:Cowlitz
1149:Inland
1070:Saanich
1041:Western
1038:Eastern
1026:Klallam
1007:Sechelt
836:Malahat
746:Tallheo
647:Shuswap
576:Cowlitz
568:Inland
531:Klallam
514:Sechelt
414:dialect
394:Saanich
382:extinct
365:of the
363:endonym
361:is the
359:Selisch
288:Montana
69:improve
6366:Waroid
6222:Xincan
6163:Lencan
6126:Calusa
6119:Tunica
5996:Solano
5982:Naolan
5926:Tanoan
5840:Pomoan
5774:Coosan
5769:Alsean
5744:Molala
5704:Yokuts
5644:Siouan
5495:Pericú
5467:Cayuse
5232:BANZSL
5194:Yamana
5179:Trumai
5148:Movima
5102:Fulniô
5065:Aikanã
4979:Tupian
4874:Chonan
4798:Arauan
4736:Xincan
4688:Lencan
4641:Yokuts
4538:Yukian
4503:Tanoan
4498:Siouan
4481:Pomoan
4422:Coosan
4248:Mirndi
4141:Porome
4136:Pawaia
3990:Senagi
3962:Madang
3911:Eleman
3866:Border
3797:Nihali
3790:Minoan
3770:Hattic
3752:Basque
3723:Mijiic
3705:Digaro
3689:Uralic
3675:Turkic
3526:Europe
3383:Africa
3151:Samish
3075:Nuxálk
2938:(YDLI)
2898:
2874:
2846:
2791:
2741:
2723:Lingua
2665:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2521:Lingua
2493:
2485:
2477:
2414:
2406:
2188:Arabic
2135:coyote
2132:Gloss
2101:nk’yap
2036:coyote
2027:Gloss
2012:nk’yap
1923:coyote
1920:Gloss
1827:Gloss
1674:, and
1621:Syntax
1472:Methow
1461:Vernon
1423:Entiat
1420:Chelan
1379:Lytton
1269:Siletz
1242:Queets
1183:Satsop
1076:Samish
937:Skagit
866:Katzie
821:Halalt
741:Kwatna
736:Nuxalk
724:Nuxalk
715:Nuxalk
453:Nuxalk
447:Nuxalk
355:Salish
339:Salish
300:Nuxalk
280:Oregon
264:family
232:Salish
230:(also
163:Nuxalk
134:Canada
111:Salish
58:, but
6375:Lists
6235:Huave
6169:Mayan
6045:Garza
5932:Keres
5898:Washo
5877:Karuk
5846:Yuman
5821:Hokan
5710:Utian
5663:Yuchi
5601:Mosan
5583:Yurok
5576:Wiyot
5567:Algic
5515:Aleut
5460:Bidai
5429:Haida
5189:Warao
5158:Nukak
5129:Kunza
5107:Guató
5096:Cofán
5076:Camsá
4869:Choco
4830:Boran
4779:South
4760:Huave
4695:Mayan
4646:Yuchi
4629:Washo
4579:Karuk
4574:Haida
4513:Utian
4445:Keres
4382:Alsea
4375:Algic
4360:North
4152:Taiap
4146:Sulka
4001:Sepik
3916:Engan
3657:Ongan
3640:Nivkh
3508:Shabo
3491:Jalaa
3485:Hadza
3439:Mande
3188:Twana
3136:Lummi
3100:Comox
2695:(PDF)
2623:S2CID
2615:JSTOR
2491:S2CID
2483:JSTOR
2412:JSTOR
2309:Notes
2216:sbiaw
2210:ʔux̌ʷ
2144:-DET
2039:-DET
1943:goes
1912:ʔux̌ʷ
1896:sbiaw
1819:sbiaw
1803:ʔux̌ʷ
1769:ʔux̌ʷ
1763:sbiaw
1656:affix
1644:-tali
1638:, or
1560:Mosan
1114:Twana
1055:Lummi
914:Skway
773:Comox
552:Twana
470:Comox
302:word
284:Idaho
6067:Gulf
5939:Zuni
5905:Yana
5891:Seri
5549:Eyak
5446:Adai
5364:bold
5291:See
5227:Arab
5213:Sign
5164:Páez
5141:Maku
5135:Leco
4651:Zuni
4635:Yana
4589:Seri
4346:Tiwi
4166:Wiru
4131:Mpur
4121:Kuot
4104:Anêm
4099:Abun
4066:Yuat
4061:Yawa
4007:Skou
3984:Ramu
3835:and
3729:Miju
3551:Ainu
3531:Asia
3529:and
3502:Laal
3463:Kadu
3451:Ijaw
3414:Kx'a
2896:ISBN
2872:ISBN
2844:ISBN
2789:ISBN
2739:ISSN
2663:ISBN
2634:2020
2607:ISSN
2572:2020
2540:2020
2502:2020
2475:ISSN
2404:ISSN
2231:and
2190:and
2138:DET-
2117:t’ak
2033:DET-
1996:t’ak
1926:SPEC
1844:goes
1833:SPEC
1554:and
909:Tait
814:and
349:and
341:and
308:IPA:
294:and
286:and
226:The
124:and
5410:of
4116:Kol
4110:Ata
4056:Yam
3921:Fas
3434:Tuu
3022:by
2731:doi
2655:doi
2599:doi
2561:doi
2529:doi
2467:doi
2109:ti-
2004:ti-
1929:go
1720:.
357:or
192:sal
132:in
6414::
4318:)?
2762:.
2737:.
2727:60
2725:.
2721:.
2661:.
2621:.
2613:.
2605:.
2595:45
2593:.
2589:.
2525:21
2523:.
2519:.
2489:.
2481:.
2473:.
2463:65
2461:.
2457:.
2410:.
2400:22
2398:.
2394:.
2375:.
2317:^
2288:("
2222:ti
2125:-a
2020:-a
1904:ti
1830:go
1811:ti
1779:.
1670:,
1666:,
1662:,
1606:,
1602:,
1573:.
416:.
396:.
282:,
278:,
246:eɪ
184:/
5400:e
5393:t
5386:v
5366:.
5276:?
5160:?
5119:?
5098:?
5067:?
5048:?
5042:?
5036:?
5030:?
5024:?
5018:?
5012:?
4281:?
4244:?
4207:?
4194:?
4161:?
4154:?
4148:?
4112:?
4106:?
4079:?
4073:?
3818:?
3804:?
3792:?
3779:?
3737:?
3731:?
3725:?
3719:?
3713:?
3707:?
3533:)
3524:(
3510:?
3504:?
3465:?
3459:?
3453:?
3447:?
3441:?
3430:?
3367:e
3360:t
3353:v
3053:e
3046:t
3039:v
2982:(
2795:.
2745:.
2733::
2703:.
2677:.
2657::
2636:.
2601::
2574:.
2563::
2542:.
2531::
2504:.
2469::
2418:.
2379:.
1727:)
1723:(
1610:)
1416:†
1264:†
1237:†
1209:†
1198:†
1173:†
1162:†
1151:†
1145:†
1119:†
1104:†
1095:†
1086:†
1059:†
1031:†
1001:†
990:†
929:†
784:†
684:†
622:†
598:†
590:†
580:†
570:†
564:†
556:†
535:†
508:†
498:†
488:†
429:†
306:(
258:/
255:ʃ
252:ɪ
249:l
243:s
240:ˈ
237:/
186:5
128:/
94:)
88:(
83:)
79:(
65:.
35:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
