331:. He returned to Gaza in 1957 with a combined degree in philosophy and psychology, and a teacher's certificate from Ain Shams University, where he was assigned to teach at Al Zahra, a girls' school, a position that was, in his memoirs, allocated in order to make him a pariah in the city. The posting lasted six months, after which he was transferred to teach in a makeshift school for poor refugee boys in the Gaza desert. Responding to a call from Arafat, he left for
363:
adversaries to be terroristic. Khalaf then felt the need to restore his reputation within the
Palestinian community, and became one of the foremost advocates for the terror campaigns conducted by PLO fighters and others during the early 1970s. Christopher Dobson, who met Khalaf in Cairo at this time, described him as someone who would pass unnoticed in a crowd, while topping Israel's most wanted list.
284:
He dates his first feelings of animosity towards Jews to an incident in 1945, when he was taunted by Jewish youths for being an Arab while riding over to visit relatives. They smashed his bicycle, and, on returning home, he learnt that Jewish friends had falsely reported that he had knifed Jews in
362:
to deflect criticism from himself over the conduct of the fighting between
Palestinian guerrillas and the Jordanian army in 1970–71, portraying Khalaf as weak. Some argue that the ridicule his mediation met with was a decisive factor in his turn towards tactics which were considered by his
374:, in so far as, he argued, one could not side with an occupying power when one was fighting in one's own country against an occupation. It was rumoured that he had openly expressed disagreement with the Iraqi leader in face to face meetings, and vouched to stay neutral during the
413:
Palestinians generally reacted by blaming Abu Nidal for the murder, since he was backed by Iraq, and Zaid later confessed to being in contact with Nidal. While Seale considers Abu Nidal to certainly have been behind the murder, others think the order probably came directly from
51:
358:. As a result, Khalaf was arrested by the Jordanians and then released after he appealed to his comrades to stop fighting and to lay down their arms. According to Said Abu Rish's biography of Yasser Arafat, Arafat had used the fact that Khalaf had negotiated with King
508:'s Libya. The explosives were destined to the reinforced walls of Trani's jail, in an action aimed to evade prison for Saleh. Abu Anzeh Saleh was liberated despite having taken less than two years in 1981. Former President of the Italian Republic
257:", Khalaf was assassinated by a member of that organization in 1991. Palestinians, and many onlookers, generally believe Abu Nidal was responsible for his death. Some believe the order came from Iraqi President
421:
A funeral service was held for Khalaf and the other two PLO officials in Tunis with the attendance of Yasser Arafat. Another service was held in Amman where they were buried at the martyr's cemetery.
281:, where half of his clients were Jewish and he spoke Hebrew, which his son also picked up from companions among Sephardic Jews. Salah had four siblings. One of his uncles was married to a Jew.
303:
and a sense of Jewish military superiority. They fully expected to return as an expected tide in the fortunes of war changed, enabling the Arab armies to drive back to
Zionists. He moved to
469:
after Khalaf. Tulkarem governor Issam Abu Bakr said that the school was named after "martyr Salah Khalaf in order to commemorate the memory of this great national fighter".
504:
After the arrest of Abu Anzeh Saleh with some missiles destined to
Palestinians in 1979, Abu Iyad decided to retaliate, using Czechoslovak explosive provided by
900:
1257:
1222:
285:
Jaffa, at a time corresponding to the bicycle incident. He was arrested, aged 11, by
British police, beaten up and sentenced to a year of house arrest.
370:. He was a man "who had been instrumental in bringing about the shift of PLO policy toward greater pragmatism." Khalaf opposed Arafat's alliance with
1247:
1212:
789:
1262:
1252:
1227:
957:
296:, which inculcated a rejection of racism, bigotry, and parochial loyalism, and taught him how to retaliate to violence with violence.
1267:
1021:
1217:
1090:
872:
838:
328:
406:
from Abu Nidal's group. Zaid shot Khalef in the head, along with Abul Hol and another PLO operative and an aide to Khalaf,
335:
and, together with Arafat, Farouk al-Qaddum, Khaled al-Hassan, Abd al-Muhsin al-Qatan and Khalil
Ibrahim al-Wazir, founded
1242:
1207:
553:
1121:
770:
674:
638:
592:
366:
Khalaf met with the U.S. ambassador to Tunis as part of the U.S.-PLO dialogue, a contact that had been authorized by
224:
497:). The operation was ordered to avenge the break-up of the so-called "lodo Moro ", a secret agreement with which
299:
His family abandoned Jaffa by boat for Gaza on 13 May 1948, as part of a general flight inspired by news of the
307:
in the early 1950s, enrolling in the Dar al-Ulum teacher's college. There, in 1951, he became a member of the
1232:
223:) (1933 – 14 January 1991), was a Palestinian militant and the deputy chief and head of intelligence for the
355:
239:
864:
477:
An
Italian public attorney and retired prosecutor—and former director of investigations into the loss of
1237:
1179:
666:
576:
622:
796:
429:
Khalaf married his cousin on 13 July 1959. They had six children: three daughters and three sons.
827:
Scripting Middle East
Leaders: The Impact of Leadership Perceptions on U.S. and UK Foreign Policy
822:
293:
254:
213:
189:
858:
525:
462:
1202:
1197:
501:
would have guaranteed the free transit of
Palestinians guerrillas and terrorists to Italy.
300:
154:
1046:
8:
446:
324:
150:
72:
1162:
1142:
494:
308:
120:
1078:
I segreti di
Bologna: La verità sull'atto terroristico più grave della storia italiana
485:
argued in a book that Abu Iyad had ordered two German terrorists linked to Venezuelan
1117:
1086:
1072:
868:
854:
834:
818:
766:
725:
680:
670:
634:
588:
549:
509:
486:
482:
478:
399:
359:
1174:
1134:
1082:
626:
580:
490:
823:"7. Skewed perceptions: Yasir Arafat in the eyes of American officials, 1969-2004"
630:
618:
Justice Interrupted: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in the Middle East
1076:
758:
407:
204:
180:
616:
402:, the security head of Fatah), by a Palestinian guard, Hamza Abu Zaid who was a
1154:
1129:
830:
415:
403:
398:. On 14 January 1991, Khalaf was assassinated in the Tunisian home of Abu Hol (
371:
258:
790:"The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Be comes a Terrorist and Why?"
1191:
926:
684:
513:
351:
320:
278:
232:
102:
441:
as an ideology exploited by a political elite which manipulated memories of
1113:
22:
860:
Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967
660:
662:
Israel Undercover: Secret Warfare and Hidden Diplomacy in the Middle East
367:
572:
Refuge and Resistance. Palestinians and the International Refugee System
238:
The United States and Israel believed him to have been a founder of the
1166:
1146:
289:
164:
145:
584:
386:
Khalaf is said to have helped the CIA in an operation to break up the
498:
387:
274:
250:
1138:
570:
339:- a name meaning "Conquest" composed from the reversed initials of
986:
795:. Library of Congress. 1 September 1999. p. 52. Archived from
466:
375:
88:
505:
438:
92:
1022:"PA governor defends naming school after Black September chief"
442:
347:
332:
50:
391:
336:
314:
304:
270:
228:
130:
68:
288:
On expiry of the sentence, he joined the 'lion cubs' of the
987:"Comrades on the Path: Salah Khalaf (Abu Iyad) (1933-1991)"
901:"The P.L.O.; Suspicion in Palestinian Slayings Now Focuses"
390:
organization. Defectors who split off were given refuge in
1110:
My Home, My Land: A Narrative of the Palestinian Struggle
1047:"Palestinian Authority: Terrorism is part of our culture"
450:
395:
246:
493:(for which three neo-fascists were convicted, including
1126:
1001:
937:
881:
732:. Oxford University Press. pp. 153, 159, 392, 402.
1127:
Salah Khalaf (Abu Iyad) (1990). "Lowering the Sword".
708:
706:
691:
273:
in 1933, close to Tel Aviv. His father, who came from
736:
343:(Movement for the National Liberation of Palestine).
327:—where he studied literature—during a meeting of the
218:
194:
25:, the commander of the Black September Organization.
825:. In Freedman, Lawrence; Michaels, Jeffrey (eds.).
703:
437:According to Elizabeth Thompson, Khalaf regarded
1189:
1071:
1175:"Ṣalāḥ Khalaf. Palestinian political activist"
919:
18:Palestinian Fatah senior official (1933–1991)
227:. He was the second most senior official of
1258:Asian politicians assassinated in the 1990s
1223:Members of the Black September Organization
512:supported a similar thesis, but he accused
264:
753:
751:
315:Collaboration with Arafat, role in the PLO
49:
1007:
943:
887:
697:
654:
652:
650:
614:
610:
608:
606:
604:
341:Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini
292:militia founded by his school principal
1248:Palestinian people imprisoned by Jordan
1153:
757:
748:
1190:
1019:
981:
979:
955:
853:
817:
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782:
742:
712:
658:
925:
813:
811:
809:
724:
647:
601:
568:
329:General Union of Palestinian Students
1213:Assassinated Palestinian politicians
1075:; Cutonilli, Valerio (7 July 2016).
976:
779:
765:. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
432:
208:
184:
13:
1263:Arab people in Mandatory Palestine
1253:Central Committee of Fatah members
1228:Palestinian people murdered abroad
1103:
956:Gorman, Edward (17 January 1991).
806:
14:
1279:
1157:(1991). "Remembrance: Abu Iyad".
225:Palestine Liberation Organization
1268:Politicians assassinated in 1991
958:"Alert over funerals of PLO men"
665:(1st ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.:
456:
424:
381:
1065:
1039:
1020:Lieber, Dov (26 October 2016).
1013:
949:
933:. Hutchinson. pp. 312–316.
893:
847:
659:Posner, Steve (November 1987).
615:Thompson, Elizabeth F. (2013).
245:Suspected of having helped the
718:
562:
548:. : Book on Demand Ltd. 2013.
538:
472:
1:
631:10.4159/harvard.9780674076099
531:
1218:Deaths by firearm in Tunisia
356:Black September Organization
269:Khalaf was born in northern
240:Black September Organization
7:
865:Brookings Institution Press
519:
219:
195:
10:
1284:
1243:People murdered in Tunisia
1208:Al-Azhar University alumni
989:. Yasser Arafat Foundation
461:On 24 September 2016, the
20:
763:From Defender to Dictator
667:Syracuse University Press
625:. pp. 244–245, 271.
621:. Cambridge, MA; London:
577:Columbia University Press
170:
160:
144:
136:
126:
116:
108:
99:Manner of death
98:
78:
62:
57:
48:
39:
32:
623:Harvard University Press
265:Early life and education
40:
23:Abu Ali Iyad (1934-1971)
21:Not to be confused with
1180:Encyclopædia Britannica
931:Abu Nidal: Gun For Hire
294:Muhammad Nimr al-Hawari
489:to carry out the 1980
354:of having founded the
255:Abu Nidal Organization
802:on 28 September 2003.
526:List of Fatah members
516:instead of Abu Iyad.
463:Palestinian Authority
445:in order to create a
1233:Palestinian refugees
1051:Israel National News
833:. pp. 101–116.
821:(20 December 2012).
569:Irfan, Anne (2023).
319:In 1951, Khalaf met
301:Deir Yassin massacre
155:Ain Shams University
1026:The Times of Israel
447:persecution complex
325:al-Azhar University
277:, ran a grocery in
177:Salah Mesbah Khalaf
151:Al Azhar University
73:Mandatory Palestine
1159:Middle East Report
964:. Amman. p. 3
905:The New York Times
857:(1 January 2001).
855:Quandt, William B.
819:Quandt, William B.
726:Filiu, Jean-Pierre
495:Valerio Fioravanti
465:named a school in
346:He was accused by
309:Muslim Brotherhood
196:Ṣalāḥ Maṣbāḥ Ḵalaf
1238:People from Jaffa
1116:, New York 1981,
1092:978-88-6190-871-0
1053:. 30 October 2016
907:. 16 January 1991
874:978-0-520-22374-5
840:978-1-4411-8572-3
585:10.7312/irfa20284
510:Francesco Cossiga
487:Carlos the Jackal
479:Itavia Flight 870
400:Hayel Abdul Hamid
360:Hussein of Jordan
217:
199:), also known as
193:
174:
173:
86:(aged 57–58)
1275:
1184:
1170:
1150:
1112:, Abu Iyad with
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1096:
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994:
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879:
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851:
845:
844:
815:
804:
803:
801:
794:
786:
777:
776:
759:Aburish, Said K.
755:
746:
745:, pp. 58–9.
740:
734:
733:
722:
716:
710:
701:
695:
689:
688:
656:
645:
644:
612:
599:
598:
566:
560:
559:
542:
491:Bologna massacre
433:Views of Zionism
376:Persian Gulf War
222:
212:
210:
198:
188:
186:
85:
58:Personal details
53:
43:
30:
29:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
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1274:
1273:
1272:
1188:
1187:
1173:
1155:Khalidi, Rashid
1139:10.2307/1148631
1106:
1104:Further reading
1101:
1100:
1093:
1073:Priore, Rosario
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1018:
1014:
1010:, pp. 260.
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
985:
984:
977:
967:
965:
954:
950:
946:, pp. 270.
942:
938:
924:
920:
910:
908:
899:
898:
894:
890:, pp. 249.
886:
882:
875:
867:. p. 297.
852:
848:
841:
831:A & C Black
816:
807:
799:
792:
788:
787:
780:
773:
756:
749:
741:
737:
730:Gaza: A History
723:
719:
711:
704:
700:, pp. 245.
696:
692:
677:
657:
648:
641:
613:
602:
595:
579:. p. 204.
567:
563:
556:
544:
543:
539:
534:
522:
475:
459:
435:
427:
408:Fakhri Al Omari
384:
317:
267:
153:
127:Political party
87:
83:
82:14 January 1991
67:
44:
41:
35:
26:
19:
12:
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5:
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1205:
1200:
1186:
1185:
1171:
1151:
1133:(78): 92–112.
1130:Foreign Policy
1124:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1081:(in Italian).
1064:
1038:
1012:
1000:
975:
948:
936:
927:Seale, Patrick
918:
892:
880:
873:
846:
839:
805:
778:
771:
747:
735:
717:
715:, pp. 58.
702:
690:
675:
669:. p. 57.
646:
639:
600:
593:
561:
555:978-5512009123
554:
536:
535:
533:
530:
529:
528:
521:
518:
483:Rosario Priore
474:
471:
458:
455:
434:
431:
426:
423:
416:Saddam Hussein
383:
380:
372:Saddam Hussein
316:
313:
266:
263:
259:Saddam Hussein
253:'s so-called "
185:صلاح مصباح خلف
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1122:0-8129-0936-4
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1083:Chiarelettere
1080:
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1023:
1016:
1009:
1008:Thompson 2013
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944:Thompson 2013
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888:Thompson 2013
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772:1-58234-049-8
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709:
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699:
698:Thompson 2013
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676:9780815652038
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640:9780674073135
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541:
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514:George Habash
511:
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488:
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457:School naming
454:
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448:
444:
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425:Personal life
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397:
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382:Assassination
379:
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352:United States
349:
344:
342:
338:
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330:
326:
322:
321:Yasser Arafat
312:
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279:Carmel Market
276:
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233:Yasser Arafat
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112:Amman, Jordan
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109:Resting place
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103:Assassination
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1114:Eric Rouleau
1109:
1077:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1050:
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1025:
1015:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
966:. Retrieved
961:
951:
939:
930:
921:
909:. Retrieved
904:
895:
883:
859:
849:
826:
797:the original
762:
738:
729:
720:
693:
661:
617:
575:. New York:
571:
564:
546:Salah khalaf
545:
540:
503:
476:
460:
436:
428:
420:
412:
385:
365:
345:
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318:
298:
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268:
249:to break up
244:
237:
200:
176:
175:
84:(1991-01-14)
34:Salah Khalaf
27:
15:
1203:1991 deaths
1198:1933 births
743:Posner 1987
713:Posner 1987
473:Controversy
368:James Baker
117:Citizenship
1192:Categories
1161:(169): 4.
993:25 October
968:28 October
911:28 October
532:References
290:Al-Najjada
220:ʾAbū ʾIyād
165:Politician
161:Occupation
146:Alma mater
962:The Times
685:972504178
499:Aldo Moro
481:— Judge
388:Abu Nidal
378:in 1991.
251:Abu Nidal
214:romanized
190:romanized
121:Palestine
929:(1992).
761:(1998).
728:(2014).
520:See also
467:Tulkarem
350:and the
209:أبو إياد
201:Abu Iyad
137:Children
89:Carthage
42:صلاح خلف
1167:3012943
1147:1148631
1057:20 June
1031:20 June
506:Gaddafi
439:Zionism
394:by the
323:at the
216::
192::
93:Tunisia
1165:
1145:
1120:
1089:
871:
837:
769:
683:
673:
637:
591:
552:
449:among
443:Nazism
348:Israel
333:Kuwait
231:after
205:Arabic
181:Arabic
1163:JSTOR
1143:JSTOR
800:(PDF)
793:(PDF)
404:plant
392:Tunis
337:Fatah
305:Cairo
271:Jaffa
229:Fatah
131:Fatah
69:Jaffa
1118:ISBN
1087:ISBN
1059:2024
1033:2024
995:2023
970:2023
913:2023
869:ISBN
835:ISBN
767:ISBN
681:OCLC
671:ISBN
635:ISBN
589:ISBN
550:ISBN
451:Jews
275:Gaza
79:Died
66:1933
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