29:
3217:
3229:
342:
104:
324:
We must be especially circumspect about the writing of
Liutprand of Cremona, perhaps the most polemical of the tenth century chroniclers, who had his own agenda to promote the revived western Roman Empire. ... It would be misleading to portray all, or even most, of the popes of the era as
329:. Others ordered the rebuilding and restoration of Rome's churches and palaces ... Rather, it is the manner of the election of many of them and their symbiotic relationship with the Roman aristocracy that has earned their regime the designation pornocracy.
325:
worldly and corrupt. Surviving documents (and there are obvious lacunae) make it clear that many were competent administrators, and skilful diplomats in difficult and dangerous times. Some were even reformers, keen to root out discreditable practices such as
264:
291:. There is no record substantiating that Pope John X had definitely died before Leo VI was elected since John X was already imprisoned by Marozia and was out of public view.
139:, a period of heightened sensitivity to clerical corruption. His characterisation of the early 10th-century papacy was perpetuated by Protestant authors. The terms "
3165:
3034:
364:
3285:
254:
when she was 15 and later took other lovers and husbands. She ensured that her son John (who was rumoured to have been fathered by
3028:
1510:
3093:
1473:
1363:
243:
held a great influence over the papal selection and religious affairs in Rome through conspiracies, affairs, and marriages.
3195:
3270:
3171:
1444:
1335:
131:
in the 16th century. Baronius's primary source for his history of this period was the contemporaneous writer Bishop
3260:
467:
232:
202:
95:, and their relatives and allies. The era is seen as one of the lowest points of the history of the papal office.
1546:
3265:
1600:
1231:
1039:
320:
and was a political enemy of the Roman aristocracy and its control over papal elections. Lindsay Brook writes:
3275:
1290:
1179:
45:
294:
Theodora and
Marozia held great sway over the popes during this time. In particular, as political rulers of
3189:
1216:
895:
3018:
299:
192:
20:
1595:
1465:
1575:
1151:
75:
in 896 which saw seven or eight papal elections in as many years. It began with the installation of
3255:
158:, "rule of prostitutes"), hetaerocracy ("government of mistresses"), and the Rule of the Harlots (
1580:
352:
3280:
3233:
1262:β who was assisted by Hildebrand of Sovana against Antipope Benedict X. Hildebrand was elected
1327:
1321:
32:
1742 print of the corpse of John XII, one of the most infamous popes, being carried by a crowd
3009:
791:
747:
127:
64:
1259:
572:
269:
132:
8:
2874:
2257:
1539:
1383:
1270:, increasing the power and independence of the papacy that would lead to help ignite the
1236:
476:
378:
236:
136:
3153:
3147:
3042:
2894:
2889:
2854:
2723:
2703:
2623:
2522:
2497:
2487:
2387:
2372:
1896:
1624:
1617:
1212:
1029:
92:
3228:
2994:
2989:
2909:
2904:
2879:
2813:
2788:
2768:
2728:
2678:
2643:
2598:
2563:
2553:
2543:
2527:
2512:
2472:
2457:
2427:
2352:
2332:
2292:
2177:
2031:
1976:
1830:
1469:
1440:
1359:
1331:
1295:
914:
420:
309:
283:(who had originally been nominated for office by Theodora) through her then husband
3048:
2984:
2959:
2939:
2914:
2899:
2869:
2808:
2803:
2753:
2683:
2673:
2653:
2628:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2558:
2517:
2467:
2462:
2452:
2432:
2422:
2382:
2327:
2302:
2277:
2252:
2242:
2232:
2217:
2116:
2096:
2086:
2051:
1986:
1981:
1961:
1921:
1861:
1800:
1785:
1780:
1715:
1700:
1675:
1665:
1401:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1227:
1169:
598:
432:
402:
372:
255:
251:
227:
76:
1405:
3087:
3054:
2974:
2884:
2859:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2763:
2698:
2663:
2648:
2583:
2573:
2548:
2502:
2482:
2447:
2437:
2417:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2367:
2362:
2312:
2297:
2222:
2202:
2182:
2167:
2162:
2142:
2106:
2091:
2011:
1996:
1991:
1956:
1946:
1931:
1891:
1881:
1866:
1856:
1846:
1710:
1655:
1559:
1303:(fictional; legends about her may have stemmed from stories about the Pornocracy)
1244:
1195:
426:
159:
144:
122:
1437:
Unzipped: The Popes Bare All: A Frank Study of Sex and
Corruption in the Vatican
140:
3221:
3177:
3159:
3128:
3122:
3114:
3108:
3102:
2934:
2864:
2798:
2748:
2738:
2718:
2693:
2638:
2633:
2603:
2578:
2507:
2492:
2477:
2412:
2357:
2347:
2322:
2207:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2081:
2066:
2001:
1966:
1936:
1906:
1901:
1886:
1820:
1795:
1770:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1740:
1660:
1650:
1532:
1524:
1248:
1243:
Pope
Benedict IX went so far as to sell the Papacy to his religious godfather,
781:
284:
152:
51:
1489:
Brook, Lindsay (2003). "Popes and
Pornocrats: Rome in the early middle ages".
393:(914β928), alleged lover of Theodora (the mother), allegedly killed by Marozia
279:β972). Liutprand affirms that Marozia arranged the murder of her former lover
179:
3249:
2969:
2949:
2924:
2793:
2758:
2733:
2688:
2668:
2593:
2588:
2568:
2442:
2377:
2337:
2317:
2307:
2212:
2121:
2076:
2026:
2021:
2016:
1971:
1951:
1941:
1916:
1876:
1825:
1815:
1810:
1790:
1745:
1705:
1690:
1670:
1612:
1570:
1519:
1421:(1910 & 1911). "Ricerche per la storia di Rome e del papato al. sec. X".
1418:
1284:
1271:
1221:
1049:
903:
561:
438:
317:
205:. They held positions of increased importance in the Roman nobility, such as
80:
72:
3183:
2999:
2979:
2964:
2944:
2929:
2919:
2778:
2773:
2713:
2708:
2658:
2342:
2287:
2282:
2237:
2227:
2126:
2101:
2071:
2006:
1926:
1851:
1765:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1680:
1205:
770:
414:
408:
356:
259:
198:
68:
28:
2954:
2834:
2829:
2783:
2407:
2272:
2267:
2172:
2111:
2056:
2046:
2041:
1911:
1735:
1685:
1640:
1375:
396:
390:
288:
280:
210:
174:
88:
3068:
2743:
2262:
2247:
2061:
2036:
1871:
1775:
1695:
1645:
1587:
1201:
384:
1396:
Poole, Reginald L (1917). "Papal chronology in the eleventh century".
117:
was first named and identified as a period of papal immorality by the
1805:
1512:
Church and
Society in a Crisis Age: Tenth and Eleventh Century Europe
1355:
1300:
1239:(1058β1059), son of Alberic III, driven out of Rome after a small war
247:
1607:
167:
583:
341:
240:
222:
441:(955β964), grandson of Marozia, by her son Alberic II of Spoleto
103:
1350:
Paolo
Squatriti, "Pornocracy", in Christopher Kleinhenz (ed.),
360:
326:
287:, possibly to secure the elevation of her current favourite as
218:
16:
Period of corrupt papal appointments in early/mid 10th century
333:
118:
87:
were influenced strongly by a powerful and allegedly corrupt
1555:
1247:(1045β1046). Benedict IX then changed his mind, seized the
295:
84:
411:(931β935), son of Marozia, alleged son of Pope Sergius III
1323:
Church history: twenty centuries of
Catholic Christianity
1254:
The
Tusculan Papacy was finally ended by the election of
1520:
The
Catholic Encyclopedia entry on Liutprand of Cremona
1434:
107:
Europe in 912 AD, around the start of the Pornocracy
1423:
Archivo della Reale SocietΓ Romana di Storia Patria
1251:, and became Pope for the third time in 1047β1048.
345:List of popes, including the names of popes of the
79:in 904 and lasted for 60 years until the death of
1395:
1189:
19:"Pornocracy" redirects here. For other uses, see
3247:
1554:
1488:
1319:
177:refers to the period from 867 to 1049 as the "
1540:
1459:
55:, "the dark age/century"), also known as the
1208:still occasionally nominated sons as popes:
346:
303:
112:
37:
1547:
1533:
135:. Baronius himself was writing during the
1439:. Austin, Texas: American Atheist Press.
1425:, 33: 177β247; & 34: 75β116, 393β423.
1230:(1032β1044, 1045, and 1047β1048), son of
71:, following the chaos after the death of
340:
102:
27:
308:comes from the histories of Liutprand,
265:Antapodosis sive Res per Europam gestae
3248:
1428:
1528:
1326:. Mahwah, US: Paulist Press. p.
1313:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1102:
1060:
1047:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1027:
999:
973:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
943:
941:
939:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
912:
910:
901:
899:
894:
889:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
825:
807:
805:
803:
790:
788:
779:
777:
768:
766:
757:
755:
753:
746:
741:
701:
699:
697:
679:
677:
675:
673:
647:
645:
643:
637:
612:
607:
605:
593:
582:
571:
569:
560:
532:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
475:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
454:
452:
186:
50:
1482:
298:they had effective control over the
1224:(1024β1032), son of Count Gregory I
375:(904β911), alleged lover of Marozia
166:) were coined by Protestant German
67:during the first two thirds of the
13:
1453:
14:
3297:
1504:
302:. Much that is alleged about the
52:[ΛsΙΛ.ku.lu.mobsΛkuΛ.rum]
3286:10th century in the Papal States
3227:
3216:
3215:
468:Theophylact I, Count of Tusculum
98:
83:in 964. During this period, the
1354:, Vol. 2 (New York and London:
1352:Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia
1435:Ide, Arthur Frederick (1987).
1412:
1389:
1369:
1344:
1190:The Tusculan Papacy, 1012β1059
1040:Alberic III, Count of Tusculum
445:
1:
1307:
1291:List of sexually active popes
1204:family popes up to 1012, the
1180:Gregory II, Count of Tusculum
312:. Liutprand took part in the
273:
896:Gregory I, Count of Tusculum
7:
1406:10.1093/ehr/XXXII.CXXVI.204
1277:
1266:in 1073 and introduced the
201:family were descended from
193:Papal selection before 1059
21:Pornocracy (disambiguation)
10:
3302:
1466:Princeton University Press
1193:
190:
18:
3271:10th-century Christianity
3211:
3138:
3078:
3017:
3008:
2822:
2536:
2135:
1839:
1633:
1566:
1464:. Princeton, New Jersey:
1400:. 1917a41 (32): 204β214.
1398:English Historical Review
1152:Peter, Duke of the Romans
1144:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1007:
997:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
979:
947:
945:
892:
883:
881:
879:
875:
869:
867:
865:
837:
833:
831:
823:
819:
817:
815:
813:
744:
735:
733:
731:
723:
721:
715:
713:
711:
709:
695:
687:
685:
671:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
653:
641:
639:
625:
623:
610:
591:
589:
580:
578:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
530:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
473:
334:List of popes during the
363:slab at the entrance to
217:("most-glorious duke"),
121:cardinal and historian
3261:Lists of Catholic popes
3029:During the Roman Empire
1320:Dwyer, John C. (1998).
1258:β five years after the
3234:Catholic Church Portal
3094:Conflicts with the HRE
1514:by Harlie Kay Gallatin
1460:Stark, Rodney (2004).
615:(Consul, later bishop)
567:(also married Marozia)
368:
347:
331:
304:
178:
163:
148:
113:
108:
63:, was a period in the
38:
33:
3266:History of the papacy
3010:History of the papacy
1358:, 2004), pp. 926β27.
792:Crescentius the Elder
748:Alberic II of Spoleto
344:
322:
300:election of new popes
170:in the 19th century.
128:Annales Ecclesiastici
106:
65:history of the papacy
31:
3276:Women and the papacy
3172:Revolutionary Papacy
3166:Age of Enlightenment
1462:For the glory of God
1260:Great Schism of 1054
1215:(1012β1024), son of
573:Alberic I of Spoleto
353:St. Peter's Basilica
270:Liutprand of Cremona
133:Liutprand of Cremona
46:Ecclesiastical Latin
3019:Antiquity and Early
2823:17thβ21st centuries
2537:13thβ16th centuries
1274:in about 20 years.
1237:Antipope Benedict X
379:Pope Anastasius III
314:Assembly of Bishops
246:Marozia became the
137:Counter-Reformation
61:Rule of the Harlots
3154:Reformation Papacy
3148:Renaissance Papacy
3090:(1012β1044 / 1048)
3043:Ostrogothic Papacy
2136:9thβ12th centuries
1384:Simon and Schuster
1213:Pope Benedict VIII
1030:Pope Benedict VIII
369:
215:gloriosissimus dux
187:10th-century popes
109:
34:
3243:
3242:
3207:
3206:
3099:Wandering Papacy
3062:Saeculum obscurum
3035:Under Constantine
1840:5thβ8th centuries
1634:1stβ4th centuries
1618:papal resignation
1475:978-0-691-11950-2
1364:978-1-1380-6331-0
1296:Papal appointment
1268:Gregorian Reforms
1187:
1186:
915:Pope Benedict VII
603:Pope from 904β911
421:Pope Stephen VIII
348:saeculum obscurum
336:saeculum obscurum
310:Bishop of Cremona
305:saeculum obscurum
114:saeculum obscurum
39:Saeculum obscurum
3293:
3231:
3219:
3218:
3139:Early Modern and
3049:Byzantine Papacy
3015:
3014:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1499:
1498:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1432:
1426:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1393:
1387:
1380:The Age of Faith
1373:
1367:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1317:
1264:Pope Gregory VII
1256:Pope Nicholas II
1228:Pope Benedict IX
1170:Pope Benedict IX
599:Pope Sergius III
450:
449:
433:Pope Agapetus II
403:Pope Stephen VII
373:Pope Sergius III
350:
307:
278:
275:
258:) was seated as
252:Pope Sergius III
228:magister militum
183:of the papacy".
116:
77:Pope Sergius III
54:
49:
41:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3256:Historical eras
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3203:
3186:(1929βpresent)
3140:
3134:
3088:Tusculan Papacy
3080:
3074:
3055:Frankish Papacy
3020:
3004:
2818:
2532:
2131:
1835:
1629:
1562:
1560:Catholic Church
1553:
1507:
1502:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1433:
1429:
1417:
1413:
1394:
1390:
1374:
1370:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1280:
1245:Pope Gregory VI
1217:Count Gregory I
1198:
1196:Tusculan Papacy
1192:
1173:
1053:
1042:
1033:
918:
907:
785:
774:
750:
614:
602:
586:
575:
566:
564:
470:
448:
427:Pope Marinus II
339:
276:
250:of 45-year-old
195:
189:
123:Caesar Baronius
101:
44:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3225:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3181:
3178:Roman Question
3175:
3169:
3168:(c. 1640β1740)
3163:
3160:Baroque Papacy
3157:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3129:Western Schism
3126:
3123:Avignon Papacy
3120:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3097:
3091:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3069:Crescentii era
3066:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3025:
3023:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2875:Alexander VIII
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Anastasius III
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
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1613:Pope emeritus
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1571:List of popes
1569:
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1446:0-910309-43-4
1442:
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1385:
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1361:
1357:
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1347:
1339:
1337:0-8091-3830-1
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1285:The Bad Popes
1282:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1272:First Crusade
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:Pope John XIX
1220:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1184:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1138:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1050:Pope John XIX
1041:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1002:
995:
983:
981:
977:
975:
972:
970:
938:
935:
933:
932:
917:
916:
906:
905:
904:Pope John XII
897:
888:
885:
877:
873:
871:
864:
835:
829:
827:
821:
811:
809:
802:
799:
797:
796:
793:
784:
783:
773:
772:
764:
760:
749:
740:
737:
729:
727:
725:
719:
717:
707:
705:
704:
693:
691:
689:
683:
681:
669:
657:
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651:
649:
636:
633:
631:
629:
627:
621:
619:
618:
601:
600:
596:
585:
574:
563:
562:Hugh of Italy
559:
556:
538:
536:
535:
528:
512:
510:
508:
506:
487:
484:
482:
481:
478:
469:
451:
440:
439:Pope John XII
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
343:
337:
330:
328:
321:
319:
318:Pope John XII
315:
311:
306:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
271:
268:(958β962) by
267:
266:
262:according to
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
239:and daughter
238:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:Theophylactus
200:
194:
184:
182:
181:
176:
171:
169:
165:
164:Hurenregiment
161:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
115:
105:
99:Periodisation
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:Pope John XII
78:
74:
73:Pope Formosus
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
47:
42:
40:
30:
26:
22:
3232:
3220:
3190:World War II
3184:Vatican City
3061:
3060:
3031:(until 493)
2995:Benedict XVI
2990:John Paul II
2910:Clement XIII
2905:Benedict XIV
2880:Innocent XII
2814:Clement VIII
2789:Gregory XIII
2769:Marcellus II
2729:Alexander VI
2679:Innocent VII
2644:Benedict XII
2599:Nicholas III
2564:Alexander IV
2554:Celestine IV
2544:Honorius III
2528:Innocent III
2513:Gregory VIII
2473:Celestine II
2458:Callixtus II
2428:Alexander II
2353:Sylvester II
2333:Benedict VII
2293:Stephen VIII
2178:Benedict III
2032:Adeodatus II
1977:Boniface III
1831:Anastasius I
1511:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1461:
1455:
1436:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1397:
1391:
1382:. New York:
1379:
1376:Durant, Will
1371:
1351:
1346:
1322:
1315:
1283:
1253:
1242:
1206:Theophylacti
1199:
1168:
1048:
1028:
919:From 974-983
913:
908:From 955β964
902:
786:From 965-972
780:
775:From 931β935
771:Pope John XI
769:
762:
758:
597:
594:
415:Pope Leo VII
409:Pope John XI
357:Vatican City
335:
323:
313:
293:
263:
260:Pope John XI
245:
226:
214:
206:
199:Theophylacti
196:
172:
155:
126:
110:
93:Theophylacti
91:family, the
89:aristocratic
69:10th century
60:
56:
36:
35:
25:
3198:(1945β1991)
3192:(1939β1945)
3180:(1870β1929)
3174:(1775β1848)
3162:(1585β1689)
3156:(1534β1585)
3150:(1417β1534)
3131:(1378β1417)
3125:(1309β1378)
3117:, 1228β1304
3111:, 1262β1297
3105:, 1257β1281
3096:(1048β1257)
3081:Middle Ages
3021:Middle Ages
2985:John Paul I
2960:Benedict XV
2940:Gregory XVI
2915:Clement XIV
2900:Clement XII
2870:Innocent XI
2809:Innocent IX
2804:Gregory XIV
2754:Clement VII
2684:Gregory XII
2674:Boniface IX
2654:Innocent VI
2629:Benedict XI
2619:Celestine V
2614:Nicholas IV
2609:Honorius IV
2559:Innocent IV
2518:Clement III
2468:Innocent II
2463:Honorius II
2453:Gelasius II
2433:Gregory VII
2423:Nicholas II
2383:Benedict IX
2328:Benedict VI
2303:Agapetus II
2278:Stephen VII
2253:Sergius III
2243:Benedict IV
2233:Theodore II
2218:Boniface VI
2117:Stephen III
2097:Gregory III
2087:Constantine
2052:Benedict II
1987:Adeodatus I
1982:Boniface IV
1962:Pelagius II
1922:Boniface II
1862:Celestine I
1801:Sylvester I
1786:Marcellus I
1781:Marcellinus
1716:Callixtus I
1701:Eleutherius
1676:Telesphorus
1666:Alexander I
1588:Papal names
1491:Foundations
1232:Alberic III
446:Family tree
397:Pope Leo VI
391:Pope John X
289:Pope Leo VI
281:Pope John X
256:Sergius III
233:Theophylact
211:vestararius
209:("judge"),
175:Will Durant
168:theologians
156:pornokratiΔ
149:Pornokratie
3250:Categories
3141:Modern Era
3071:(974β1012)
2975:John XXIII
2885:Clement XI
2860:Clement IX
2850:Innocent X
2845:Urban VIII
2840:Gregory XV
2764:Julius III
2699:Nicholas V
2664:Gregory XI
2649:Clement VI
2584:Innocent V
2574:Clement IV
2549:Gregory IX
2503:Lucius III
2483:Eugene III
2448:Paschal II
2438:Victor III
2418:Stephen IX
2403:Damasus II
2398:Clement II
2393:Gregory VI
2368:Sergius IV
2363:John XVIII
2313:Benedict V
2298:Marinus II
2223:Stephen VI
2203:Adrian III
2183:Nicholas I
2168:Sergius II
2163:Gregory IV
2143:Stephen IV
2107:Stephen II
2092:Gregory II
2012:Theodore I
1997:Honorius I
1992:Boniface V
1957:Benedict I
1947:Pelagius I
1932:Agapetus I
1892:Gelasius I
1882:Simplicius
1867:Sixtus III
1857:Boniface I
1847:Innocent I
1711:Zephyrinus
1625:Pope-elect
1601:non-extant
1497:(1): 5β21.
1308:References
1202:Crescentii
1163:Octavianus
385:Pope Lando
351:buried in
277: 920
173:Historian
141:pornocracy
57:Pornocracy
3065:(904β964)
3057:(756β857)
3051:(537β752)
3045:(493β537)
3037:(312β337)
2935:Pius VIII
2865:Clement X
2799:Urban VII
2749:Adrian VI
2739:Julius II
2719:Sixtus IV
2694:Eugene IV
2639:John XXII
2634:Clement V
2604:Martin IV
2579:Gregory X
2508:Urban III
2493:Adrian IV
2478:Lucius II
2413:Victor II
2358:John XVII
2348:Gregory V
2323:John XIII
2208:Stephen V
2198:Marinus I
2193:John VIII
2188:Adrian II
2158:Valentine
2153:Eugene II
2148:Paschal I
2082:Sisinnius
2067:Sergius I
2002:Severinus
1967:Gregory I
1937:Silverius
1907:Hormisdas
1902:Symmachus
1887:Felix III
1821:Damasus I
1796:Miltiades
1771:Eutychian
1761:Dionysius
1756:Sixtus II
1751:Stephen I
1741:Cornelius
1661:Evaristus
1656:Clement I
1651:Anacletus
1581:canonised
1576:graphical
1356:Routledge
1301:Pope Joan
595:(Alleged)
435:(946β955)
429:(942β946)
423:(939β942)
417:(936β939)
405:(928β931)
399:(928β928)
387:(913β914)
381:(911β913)
365:Sacristia
248:concubine
3222:Category
3196:Cold War
2970:Pius XII
2950:Leo XIII
2925:Pius VII
2794:Sixtus V
2759:Paul III
2734:Pius III
2689:Martin V
2669:Urban VI
2594:John XXI
2589:Adrian V
2569:Urban IV
2443:Urban II
2378:John XIX
2338:John XIV
2318:Leo VIII
2308:John XII
2213:Formosus
2122:Adrian I
2077:John VII
2027:Vitalian
2022:Eugene I
2017:Martin I
1972:Sabinian
1952:John III
1942:Vigilius
1917:Felix IV
1877:Hilarius
1826:Siricius
1816:Liberius
1811:Julius I
1791:Eusebius
1746:Lucius I
1706:Victor I
1691:Anicetus
1671:Sixtus I
1608:Antipope
1278:See also
763:Deodatus
608:Theodora
477:Theodora
237:Theodora
235:'s wife
3115:Perugia
3109:Orvieto
3103:Viterbo
3000:Francis
2980:Paul VI
2965:Pius XI
2945:Pius IX
2930:Leo XII
2920:Pius VI
2779:Pius IV
2774:Paul IV
2714:Paul II
2709:Pius II
2659:Urban V
2343:John XV
2288:Leo VII
2283:John XI
2238:John IX
2228:Romanus
2127:Leo III
2102:Zachary
2072:John VI
2007:John IV
1927:John II
1852:Zosimus
1766:Felix I
1731:Anterus
1726:Pontian
1721:Urban I
1681:Hyginus
1558:of the
1043:d. 1044
751:905β954
587:890β937
584:Marozia
565:887-948
471:864β924
355:in the
241:Marozia
223:senator
151:, from
125:in his
119:Italian
59:or the
2955:Pius X
2835:Paul V
2830:Leo XI
2784:Pius V
2408:Leo IX
2273:Leo VI
2268:John X
2173:Leo IV
2112:Paul I
2057:John V
2047:Leo II
2042:Agatho
1912:John I
1736:Fabian
1686:Pius I
1596:extant
1592:Tombs
1472:
1443:
1362:
1334:
576:d. 925
361:Marble
327:simony
225:, and
219:consul
160:German
145:German
2744:Leo X
2263:Lando
2248:Leo V
2062:Conon
2037:Donus
1872:Leo I
1776:Caius
1696:Soter
1646:Linus
1641:Peter
1556:Popes
1158:Gaius
890:Maria
759:David
207:iudex
180:nadir
153:Greek
85:popes
1806:Mark
1470:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1332:ISBN
613:John
296:Rome
197:The
111:The
1402:doi
1328:155
761:or
143:" (
3252::
1493:.
1468:.
1378:.
1330:.
359:.
274:c.
231:.
221:,
213:,
162::
147::
1548:e
1541:t
1534:v
1516:.
1495:1
1478:.
1449:.
1408:.
1404::
1366:.
1340:.
367:.
272:(
48::
43:(
23:.
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