History of the papacy

2587: 2835:, considered a great diplomat, managed to improve relations with Russia, Prussia, German France, England and other countries. However, in light of a hostile anti-Catholic climate in Italy, he continued the policies of Pius IX towards Italy, without major modifications. He had to defend the freedom of the church against Italian persecutions and attacks in the area of education, expropriation and violation of Catholic Churches, legal measures against the church and brutal attacks, culminating in anticlerical groups attempting to throw the body of the deceased Pope Pius IX into the Tiber river on July 13, 1881. The pope even considered moving the papacy to 12693: 10017: 8868: 4319: 1426: 2465: 2381: 1968: 2927: 34: 2456:, "aristocratic factions within the city of Rome once again made it an insecure base for a stable papal government. Innocent IV was exiled from Rome and even from Italy for six years, and all but two of the papal elections of the thirteenth century had to take place outside Rome. The skyline of Rome itself was now dominated by the fortified war-towers of the aristocracy (a hundred were built in Innocent IV's pontificate alone) and the popes increasingly spent their time in the papal palaces at Viterbo and Orvieto." 1753: 2523: 4816: 4706:, Dezza was more outspoken, saying that "if Paul VI was not a saint, when he was elected pope, he became one during his pontificate. I was able to witness not only with what energy and dedication he toiled for Christ and the Church but also and above all, how much he suffered for Christ and the Church. I always admired not only his deep inner resignation but also his constant abandonment to divine providence.". It is this character trait, which led to the opening of the process of 2730:, "the Renaissance papacy invokes images of a Hollywood spectacular, all decadence and drag. Contemporaries viewed Renaissance Rome as we now view Nixon's Washington, a city of expense-account whores and political graft, where everything and everyone had a price, where nothing and nobody could be trusted. The popes themselves seemed to set the tone." For example, Leo X was said to have remarked: "Let us enjoy the papacy, since God has given it to us." Several of these popes 14788: 7931: 4662:, whom he deeply revered. He suffered under the attacks of his predecessor for his alleged silences, knowing from personal association with the late pope the real concerns and compassion of Pius XII. Pope Paul is not credited to have had the encyclopaedic culture of Pius XII, nor his phenomenal memory, his amazing gift for languages, his brilliant style in writing, nor did he have the Charisma and outpouring love, sense of humor and human warmth of 4574: 7943: 4427: 4718: 14777: 12705: 11430: 10029: 8880: 4853: 4331: 1438: 2395: 1482: 2808: 2685:

the papacy as an institution. Although, before the Western Schism, the papacy had derived much of its revenue from the "vigorous exercise of its spiritual office," during this period the popes were financially dependent on the revenues from the Papal States themselves. With ambitious expenditures on war and construction projects, popes turned to new sources of revenue from the sale of

2549:. This was the beginning of the period of difficulty from 1378 to 1417 which Catholic scholars refer to as the "Western Schism" or, "the great controversy of the antipopes" (also called "the second great schism" by some secular and Protestant historians), when parties within the Catholic Church were divided in their allegiances among the various claimants to the office of pope. The 1662: 4394:. Nevertheless, the Fascist government and the pope were in open disagreement over the restriction of youth activities; this culminated in a strong papal letter (Non abbiamo bisogno, 1931), arguing the impossibility of being at once a Fascist and a Catholic. Relations between Mussolini and the Holy See were cool ever after. 4554:

increased the local decision-making of Catholic missions, many of which became independent dioceses. Pius XII demanded recognition of local cultures as fully equal to European culture. He internationalized the College of Cardinals by eliminating the Italian majority and appointed cardinals from Asia,

2822:

spent as prisoner of the Vatican. Catholics were forbidden to vote or be voted for in national elections. However, they were permitted to participate in local elections, where they achieved successes. Pius himself was active during those years by creating new diocesan seats and appointing bishops to

1720:

was still alive, Clement commanded that the Corinthians maintain unity with each other and bring to an end the schism that had divided the church in that region. This papal letter from Clement was held in such esteem that it was considered by some as part of the New Testament canon, as the Ethiopian

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The bishops agreed that the pope exercises supreme authority over the church, but defined "collegiality", meaning that all bishops share in this authority. Local bishops have equal authority as successors of the Apostles and as members of a larger organization, the church founded by Jesus Christ and

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during the 1920s, he had made unsuccessful attempts to obtain German agreement for such a treaty, and between 1930 and 1933 he attempted to initiate negotiations with representatives of successive German governments, but the opposition of Protestant and Socialist parties, the instability of national

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become known as "the Warrior Pope" for his use of bloodshed to increase the territory and property of the papacy. The popes of this period used the papal military not only to enrich themselves and their families, but also to enforce and expand upon the longstanding territorial and property claims of

2061:. Greek speakers from Greece, Syria, and Byzantine Sicily replaced members of the powerful Roman nobles from Italian descent in the papal chair during this period. Rome under the Greek popes constituted a "melting pot" of Western and Eastern Christian traditions, reflected in art as well as liturgy. 1859:

Emperor Constantine also erected the Old St. Peter's Basilica, or Constantinian Basilica, the current location of the current, Renaissance era, St. Peter's Basilica within the Vatican, on the place of St. Peter's burial, as held by the Catholic community of Rome, after his conversion to Catholicism.

1729:

Many deny that Peter and those claimed to be his immediate successors had universally-recognized supreme authority over all the early churches, citing instead that the bishop of Rome was, and is, "first among equals" as stated by the patriarch of the Orthodox Church in the 2nd century A.D. and again

4780:

The long pontificate of John Paul is credited with re-creating a sense of stability and even identity to the Catholic Church after years of questioning and searching. His teaching was firm and unwavering on issues which seemed to be in doubt under his predecessor including the ordination of women,

2083:

was a Byzantine district in the Exarchate of Ravenna, ruled by an imperial functionary with the title dux. Within the exarchate, the two chief districts were the country about Ravenna where the exarch was the centre of Byzantine opposition to the Lombards, and the Duchy of Rome, which embraced the

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It is not known what was agreed between the two, but Charlemagne traveled to Rome in 800 to support the pope. In a ceremony in St Peter's Basilica, on Christmas Day, Leo was supposed to anoint Charlemagne's son as his heir. But unexpectedly (it is maintained), as Charlemagne rose from prayer, the

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While after years of rebuilding the church thrived in the West and most of the developing world, it faced most serious persecutions in the East. Sixty million Catholics came under Soviet dominated regimes in 1945, with tens of thousands of priests and religious killed, and millions deported into

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and Carloman. Pepin duly invaded northern Italy in 754, and again in 756. Pepin was able to drive the Lombards from the territory belonging to Ravenna but he did not restore it to its rightful owner, the Byzantine emperor. Instead, he handed over large areas of central Italy to the pope and his

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met in the city where the last pope had died to hold papal elections. Host cities enjoyed a boost to their prestige and certain economic advantages, but the municipal authorities risked being subsumed into the administration of the Papal States if they allowed the pope to overstay his welcome.

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Are we not perhaps all afraid in some way? If we let Christ enter fully into our lives, if we open ourselves totally to Him, are we not afraid that He might take something away from us? No! If we let Christ into our lives, we lose nothing, nothing, absolutely nothing of what makes life free,

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He became the first pope to visit all five continents. Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors, to turn the Euro-centric church into a church for the whole world, by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he

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When Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, the Vatican declared neutrality to avoid being drawn into the conflict and also to avoid occupation by the Italian military. The Church policies after World War II of Pope Pius XII focused on material aid to war-torn Europe with its 15 million

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was tolerant towards the Catholic Church and did not interfere in dogmatic matters. He remained as neutral as possible towards the pope, though he exercised a preponderant influence in the affairs of the papacy. Ostrogothic influence ended with the reconquest of Rome by Justinian, who had had

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Many of the bishops of Rome in the first three centuries of the Christian era are obscure figures. However, most of Peter's claimed successors in the first three centuries following his life are said to have suffered martyrdom along with members of their flock in periods of persecution.

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and brought many changes in practices. On December 7, 1965, a Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of Pope Paul VI and the Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I lifted the mutual excommunication against Catholic and Orthodox which had been in force since the Great Schism of 1054.

2169:; the popes henceforth were required to swear loyalty to the Frankish Emperor. Papal subjects were made to swear loyalty to the Frankish Emperor and the consecration of the pope could be performed only in the presence of the Emperor's representatives. The consecration of 4470:

governments and the care of the individual states to guard their autonomy thwarted this aim. In particular, the questions of denominational schools and pastoral work in the armed forces prevented any agreement on the national level, despite talks in the winter of 1932.

2709:, whose jockeying for possession of colonial territories along the African coast had for many years been regulated by the papal bulls of 1455, 1456, and 1479. Alexander VI responded with three bulls, dated May 3 and 4, which were highly favorable to Castile; the third 4653:

was not understood by all. The urgent task of overcoming World poverty and start real development resulted partly in benign neglect of papal teachings by the influential and the rich. On basic church teachings, this pope was unwavering. On the tenth anniversary of

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in the 21st century. However, what form that should take remains a matter of contention between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches, which formed one church for at least the first seven ecumenical councils, and until the formal split over papal primacy in 1054 AD.

2071:

within the Papacy's local jurisdiction and gave the impetus to missionary activity in northern Europe, including England. Gregory I rejected that any bishop had universal jurisdiction, but believed the Roman see had canonical privileges sourced from the

5709:"The pope started this chain of events that led to the end of communism," Wałęsa said. "Before his pontificate, the world was divided into blocs. Nobody knew how to get rid of communism. "He simply said: Don't be afraid, change the image of this land." 4781:

liberation theology and priestly celibacy. He virtually stopped the liberal laicisation of problem priests policy of Pope Paul VI, which inadvertently may have contributed to problems in the USA. His authoritative style was reminiscent of

4488:, the out-going chairman of the Centre Party, negotiated first drafts of the terms with Papen. The concordat was finally signed, by Pacelli for the Vatican and von Papen for Germany, on 20 July and ratified on September 10, 1933. 4825:

beautiful and great. No! Only in this friendship do we experience beauty and liberation When we give ourselves to Him, we receive a hundredfold in return. Yes, open, open wide the doors to Christ – and you will find true life.

2700:

Popes were more frequently called upon to arbitrate disputes between competing colonial powers than to resolve complicated theological disputes. Columbus' discovery in 1492 upset the unstable relations between the kingdoms of

1814:(366–84). Moreover, between 324 and 330, Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire from Rome to Byzantium, a former Greek city on the Bosporus. The power of Rome was transferred to Byzantium which later, in 330 became 2827:

My successor may be inspired by my love to the Church and my wish to do the right thing. Everything changed around me. My system and my policies had their time, I am too old to change direction. This will be the task of my

2339:. After the 10-day council Pope Urban II gave a rousing speech to a massive crowd when he "emphasized the duty of the Christian West to march to the rescue of the Christian East." This speech became the rallying cry of the 1516:

In the first three centuries of the Christian era, many of Peter's successors as bishops of Rome are obscure figures, most suffering martyrdom along with members of their flock in periods of persecution. During the

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age of the early seventeenth century, shifting away from compelling to attracting. His reign focused on rebuilding Rome as a great European capital and Baroque city, a visual symbol for the Catholic Church.

2318:

had been attended by both Western and Eastern prelates, but growing doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political and geographic differences finally resulted in mutual denunciations and excommunications.

2864:, a German bishop who openly propagated siding with the suffering working classes Since Leo XIII, Papal teachings expand on the right and obligation of workers and the limitations of private property: 2087:

The pains were taken, as long as possible, to retain control of the intervening districts and with them communication over the Apennine mountains. In 728, the Lombard King Liutprand took the Castle of

1940:

in papal history. Symmachus also instituted the practice of popes naming their own successors, which held until an unpopular choice was made in 530, and discord continued until the selection in 532 of

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and the first bishop of Rome. Official declarations of the church speak of the popes as holding within the college of the bishops a position analogous to that held by Peter within the "college" of the

2094:

In 738, the Lombard duke Transamund of Spoleto captured the Castle of Gallese, which protected the road to Perugia. By a large payment, Pope Gregory III induced the duke to restore the castle to him.

2989: 96: 2120:, to seek his help against the invading Lombards. The papal elections were marked by battles between various secular and ecclesiastical factions frequently entangled in the power politics of Italy. 5784: 5032: 5722:

in recent years would not have been possible without the presence of this Pope, without the great role even political that he has played on the world scene" (quoted in La Stampa, March 3, 1992).

1616:

is known for its artistic and architectural patronage, frequent involvement in European power politics, and opposition against theological challenges to papal authority. After the start of the

2560:. In March 1415, the Pisan antipope, John XXIII, fled from Constance in disguise; he was brought back a prisoner and deposed in May. The Roman pope, Gregory XII, resigned voluntarily in July. 2624:. Martin V returned the papacy to Rome in 1420. Although there were important divisions over the direction of the religion, these were resolved through the then-settled procedures of the 1725:

Today we have kept the holy Lord's day, on which we have read your letter, which we shall ever possess to read and to be admonished, even as the former one written to us through Clement…

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in the 16th century, a non-Italian pope. John Paul II has been credited with helping to bring down communism in eastern Europe by sparking what amounted to a peaceful revolution in his

4617:

in his attempts to ensure that the Council language is friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox Churches, whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of

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about 1669. According to Duffy, "the inevitable outcome of all of this was a creation of a wealthy cardinalatial class, with strong dynastic connections." The college was dominated by

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arrived at the Vatican every Friday evening at seven p.m. to hear confession of Paul VI. The only words he ever spoke about his long service to Paul VI during his pontificate were,

1893:

period ran from 493 to 537. The papal election of March 483 was the first to take place without the existence of a Western Roman emperor. The papacy was strongly influenced by the

4484:, a Catholic nobleman and former member of the Centre Party, to Rome to offer negotiations about a Reichskonkordat. On behalf of Cardinal Pacelli, his long-time associate Prelate 1806:. None of this, however, had much in particular to do with the pope, who did not even attend the council; in fact, the first bishop of Rome to be contemporaneously referred to as 4462:

as the religion of Italy. And the financial agreement was accepted as settlement of all the claims of the Holy See against Italy arising from the loss of temporal power in 1870.

1870:, a distinction he shares with only one other pope (Gregory I). During his papacy, the term Pope (which previously meant any bishop) came to exclusively mean the Bishop of Rome. 12481: 4476:

was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933 and sought to gain international respectability and to remove internal opposition by representatives of the church and the Catholic

9491: 3383: 3244: 3238: 2091:, on the road to Perugia, but restored it to Pope Gregory II "as a gift to the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul". The popes continued to acknowledge the imperial Government. 490: 351: 345: 4555:

South America and Australia. In Western Africa Southern Africa British Eastern Africa, Finland, Burma and French Africa Pope Pius established independent dioceses in 1955.

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He took on himself the unfinished reform work of these two popes, bringing them diligently with great humility and common sense and without much fanfare to conclusion.

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was marked by great diplomatic activity and the issuance of many important papers, often in the form of encyclicals. In diplomatic affairs, Pius was aided at first by

2299:(1073–85), although not dispositive within the context of the larger dispute, has become legendary. Although the emperor renounced any right to lay investiture in the 13056: 12370: 9557: 14471: 11467: 9567: 9310: 9293: 4548:

displaced persons and refugees, an internal internationalization of the Catholic Church, and the development of its worldwide diplomatic relations. His encyclical

3664: 771: 9410: 5370: 4785:, whose teaching he repeated in his own words, such as the identity of the Catholic Church with the Body of Christ and his condemnations of capitalism "viruses": 13086: 12677: 12672: 10066: 9466: 4140: 1716:

4:3. His letter to the Corinthians is the "first known example of the exercise and acceptance" of the ecclesiastical authority of the papacy. Written while

1247: 9822: 9748: 9405: 2661:—representatives of the Catholic monarchies of Europe, and members of the powerful Italian families. The wealthy popes and cardinals increasingly patronized 14391: 9846: 9552: 3745: 2586: 852: 4401:

began in 1926 between the government of Italy and the Holy See, and in 1929 they culminated in the agreements of the three Lateran Pacts, signed for King

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Soviet and Chinese Gulags. The communist regimes in Albania, Bulgaria, Romania and China practically eradicated the Catholic Church in their countries

2252:

The Imperial crown once held by the Carolingian emperors was disputed between their fractured heirs and local overlords; none emerged victorious until

2162:

pope placed a crown on his head and acclaimed him emperor. It is reported that Charlemagne expressed displeasure but nevertheless accepted the honour.

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worker movement that ultimately toppled communism, credited John Paul with giving Poles the courage to rise up. The former Soviet general secretary

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Orthodox Church still does. Dionysius, bishop of Corinth, writing to Pope Soter ("as a father to his children") references Pope Clement's letter:

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entrusted to the apostles. The pope serves as a symbol of unity and has additional authority to ensure the continuation of that unity. During the

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numerous dioceses, which had been unoccupied for years. Asked if he wanted his successor to follow his Italian policies, the old pontiff replied:

14277: 9969: 9278: 9077: 8781: 3637: 3610: 3198: 2514:(1370–78). The papacy was controlled by the French King in this time. In 1378, Gregory XI moved the papal residence back to Rome and died there. 2264:

in 962, from which point the emperors were German. As emperors consolidated their position, northern Italian city-states would become divided by

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lands of Latium north of the Tiber and of Campania to the south as far as the Garigliano. There the pope himself was the soul of the opposition.

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But this world without God exists under capitalism too. Therefore, as did his predecessors, John Paul reiterated Christianity's defense of the

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The role of the Ostrogoths became clear in the first schism, when, on November 22, 498, two men were elected pope. The subsequent triumph of

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churches. Pope Paul VI faced criticism throughout his papacy from both traditionalists and liberals for steering a middle course during

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The French cardinals withdrew to a conclave of their own, where they elected one of their number, Robert of Geneva. He took the name

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included a political treaty, which created the state of the Vatican City and guaranteed full and independent sovereignty to the

1833:(314–35), and even that Sylvester baptized Constantine. In reality, Constantine was baptized (nearing his death in May 337) by 12904: 12899: 11883: 11825: 8669: 4881: 4777:. "Unfortunately, not everything the West proposes as a theoretical vision or as a concrete lifestyle reflects Gospel values." 4311: 4100: 3884: 3735: 3677: 3590: 3171: 2532: 1826: 1418: 1207: 991: 842: 784: 697: 278: 2428:). Political instability in thirteenth-century Italy forced the papal court to move to several different locations, including 14608: 14556: 13188: 10052: 9324: 7807: 6216: 6131: 6093: 6060: 6020: 5998: 5966: 5931: 5890: 5846: 5333: 5316: 5015: 4145: 3904: 3106: 2860:

addressed for the first time social inequality and social justice issues with Papal authority. He was greatly influenced by

2247: 1570: 1252: 1011: 213: 14546: 14282: 12800: 12735: 11693: 11589: 8664: 5160:"Löffler, Klemens. "Ostrogoths." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 21 Jul. 2014" 4451: 4065: 3371: 3203: 2716: 1172: 478: 310: 4458:

and to abstention from mediation in a controversy unless specifically requested by all parties. The concordat established

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before consecration could occur; however, theological conflicts were common between pope and emperor in the areas such as

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As always after a long pontificate, a new page was opened in the history of the church with the election of a new pope.

4517:, or a particular form of State … above their standard value and divinizes them to an idolatrous level", was written in 14245: 13742: 13351: 13076: 12593: 11895: 11646: 9938: 9648: 9065: 8917: 8194: 8171: 7885: 4354: 3960: 3286: 3228: 3111: 2791: 1629: 1461: 1067: 393: 335: 218: 14228: 13830: 13477: 13311: 12762: 11725: 9716: 9577: 9509: 9264: 8659: 8654: 8562: 5831: 5125: 4833:

announced that he would tender his resignation on February 28, 2013, less than three weeks later. On March 13, 2013,

4255: 3715: 3603: 3434: 3346: 2874: 2135:, made the papacy a temporal power and for the first time created an incentive for secular leaders to interfere with 1825:", an 8th-century forgery used to enhance the prestige and authority of popes, places the pope more centrally in the 1362: 822: 710: 541: 453: 8253: 14742: 14290: 14043: 13988: 13853: 13588: 13584: 13329: 13114: 13061: 12496: 11976: 11866: 11097: 9690: 9653: 9572: 8632: 8204: 7981: 4938: 4538: 4290: 3940: 3422: 3366: 3161: 3079: 2147:

in 1870. For the next eleven centuries, the story of Rome would be almost synonymous with the story of the papacy.

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by the Ostrogothic King. The selection and administration of popes during this period was strongly influenced by

1217: 1001: 797: 556: 430: 387: 19: 2424:, but nowhere is it written that he has to stay there (in fact, only 200 years prior, cardinals would have been 14812: 14689: 14401: 14088: 14058: 14038: 13978: 13768: 13484: 13022: 13014: 12926: 12787: 12767: 12230: 11849: 11496: 11488: 11476: 11047: 10098: 9442: 9053: 8830: 8278: 6314: 4670:

In doing so, Paul VI saw himself following in the footsteps of the Apostle Paul, torn to several directions as

3899: 3730: 3672: 3261: 3156: 3151: 2364:. The rules and procedures of papal elections evolved during this period, laying the groundwork for the modern 1006: 837: 779: 368: 263: 258: 23: 2049:, no pope during this period questioned the authority of the Byzantine monarch to confirm the election of the 14063: 14053: 13379: 13250: 13148: 12845: 12525: 12104: 12079: 11688: 11067: 10747: 10144: 9830: 9680: 8951: 8840: 8047: 8003: 4347: 4205: 4135: 3985: 3356: 2861: 2854:

His encyclicals changed church positions on relations with temporal authorities, and, in the 1891 encyclical

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Klaus Scholder "The Churches and the Third Reich" volume 1: especially Part 1, chapter 10; Part 2, chapter 2

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was elected in 2005. In his inaugural homily, the new Pontiff explained his view of a relation with Christ:

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acknowledged publicly the role of John Paul II in the fall of Communism. The pope himself stated after the

4402: 4200: 3800: 3625: 3361: 3126: 1779: 1675: 1307: 907: 732: 468: 233: 4609:, Catholic bishops drew back a bit from statements which might anger Christians of other faiths. Cardinal 2283:

The history of the papacy from 1048 to 1257 would continue to be marked by conflict between popes and the

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in the sky, and reproducing this symbol on the shields of his troops. The following year, Constantine and

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Norwich, John Julius (2011). Absolute Monarchs: A History of the Papacy. Random House NY. Pages 119-121.

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that "the claim to build a world without God has been shown to be an illusion" (Prague, April 21, 1990).

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Charlemagne's successor, "Louis the Pious", intervened in the papal election by supporting the claim of

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in 1417 to the Reformation, Western Christianity was largely free from schism as well as significant

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Norwich, John Julius (2011). Absolute Monarchs: A History of the Papacy. Random House NY. Page 121.

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to the bishops of the world. Until that time, only Cardinals could be leading members of the Curia.

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and in the course of the implementation of its reforms thereafter. His passion for peace during the

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during this period, and the papacy took an increasingly active role in European wars and diplomacy.

1609:: the division of the Western Church between two and, for a time, three competing papal claimants. 1553:. Thereafter, the role of neighboring sovereigns was replaced by powerful Roman families during the 14791: 14727: 14649: 14620: 14240: 14235: 14113: 14013: 13998: 13983: 13825: 13646: 13536: 13454: 13278: 13255: 13206: 12879: 12431: 12006: 11523: 11087: 10280: 10172: 10115: 9348: 9212: 9165: 9006: 9001: 8835: 8627: 8061: 4943: 4672:

Saint Paul, who always said, I am attracted to two sides at once, because the Cross always divides.

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The pope anointed Pepin at the abbey of St Denis, near Paris, together with Pepin's two young sons

2031: 2023: 1918: 1747: 1377: 1297: 1227: 1017: 648: 636: 502: 495: 413: 323: 149: 144: 91: 9721: 4947: 14712: 14344: 14305: 14272: 13718: 13698: 13566: 13444: 13394: 13173: 12974: 12914: 12049: 11905: 11632: 11198: 11142: 11062: 10458: 9743: 9643: 9071: 9060: 8825: 8433: 8199: 8084: 6294: 4642: 4465:

A national concordat with Germany was one of Pacelli's main objectives as secretary of state. As

4455: 4406: 4306: 4250: 4115: 4075: 4010: 3965: 3720: 3703: 3643: 3272: 3223: 3133: 3003: 2954: 2368:. The driving force behind these reforms was Cardinal Hildebrand, who later became Gregory VII. 2288: 2265: 2173:(827-844), chosen by the Roman nobles, was delayed for six months to attain the assent of Louis. 2005: 1822: 1799: 1702:, of which the college of the Bishops, a distinct entity, is viewed by some to be the successor. 1413: 1357: 1222: 1182: 1117: 1072: 827: 810: 750: 379: 330: 240: 110: 61: 4390:). Cardinal Gasparri's masterpiece was the Lateran Treaty (1929), negotiated for the Vatican by 14781: 14722: 14717: 14351: 14157: 14078: 14003: 13883: 13561: 13449: 13389: 13066: 12954: 12520: 12406: 12119: 11283: 11248: 11082: 10701: 10202: 9989: 9963: 9377: 8910: 8884: 8347: 8321: 7947: 4646: 4606: 4589: 4578: 4568: 4477: 4285: 4080: 3874: 3193: 3166: 3100: 2019: 1699: 1681: 1617: 1522: 1392: 1187: 981: 300: 273: 207: 11117: 11077: 11037: 5107: 5068: 4627:, which regulates relation of the church with the Jewish faith and members of other religions 14486: 14313: 13738: 13519: 13384: 13230: 12936: 12833: 12818: 12416: 12401: 12114: 11971: 11878: 11678: 11661: 11574: 11208: 11127: 10996: 10991: 10941: 10418: 10261: 9817: 9788: 9453: 9230: 8791: 8712: 8535: 8374: 8369: 8258: 5262: 5236: 5213: 4989: 4496: 4215: 4085: 4070: 4055: 4015: 3955: 3879: 3869: 3852: 3400: 3341: 3291: 3266: 3254: 3116: 3054: 2935: 2272:

found three rival popes when he visited Rome in 1048 because of the unprecedented actions of

2185:

with an army, and only when "Sergius succeeded in pacifying Louis, whom he crowned king" did

1834: 1763: 1322: 1192: 1177: 1162: 1122: 1062: 986: 976: 959: 507: 448: 398: 373: 361: 223: 161: 42: 12466: 11253: 5804:

The Popes, the Catholic Church and the Transatlantic Enslavement of Black Africans 1418–1839

4658:, he strongly reconfirmed his teachings. In his style and methodology, he was a disciple of 13890: 13859: 13756: 13637: 13551: 13431: 13334: 13051: 13046: 12969: 12919: 12850: 12828: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12575: 12502: 12345: 12305: 12124: 12026: 12001: 11940: 11745: 11720: 11656: 11384: 11354: 11303: 10981: 10866: 10796: 10586: 10561: 10541: 10521: 10483: 10478: 10443: 10325: 10219: 9811: 9700: 9336: 9195: 8751: 8685: 8482: 8465: 8400: 7974: 4505: 4225: 4160: 4125: 3930: 3857: 3835: 3783: 3407: 2891: 2617: 2563:

The council in Constance, having finally cleared the field of popes and antipopes, elected

2557: 2550: 2546: 2445: 2361: 2307: 2039: 1867: 1582: 1332: 1267: 1232: 1037: 964: 942: 890: 514: 11369: 10901: 5256: 5230: 4495:. Most notably, early in 1937, Pacelli asked several German cardinals, including Cardinal 8: 14679: 14581: 14374: 14358: 13878: 13788: 13239: 13183: 13131: 13032: 12994: 12697: 12421: 12411: 12360: 12218: 12204: 12064: 11806: 11569: 11359: 11323: 11293: 11057: 10961: 10801: 10762: 10742: 10670: 10556: 10365: 10208: 10195: 10184: 10021: 9994: 9602: 9433: 8872: 8357: 8342: 8296: 8115: 7588: 6971: 6253: 6008: 5563: 5207: 4971:

The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 21 Jul. 2014

4550: 4323: 4150: 3568: 3563: 3376: 3092: 2777:(1585–1590) opened up the final stage of the Catholic Reformation, characteristic of the 2694: 2632: 2464: 2324: 2291:, a dispute over who—pope or emperor—could appoint bishops within the Empire. Henry IV's 1947: 1933: 1902: 1894: 1787: 1667: 1641: 1625: 1430: 1257: 675: 670: 483: 199: 11404: 10861: 5977: 5822:

The Invention of Papal History: Onofrio Panvinio between Renaissance and Catholic Reform

5814: 14699: 14516: 13374: 13366: 13109: 12810: 12777: 12709: 12486: 12255: 12179: 12147: 11966: 11935: 11772: 11760: 11621: 11559: 11434: 11374: 10986: 10926: 10896: 10811: 10806: 10675: 10571: 10468: 10448: 10408: 10350: 10315: 10310: 10154: 10033: 9840: 9763: 9242: 8786: 8724: 8649: 8455: 8413: 8407: 7867: 7861: 7756: 7608: 7603: 7568: 7437: 7417: 7337: 7236: 7211: 7201: 7101: 7086: 6610: 6338: 6331: 6233: 5914: 5879: 5871: 5860: 4858: 4593: 4335: 4095: 3950: 3755: 3441: 2763: 2581: 2300: 2284: 2073: 1884: 1803: 1621: 1613: 1538: 1442: 1202: 1057: 862: 548: 12275: 11168: 10826: 10727: 1537:

papacy was influenced by the temporal rulers of Italy; these periods are known as the

14659: 13895: 13220: 13100: 12867: 12823: 12655: 12560: 12335: 12321: 12295: 12280: 12184: 12169: 12099: 12089: 11958: 11890: 11791: 11755: 11651: 11364: 11349: 11238: 11102: 11042: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10887: 10856: 10836: 10722: 10680: 10660: 10576: 10536: 10511: 10400: 10370: 10320: 10305: 9768: 9524: 9501: 9118: 9038: 9033: 8973: 8903: 8450: 8395: 7942: 7775: 7708: 7703: 7623: 7618: 7593: 7527: 7502: 7482: 7442: 7392: 7357: 7312: 7277: 7267: 7257: 7241: 7226: 7186: 7171: 7141: 7066: 7046: 7006: 6891: 6745: 6690: 6544: 6212: 6127: 6120: 6089: 6056: 6016: 5994: 5988: 5962: 5927: 5886: 5842: 5827: 5329: 5312: 5121: 5011: 4830: 4809: 4757: 4753: 4729: 4721: 4391: 4220: 4210: 4060: 3995: 3945: 3795: 3248: 3069: 3014: 2967: 2895: 2882: 2869: 2735: 2495: 2425: 2261: 2220: 2198: 2182: 2132: 2038:, a practice that would be continued by his successors and later be delegated to the 1898: 1633: 1574: 1555: 1327: 1317: 1167: 1102: 1052: 902: 355: 176: 121: 74: 11183: 11092: 10921: 10911: 1967: 14521: 14295: 14257: 14215: 14143: 14138: 14105: 13912: 13845: 13808: 13803: 13783: 13778: 13703: 13556: 13546: 13506: 13037: 12855: 12838: 12545: 12350: 12330: 12250: 12235: 12134: 12036: 11910: 11750: 11708: 11703: 11683: 11666: 11579: 11273: 11268: 11193: 11178: 11158: 10946: 10871: 10732: 10616: 10601: 10581: 10526: 10506: 10493: 10438: 10330: 10162: 9979: 9225: 8996: 8707: 8590: 8445: 8440: 8263: 8233: 8153: 8148: 7999: 7762: 7698: 7673: 7653: 7628: 7613: 7583: 7522: 7517: 7467: 7397: 7387: 7367: 7342: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7272: 7231: 7181: 7176: 7166: 7146: 7136: 7096: 7041: 7016: 6991: 6966: 6956: 6946: 6931: 6830: 6810: 6800: 6765: 6700: 6695: 6675: 6635: 6575: 6514: 6499: 6494: 6429: 6414: 6389: 6379: 4773: 4745: 4733: 4409: 4170: 4155: 4035: 4020: 4000: 3935: 3820: 2900: 2706: 2690: 2650: 2594: 2503: 2469: 2356: 2351: 2332: 2328: 2296: 2273: 2212: 2144: 2143:, over which the popes ruled until the Papal States were incorporated into the new 2015: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1922: 1866:(440–461), also called Leo the Great, was so influential that he was later named a 1830: 1717: 1578: 1542: 1277: 1262: 1142: 1127: 1107: 1042: 927: 13761: 11389: 11278: 11017: 10816: 5120:

Pohlsander, Hans. The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge, 2004

4736:(who only survived as pope for 33 days), the church had, for the first time since 4613:, the President of the Christian Unity Secretariat had always the full support of 2380: 1632:

witnessed the largest expropriation of wealth in the church's history, during the

1573:, the papacy experienced increasing conflict with the leaders and churches of the 14756: 14639: 14496: 14461: 14267: 14262: 14187: 14182: 14123: 14048: 13798: 13728: 13260: 13201: 12751: 12603: 12570: 12514: 12508: 12365: 12270: 12174: 11986: 11480: 11445: 11399: 11288: 11223: 11213: 11137: 11032: 11027: 10931: 10906: 10737: 10717: 10690: 10685: 10655: 10596: 10340: 10167: 9974: 9369: 8955: 8746: 8644: 8637: 8605: 8243: 8051: 7967: 7801: 7768: 7688: 7598: 7573: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7477: 7412: 7377: 7362: 7297: 7287: 7262: 7216: 7196: 7161: 7151: 7131: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7081: 7076: 7026: 7011: 6936: 6916: 6896: 6881: 6876: 6856: 6820: 6805: 6725: 6710: 6705: 6670: 6660: 6645: 6605: 6595: 6580: 6570: 6560: 6424: 6369: 6273: 5956: 5788: 5050: 5005: 4968: 4634: 4618: 4585: 4518: 4481: 4416: 4383: 4379: 4245: 4238: 4165: 3975: 3847: 3842: 3583: 3578: 3517: 3500: 3142: 2996: 2812: 2743: 2654: 2646: 2605: 2511: 2499: 2292: 2277: 2206: 2174: 2170: 2113: 2103: 1564: 1546: 1506: 1494: 1352: 1345: 1272: 1082: 954: 949: 690: 685: 624: 607: 249: 103: 10831: 4691:

An inner joy seems to have been a characteristic of Paul VI. His confessor, the

14817: 14674: 14603: 14451: 14386: 14172: 14162: 14148: 14133: 13813: 13708: 13592: 13571: 13105: 12984: 12959: 12931: 12862: 12666: 12491: 12285: 12260: 12224: 12164: 12157: 12152: 12142: 11996: 11981: 11920: 11796: 11786: 11542: 11228: 11203: 11132: 11072: 10846: 10841: 10821: 10776: 10611: 10606: 10551: 10473: 10453: 10390: 10266: 10127: 10044: 9675: 9635: 9437: 9381: 9200: 9155: 9087: 9043: 9021: 9016: 8850: 8803: 8773: 8767: 8552: 8545: 8428: 8311: 8238: 8186: 8158: 8106: 8029: 7935: 7891: 7873: 7842: 7836: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7648: 7578: 7512: 7462: 7452: 7432: 7407: 7352: 7347: 7317: 7292: 7221: 7206: 7191: 7126: 7071: 7061: 7036: 6921: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6795: 6780: 6715: 6680: 6650: 6620: 6615: 6600: 6534: 6509: 6484: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6454: 6374: 6364: 6246: 6238: 6225: 6209:

From Apostles to Bishops: The Development of the Episcopacy in the Early Church

6039: 5990:

Chronicle of the Popes: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy over 2000 Years

5921: 5719: 4983: 4913: 4790: 4737: 4443: 4435: 4420: 4398: 4280: 4185: 4025: 3630: 3534: 3333: 3121: 3021: 3009: 2818:

The last eight years of his long pontificate – the longest in church history –

2802: 2747: 2681: 2658: 2625: 2540: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2365: 2166: 2064: 2050: 1952: 1929: 1845: 1815: 1811: 1795: 1709: 1705: 1637: 1606: 1605:. The return of the popes to Rome after the Avignon Papacy was followed by the 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1387: 1292: 1132: 737: 641: 440: 228: 128: 116: 11859: 11313: 5904: 5553:

Audience for the directors of mission activities in 1944 A.A.S., 1944, p. 208.

5293:

Brook, Lindsay (2003). "Popes and Pornocrats: Rome in the early middle ages".

2177:(844-847), choice of the Roman nobility, was consecrated without reference to 1752: 14806: 14566: 14526: 14411: 14333: 14318: 14167: 14128: 13934: 13818: 13615: 13284: 12999: 12550: 12476: 12442: 12426: 12386: 12069: 12044: 11820: 11730: 11715: 11637: 11409: 11379: 11308: 11001: 10956: 10695: 10665: 10566: 10546: 10531: 10423: 10413: 10300: 10213: 9906: 9386: 9028: 8991: 8940: 8937: 8056: 7683: 7663: 7638: 7507: 7472: 7447: 7402: 7382: 7307: 7302: 7282: 7156: 7091: 7051: 7031: 7021: 6926: 6835: 6790: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6685: 6665: 6655: 6630: 6590: 6539: 6529: 6524: 6504: 6459: 6419: 6404: 6384: 6326: 6284: 5625: 5159: 4961: 4876: 4866: 4815: 4782: 4707: 4655: 4623: 4387: 4265: 4180: 3311: 2961: 2856: 2848: 2832: 2774: 2739: 2711: 2613: 2564: 2340: 2320: 2216: 2080: 2068: 2054: 2046: 2010: 1956: 1853: 1775: 1589:

Churches. From 1257 to 1377, the pope, though the bishop of Rome, resided in

1372: 1287: 418: 68: 6050: 2350:, the process for papal selection became somewhat fixed during this period. 14541: 14476: 14406: 14396: 14323: 14223: 14192: 13968: 13917: 13685: 13627: 13524: 13295: 13212: 13168: 13163: 13153: 12964: 12891: 12660: 12535: 12391: 12355: 12094: 12016: 11860: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11584: 11394: 11333: 11243: 11052: 10712: 10516: 10355: 10295: 9783: 9685: 9147: 9082: 9048: 8964: 8947: 8595: 8505: 8472: 8420: 8219: 8142: 8075: 8042: 8015: 7897: 7713: 7693: 7678: 7658: 7643: 7633: 7492: 7487: 7427: 7422: 7372: 7056: 7001: 6996: 6951: 6941: 6840: 6815: 6785: 6720: 6640: 6565: 6479: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6394: 4871: 4834: 4711: 4703: 4678: 4630: 4614: 4610: 4473: 4431: 4375: 4090: 4030: 3760: 3505: 3177: 3027: 2973: 2944: 2926: 2917: 2887: 2865: 2819: 2677: 2673: 2522: 2507: 2336: 2235: 2151: 2140: 1983: 1941: 1645: 1550: 1518: 1197: 1137: 867: 612: 284: 134: 80: 51: 33: 11318: 11107: 2990:

Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church

2526:

The division of European allegiances at a point during the Western Schism.

1829:. The legend of the Donation claims that Constantine offered his crown to 97:

Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church

14737: 14593: 14466: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14421: 13723: 13658: 13514: 13439: 13417: 13265: 13027: 12989: 12461: 12290: 12265: 12240: 12213: 12200: 12109: 12011: 11698: 11328: 11298: 11263: 11258: 11233: 11218: 11188: 10786: 10781: 10758: 10650: 10645: 10626: 10591: 10501: 10290: 10001: 9220: 9109: 8960: 8815: 8702: 8622: 8557: 8540: 8500: 8306: 7668: 7548: 7543: 7497: 7121: 6986: 6981: 6886: 6825: 6770: 6760: 6755: 6625: 6449: 6399: 6354: 6156:

A Companion to the Medieval Papacy: Growth of an Ideology and Institution

6041:

Epochs of the Papacy: From Its Rise to the Death of Pope Pius IX. in 1878

5276: 4798: 4794: 4695: 4685: 4650: 4526: 4485: 4459: 4045: 3815: 3809: 3522: 2727: 2662: 2453: 2441: 2306:

Long-standing divisions between East and West also came to a head in the

2224: 2155: 2124: 2027: 1971: 1914: 1713: 1691: 1534: 1510: 1486: 1152: 922: 916: 629: 14431: 14426: 14250: 14177: 13793: 13713: 13344: 12245: 11830: 11414: 10791: 10707: 10375: 10235: 9984: 9182: 8585: 8460: 8364: 8352: 8326: 8224: 7782: 7457: 6976: 6961: 6775: 6750: 6585: 6489: 6409: 6359: 6301: 5769: 4786: 4768: 4663: 4638: 4491:

Between 1933 and 1939, Pacelli issued 55 protests of violations of the

3493: 2878: 2686: 2590: 2202: 2150:

After being physically attacked by his enemies in the streets of Rome,

2058: 1863: 1560: 600: 5255: 5229: 4573: 2331:

in November 1095 with the hopes of reunion and lending support to the

2116:

made an unusual journey north of the Alps to visit the Frankish king,

1844:

Although the "Donation" never occurred, Constantine did hand over the

14536: 14531: 14501: 14197: 13960: 13944: 13929: 13773: 13663: 13541: 13531: 13399: 13178: 10950: 10636: 10230: 9890: 9705: 9353: 9252: 8734: 8569: 8510: 8379: 6519: 6159: 5206: 4426: 3615: 2720: 2531:: this map is highly inaccurate in some regions and borders, see its 2186: 2178: 2117: 1910: 1906: 722: 6032:

The Jesuits and the Popes: A Historical Sketch of Their Relationship

5942:

The Popes and Britain: a history of rule, rupture and reconciliation

4717: 2227:

refers to the period from 867 to 1049 as the "nadir of the papacy".

2030:

restored the Roman imperial rule in the Italian peninsula after the

14776: 14684: 14511: 13610: 12979: 12704: 12059: 11813: 11801: 11429: 10850: 10428: 10380: 10285: 10275: 10245: 10225: 10189: 10028: 9136: 8926: 8879: 8845: 8820: 8525: 8175: 8093: 8024: 8007: 6321: 6171:

Noble, Thomas F.X. "The Papacy in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries".

5636:

Graham, Paul VI, A Great Pontificate, Brescia, November 7, 1983, 75

4852: 4838: 4659: 4447: 4330: 3512: 2840: 2702: 2641: 2636: 2621: 2394: 2311: 2234:

were controlled by a powerful and corrupt aristocratic family, the

1848:

to the bishop of Rome, and around 310 AD began the construction of

1791: 1581:(Eastern Roman Empire). Conflict with the latter culminated in the 1481: 1437: 619: 12720: 5926:(3 ed.). New Haven Ct: Yale Nota Bene/Yale University Press. 5758:

According to some critics like Hans Küng in his 2008 autobiography

2807: 2757: 2276:. He deposed all three and installed his own preferred candidate: 2241: 2192: 14481: 13319: 13193: 13136: 12316: 11930: 11552: 10882: 10771: 10621: 10360: 10335: 10250: 10178: 10132: 8530: 8490: 5811:

The Popes: The History Of How They Are Chosen Elected And Crowned

4802: 4514: 2979: 2844: 2836: 2778: 2483: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2109: 1783: 86: 5839:

Jesus, Peter & the Keys: A Scriptural Handbook on the Papacy

5836: 1661: 14634: 13939: 13924: 13868: 13835: 12482:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

11925: 11835: 11740: 10463: 10345: 10240: 9341: 8288: 6199:

Sotinel, Claire. "Emperors and Popes in the Sixth Century". in

5958:

Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to John Paul II

4741: 4692: 4510: 4466: 3481: 1937: 1644:, resulted in the loss of the Papal States and the creation of 588: 5731:

George Weigel, Witness to Hope, biography of Pope John Paul II

5678: 5676: 2112:

took Ravenna and threatened Rome. In response to this threat,

2014:(liaisons from the pope to the emperor) or the inhabitants of 14732: 13900: 13864: 8520: 8495: 8165: 8101: 4764: 4562: 4522: 3805: 2645:

originally referred specifically to the practice of creating

2570: 2088: 1838: 1767: 912: 9734:

Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples

2635:, so they could only promote their family interests through 1690:

Roman-Catholics recognize the pope as both the successor to

1485:

According to Catholic doctrine, the popes are successors of

13905: 13624: 10433: 9616: 9144: 8944: 8895: 8515: 8097: 8074: 8039: 7990: 6269: 5673: 4982: 3488: 2911: 2785: 2666: 2231: 1997: 1807: 1502: 595: 4633:(1963–1978), however, continued the ecumenical efforts of 2360:

in 1059, which limited suffrage in papal elections to the

1917:'s reconquest of Italy and City of Rome itself during the 1794:

proclaimed the toleration of the Christian faith with the

12371:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

7959: 3301: 2000:

from 537 to 752, when popes required the approval of the

1798:, and in 325, Constantine convened and presided over the 408: 9851:

House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul

2482:

During this period, seven popes, all French, resided in

2131:

The land given to pope Stephen in 756, in the so-called

8023: 1624:

and Baroque Papacy led the Catholic Church through the

18:

For the history of the Catholic Church in general, see

6187:

Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476–752

6086:

The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Popes and the Papacy

4499:

to help him write a protest of Nazi violations of the

2215:

in 904 and lasting for sixty years until the death of

1651: 12402:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

2693:'s diplomatic and military campaigns resulted in the 2343:, which commenced nine months later, in August 1096. 1974:

re-conquered Rome and appointed the next three popes.

9744:

Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches

6173:

New Cambridge Medieval History, v. 2: c. 700–c.900,

5901:

The Papacy in the Modern World: A Political History

5837:

Buttler, Scott; Norman Dahlgren; David Hess (1997).

4848: 3746:

Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See

2665:

art and architecture, (re)building the landmarks of

1955:(536–537) deposed and replaced with his own choice, 853:

Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See

9919: 9801: 4837:—the first Jesuit pope and the first pope from the 4621:. Bea also was strongly involved in the passage of 4509:. The encyclical, condemning the view that "exalts 4141:

Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici

3751:

Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See

1762:depicts Sylvester I instead of his actual baptizer 1248:

Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici

858:

Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See

11475: 6166:The Popes and the Church of Rome in Late Antiquity 6119: 5878: 2371: 8269:Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province 4106:Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City 3890:Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City 2575: 1213:Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City 997:Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City 14804: 12472:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 10074: 6268: 6230:A short history of the papacy in the Middle Ages 6180:The Papacy, 1073–1198: Continuity and Innovation 5911:The great popes through history: an encyclopedia 5596:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 5477:in his book Die Arbeiterfrage und das Chistentum 2139:. This territory would become the basis for the 6201:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian 3638:Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia) 3199:Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State 2758:Reformation and Counter-Reformation (1517–1580) 2242:Conflicts with the Emperor and East (1048–1257) 2193:Influence of powerful Roman families (904–1048) 2097: 1944:, the first to rename himself upon succession. 1878: 1636:and those that followed throughout Europe. The 745:Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia) 306:Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State 6175:ed. Rosamund McKiterrick (Cambridge UP, 1995). 5986: 5949:Pontifex Maximus: A Short History of the Popes 5292: 2335:who wanted to reclaim their lands lost to the 2211:The period beginning with the installation of 2154:made his way in 799 through the Alps to visit 12736: 11461: 10060: 9902:Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide 8911: 7975: 6254: 6071:Papal Primacy from its Origins to the Present 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5283:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1972, p. 537. 4355: 2796: 2768: 2689:and bureaucratic and ecclesiastical offices. 2553:, in 1417, finally resolved the controversy. 2517: 2459: 1962: 1737: 1686:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 1462: 5881:Keepers of the Keys: A History of the Papacy 5003: 4980: 4901:Keepers of the Keys: A History of the Papacy 3648:Undersecretaries for Relations with States: 3234:Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State 2847:control, an idea which the Austrian monarch 2657:—relatives of the popes that elevated them, 2631:Unlike their European peers, popes were not 755:Undersecretaries for Relations with States: 341:Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State 9330:Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe 6117: 5749:Peter Hebblethwaite, Paul VI New York, 1993 5535:Phayer 2000, p. 16; Sanchez 2002, p. 16-17. 4532: 3660:List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See 3352:List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See 767:List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See 459:List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See 14665:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 12743: 12729: 12487:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 12437:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 11468: 11454: 10067: 10053: 8918: 8904: 7982: 7968: 6261: 6247: 6037: 6013:Absolute Monarchs: A History of the Papacy 5639: 5253: 5227: 5204: 4767:person, and warned against the dangers of 4563:From Vatican II (1962–1965) to the present 4503:; this was to become Pius XI's encyclical 4423:(hence the name by which they are known). 4362: 4348: 4276:Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes 2571:Early Modern and Modern Era (1417–present) 2067:(590–604) was a major figure in asserting 1469: 1455: 1383:Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes 4577:The opening of the Second Session of the 3050:History of the Catholic Church since 1962 2904:, commemorating the 100th anniversary of 1873: 157:History of the Catholic Church since 1962 9659:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls 8210:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls 6206: 6203:, ed. Michael Maas (Cambridge UP, 2005). 5740:Redemptor Hominis Orinatio 'Sacercotalis 5010:. Oxford University Press. p. 140. 4814: 4716: 4572: 4425: 4196:Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss 2912:From the creation of Vatican City (1929) 2806: 2786:During the Age of Revolution (1775–1848) 2734:and engaged in intrigue or even murder. 2585: 2556:Another council was convened in 1414 at 2521: 2463: 2393: 2379: 2303:(1122), the issue would flare up again. 1966: 1751: 1660: 1480: 1303:Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss 8254:Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church 8249:Successor of the Prince of the Apostles 6083: 6048: 6007: 5961:. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. 5954: 5876: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5353: 5351: 5249: 5247: 4397:Negotiations for the settlement of the 4051:Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica 2811:The breach of the Porta Pia during the 2715:(1493) awarded Spain the sole right to 1827:narrative of Constantinian Christianity 1665:Saint Peter portrayed as a Pope in the 1158:Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica 14805: 13124: 11068:Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler 6154:Larson, Atria, and Keith Sisson, eds. 5975: 5198: 5191: 5189: 4882:Index of Vatican City-related articles 4596:of the Catholic Church emphasized the 4101:Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah 3885:Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah 3591:Prefecture of the Pontifical Household 3172:Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches 2008:, and many popes were chosen from the 1774:The legend surrounding the victory of 1208:Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah 992:Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah 698:Prefecture of the Pontifical Household 279:Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches 12724: 11449: 10048: 9396: 8899: 7963: 6242: 6111: 5919: 5488:Das Reichskonkordat vom 20. Juli 1933 5051:"Pageant of the Popes: First Century" 4974: 4954: 4748:, one of the several founders of the 4700:that this pope is a man of great joy. 4146:Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope 3905:Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences 3642:Secretary for Relations with States: 3107:Fundamental Law of Vatican City State 2732:took mistresses and fathered children 1656: 1253:Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope 1012:Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences 749:Secretary for Relations with States: 214:Fundamental Law of Vatican City State 6194:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571 6144:(Routledge, 2016), scholarly essays. 6142:The bishop of Rome in late antiquity 5661:Pallenberg, Inside the Vatican, 107, 5408: 5399: 5390: 5376: 5348: 5266:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 5244: 5240:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 5221: 5217:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4993:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4962:"St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles." 4450:. The pope was pledged to perpetual 3204:Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City 311:Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City 12750: 12341:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 9934:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi 8274:Sovereign of the Vatican City State 6149:The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades 5186: 5177: 5143: 3711:Institute for the Works of Religion 3691:The Holy See and the United Nations 2598:(left, the future Pope Clement VII) 2219:in 964 is sometimes referred to as 1744:Bishops of Rome under Constantine I 1652:During the Roman Empire (until 493) 818:Institute for the Works of Religion 798:The Holy See and the United Nations 13: 11896:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 9939:Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua 9649:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 8195:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 8172:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 6038:Pennington, Arthur Robert (1882). 5796: 5152: 5140:, Houghton Mifflin: Boston, p. 236 5091: 4261:Collection of Modern Religious Art 3287:List of newspapers in Vatican City 3229:Association of Vatican Lay Workers 3112:Capital punishment in Vatican City 2877:on a huge range of social issues, 2792:Popes during the Age of Revolution 1630:popes during the Age of Revolution 1368:Collection of Modern Religious Art 394:List of newspapers in Vatican City 336:Association of Vatican Lay Workers 219:Capital punishment in Vatican City 14: 14829: 9717:Pontifical North American College 9279:Section for Relations with States 6196:(4 vols. Philadelphia, 1976–1984) 6055:. Washington: Seven Locks Press. 5868:A history of the popes, 1830–1914 5857:The Popes and European revolution 5508:Volk, p. 98-101. Feldkamp, 88–93. 5254:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 5228:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 5205:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 4590:Second Ecumenical Vatican Council 4256:Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling 3716:Telephone numbers in Vatican City 3611:Section for Relations with States 3347:Foreign relations of the Holy See 3302:.va (Vatican City internet sites) 2894:on World development issues, and 2875:Social teachings of Pope Pius XII 2248:History of the papacy (1048–1257) 1936:is the first recorded example of 1521:, the bishops of Rome enjoyed no 1363:Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling 823:Telephone numbers in Vatican City 718:Section for Relations with States 454:Foreign relations of the Holy See 409:.va (Vatican City internet sites) 14787: 14786: 14775: 14743:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 14291:Criticism of the Catholic Church 12703: 12691: 12022:Fourth Council of Constantinople 11977:Second Council of Constantinople 11428: 10027: 10015: 9411:Extraordinary general assemblies 8878: 8866: 7941: 7930: 7929: 6052:The Popes: Histories and Secrets 4987:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 4939:Catechism of the Catholic Church 4851: 4539:Vatican City during World War II 4329: 4317: 3941:Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore 3372:Holy See–United States relations 3080:Vatican City during World War II 2925: 2738:had four acknowledged children: 1782:(312) relates his vision of the 1712:, is identified with Clement of 1531:fall of the Western Roman Empire 1436: 1424: 1048:Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore 479:Holy See–United States relations 187:Vatican City during World War II 32: 12910:First seven ecumenical councils 11992:Third Council of Constantinople 11916:First Council of Constantinople 10386:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 9879:Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo 9779:Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo 9759:Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary 9558:Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno 5775: 5761: 5752: 5743: 5734: 5725: 5712: 5703: 5694: 5685: 5664: 5655: 5630: 5618: 5609: 5600: 5588: 5579: 5570: 5556: 5547: 5538: 5529: 5520: 5511: 5502: 5493: 5480: 5471: 5462: 5453: 5444: 5435: 5426: 5417: 5360: 5339: 5322: 5305: 5286: 5270: 5166:from the original on 2019-07-12 5130: 5114: 5100: 5079: 4543:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 4525:and read in German churches on 4111:Public holidays in Vatican City 3961:Fountains of St. Peter's Square 3895:Public holidays in Vatican City 3741:Financial Information Authority 2372:The wandering popes (1257–1309) 2316:first seven Ecumenical Councils 1218:Public holidays in Vatican City 1068:Fountains of St. Peter's Square 1002:Public holidays in Vatican City 848:Financial Information Authority 20:Timeline of the Catholic Church 13485:Separation of church and state 12231:Dissolution of the monasteries 11497:History of the Catholic Church 10099:History of the Catholic Church 9568:Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo 8279:Servant of the servants of God 6118:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1979). 5944:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017). 5061: 5043: 5025: 4997: 4930: 4906: 4893: 4732:after the mysterious death of 4480:. He sent his vice chancellor 3900:Pontifical Academy of Sciences 3731:Rail transport in Vatican City 3673:Vatican and Holy See passports 3262:Secretariat for Communications 3157:Tribunal of Vatican City State 3152:Temporal power of the Holy See 2576:Renaissance Papacy (1417–1534) 2375: 2256:invaded Italy. Italy became a 2036:appointed the next three popes 1007:Pontifical Academy of Sciences 838:Rail transport in Vatican City 780:Vatican and Holy See passports 369:Secretariat for Communications 264:Tribunal of Vatican City State 259:Temporal power of the Holy See 24:History of the Catholic Church 1: 12105:Fourth Council of the Lateran 12080:Second Council of the Lateran 11689:Apostles in the New Testament 10748:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 10145:History of Christian theology 9831:Pontifical Oriental Institute 6088:. Indianapolis: Alpha Books. 5993:. London: Thames and Hudson. 5870:(Oxford UP, 1998), scholarly 5782:Vatican.va – Homily on Christ 5007:The Catholicity of the Church 4887: 4677:convened. His August 6, 1967 4206:Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi 3986:Monument to the Royal Stuarts 3467:President: G. di Sanguinetto 2862:Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler 2270:Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor 2223:or the "dark age." Historian 1313:Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi 1093:Monument to the Royal Stuarts 574:President: G. di Sanguinetto 12219:Catholic Counter-Reformation 12085:Third Council of the Lateran 12075:First Council of the Lateran 11531:Catholic ecumenical councils 10076:History of Catholic theology 9654:Basilica of Saint Mary Major 8925: 8302:Coat of arms of the Holy See 8205:Basilica of Saint Mary Major 5951:(Crux Publishing Ltd, 2017). 5841:. Santa Barbara: Queenship. 5035:. p. 22. Archived from 4841:—was elected to the papacy. 4403:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy 4201:Santo Stefano degli Abissini 3801:Coat of arms of Vatican City 3367:Holy See–Palestine relations 3281:L'Osservatore della Domenica 3127:Legal status of the Holy See 2098:Frankish influence (756–857) 1879:Ostrogothic Papacy (493–537) 1780:Battle of the Milvian Bridge 1676:Papacy in early Christianity 1308:Santo Stefano degli Abissini 908:Coat of arms of Vatican City 474:Holy See–Palestine relations 388:L'Osservatore della Domenica 234:Legal status of the Holy See 7: 9836:Pontifical Lombard Seminary 9712:Pontifical Urban University 9406:Ordinary general assemblies 9153:Cardinal Secretary of State 8804:Pontifical colleges in Rome 6076:Schimmelpfennig, Bernhard. 5987:Maxwell-Stuart, P. (1997). 5682:Josef Schmitz van Vorst, 68 5606:Peter Heblethwaite, Paul VI 4844: 4414:Cardinal Secretary of State 4176:Cardinal Secretary of State 3981:Mater Ecclesiae (monastery) 3736:Secretariat for the Economy 3626:Status in international law 3621:Multilateral foreign policy 3384:Governorate of Vatican City 3297:Vatican Information Service 3189:LGBT rights in Vatican City 3060:Roman Historical Institutes 2676:began to resemble a modern 1283:Cardinal Secretary of State 1088:Mater Ecclesiae (monastery) 843:Secretariat for the Economy 733:Status in international law 728:Multilateral foreign policy 491:Governorate of Vatican City 404:Vatican Information Service 296:LGBT rights in Vatican City 167:Roman Historical Institutes 10: 14834: 14782:Catholic Church portal 11565:History of the Roman Curia 11174:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 11164:Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange 10449:Transubstantiation dispute 9929:Basilica of the Holy House 9553:Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino 8961:Sovereignty and government 8885:Catholic Church portal 8119:properties of the Holy See 7989: 6211:. New York: Newman Press. 6207:Sullivan, Francis (2001). 5982:. London.: Watts & Co. 5806:(Georg Olms Verlag, 2017). 5086:The Early Christian Church 4944:Libreria Editrice Vaticana 4598:universal call to holiness 4566: 4536: 4136:Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri 4131:San Pellegrino in Vaticano 3766:Properties of the Holy See 2915: 2800: 2797:Roman Question (1870–1929) 2789: 2769:Baroque Papacy (1585–1689) 2761: 2649:, when it appeared in the 2579: 2538: 2518:Western Schism (1378–1417) 2475: 2460:Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) 2426:required to reside in Rome 2405: 2254:Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor 2245: 2196: 2101: 1992:was a period of return to 1977: 1963:Byzantine Papacy (537–752) 1897:, though the pope was not 1882: 1759:The Baptism of Constantine 1741: 1738:From Constantine (312–493) 1679: 1673: 1243:Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri 1238:San Pellegrino in Vaticano 873:Properties of the Holy See 17: 14770: 14708:Aid to the Church in Need 14698: 14555: 14368: 14329:Vatican Television Center 14304: 14214: 14104: 13974:Eastern Catholic Churches 13955: 13844: 13737: 13684: 13609: 13580: 13505: 13430: 13365: 13310: 13229: 13099: 13013: 12945: 12890: 12809: 12786: 12758: 12686: 12586: 12452: 12379: 12314: 12301:European wars of religion 12198: 12133: 12035: 11957: 11848: 11771: 11631: 11620: 11612:Eastern Catholic Churches 11487: 11423: 11342: 11151: 11010: 10880: 10756: 10635: 10492: 10399: 10259: 10153: 10091: 10082: 10010: 9955: 9886:Gardens of the Villa Cybo 9869: 9739:Palace of the Holy Office 9729:Palazzo della Cancelleria 9701:Palace of Saint Callixtus 9671: 9634: 9624: 9613: 9594: 9523: 9500: 9452: 9424: 9368: 9263: 9211: 9181: 9135: 9108: 8982: 8970:Sovereign judicial entity 8933: 8861: 8760: 8678: 8604: 8578: 8481: 8388: 8335: 8287: 8218: 8185: 8135: 8014: 7997: 7925: 7852: 7792: 7731: 7722: 7536: 7250: 6849: 6553: 6347: 6280: 6084:Toropov, Brandon (2002). 6073:(Collegeville, MN, 1996). 6049:Rendina, Claudio (2002). 5955:Mcbrien, Richard (1997). 5826:Oxford University Press. 5396:Spielvogel, 2008, p. 368. 5367:Oxford English Dictionary 5357:Spielvogel, 2008, p. 369. 5195:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 14. 3991:Palace of the Holy Office 3971:Geography of Vatican City 3865:Languages of Vatican City 3726:Transport in Vatican City 3455:President: Pio Vito Pinto 3357:Holy See–Israel relations 3317:Vatican Television Center 3075:Vatican Historical Museum 1913:. This period ended with 1585:, dividing the Roman and 1509:, spans from the time of 1501:, the office held by the 1098:Palace of the Holy Office 1078:Geography of Vatican City 972:Languages of Vatican City 833:Transport in Vatican City 562:President: Pio Vito Pinto 464:Holy See–Israel relations 424:Vatican Television Center 182:Vatican Historical Museum 14650:Communion and Liberation 14114:Eastern Catholic liturgy 13279:Mystici Corporis Christi 13207:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 12432:Mary of the Divine Heart 12055:Clash against the empire 12007:Second Council of Nicaea 11901:Old St. Peter's Basilica 11088:Matthias Joseph Scheeben 10281:Athanasius of Alexandria 10173:First Epistle of Clement 9827:Archaeological Institute 9012:Old St. Peter's Basilica 9007:Patrimony of Saint Peter 9002:History of papal primacy 6030:O’Malley, S.J., John W. 5947:Lascelles, Christopher. 5802:Adiele, Pius Onyemechi. 5097:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 6. 5033:"Second Vatican Council" 4533:World War II (1939–1945) 4513:, or the people, or the 4434:, as established by the 4412:and for Pope Pius XI by 4271:Redemptoris Mater Chapel 4191:Redemptoris Mater Chapel 4041:Old St. Peter's Basilica 3911:The Story of the Vatican 3542:Universi Dominici gregis 3530:Universi Dominici Gregis 3396:Military of Vatican City 3389:Governor of Vatican City 3362:Holy See–Italy relations 3307:Vatican Publishing House 3276:(Vatican City newspaper) 3043:2010 Vatican sex scandal 3038:Governor of Vatican City 2985:Congregation for Borders 2934:This article is part of 2622:disputed papal claimants 2440:. The popes brought the 2230:During this period, the 1748:Papacy in late antiquity 1378:Redemptoris Mater Chapel 1298:Redemptoris Mater Chapel 1148:Old St. Peter's Basilica 1018:The Story of the Vatican 649:Universi Dominici gregis 637:Universi Dominici Gregis 503:Military of Vatican City 496:Governor of Vatican City 469:Holy See–Italy relations 414:Vatican Publishing House 383:(Vatican City newspaper) 150:2010 Vatican sex scandal 145:Governor of Vatican City 92:Congregation for Borders 41:This article is part of 13465:Philosophy of canon law 13395:Mariology of the saints 12975:Investiture Controversy 12698:Vatican City portal 12050:Investiture Controversy 11906:First Council of Nicaea 11199:Dietrich von Hildebrand 11063:Giovanni Maria Cornoldi 10937:Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet 10917:Mary of Jesus of Ágreda 10459:Paulinus II of Aquileia 10454:Predestination disputes 10022:Vatican City portal 9754:Palace of the Vicariate 9548:Civitavecchia-Tarquinia 9072:Prisoner in the Vatican 9061:Investiture Controversy 8873:Vatican City portal 7743:During the Roman Empire 6140:Dunn, Geoffrey D., ed. 5976:McCabe, Joseph (1939). 5877:Collins, Roger (2009). 5819:Bauer, Stefan. (2020): 5257:"Pope Sergius II" 5231:"Pope Gregory IV" 4456:international relations 4324:Vatican City portal 4251:Vatican Gallery of Maps 4116:Vatican Secret Archives 4076:Via della Conciliazione 3966:Gardens of Vatican City 3721:Tourism in Vatican City 3217:Politics and government 3178:Apostolic Constitution 3134:Alperin v. Vatican Bank 3004:Prisoner in the Vatican 2754:before he became Pope. 2604:, whom he appointed as 2289:Investiture Controversy 2287:, most prominently the 2266:Guelphs and Ghibellines 2238:, and their relatives. 1850:Basilica of Constantine 1823:Donation of Constantine 1818:and today is Istanbul. 1800:First Council of Nicaea 1527:the time of Constantine 1431:Vatican City portal 1358:Vatican Gallery of Maps 1223:Vatican Secret Archives 1183:Via della Conciliazione 1073:Gardens of Vatican City 828:Tourism in Vatican City 324:Politics and government 285:Apostolic Constitution 241:Alperin v. Vatican Bank 111:Prisoner in the Vatican 14718:Catholic Charities USA 14352:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 14340:Vatican Polyglot Press 13390:Mariology of the popes 13028:Protestant Reformation 12710:Catholicism portal 12521:Second Vatican Council 12407:Our Lady of La Salette 12214:Protestant Reformation 12201:Protestant Reformation 12120:Second Council of Lyon 11509:Ecclesiastical history 11435:Catholicism portal 11284:Hans Urs von Balthasar 11083:Tommaso Maria Zigliara 11023:Félicité de La Mennais 10702:The Cloud of Unknowing 10203:The Shepherd of Hermas 10034:Catholicism portal 9990:Apostolic Penitentiary 9964:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 9911:Santa Maria di Galeria 9236:For Vatican City State 8718:for Vatican City State 8348:Apostolic constitution 7948:Catholic Church Portal 7808:Conflicts with the HRE 6178:Robinson, Ian Stuart. 5979:A History of the Popes 5718:"What has happened in 5544:issued on June 2, 1951 5208:"Pope Eugene II" 5149:Richards, 1979, p. 70. 4960:Kirsch, Johann Peter. 4829:On February 11, 2013, 4827: 4820: 4728:With the accession of 4725: 4607:Second Vatican Council 4581: 4579:Second Vatican Council 4569:Second Vatican Council 4439: 4386:(who succeeded him as 4336:Catholicism portal 4286:Sistine Chapel ceiling 4081:Vatican Climate Forest 4006:Saint Peter's Basilica 3875:Vatican Christmas Tree 3194:Pontifical Swiss Guard 3167:1983 Code of Canon Law 3101:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 2830: 2815: 2609: 2536: 2473: 2399: 2389: 2189:side with Sergius II. 2045:With the exception of 2006:episcopal consecration 1975: 1874:Middle Ages (493–1417) 1771: 1727: 1708:, the earliest of the 1700:Prince of the Apostles 1682:Primacy of Simon Peter 1671: 1618:Protestant Reformation 1490: 1443:Catholicism portal 1393:Sistine Chapel ceiling 1188:Vatican Climate Forest 1113:Saint Peter's Basilica 982:Vatican Christmas Tree 301:Pontifical Swiss Guard 274:1983 Code of Canon Law 208:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 14813:History of the papacy 14472:Good Shepherd Sisters 14314:Holy See Press Office 13552:Doctors of the Church 13385:Immaculate Conception 13340:Anointing of the Sick 12875:History of the papacy 12417:First Vatican Council 12115:First Council of Lyon 11879:Constantine the Great 11575:Christian monasticism 11209:Marie-Dominique Chenu 11128:Marie-Joseph Lagrange 11113:Désiré-Joseph Mercier 10997:Clement Mary Hofbauer 10992:Johann Michael Sailer 10419:Maximus the Confessor 10111:History of the papacy 9818:San Carlo ai Catinari 9789:Paul VI Audience Hall 9775:Benedictine monastery 9722:Bambino Gesù Hospital 9492:Sabina-Poggio Mirteto 8841:Sexually active popes 8792:Pontifical university 8536:Ring of the Fisherman 8375:Ecclesiastical letter 8370:Apostolic exhortation 8259:Patriarch of the West 8244:Vicar of Jesus Christ 7724:History of the papacy 6107:(Jovian Press, 2018). 5920:Duffy, Eamon (2006). 5863:. covers 1789 to 1815 5263:Catholic Encyclopedia 5237:Catholic Encyclopedia 5214:Catholic Encyclopedia 5183:Goodson, 2010, p. 13. 5136:Asimov, Isaac (1967) 5073:Catholic Encyclopedia 5004:Avery Dulles (1987). 4990:Catholic Encyclopedia 4981:Joyce, G. H. (1913). 4822: 4818: 4720: 4637:in his contacts with 4584:On October 11, 1962, 4576: 4567:Further information: 4497:Michael von Faulhaber 4429: 4216:Cortile del Belvedere 4121:St. Peter's Baldachin 4056:Paul VI Audience Hall 3956:Domus Sanctae Marthae 3880:Sport in Vatican City 3870:Women in Vatican City 3853:Music of Vatican City 3342:Fabric of Saint Peter 3292:Vatican Radio lawsuit 3267:Holy See Press Office 3255:Pontifical Commission 3117:Crime in Vatican City 3055:History of the Papacy 2916:Further information: 2825: 2810: 2612:From the election of 2589: 2567:as pope in November. 2525: 2467: 2397: 2383: 2323:(1088–99) convened a 1970: 1835:Eusebius of Nicomedia 1764:Eusebius of Nicomedia 1755: 1723: 1680:Further information: 1664: 1513:to the present day. 1499:history of the papacy 1484: 1323:Cortile del Belvedere 1228:St. Peter's Baldachin 1163:Paul VI Audience Hall 1063:Domus Sanctae Marthae 987:Sport in Vatican City 977:Women in Vatican City 960:Music of Vatican City 449:Fabric of Saint Peter 399:Vatican Radio lawsuit 374:Holy See Press Office 362:Pontifical Commission 224:Crime in Vatican City 162:History of the Papacy 14345:L'Osservatore Romano 14283:Role in civilisation 14009:Croatian and Serbian 13757:Episcopal conference 13719:St. Peter's Basilica 13077:Sexual abuse scandal 13033:Catholic Reformation 12594:Sexual abuse scandal 12503:Mit brennender Sorge 12346:Age of Enlightenment 12125:Bernard of Clairvaux 12002:Byzantine Iconoclasm 11941:Council of Chalcedon 11721:Council of Jerusalem 11590:Role in civilization 11570:Religious institutes 11502:By country or region 11385:Raniero Cantalamessa 11355:Alice von Hildebrand 11304:Edward Schillebeeckx 10982:Maria Gaetana Agnesi 10867:Lawrence of Brindisi 10797:Francisco de Vitoria 10587:Beatrice of Nazareth 10562:Hugh of Saint Victor 10542:Bernard of Clairvaux 10522:Anselm of Canterbury 10484:John Scotus Eriugena 10479:Paschasius Radbertus 10326:Gregory of Nazianzus 10220:Epistle to Diognetus 9644:St. Peter's Basilica 9337:Apostolic nunciature 9196:College of Cardinals 9191:Secretariat of State 8836:Popes by nationality 8752:Sistine Chapel Choir 8686:College of Cardinals 8317:Regalia and insignia 8200:St. Peter's Basilica 7886:Revolutionary Papacy 7880:Age of Enlightenment 6126:. New York: Norton. 6009:Norwich, John Julius 5923:Saints & Sinners 5909:Coppa, Frank J. ed. 5423:Duffy, 2006, p. 206. 5414:Duffy, 2006, p. 194. 5405:Duffy, 2006, p. 190. 5387:Duffy, 2006, p. 193. 5345:Duffy, 2006, p. 156. 4506:Mit brennender Sorge 4226:Porta San Pellegrino 4161:Bibliotheca Palatina 4011:Saint Peter's Square 3931:Apostolic nunciature 3858:Sistine Chapel Choir 3408:College of Cardinals 3324:Secretariat of State 3273:L'Osservatore Romano 2892:Populorum progressio 2669:from the ground up. 2618:Council of Constance 2600:and Luigi de' Rossi 2551:Council of Constance 2446:College of Cardinals 2362:College of Cardinals 2040:Exarchate of Ravenna 1868:Doctor of the Church 1333:Porta San Pellegrino 1268:Bibliotheca Palatina 1118:Saint Peter's Square 1038:Apostolic nunciature 965:Sistine Chapel Choir 515:College of Cardinals 431:Secretariat of State 380:L'Osservatore Romano 14680:Neocatechumenal Way 14645:Charismatic Renewal 14359:Annuario Pontificio 13957:Particular churches 13633:Ecumenical councils 13405:Perpetual virginity 13240:Communitas perfecta 13184:Sermon on the Mount 12422:Papal infallibility 12412:Our Lady of Lourdes 12361:Shimabara Rebellion 12205:Counter-Reformation 11360:Carlo Maria Martini 11324:Johann Baptist Metz 11294:Frederick Copleston 11118:Friedrich von Hügel 11078:Joseph Hergenröther 11058:Gaetano Sanseverino 11038:Ignaz von Döllinger 10962:Nicolas Malebranche 10802:Thomas of Villanova 10763:Counter-Reformation 10743:Girolamo Savonarola 10557:Hildegard of Bingen 10366:Cyril of Alexandria 10209:Aristides of Athens 10196:Epistle of Barnabas 10185:Ignatius of Antioch 10123:Ecumenical councils 9995:Apostolic Signatura 9823:Collegio Bellarmino 9695:Adjoining buildings 9270:Multilateral policy 7733:Antiquity and Early 7537:17th–21st centuries 7251:13th–16th centuries 6192:Setton, Kenneth M. 6185:Richards, Jeffrey. 6122:The Medieval Papacy 6044:. G. Bell and Sons. 6015:. Random House NY. 5564:Evangelii praecones 5369:. September 2003. " 4702:After the death of 4551:Evangelii praecones 4374:The pontificate of 4151:Vatican Observatory 3925:Buildings/geography 3789:List of Papal flags 3377:Papal apocrisiarius 2843:, two cities under 2773:The pontificate of 2633:hereditary monarchs 2444:with them, and the 2348:previous millennium 2258:constituent kingdom 2032:Gothic War (535–54) 1934:Antipope Laurentius 1921:, inaugurating the 1905:and his successors 1903:Theodoric the Great 1895:Ostrogothic Kingdom 1852:in Germany, called 1788:in hoc signo vinces 1668:Nuremberg Chronicle 1642:Italian unification 1626:Counter-Reformation 1258:Vatican Observatory 1032:Buildings/geography 896:List of Papal flags 484:Papal apocrisiarius 14517:Premonstratensians 12900:Ante-Nicene period 12778:Lists of Catholics 12467:Our Lady of Fátima 12256:Ignatius of Loyola 12180:Catherine of Siena 12148:Pope Boniface VIII 11967:Benedict of Nursia 11936:Council of Ephesus 11773:Ante-Nicene period 11726:Split with Judaism 11560:Crusading movement 11375:Alasdair MacIntyre 11254:Nouvelle théologie 11143:Thérèse of Lisieux 10987:Alfonso Muzzarelli 10927:Jean-Jacques Olier 10897:Tommaso Campanella 10812:Francisco de Osuna 10807:Ignatius of Loyola 10676:Catherine of Siena 10572:Robert Grosseteste 10469:Benedict of Aniane 10409:Isidore of Seville 10351:Augustine of Hippo 10316:Cyril of Jerusalem 10311:Hilary of Poitiers 9764:Collegio Teutonico 9681:Lateran University 9525:Suffragan dioceses 9502:Territorial abbeys 9472:Porto-Santa Rufina 9454:Suburbicarian sees 9416:Special assemblies 9311:Permanent Observer 8787:Pontifical academy 8782:Orders of chivalry 7868:Reformation Papacy 7862:Renaissance Papacy 7804:(1012–1044 / 1048) 7757:Ostrogothic Papacy 6850:9th–12th centuries 6182:(Cambridge, 1990). 6151:(Oxford UP, 1986). 6112:Early and Medieval 6103:Vaughan, Herbert. 5940:Fletcher, Stella. 5859:(Oxford UP, 1981) 5787:2009-03-09 at the 5700:Hebblethwaite, 600 4967:2019-01-06 at the 4859:Catholicism portal 4821: 4801:, and also formal 4771:, particularly in 4726: 4594:ecumenical council 4582: 4440: 4382:and after 1930 by 4096:Vatican Necropolis 4066:Torre San Giovanni 4016:Saint Peter's tomb 3951:Bramante Staircase 3914:, 1941 documentary 3756:Vatican euro coins 3537:(Papal elections) 3442:Dominique Mamberti 3435:Court of Cassation 2908:of Pope Leo XIII. 2816: 2764:Reformation Papacy 2610: 2582:Renaissance Papacy 2537: 2486:starting in 1309: 2474: 2400: 2390: 2301:Concordat of Worms 2285:Holy Roman Emperor 2181:, the latter sent 2074:Council of Sardica 2002:Byzantine Emperors 1996:domination of the 1976: 1899:outright appointed 1891:Ostrogothic Papacy 1885:Ostrogothic Papacy 1804:ecumenical council 1772: 1672: 1657:Early Christianity 1622:Reformation Papacy 1614:Renaissance Papacy 1539:Ostrogothic Papacy 1491: 1203:Vatican Necropolis 1173:Torre San Giovanni 1123:Saint Peter's tomb 1058:Bramante Staircase 1021:, 1941 documentary 863:Vatican euro coins 644:(Papal elections) 549:Dominique Mamberti 542:Court of Cassation 14800: 14799: 14210: 14209: 13603: 13426: 13425: 13118: 13095: 13094: 13087:COVID-19 pandemic 13057:French Revolution 13047:Thirty Years' War 12955:Islamic conquests 12868:Apostolic fathers 12803: 12718: 12717: 12678:COVID-19 pandemic 12656:Pope Benedict XVI 12561:Pope John Paul II 12336:Pope Benedict XIV 12322:French Revolution 12306:Thirty Years' War 12296:Robert Bellarmine 12281:John of the Cross 12185:Pope Alexander VI 12170:Council of Vienne 12100:Francis of Assisi 12090:Pope Innocent III 11959:Early Middle Ages 11953: 11952: 11949: 11948: 11891:Arian controversy 11844: 11843: 11792:Apostolic Fathers 11443: 11442: 11370:Gustavo Gutiérrez 11365:Pope Benedict XVI 11350:Pope John Paul II 11249:Josemaría Escrivá 11239:Henri Daniel-Rops 11123:Vladimir Solovyov 11103:Neo-scholasticism 11043:John Henry Newman 10977:Louis de Montfort 10972:Alphonsus Liguori 10967:Giambattista Vico 10902:Pierre de Bérulle 10888:French Revolution 10857:Robert Bellarmine 10837:John of the Cross 10723:Julian of Norwich 10681:Bridget of Sweden 10671:John of Ruusbroec 10661:William of Ockham 10577:Francis of Assisi 10567:Dominic de Guzmán 10537:Decretum Gratiani 10512:Berengar of Tours 10401:Early Middle Ages 10371:Peter Chrysologus 10321:Basil of Caesarea 10306:Ephrem the Syrian 10246:Antipope Novatian 10042: 10041: 9951: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9909:antennae area of 9900:Summer estate of 9865: 9864: 9797: 9796: 9769:Teutonic Cemetery 9667: 9666: 9630: 9629: 9626: 9607: 9590: 9589: 9586: 9585: 9543:Civita Castellana 9446: 9390: 9364: 9363: 9129: 9066:Age of Revolution 9039:Donation of Pepin 9034:Donation of Sutri 8974:international law 8893: 8892: 8660:Prelate of Honour 8227: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8126: 7957: 7956: 7921: 7920: 7813:Wandering Papacy 7776:Saeculum obscurum 7749:Under Constantine 6554:5th–8th centuries 6348:1st–4th centuries 6332:papal resignation 6218:978-0-8091-0534-2 6168:(Routledge, 2015) 6147:Housely, Norman. 6133:978-0-393-95100-4 6100:, popular history 6095:978-0-02-864290-1 6062:978-1-931643-13-9 6027:, popular history 6022:978-1-4000-6715-2 6000:978-0-500-01798-2 5968:978-0-06-065304-0 5933:978-0-300-11597-0 5892:978-0-465-01195-7 5848:978-1-882972-54-8 5691:Hebblethwaite,339 5517:Volk, p. 101,105. 5490:, p. 34f., 45–58. 5334:978-1-4000-6715-2 5317:978-1-4000-6715-2 5017:978-0-19-826695-2 4831:Pope Benedict XVI 4810:Pope Benedict XVI 4758:fall of Communism 4754:Mikhail Gorbachev 4730:Pope John Paul II 4722:Pope John Paul II 4682:Pro Comperto Sane 4392:Francesco Pacelli 4372: 4371: 4292:The Last Judgment 4221:Passetto di Borgo 4211:Teutonic Cemetery 4061:Tomb of the Julii 3996:Palazzi Pontifici 3946:Borgia Apartments 3678:Visa requirements 3650:Antoine Camilleri 3604:Foreign relations 3549:Recent conclaves 3249:Giuseppe Bertello 3070:Vatileaks scandal 3015:Law of Guarantees 2968:Donation of Pepin 2896:Pope John Paul II 2890:, the encyclical 2883:Mater et magistra 2870:Quadragesimo anno 2851:gently rejected. 2595:Giulio de' Medici 2593:with his cousins 2496:Pope Benedict XII 2404: 2403: 2262:Holy Roman Empire 2221:Saeculum obscurum 2199:Saeculum obscurum 2133:Donation of Pepin 1634:French Revolution 1575:Holy Roman Empire 1571:From 1048 to 1257 1556:saeculum obscurum 1495:Roman Catholicism 1489:(kneeling, right) 1479: 1478: 1399:The Last Judgment 1328:Passetto di Borgo 1318:Teutonic Cemetery 1168:Tomb of the Julii 1103:Palazzi Pontifici 1053:Borgia Apartments 785:Visa requirements 757:Antoine Camilleri 711:Foreign relations 656:Recent conclaves 356:Giuseppe Bertello 177:Vatileaks scandal 122:Law of Guarantees 75:Donation of Pepin 14825: 14790: 14789: 14780: 14779: 14522:Redemptoristines 14370:Religious orders 14296:Anti-Catholicism 14246:Church buildings 14106:Catholic liturgy 13846:Consecrated life 13704:Apostolic Palace 13671:Synod of Bishops 13607: 13606: 13583: 13189:Ten Commandments 13122: 13121: 13104: 13005:Age of Discovery 12839:Great Commission 12807: 12806: 12791: 12745: 12738: 12731: 12722: 12721: 12708: 12707: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12673:Patriarch Kirill 12546:Pope John Paul I 12351:Anti-clericalism 12331:Pope Innocent XI 12251:Society of Jesus 12236:Council of Trent 12190:Age of Discovery 12135:Late Middle Ages 12037:High Middle Ages 12027:East–West Schism 11911:Pope Sylvester I 11857: 11856: 11846: 11845: 11756:General epistles 11751:Pauline epistles 11684:John the Baptist 11667:Great Commission 11629: 11628: 11580:Catholic culture 11470: 11463: 11456: 11447: 11446: 11433: 11432: 11274:Emmanuel Mounier 11269:Bernard Lonergan 11194:Georges Bernanos 11179:Jacques Maritain 11159:G. K. Chesterton 11048:Henri Lacordaire 10947:Cornelius Jansen 10942:François Fénelon 10872:Francis de Sales 10862:Francisco Suárez 10733:Nicholas of Cusa 10617:Siger of Brabant 10602:Boetius of Dacia 10582:Anthony of Padua 10527:Joachim of Fiore 10507:Gregory of Narek 10494:High Middle Ages 10439:John of Damascus 10331:Gregory of Nyssa 10069: 10062: 10055: 10046: 10045: 10032: 10031: 10020: 10019: 10018: 9922:extraterritorial 9917: 9916: 9895:Adjacent gardens 9855:Nympheum of Nero 9804:extraterritorial 9799: 9798: 9691:Sancta Sanctorum 9669: 9668: 9632: 9631: 9625: 9622: 9621: 9611: 9610: 9599: 9450: 9449: 9431: 9428:province of Rome 9394: 9393: 9375: 9226:Apostolic Camera 9133: 9132: 9115: 8997:Primacy of Peter 8920: 8913: 8906: 8897: 8896: 8883: 8882: 8871: 8870: 8869: 8708:Apostolic Camera 8665:Prince assistant 8591:Sedia gestatoria 8264:Primate of Italy 8223: 8154:Papal apartments 8149:Apostolic Palace 8116:extraterritorial 8072: 8071: 8021: 8020: 7984: 7977: 7970: 7961: 7960: 7945: 7933: 7932: 7853:Early Modern and 7763:Byzantine Papacy 7729: 7728: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6240: 6239: 6222: 6164:Moorhead, John. 6137: 6125: 6105:The Medici Popes 6099: 6080:(New York, 1992) 6066: 6045: 6026: 6004: 5983: 5972: 5937: 5899:Coppa, Frank J. 5896: 5884: 5866:Chadwick, Owen. 5855:Chadwick, Owen, 5852: 5791: 5779: 5773: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5750: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5723: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5701: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5683: 5680: 5671: 5668: 5662: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5637: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5615:October 28, 1965 5613: 5607: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5577: 5574: 5568: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5536: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5500: 5497: 5491: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5469: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5442: 5439: 5433: 5430: 5424: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5374: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5346: 5343: 5337: 5326: 5320: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5290: 5284: 5281:The Age of Faith 5274: 5268: 5267: 5259: 5251: 5242: 5241: 5233: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5210: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5184: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5141: 5138:The Roman Empire 5134: 5128: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5104: 5098: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5029: 5023: 5021: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4986: 4978: 4972: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4942:(2nd ed.). 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4918:Catholic Answers 4910: 4904: 4897: 4861: 4856: 4855: 4774:Centesimus annus 4734:Pope John Paul I 4410:Benito Mussolini 4364: 4357: 4350: 4334: 4333: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4171:Cappella Paolina 4156:Vatican Pharmacy 4086:Vatican Heliport 4036:Niccoline Chapel 4021:Lateran Basilica 4001:Papal Apartments 3936:Apostolic Palace 3821:Papal coronation 3559: 3450:Court of Appeals 3418: 3183: 3033: 2929: 2922: 2921: 2901:Centesimus annus 2691:Pope Clement VII 2655:cardinal-nephews 2651:English language 2647:cardinal-nephews 2606:cardinal-nephews 2504:Pope Innocent VI 2470:Palais des Papes 2420:The pope is the 2376: 2357:In nomine Domini 2352:Pope Nicholas II 2308:East–West Schism 2297:Pope Gregory VII 2295:in 1077 to meet 2274:Pope Benedict IX 2213:Pope Sergius III 2179:Emperor Lothaire 2145:Kingdom of Italy 2137:papal succession 2016:Byzantine Greece 1990:Byzantine Papacy 1980:Byzantine Papacy 1923:Byzantine Papacy 1718:John the Apostle 1583:East–West Schism 1579:Byzantine Empire 1543:Byzantine Papacy 1471: 1464: 1457: 1441: 1440: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1278:Cappella Paolina 1263:Vatican Pharmacy 1193:Vatican Heliport 1143:Niccoline Chapel 1128:Lateran Basilica 1108:Papal Apartments 1043:Apostolic Palace 928:Papal coronation 666: 557:Court of Appeals 525: 290: 140: 36: 29: 28: 14833: 14832: 14828: 14827: 14826: 14824: 14823: 14822: 14803: 14802: 14801: 14796: 14774: 14766: 14745: 14728:Relief Services 14694: 14640:Catholic Action 14630:Military orders 14567:Confraternities 14559:of the faithful 14558: 14551: 14373: 14364: 14300: 14206: 14100: 13959: 13951: 13884:Prior, Prioress 13840: 13733: 13729:Vatican Museums 13680: 13613: 13599: 13595: 13591: 13587: 13582: 13576: 13501: 13455:Social teaching 13422: 13361: 13306: 13261:One true church 13225: 13202:Sixtine Vulgate 13198:Official Bible 13112: 13108: 13103: 13091: 13009: 12941: 12886: 12856:Petrine primacy 12799: 12795: 12790: 12782: 12754: 12752:Catholic Church 12749: 12719: 12714: 12702: 12692: 12690: 12682: 12604:World Youth Day 12582: 12571:World Youth Day 12515:Pacem in terris 12509:Pope John XXIII 12448: 12375: 12366:Edict of Nantes 12324: 12320: 12310: 12276:Teresa of Ávila 12271:Tridentine Mass 12207: 12203: 12194: 12175:Knights Templar 12129: 12031: 11987:Gregorian chant 11945: 11871: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11852: 11840: 11767: 11636: 11624: 11616: 11483: 11481:Catholic Church 11474: 11444: 11439: 11427: 11419: 11400:Jean-Luc Marion 11338: 11289:Marcel Lefebvre 11214:Romano Guardini 11169:Joseph Maréchal 11147: 11138:Maurice Blondel 11033:Antonio Rosmini 11028:Luigi Taparelli 11006: 10932:Louis Thomassin 10907:Pierre Gassendi 10890: 10886: 10876: 10827:Teresa of Ávila 10765: 10761: 10752: 10738:Marsilio Ficino 10728:Thomas à Kempis 10718:Devotio Moderna 10691:Johannes Tauler 10686:Meister Eckhart 10656:Dante Alighieri 10631: 10597:Albertus Magnus 10488: 10395: 10341:John Chrysostom 10269: 10265: 10255: 10168:Clement of Rome 10149: 10087: 10078: 10073: 10043: 10038: 10026: 10016: 10014: 10006: 9975:Papal household 9943: 9921: 9915: 9871: 9861: 9847:Sant'Apollinare 9845:Two Palaces of 9841:Russian College 9803: 9793: 9663: 9636:Major basilicas 9615: 9604: 9601: 9598: 9582: 9519: 9496: 9441: 9430: 9427: 9420: 9384: 9380: 9374: 9371: 9360: 9289:Of the Holy See 9284:To the Holy See 9267: 9265:Foreign affairs 9259: 9207: 9177: 9123: 9120: 9117: 9114: 9112:judicial entity 9111: 9104: 8978: 8956:Diocese of Rome 8929: 8924: 8894: 8889: 8877: 8867: 8865: 8857: 8826:Canonised popes 8756: 8747:Cappella Giulia 8674: 8638:Papal majordomo 8600: 8574: 8477: 8384: 8331: 8283: 8222: 8214: 8187:Major basilicas 8181: 8123: 8078: 8070: 8052:Diocese of Rome 8027: 8010: 7993: 7988: 7958: 7953: 7917: 7900:(1929–present) 7854: 7848: 7802:Tusculan Papacy 7794: 7788: 7769:Frankish Papacy 7734: 7718: 7532: 7246: 6845: 6549: 6343: 6276: 6274:Catholic Church 6267: 6226:Ullmann, Walter 6219: 6189:(London, 1979). 6134: 6114: 6096: 6069:Schatz, Klaus. 6063: 6023: 6001: 5969: 5934: 5893: 5885:. Basic Books. 5849: 5799: 5797:Further reading 5794: 5789:Wayback Machine 5780: 5776: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5571: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5494: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5377: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5349: 5344: 5340: 5327: 5323: 5310: 5306: 5291: 5287: 5275: 5271: 5252: 5245: 5226: 5222: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5169: 5167: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5135: 5131: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5002: 4998: 4979: 4975: 4969:Wayback Machine 4959: 4955: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4922: 4920: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4899:Roger Collins, 4898: 4894: 4890: 4857: 4850: 4847: 4635:Pope John XXIII 4619:Pope John XXIII 4586:Pope John XXIII 4571: 4565: 4545: 4537:Main articles: 4535: 4501:Reichskonkordat 4493:Reichskonkordat 4482:Franz von Papen 4417:Pietro Gasparri 4384:Eugenio Pacelli 4380:Pietro Gasparri 4368: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4299: 4298: 4294:by Michelangelo 4246:Vatican Museums 4241: 4239:Vatican Museums 4231: 4230: 4166:Cappella Giulia 3976:Gregorian Tower 3926: 3918: 3917: 3848:Vatican Library 3843:Vatican Museums 3838: 3828: 3827: 3779: 3771: 3770: 3706: 3696: 3695: 3687: 3669: 3656: 3606: 3596: 3595: 3584:Papal Gentleman 3579:Papal household 3573: 3557: 3518:Diocese of Rome 3501:Catholic Church 3484: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3416: 3336: 3251: 3219: 3209: 3208: 3176: 3143:Doe v. Holy See 3095: 3085: 3084: 3031: 2997:Capture of Rome 2957: 2947: 2920: 2914: 2813:Capture of Rome 2805: 2799: 2794: 2788: 2771: 2766: 2760: 2752:Giovanni Borgia 2744:Lucrezia Borgia 2659:crown-cardinals 2584: 2578: 2573: 2543: 2527: 2520: 2512:Pope Gregory XI 2500:Pope Clement VI 2480: 2462: 2418: 2406:Main articles: 2374: 2293:Walk to Canossa 2278:Pope Clement II 2250: 2244: 2209: 2207:Tusculan Papacy 2197:Main articles: 2195: 2175:Pope Sergius II 2171:Pope Gregory IV 2114:Pope Stephen II 2106: 2104:Frankish Papacy 2100: 1986: 1978:Main articles: 1965: 1932:(498–514) over 1887: 1881: 1876: 1750: 1742:Main articles: 1740: 1688: 1678: 1659: 1654: 1640:, arising from 1565:Tusculan Papacy 1547:Frankish Papacy 1533:about 476, the 1507:Catholic Church 1505:as head of the 1475: 1435: 1425: 1423: 1406: 1405: 1401:by Michelangelo 1353:Vatican Museums 1348: 1346:Vatican Museums 1338: 1337: 1273:Cappella Giulia 1083:Gregorian Tower 1033: 1025: 1024: 955:Vatican Library 950:Vatican Museums 945: 935: 934: 886: 878: 877: 813: 803: 802: 794: 776: 763: 713: 703: 702: 691:Papal Gentleman 686:Papal household 680: 664: 625:Diocese of Rome 608:Catholic Church 591: 581: 580: 575: 563: 551: 523: 443: 358: 326: 316: 315: 283: 250:Doe v. Holy See 202: 192: 191: 138: 104:Capture of Rome 64: 54: 27: 12: 11: 5: 14831: 14821: 14820: 14815: 14798: 14797: 14795: 14794: 14784: 14771: 14768: 14767: 14765: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14746: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14704: 14702: 14696: 14695: 14693: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14675:Legion of Mary 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14626: 14625: 14624: 14623: 14613: 14612: 14611: 14604:Lay Carmelites 14601: 14591: 14590: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14563: 14561: 14553: 14552: 14550: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14452:Conceptionists 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14387:Assumptionists 14383: 14381: 14366: 14365: 14363: 14362: 14355: 14348: 14341: 14338: 14337: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14316: 14310: 14308: 14302: 14301: 14299: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14254: 14253: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14232: 14231: 14220: 14218: 14212: 14211: 14208: 14207: 14205: 14204: 14203: 14202: 14201: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14155: 14154: 14153: 14152: 14151: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14110: 14108: 14102: 14101: 14099: 14098: 14097: 14096: 14091: 14089:Syro-Malankara 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14039:Italo-Albanian 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13971: 13965: 13963: 13953: 13952: 13950: 13949: 13948: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13927: 13922: 13921: 13920: 13910: 13909: 13908: 13903: 13893: 13888: 13887: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13857: 13850: 13848: 13842: 13841: 13839: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13822: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13766: 13765: 13764: 13759: 13748: 13746: 13735: 13734: 13732: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13709:Lateran Treaty 13706: 13701: 13696: 13690: 13688: 13682: 13681: 13679: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13667: 13666: 13656: 13655: 13654: 13649: 13635: 13630: 13621: 13619: 13604: 13578: 13577: 13575: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13528: 13527: 13522: 13511: 13509: 13503: 13502: 13500: 13499: 13498: 13497: 13492: 13482: 13481: 13480: 13470: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13445:Moral theology 13442: 13436: 13434: 13428: 13427: 13424: 13423: 13421: 13420: 13415: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13371: 13369: 13363: 13362: 13360: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13348: 13347: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13316: 13314: 13308: 13307: 13305: 13304: 13299: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13275: 13270: 13269: 13268: 13263: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13235: 13233: 13227: 13226: 13224: 13223: 13218: 13217: 13216: 13209: 13204: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13145: 13144: 13139: 13128: 13126: 13119: 13097: 13096: 13093: 13092: 13090: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13043: 13042: 13041: 13040: 13030: 13019: 13017: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12960:Pope Gregory I 12957: 12951: 12949: 12943: 12942: 12940: 12939: 12934: 12932:Biblical canon 12929: 12927:Late antiquity 12924: 12923: 12922: 12917: 12907: 12902: 12896: 12894: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12884: 12883: 12882: 12872: 12871: 12870: 12863:Church fathers 12860: 12859: 12858: 12853: 12843: 12842: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12815: 12813: 12804: 12797:Ecclesiastical 12784: 12783: 12781: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12759: 12756: 12755: 12748: 12747: 12740: 12733: 12725: 12716: 12715: 12713: 12712: 12700: 12687: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12652: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12601: 12596: 12590: 12588: 12584: 12583: 12581: 12580: 12579: 12578: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12511: 12506: 12499: 12494: 12492:Lateran Treaty 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12458: 12456: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12446: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12383: 12381: 12377: 12376: 12374: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12327: 12325: 12317:Baroque period 12315: 12312: 12311: 12309: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12286:Peter Canisius 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12261:Francis Xavier 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12225:Exsurge Domine 12221: 12216: 12210: 12208: 12199: 12196: 12195: 12193: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12165:Pope Clement V 12162: 12161: 12160: 12158:Avignon Papacy 12153:Western Schism 12150: 12145: 12143:Thomas Aquinas 12139: 12137: 12131: 12130: 12128: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12041: 12039: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11997:Saint Boniface 11994: 11989: 11984: 11982:Pope Gregory I 11979: 11974: 11969: 11963: 11961: 11955: 11954: 11951: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11944: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11921:Biblical canon 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11887: 11886: 11875: 11873: 11854: 11850:Late antiquity 11842: 11841: 11839: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11817: 11816: 11811: 11810: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11797:Pope Clement I 11787:Church Fathers 11784: 11778: 11776: 11769: 11768: 11766: 11765: 11764: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11712: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11670: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11643: 11641: 11626: 11618: 11617: 11615: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11587: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11556: 11555: 11550: 11548:Biblical canon 11543:Catholic Bible 11540: 11539: 11538: 11528: 11527: 11526: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11505: 11504: 11493: 11491: 11485: 11484: 11473: 11472: 11465: 11458: 11450: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11437: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11346: 11344: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11229:Henri de Lubac 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11204:Gabriel Marcel 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11184:Étienne Gilson 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11155: 11153: 11149: 11148: 11146: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11133:George Tyrrell 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11093:Émile Boutroux 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11073:Giuseppe Pecci 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11014: 11012: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10922:António Vieira 10919: 10914: 10912:René Descartes 10909: 10904: 10899: 10893: 10891: 10883:Baroque period 10881: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10847:Luis de Molina 10844: 10842:Peter Canisius 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10822:Francis Xavier 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10777:Thomas Cajetan 10774: 10768: 10766: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10708:Heinrich Seuse 10705: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10642: 10640: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10612:Thomas Aquinas 10609: 10607:Henry of Ghent 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10552:Anselm of Laon 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10498: 10496: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10474:Rabanus Maurus 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10405: 10403: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10393: 10391:Pope Gregory I 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10272: 10270: 10267:Pope Gregory I 10260: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10199: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10159: 10157: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10147: 10142: 10141: 10140: 10138:Biblical canon 10135: 10128:Catholic Bible 10125: 10120: 10119: 10118: 10108: 10107: 10106: 10095: 10093: 10089: 10088: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10072: 10071: 10064: 10057: 10049: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10036: 10024: 10011: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10004: 9999: 9998: 9997: 9992: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9959: 9957: 9953: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9925: 9923: 9914: 9913: 9904: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9893: 9887: 9884: 9875: 9873: 9867: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9849: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9825: 9820: 9814: 9810:Palace of the 9807: 9805: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9703: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9676:Lateran Palace 9672: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9640: 9638: 9628: 9627: 9619: 9608: 9605:territoriality 9592: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9529: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9517: 9512: 9506: 9504: 9498: 9497: 9495: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9467:Velletri-Segni 9464: 9458: 9456: 9447: 9426:Ecclesiastical 9422: 9421: 9419: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9402: 9400: 9391: 9382:full communion 9366: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9334: 9333: 9332: 9325:European Union 9322: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9318: 9306:United Nations 9303: 9298: 9297: 9296: 9286: 9281: 9275: 9273: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9228: 9217: 9215: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9201:Papal conclave 9193: 9187: 9185: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9158: 9156:Pietro Parolin 9150: 9141: 9139: 9130: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9091: 9090: 9088:Lateran Treaty 9080: 9075: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9057: 9056: 9054:Temporal power 9046: 9044:Avignon Papacy 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9017:Lateran Palace 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8988: 8986: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8967: 8958: 8934: 8931: 8930: 8923: 8922: 8915: 8908: 8900: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8875: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8853: 8851:Western Schism 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8809:Major Seminary 8801: 8800: 8799: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8768:Papal nobility 8764: 8762: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8721: 8720: 8710: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8630: 8625: 8616: 8610: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8582: 8580: 8579:Transportation 8576: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8555: 8553:Sub-cinctorium 8550: 8549: 8548: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8487: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8426: 8425: 8424: 8417: 8405: 8404: 8403: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8350: 8345: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8312:Keys of Heaven 8309: 8304: 8299: 8293: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8239:Bishop of Rome 8236: 8230: 8228: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8191: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8179: 8169: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8159:Sistine Chapel 8156: 8146: 8139: 8137: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8121: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8107:Lateran Treaty 8090: 8088: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8035: 8033: 8030:Full communion 8018: 8012: 8011: 7998: 7995: 7994: 7987: 7986: 7979: 7972: 7964: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7939: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7907: 7895: 7892:Roman Question 7889: 7883: 7882:(c. 1640–1740) 7877: 7874:Baroque Papacy 7871: 7865: 7858: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7843:Western Schism 7840: 7837:Avignon Papacy 7834: 7833: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7811: 7805: 7798: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7783:Crescentii era 7780: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7739: 7737: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7589:Alexander VIII 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6972:Anastasius III 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6304: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6266: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6223: 6217: 6204: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6158:(Brill, 2016) 6152: 6145: 6138: 6132: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6061: 6046: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6005: 5999: 5984: 5973: 5967: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5932: 5917: 5913:(2 vol, 2002) 5907: 5897: 5891: 5874: 5864: 5853: 5847: 5834: 5817: 5809:Aradi, Zsolt. 5807: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5774: 5760: 5751: 5742: 5733: 5724: 5720:Eastern Europe 5711: 5702: 5693: 5684: 5672: 5663: 5654: 5638: 5629: 5617: 5608: 5599: 5587: 5578: 5569: 5555: 5546: 5537: 5528: 5519: 5510: 5501: 5492: 5479: 5470: 5468:Schmidlin 414. 5461: 5459:Schmidlin 413. 5452: 5450:Schmidlin 409. 5443: 5441:Schmidlin 109. 5434: 5432:Schmidlin 119. 5425: 5416: 5407: 5398: 5389: 5375: 5359: 5347: 5338: 5321: 5304: 5285: 5269: 5243: 5220: 5197: 5185: 5176: 5151: 5142: 5129: 5113: 5099: 5090: 5078: 5060: 5042: 5039:on 2014-09-06. 5024: 5016: 4996: 4973: 4953: 4929: 4905: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4846: 4843: 4791:indifferentism 4738:Pope Adrian VI 4564: 4561: 4534: 4531: 4444:Lateran Treaty 4436:Lateran Treaty 4421:Lateran Palace 4407:Prime Minister 4399:Roman Question 4370: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4326: 4314: 4309: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4288: 4283: 4281:Sistine Chapel 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4186:Circus of Nero 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4026:Lateran Palace 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3850: 3845: 3839: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3813: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3707: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3646: 3644:Paul Gallagher 3635: 3634: 3633: 3631:Lateran Treaty 3623: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3535:Papal conclave 3532: 3527: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3485: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3439: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3344: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3334:Pietro Parolin 3328: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3277: 3269: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3231: 3226: 3220: 3215: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3174: 3169: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3138: 3124: 3122:Lateran Treaty 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3096: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3025: 3022:Lateran Treaty 3019: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3010:Roman Question 3006:" (1870–1929) 3000: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2971: 2965: 2958: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2931: 2930: 2913: 2910: 2803:Roman Question 2801:Main article: 2798: 2795: 2790:Main article: 2787: 2784: 2770: 2767: 2762:Main article: 2759: 2756: 2748:Gioffre Borgia 2682:Pope Julius II 2626:papal conclave 2580:Main article: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2541:Western Schism 2539:Main article: 2519: 2516: 2492:Pope John XXII 2488:Pope Clement V 2478:Avignon Papacy 2476:Main article: 2461: 2458: 2422:bishop of Rome 2416:Perugia Papacy 2412:Orvieto Papacy 2408:Viterbo Papacy 2402: 2401: 2398:...and Orvieto 2391: 2373: 2370: 2366:papal conclave 2246:Main article: 2243: 2240: 2194: 2191: 2167:Pope Eugene II 2158:at Paderborn. 2102:Main article: 2099: 2096: 2065:Pope Gregory I 2051:bishop of Rome 1964: 1961: 1953:Pope Silverius 1930:Pope Symmachus 1883:Main article: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1846:Lateran Palace 1816:Constantinople 1796:Edict of Milan 1739: 1736: 1710:Church Fathers 1706:Pope Clement I 1674:Main article: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1638:Roman Question 1607:Western Schism 1523:temporal power 1477: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1459: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1433: 1421: 1416: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1395: 1390: 1388:Sistine Chapel 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1293:Circus of Nero 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1133:Lateran Palace 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 968: 967: 957: 952: 946: 941: 940: 937: 936: 933: 932: 931: 930: 920: 910: 905: 900: 899: 898: 887: 884: 883: 880: 879: 876: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 814: 809: 808: 805: 804: 801: 800: 793: 792: 787: 782: 775: 774: 769: 762: 761: 760: 759: 753: 751:Paul Gallagher 742: 741: 740: 738:Lateran Treaty 730: 725: 720: 714: 709: 708: 705: 704: 701: 700: 695: 694: 693: 683: 682: 681: 679: 678: 673: 668: 659: 654: 653: 652: 642:Papal conclave 639: 634: 633: 632: 627: 617: 616: 615: 605: 604: 603: 592: 587: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 577: 576: 573: 566: 565: 564: 561: 554: 553: 552: 546: 539: 534: 533: 532: 527: 512: 511: 510: 500: 499: 498: 488: 487: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 451: 446: 445: 444: 441:Pietro Parolin 435: 428: 427: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 384: 376: 366: 365: 364: 359: 350: 348: 338: 333: 327: 322: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 292: 291: 281: 276: 266: 261: 256: 255: 254: 245: 231: 229:Lateran Treaty 226: 221: 216: 211: 203: 198: 197: 194: 193: 190: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 153: 152: 147: 132: 129:Lateran Treaty 126: 125: 124: 119: 117:Roman Question 113:" (1870–1929) 107: 101: 100: 99: 94: 89: 78: 72: 65: 60: 59: 56: 55: 50: 47: 46: 38: 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14830: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14810: 14808: 14793: 14785: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14772: 14769: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14747: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14723:Home Missions 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14705: 14703: 14701: 14697: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14622: 14619: 14618: 14617: 14616:Saint Francis 14614: 14610: 14607: 14606: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14599:Saint Dominic 14597: 14596: 14595: 14592: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14569: 14568: 14565: 14564: 14562: 14560: 14554: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14412:Bethlehemites 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14384: 14382: 14380: 14376: 14371: 14367: 14361: 14360: 14356: 14354: 14353: 14349: 14347: 14346: 14342: 14339: 14335: 14334:Vatican Radio 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14321: 14320: 14319:Vatican Media 14317: 14315: 14312: 14311: 14309: 14307: 14303: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14252: 14249: 14248: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14230: 14227: 14226: 14225: 14222: 14221: 14219: 14217: 14213: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14180: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14160: 14159: 14156: 14150: 14147: 14146: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14116: 14115: 14112: 14111: 14109: 14107: 14103: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13976: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13966: 13964: 13962: 13958: 13954: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13932: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13919: 13916: 13915: 13914: 13911: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13898: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13866: 13863: 13862: 13861: 13858: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13849: 13847: 13843: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13771: 13770: 13767: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13754: 13753: 13750: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13740: 13736: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13691: 13689: 13687: 13683: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13665: 13662: 13661: 13660: 13657: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13644: 13643: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13623: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13616:List of popes 13612: 13608: 13605: 13602: 13598: 13594: 13590: 13586: 13579: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13517: 13516: 13513: 13512: 13510: 13508: 13504: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13487: 13486: 13483: 13479: 13476: 13475: 13474: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13437: 13435: 13433: 13429: 13419: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13400:Mother of God 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13372: 13370: 13368: 13364: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13346: 13343: 13342: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13317: 13315: 13313: 13309: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13297: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13285:People of God 13283: 13281: 13280: 13276: 13274: 13273:Infallibility 13271: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13258: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13241: 13237: 13236: 13234: 13232: 13228: 13222: 13219: 13215: 13214: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13199: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13149:Body and soul 13147: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13134: 13133: 13130: 13129: 13127: 13123: 13120: 13117: 13116: 13111: 13107: 13102: 13098: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13052:Enlightenment 13050: 13048: 13045: 13039: 13036: 13035: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13025: 13024: 13023:Protestantism 13021: 13020: 13018: 13016: 13012: 13006: 13003: 13001: 13000:Scholasticism 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12985:Schism (1378) 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12970:Schism (1054) 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12948: 12944: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12912: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12897: 12895: 12893: 12889: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12876: 12873: 12869: 12866: 12865: 12864: 12861: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12848: 12847: 12844: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12821: 12820: 12817: 12816: 12814: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12802: 12798: 12794: 12789: 12785: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12760: 12757: 12753: 12746: 12741: 12739: 12734: 12732: 12727: 12726: 12723: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12699: 12689: 12688: 12685: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12668: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12606: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12591: 12589: 12585: 12577: 12574: 12573: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12551:Mother Teresa 12549: 12547: 12544: 12541: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12516: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12504: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12477:Pope Pius XII 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12455: 12451: 12445: 12444: 12443:Rerum novarum 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12427:Pope Leo XIII 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12397:United States 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12387:Pope Pius VII 12385: 12384: 12382: 12378: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12226: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12202: 12197: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12159: 12156: 12155: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12140: 12138: 12136: 12132: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12070:Scholasticism 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12045:Pope Urban II 12043: 12042: 12040: 12038: 12034: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11956: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11885: 11882: 11881: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11870: 11862: 11858: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11821:Justin Martyr 11819: 11815: 11812: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11793: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11770: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11733: 11732: 11731:New Testament 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11694:Commissioning 11692: 11691: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11649: 11648: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11638:Apostolic Age 11634: 11630: 11627: 11623: 11619: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11582: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11545: 11544: 11541: 11537: 11534: 11533: 11532: 11529: 11525: 11524:Papal primacy 11522: 11521: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11503: 11500: 11499: 11498: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11490: 11486: 11482: 11478: 11471: 11466: 11464: 11459: 11457: 11452: 11451: 11448: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11425: 11422: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11410:Aidan Nichols 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11390:Michał Heller 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11380:Walter Kasper 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11341: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11309:Thomas Merton 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11279:Jean Daniélou 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11156: 11154: 11150: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11018:Joseph Görres 11016: 11015: 11013: 11009: 11003: 11002:Bruno Lanteri 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10957:Blaise Pascal 10955: 10952: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10852: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10817:John of Ávila 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10760: 10755: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10703: 10699: 10697: 10696:Walter Hilton 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10666:Richard Rolle 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10634: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10547:Peter Lombard 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10532:Peter Abelard 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10495: 10491: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10424:Monothelitism 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10414:John Climacus 10412: 10410: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10402: 10398: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10301:Monophysitism 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10221: 10217: 10215: 10214:Justin Martyr 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10200: 10198: 10197: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10180: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10156: 10152: 10146: 10143: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10130: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10117: 10116:Papal primacy 10114: 10113: 10112: 10109: 10105: 10102: 10101: 10100: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10081: 10077: 10070: 10065: 10063: 10058: 10056: 10051: 10050: 10047: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10023: 10013: 10012: 10009: 10003: 10000: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9980:Peter's Pence 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9965: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9954: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9918: 9912: 9908: 9907:Vatican Radio 9905: 9903: 9899: 9894: 9892: 9888: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9868: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9848: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9815: 9813: 9812:Holy Apostles 9809: 9808: 9806: 9800: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9774: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9670: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9633: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9612: 9609: 9606: 9597: 9593: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9538:Anagni-Alatri 9536: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9526: 9522: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9505: 9503: 9499: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9451: 9448: 9444: 9439: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9395: 9392: 9388: 9387:Papal primacy 9383: 9379: 9373: 9367: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9350: 9347: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9338: 9335: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9323: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9266: 9262: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9248:Congregations 9246: 9244: 9241: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9210: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9180: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9134: 9131: 9127: 9122: 9119:international 9113: 9107: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9073: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9029:Duchy of Rome 9027: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8992:Apostolic see 8990: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8981: 8975: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8946: 8942: 8941:episcopal see 8939: 8936: 8935: 8932: 8928: 8921: 8916: 8914: 8909: 8907: 8902: 8901: 8898: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8874: 8864: 8863: 8860: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8805: 8802: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8775: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8759: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8730:Congregations 8728: 8726: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8677: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8422: 8418: 8415: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8387: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8343:Infallibility 8341: 8340: 8338: 8336:Proclamations 8334: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8297:Coats of arms 8295: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8221: 8217: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8147: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8120: 8117: 8113: 8108: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8082: 8077: 8073: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8026: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7996: 7992: 7985: 7980: 7978: 7973: 7971: 7966: 7965: 7962: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7928: 7927: 7924: 7911: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7851: 7844: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7793:High and Late 7791: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7721: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7609:Benedict XIII 7607: 7605: 7604:Innocent XIII 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7569:Alexander VII 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7438:Innocent VIII 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7418:Callixtus III 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7338:Boniface VIII 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7237:Celestine III 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7212:Alexander III 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7202:Anastasius IV 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7102:Sylvester III 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7087:Benedict VIII 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6611:Anastasius II 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6340: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6327:Pope emeritus 6325: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6285:List of popes 6283: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6259: 6257: 6252: 6250: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6116: 6115: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5906: 5905:online review 5902: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5883: 5882: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5833: 5832:9780198807001 5829: 5825: 5823: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5764: 5755: 5746: 5737: 5728: 5721: 5715: 5706: 5697: 5688: 5679: 5677: 5667: 5658: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5633: 5627: 5626:Humanae Vitae 5621: 5612: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5582: 5573: 5566: 5565: 5559: 5550: 5541: 5532: 5526:Volk, p. 254. 5523: 5514: 5505: 5496: 5489: 5483: 5474: 5465: 5456: 5447: 5438: 5429: 5420: 5411: 5402: 5393: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5354: 5352: 5342: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5265: 5264: 5258: 5250: 5248: 5239: 5238: 5232: 5224: 5216: 5215: 5209: 5201: 5192: 5190: 5180: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5146: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5126:0-415-31937-4 5123: 5117: 5109: 5103: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5019: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5000: 4992: 4991: 4985: 4977: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4957: 4949: 4948:Paragraph 881 4945: 4941: 4940: 4933: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4892: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4877:Papal Zouaves 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4867:List of popes 4865: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4849: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4817: 4813: 4811: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4793:, hedonistic 4792: 4788: 4784: 4783:Pope Pius XII 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4714:for Paul VI. 4713: 4709: 4708:beatification 4705: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4656:Humanae Vitae 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4624:Nostra aetate 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4388:Pope Pius XII 4385: 4381: 4377: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4353: 4351: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4266:Raphael Rooms 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4235: 4234: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4181:Casina Pio IV 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 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2829: 2824: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2793: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2775:Pope Sixtus V 2765: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2740:Cesare Borgia 2737: 2733: 2729: 2726:According to 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2712:Inter caetera 2708: 2704: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2614:Pope Martin V 2607: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2568: 2566: 2565:Pope Martin V 2561: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2471: 2466: 2457: 2455: 2452:According to 2450: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2396: 2392: 2388:in Viterbo... 2387: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2341:First Crusade 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2321:Pope Urban II 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217:Pope John XII 2214: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2183:his son Louis 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2081:Duchy of Rome 2077: 2075: 2070: 2069:papal primacy 2066: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2055:monotheletism 2052: 2048: 2047:Pope Martin I 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1960: 1958: 1957:Pope Vigilius 1954: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1855: 1854:Aula Palatina 1851: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1786:and the text 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776:Constantine I 1769: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1683: 1677: 1670: 1669: 1663: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1601:, and lastly 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1563:era, and the 1562: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1493:According to 1488: 1483: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1373:Raphael Rooms 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1288:Casina Pio IV 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 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8016:Jurisdiction 7946: 7934: 7904:World War II 7898:Vatican City 7774: 7745:(until 493) 7723: 7709:Benedict XVI 7704:John Paul II 7624:Clement XIII 7619:Benedict XIV 7594:Innocent XII 7528:Clement VIII 7503:Gregory XIII 7483:Marcellus II 7443:Alexander VI 7393:Innocent VII 7358:Benedict XII 7313:Nicholas III 7278:Alexander IV 7268:Celestine IV 7258:Honorius III 7242:Innocent III 7227:Gregory VIII 7187:Celestine II 7172:Callixtus II 7142:Alexander II 7067:Sylvester II 7047:Benedict VII 7007:Stephen VIII 6892:Benedict III 6746:Adeodatus II 6691:Boniface III 6545:Anastasius I 6229: 6208: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6121: 6104: 6085: 6077: 6070: 6051: 6040: 6031: 6012: 5989: 5978: 5957: 5948: 5941: 5922: 5910: 5900: 5880: 5867: 5856: 5838: 5820: 5810: 5803: 5777: 5768: 5763: 5754: 5745: 5736: 5727: 5714: 5705: 5696: 5687: 5670:Guitton, 159 5666: 5657: 5632: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5590: 5581: 5572: 5562: 5558: 5549: 5540: 5531: 5522: 5513: 5504: 5495: 5487: 5486:Ludwig Volk 5482: 5473: 5464: 5455: 5446: 5437: 5428: 5419: 5410: 5401: 5392: 5362: 5341: 5324: 5307: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5280: 5277:Durant, Will 5272: 5261: 5235: 5223: 5212: 5200: 5179: 5168:. 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Retrieved 4917: 4908: 4900: 4895: 4872:Papal States 4835:Pope Francis 4828: 4823: 4819:Pope Francis 4807: 4797:, practical 4779: 4772: 4762: 4727: 4712:canonization 4704:Pope Paul VI 4699: 4690: 4681: 4679:Motu Proprio 4675: 4671: 4667: 4631:Pope Paul VI 4629: 4622: 4615:Pope Paul VI 4611:Augustin Bea 4603: 4583: 4557: 4549: 4546: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4490: 4478:Centre Party 4474:Adolf Hitler 4472: 4464: 4441: 4432:Vatican City 4396: 4376:Pope Pius XI 4373: 4291: 4091:Vatican Hill 4031:Leonine City 3909: 3761:Vatican lira 3540: 3506:Latin Church 3413: 3279: 3271: 3180:Pastor Bonus 3179: 3141: 3132: 3099: 3065:Savoyard Era 3028:Vatican City 2974:Papal States 2945:Vatican City 2918:Vatican City 2905: 2899: 2888:Pope Paul VI 2881: 2868: 2866:Pope Pius XI 2855: 2853: 2831: 2826: 2820:Pope Pius IX 2817: 2772: 2736:Alexander VI 2725: 2719:most of the 2710: 2699: 2695:Sack of Rome 2678:nation state 2674:Papal States 2671: 2640: 2630: 2611: 2601: 2597: 2562: 2555: 2544: 2528: 2508:Pope Urban V 2481: 2451: 2419: 2386:papal palace 2355: 2354:promulgated 2345: 2337:Seljuk Turks 2305: 2282: 2251: 2236:Theophylacti 2229: 2210: 2164: 2160: 2152:Pope Leo III 2149: 2141:Papal States 2130: 2128:successors. 2122: 2107: 2093: 2086: 2078: 2063: 2044: 2011:apocrisiarii 2009: 1987: 1984:Papal States 1946: 1927: 1890: 1888: 1862: 1858: 1849: 1843: 1820: 1802:, the first 1773: 1757: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1704: 1689: 1666: 1646:Vatican City 1611: 1569: 1554: 1551:Papal States 1529:. After the 1519:Early Church 1515: 1498: 1492: 1398: 1198:Vatican Hill 1138:Leonine City 1016: 868:Vatican lira 647: 613:Latin Church 520: 386: 378: 287:Pastor Bonus 286: 248: 239: 206: 172:Savoyard Era 135:Vatican City 81:Papal States 52:Vatican City 15: 14752:Health care 14738:Pax Christi 14690:Schoenstatt 14655:Sant'Egidio 14487:Legionaries 14467:Franciscans 14442:Cistercians 14437:Carthusians 14392:Annonciades 14251:Altarpieces 14144:West Syriac 14139:East Syriac 14119:Alexandrian 13743:Holy orders 13724:Swiss Guard 13664:Dicasteries 13659:Roman Curia 13557:Evangelists 13515:Holy Family 13450:Personalism 13440:Natural law 13418:Josephology 13352:Holy orders 12990:Inquisition 12947:Middle Ages 12937:Monasticism 12905:Constantine 12829:Crucifixion 12667:Laudato si' 12462:Pope Pius X 12291:Philip Neri 12266:Pope Pius V 12241:Thomas More 12110:Inquisition 12012:Charlemagne 11972:Monasticism 11782:Persecution 11674:Holy Spirit 11657:Crucifixion 11536:First seven 11405:Tomáš Halík 11329:Jean Vanier 11314:René Girard 11299:Alfred Delp 11264:Yves Congar 11259:Karl Rahner 11234:Dorothy Day 11219:Edith Stein 11189:Ronald Knox 10787:John Fisher 10782:Thomas More 10759:Reformation 10651:Duns Scotus 10646:Ramon Llull 10639:and reforms 10627:Roger Bacon 10592:Bonaventure 10502:Roscellinus 10291:Pelagianism 10262:Constantine 10085:Key figures 10002:Swiss Guard 9749:Palazzo Pio 9253:Dicasteries 9231:Commissions 9221:Roman Curia 9100:Warsaw Pact 8816:Swiss Guard 8735:Dicasteries 8713:Commissions 8703:Roman Curia 8623:Swiss Guard 8396:Arbitration 8225:Papal names 8114:along with 7912:(1945–1991) 7906:(1939–1945) 7894:(1870–1929) 7888:(1775–1848) 7876:(1585–1689) 7870:(1534–1585) 7864:(1417–1534) 7845:(1378–1417) 7839:(1309–1378) 7831:, 1228–1304 7825:, 1262–1297 7819:, 1257–1281 7810:(1048–1257) 7795:Middle Ages 7735:Middle Ages 7699:John Paul I 7674:Benedict XV 7654:Gregory XVI 7629:Clement XIV 7614:Clement XII 7584:Innocent XI 7523:Innocent IX 7518:Gregory XIV 7468:Clement VII 7398:Gregory XII 7388:Boniface IX 7368:Innocent VI 7343:Benedict XI 7333:Celestine V 7328:Nicholas IV 7323:Honorius IV 7273:Innocent IV 7232:Clement III 7182:Innocent II 7177:Honorius II 7167:Gelasius II 7147:Gregory VII 7137:Nicholas II 7097:Benedict IX 7042:Benedict VI 7017:Agapetus II 6992:Stephen VII 6967:Sergius III 6957:Benedict IV 6947:Theodore II 6932:Boniface VI 6831:Stephen III 6811:Gregory III 6801:Constantine 6766:Benedict II 6701:Adeodatus I 6696:Boniface IV 6676:Pelagius II 6636:Boniface II 6576:Celestine I 6515:Sylvester I 6500:Marcellus I 6495:Marcellinus 6430:Callixtus I 6415:Eleutherius 6390:Telesphorus 6380:Alexander I 6302:Papal names 5652:Graham, 76. 5295:Foundations 5069:"Dionysius" 4799:materialism 4795:consumerism 4746:Lech Wałęsa 4724:(1978–2005) 4696:Paolo Dezza 4686:Roman Curia 4684:opened the 4651:Vietnam War 4592:. The 21st 4588:opened the 4527:Palm Sunday 4521:instead of 4486:Ludwig Kaas 4460:Catholicism 4071:Scala Regia 4046:Papal tombs 3816:Papal tiara 3683:Visa policy 3523:Roman Curia 3440:President: 3401:Noble Guard 2976:(754–1870) 2728:Eamon Duffy 2687:indulgences 2663:Renaissance 2639:. The word 2547:Clement VII 2510:(1362–70), 2506:(1352–62), 2502:(1342–52), 2498:(1334–42), 2494:(1316–34), 2490:(1305–14), 2454:Eamon Duffy 2442:Roman Curia 2346:Unlike the 2225:Will Durant 2156:Charlemagne 2028:Justinian I 1972:Justinian I 1959:(537–555). 1951:pro-Gothic 1925:(537–752). 1915:Justinian I 1831:Sylvester I 1714:Philippians 1487:Saint Peter 1178:Scala Regia 1153:Papal tombs 923:Papal tiara 790:Visa policy 630:Roman Curia 547:President: 508:Noble Guard 83:(754–1870) 14807:Categories 14507:Oratorians 14462:Dominicans 14432:Carmelites 14427:Camillians 14375:institutes 14188:Tridentine 14124:Antiochian 14044:Macedonian 13989:Belarusian 13879:Provincial 13794:Archbishop 13714:Roman Rota 13676:Properties 13601:By country 13597:Precedence 13562:Confessors 13542:Archangels 13532:Patriarchs 13432:Philosophy 13410:Veneration 13375:Assumption 13345:Last rites 13312:Sacraments 13256:Four marks 13067:Vatican II 13015:Modern era 12851:Succession 12540:coronation 12246:Pope Leo X 11831:Tertullian 11761:Revelation 11736:Background 11415:Scott Hahn 10792:Johann Eck 10444:Iconoclasm 10376:Pope Leo I 10236:Tertullian 9985:Roman Rota 9883:Papal farm 9816:Palace of 9708:Hill area 9596:Properties 9482:Palestrina 9354:Concordats 9213:Government 9183:Governance 8670:Theologian 8614:Camerlengo 8586:Popemobile 8446:Consistory 8441:Coronation 8414:Pontifical 8401:Deposition 8389:Activities 8365:Encyclical 8327:Umbraculum 8000:Episcopate 7855:Modern Era 7785:(974–1012) 7689:John XXIII 7599:Clement XI 7574:Clement IX 7564:Innocent X 7559:Urban VIII 7554:Gregory XV 7478:Julius III 7413:Nicholas V 7378:Gregory XI 7363:Clement VI 7298:Innocent V 7288:Clement IV 7263:Gregory IX 7217:Lucius III 7197:Eugene III 7162:Paschal II 7152:Victor III 7132:Stephen IX 7117:Damasus II 7112:Clement II 7107:Gregory VI 7082:Sergius IV 7077:John XVIII 7027:Benedict V 7012:Marinus II 6937:Stephen VI 6917:Adrian III 6897:Nicholas I 6882:Sergius II 6877:Gregory IV 6857:Stephen IV 6821:Stephen II 6806:Gregory II 6726:Theodore I 6711:Honorius I 6706:Boniface V 6671:Benedict I 6661:Pelagius I 6646:Agapetus I 6606:Gelasius I 6596:Simplicius 6581:Sixtus III 6571:Boniface I 6561:Innocent I 6425:Zephyrinus 6339:Pope-elect 6315:non-extant 6078:The Papacy 5770:Anni sacri 5301:(1): 5–21. 5170:2014-07-22 5088:, Chadwick 4923:2023-01-14 4888:References 4787:secularism 4769:capitalism 4750:Solidarity 4744:homeland. 4664:John XXIII 4647:Vatican II 4639:Protestant 4452:neutrality 4126:Sala Regia 3616:Concordats 3494:Popemobile 3414:Camerlengo 2879:John XXIII 2828:successor. 2591:Pope Leo X 2472:in Avignon 2333:Byzantines 2203:Crescentii 2059:iconoclasm 1919:Gothic War 1864:Pope Leo I 1756:Raphael's 1561:Crescentii 1233:Sala Regia 723:Concordats 601:Popemobile 521:Camerlengo 14748:See also: 14700:Charities 14609:Discalced 14537:Trappists 14532:Theatines 14502:Olivetans 14447:Clarisses 14417:Blue nuns 14402:Basilians 14379:societies 14287:See also: 14173:Mozarabic 14163:Ambrosian 14149:Malankara 14134:Byzantine 14094:Ukrainian 14069:Ruthenian 14034:Hungarian 14019:Ethiopian 13994:Bulgarian 13961:sui iuris 13945:Postulant 13854:Religious 13809:Auxiliary 13804:Coadjutor 13774:Patriarch 13642:Cardinals 13589:Canon law 13585:Hierarchy 13567:Disciples 13490:Relations 13478:Evolution 13469:See also: 13414:See also: 13367:Mariology 13357:Matrimony 13330:Eucharist 13251:Ecumenism 13179:Salvation 13115:Catechism 13110:Tradition 13072:Communism 12920:Chalcedon 12556:Communism 12526:Ecumenism 11872:(380–451) 11864:(180–451) 11853:(313–476) 11775:(100–325) 11319:Hans Küng 11108:Léon Bloy 11098:Modernism 10951:Jansenism 10637:Mysticism 10231:Montanism 9891:Barberini 9706:Gianicolo 9600:including 9434:Vicariate 9378:universal 9316:in Geneva 9161:Cardinals 9137:Officials 9110:Sovereign 8938:Apostolic 8691:cardinals 8645:Gentlemen 8633:Palatinus 8619:Commander 8606:Household 8570:Zucchetto 8511:Flabellum 8483:Vestments 8466:High Mass 8451:Diplomacy 8380:Interdict 7779:(904–964) 7771:(756–857) 7765:(537–752) 7759:(493–537) 7751:(312–337) 7649:Pius VIII 7579:Clement X 7513:Urban VII 7463:Adrian VI 7453:Julius II 7433:Sixtus IV 7408:Eugene IV 7353:John XXII 7348:Clement V 7318:Martin IV 7293:Gregory X 7222:Urban III 7207:Adrian IV 7192:Lucius II 7127:Victor II 7072:John XVII 7062:Gregory V 7037:John XIII 6922:Stephen V 6912:Marinus I 6907:John VIII 6902:Adrian II 6872:Valentine 6867:Eugene II 6862:Paschal I 6796:Sisinnius 6781:Sergius I 6716:Severinus 6681:Gregory I 6651:Silverius 6621:Hormisdas 6616:Symmachus 6601:Felix III 6535:Damasus I 6510:Miltiades 6485:Eutychian 6475:Dionysius 6470:Sixtus II 6465:Stephen I 6455:Cornelius 6375:Evaristus 6370:Clement I 6365:Anacletus 6295:canonised 6290:graphical 6232:. (1960) 4430:A map of 3808:(Vatican 3462:Tribunale 3330:Secretary 3245:President 3239:President 3162:Canon law 2964:(554–751) 2886:in 1961, 2721:New World 2697:in 1527. 2558:Constance 2533:talk page 2187:Lothair I 2118:Pepin III 1948:Theodoric 1911:Theodahad 1907:Athalaric 1812:Damasus I 1698:, namely 915:(Vatican 569:Tribunale 437:Secretary 352:President 346:President 269:Canon law 71:(554–751) 14792:Category 14685:Opus Dei 14670:Scouting 14660:Focolare 14527:Servites 14512:Piarists 14457:Crosiers 14193:Anglican 14129:Armenian 14059:Romanian 14049:Maronite 14024:Georgian 14014:Eritrean 13999:Chaldean 13984:Armenian 13979:Albanian 13860:Superior 13819:Emeritus 13799:Diocesan 13652:Advisers 13611:Holy See 13537:Prophets 13495:Politics 13266:Catholic 13246:Councils 13101:Theology 12980:Crusades 12915:Nicaea I 12846:Apostles 12824:Ministry 12793:Timeline 12773:Glossary 12566:HIV/AIDS 12060:Crusades 11814:Irenaeus 11807:Ignatius 11802:Polycarp 11652:Ministry 11640:(30–100) 11514:Timeline 10851:Molinism 10429:Ecthesis 10381:Boethius 10286:Arianism 10276:Eusebius 10226:Irenaeus 10190:Polycarp 10104:Timeline 9956:See also 9477:Frascati 9349:Treaties 9243:Councils 9171:Advisers 8927:Holy See 8846:Antipope 8821:Papabile 8725:Councils 8650:Preacher 8628:Chaplain 8546:Slippers 8526:Mozzetta 8429:Conclave 8408:Blessing 8176:cathedra 8094:Enclaved 8025:Holy See 7936:Category 7910:Cold War 7684:Pius XII 7664:Leo XIII 7639:Pius VII 7508:Sixtus V 7473:Paul III 7448:Pius III 7403:Martin V 7383:Urban VI 7308:John XXI 7303:Adrian V 7283:Urban IV 7157:Urban II 7092:John XIX 7052:John XIV 7032:Leo VIII 7022:John XII 6927:Formosus 6836:Adrian I 6791:John VII 6741:Vitalian 6736:Eugene I 6731:Martin I 6686:Sabinian 6666:John III 6656:Vigilius 6631:Felix IV 6591:Hilarius 6540:Siricius 6530:Liberius 6525:Julius I 6505:Eusebius 6460:Lucius I 6420:Victor I 6405:Anicetus 6385:Sixtus I 6322:Antipope 6011:(2011). 5785:Archived 5576:in 1951, 5567:. p. 56. 5371:Nepotism 5164:Archived 4965:Archived 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11553:Vulgate 11489:General 11479:of the 11477:History 10772:Erasmus 10622:Thomism 10361:Orosius 10336:Ambrose 10251:Cyprian 10179:Didache 10133:Vulgate 10092:General 9870:Outside 9578:Viterbo 9515:Subiaco 9372:of Rome 9370:Diocese 9148:Francis 8984:History 8954:of the 8948:Francis 8831:Legends 8797:in Rome 8761:Related 8655:Prefect 8621:of the 8531:Pallium 8491:Camauro 8289:Symbols 8085:outline 8062:History 8057:Primacy 8050:of the 8043:Francis 8002:of the 7829:Perugia 7823:Orvieto 7817:Viterbo 7714:Francis 7694:Paul VI 7679:Pius XI 7659:Pius IX 7644:Leo XII 7634:Pius VI 7493:Pius IV 7488:Paul IV 7428:Paul II 7423:Pius II 7373:Urban V 7057:John XV 7002:Leo VII 6997:John XI 6952:John IX 6942:Romanus 6841:Leo III 6816:Zachary 6786:John VI 6721:John IV 6641:John II 6566:Zosimus 6480:Felix I 6445:Anterus 6440:Pontian 6435:Urban I 6395:Hyginus 6272:of the 5903:(2014) 5813:(1955) 4903:(2009). 4803:atheism 4419:in the 4307:Outline 3836:Culture 3778:Symbols 3704:Economy 3665:Nuncios 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