210:
419:
in the 19th century, Algerian Lingua Franca was heavily gallicised (to the extent that locals are reported having believed that they spoke French when conversing in Lingua Franca with the
Frenchmen, who in turn thought they were speaking Arabic), and this version of the language was spoken into the nineteen hundreds.... Algerian French was indeed a dialect of French, although Lingua Franca certainly had had an influence on it.... Lingua Franca also seems to have affected other languages.
514:
Many aspects of Lingua Franca are still largely up for debate and different scholars have different opinions. That is because Lingua Franca was a primarily oral language, with some accounts of it and examples in literature, but very little by way of real examples of the language in use. That may also
418:
As the use of Lingua Franca spread in the
Mediterranean, dialectal fragmentation emerged, the main difference being more use of Italian and Provençal vocabulary in the Middle East, while Ibero-Romance lexical material dominated in the Maghreb. After France became the dominant power in the latter area
528:
Alternate origins for the term lingua franca include its translation as "free language", perhaps referring to free trade, or a translation from Arabic meaning "Latin language" or "trade language". It has also been translated to mean "Venetician" or "western language" or simply to mean "French
587:
Although written representations of, and/or extra-linguistic comments on, LF come from more than one period and more than one area of the
Mediterranean, the principal documentation of this contact language is circumscribed by the area of the Maghreb in the period between the second half of the
245:
describes Sabir as a "fifteenth century proto-pidgin" and "a relic of the original Lingua Franca, a medieval language used by
Mediterranean traders and by the Crusaders." Operstein and McMahon categorize Sabir and "Lingua Franca" as separate but related languages.
423:, for instance, displayed some remarkable similarities with it, in particular the use of Italian participles as past or perfective markers. It seems reasonable to assume that these similarities have been transmitted through Italian foreigner talk stereotypes.
427:
The similarities contribute to discussions of the classification of Lingua Franca as a language. Although its official classification is that of a pidgin, some scholars adamantly oppose that classification and believe it would be better viewed as an
450:-influenced version of Lingua Franca with the local languages. When English or French ships came to compete with the Portuguese, the crews tried to learn the "broken Portuguese". A process of
691:
521:
Although the language is officially classified as a pidgin, some scholars argue that to be inaccurate and pointing instead toward an interlanguage of
Italian or a
3021:
3681:
899:
Brown, Joshua. 2024. "Digital approaches to multilingual text analysis: the
Dictionnaire de la langue franque and its morphology as hybrid data in the past".
1053:
816:
5950:
3454:
812:
601:
820:
722:
5955:
5461:
5065:
4824:
2981:
798:
4669:
4584:
5693:
4785:
3014:
1092:
439:
604:[History of the Italian Language: Linguistic exchanges in the Mediterranean and the lingua franca] (in Italian). Archived from
3222:
3102:
3007:
4373:
3954:
5945:
3447:
3129:
1543:
857:
641:
588:
sixteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century (Cifoletti 1989, 2004; Camus
Bergareche 1993; Arends 1998; Couto 2002)
1475:
1060:
5930:
5925:
4465:
4104:
1278:
1273:
1217:
1105:
1378:
1268:
209:
5454:
5058:
4817:
4553:
3914:
1493:
3324:
903:(edited by Lorella Viola and Paul Spence). Digital Research in the Arts and Humanities. London: Routledge, pp.213-229.
5686:
4515:
4086:
2332:
959:
930:
915:
893:
716:
4357:
3440:
2392:
987:
Hitchcock, Louise A., and Aren M. Maeir. 2016. "A Pirate's Life for me: The
Maritime culture of the Sea Peoples."
665:
572:
3853:
1680:
1285:
1085:
170:
884:
Brown, Joshua. 2022. "On the
Existence of a Mediterranean Lingua Franca and the Persistence of Language Myths".
3811:
2480:
2381:
17:
2351:
972:
Drusteler, Eric R. 2012. "Speaking in
Tongues: Language and communication in the Early Modern Mediterranean."
5915:
5910:
5447:
5051:
4810:
3231:
3134:
2288:
1966:
200:
5920:
5905:
5679:
5259:
5123:
4938:
3341:
3215:
3107:
390:
was reduced, and Venetian influences can be seen in the dropping of certain vowels and intervocalic stops.
3357:
2415:
1818:
5264:
5090:
5006:
3625:
3200:
3065:
2294:
1263:
1192:
398:
This mixed language was used widely for commerce and diplomacy and was also current among slaves of the
5940:
5352:
5001:
3060:
3055:
2577:
2149:
1584:
1142:
1078:
792:
605:
442:
that he developed, Lingua Franca was known by Mediterranean sailors including the Portuguese. When the
328:
824:
446:
the seas of Africa, America, Asia and Oceania, they tried to communicate with the natives by mixing a
5935:
5292:
5226:
4446:
4385:
2164:
2076:
1685:
1526:
1241:
1170:
1152:
1135:
1130:
1120:
5879:
461:
The theory is one way of explaining the similarities between most of the European-based pidgins and
438:(1842–1927) was the first scholar to investigate the Lingua Franca systematically. According to the
5594:
4645:
4181:
4175:
4065:
3097:
3050:
2869:
2773:
1646:
1594:
1373:
1321:
194:
5960:
5211:
4169:
4069:
3287:
3282:
3208:
2237:
1828:
1782:
1663:
1636:
1575:
1512:
1458:
1165:
1125:
1048:
1833:
5814:
5763:
5536:
5486:
5399:
5269:
5159:
5154:
5022:
4847:
4163:
4057:
3874:
3319:
2955:
2171:
1589:
1535:
1187:
482:
443:
3261:
1065:
631:
518:
Debated aspects are the language's classification and the origin of the term "lingua franca".
5753:
5722:
5526:
5221:
5136:
4890:
4732:
3246:
2987:
2932:
2738:
2733:
2386:
2364:
2255:
2183:
2006:
1668:
1431:
2651:
1619:
5470:
5074:
4833:
4482:
4395:
3896:
2937:
2711:
2327:
2300:
2226:
2086:
1885:
1813:
1765:
1759:
1722:
1705:
5758:
3329:
2721:
2134:
1202:
772:
602:"Storia della Lingua Italiana: Gli scambi linguistici nel Mediterraneo e la lingua franca"
8:
5854:
5604:
5579:
5546:
5496:
5372:
5114:
3302:
2422:
2314:
2282:
2276:
1897:
1857:
1823:
1651:
1415:
447:
344:
238:
52:
4472:
2685:
2118:
1793:
1727:
491:
4738:
4061:
3403:
3373:
3144:
3075:
2927:
2656:
2512:
2470:
2436:
2430:
2320:
2263:
2220:
2203:
1941:
1934:
1770:
1558:
1499:
1355:
1343:
1222:
1160:
548:
543:
2705:
1197:
186:
5738:
5589:
5584:
5478:
5283:
5146:
5082:
4981:
4973:
4958:
4953:
4547:
4235:
4146:
4020:
3948:
3716:
3383:
3297:
3292:
2884:
2863:
2783:
2743:
2602:
2530:
2524:
2448:
2340:
2250:
2191:
2103:
2061:
1862:
1808:
1614:
1599:
1570:
1553:
1463:
1426:
1395:
1383:
1302:
1290:
1207:
1182:
1176:
1101:
1070:
955:
926:
911:
889:
863:
853:
712:
637:
506:, which literally means "Cape Look and Escape" in Lingua Franca and ancient Italian.
411:
324:
320:
258:
3393:
2726:
1695:
1673:
888:(edited by Karen Bennett and Angelo Cattaneo). London: Routledge, pp. 169–189.
573:"The syntactic structures of Lingua Franca in the Dictionnaire de la langue franque"
522:
339:) in the western Mediterranean area at first, Lingua Franca later came to have more
5804:
5799:
5748:
5743:
5717:
5660:
5655:
5645:
5640:
5627:
5612:
5509:
5406:
5362:
5357:
5344:
5310:
5254:
5246:
5231:
5194:
5164:
4963:
4943:
4918:
4900:
4855:
4492:
3991:
3926:
3398:
3388:
3314:
3277:
3157:
3119:
3112:
3082:
3070:
3030:
2837:
2827:
2812:
2800:
2716:
2665:
2629:
2607:
2594:
2588:
2517:
2506:
2410:
2375:
2359:
2208:
2196:
2129:
2093:
2081:
2049:
1974:
1946:
1919:
1749:
1744:
1732:
1712:
1700:
1641:
1548:
1505:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1400:
1331:
1315:
1212:
1022:
999:
977:
947:
938:
The Lingua Franca in the Levant: Turkish Nautical Terms of Italian and Greek Origin
420:
360:
340:
336:
332:
278:
265:, and it originally referred specifically to the language that was used around the
230:
88:
2612:
2562:
1039:
5849:
5829:
5809:
5650:
5635:
5617:
5554:
5531:
5504:
5413:
5385:
5326:
5236:
5216:
5203:
5180:
5027:
4948:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4913:
4908:
4880:
4872:
4850:
4685:
4619:
4498:
4379:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4092:
3981:
3958:
3908:
3527:
3092:
2921:
2907:
2788:
2690:
2680:
2624:
2475:
2463:
2403:
2398:
2213:
2142:
2124:
2098:
2071:
2001:
1958:
1870:
1851:
1803:
1690:
1656:
1609:
1604:
1326:
1258:
1230:
943:
538:
462:
435:
403:
372:
364:
356:
100:
4744:
2999:
1924:
1056:. It includes articles about the language from various authors and sample texts.
5859:
5834:
5574:
5519:
5032:
4885:
4458:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4292:
4193:
4038:
3985:
3942:
3930:
3902:
3847:
3816:
3515:
3492:
3378:
3309:
3182:
3152:
3087:
2972:
2879:
2874:
2795:
2675:
2637:
2369:
1929:
1875:
1845:
1737:
1421:
1349:
1295:
954:(edited and translated by Glenn G. Gilbert), Cambridge University Press, 1980.
768:
503:
451:
368:
270:
4440:
4286:
3177:
2018:
1026:
867:
5899:
5874:
5794:
5784:
5564:
4323:
4298:
4253:
3657:
3463:
3124:
2914:
2817:
2805:
2537:
2245:
1902:
1840:
1336:
478:
429:
383:
348:
286:
242:
234:
214:
163:
4452:
4329:
3637:
27:
Lingua franca of the Mediterranean Basin between the 11th and 19th centuries
5884:
5768:
5514:
5131:
4391:
3480:
2696:
2556:
1996:
1951:
981:
474:
382:. The infinitive was used for all verb forms and the lexicon was primarily
4657:
4008:
3230:
994:
Lang, George. 1992. "The Literary Settings of Lingua Franca (1300-1830)."
154:
5819:
4791:
4247:
4140:
4117:
3841:
3675:
3421:
2758:
2751:
2488:
2054:
387:
4613:
4428:
2023:
5844:
5824:
5439:
5105:
5043:
4802:
4578:
4537:
4335:
4319:
4014:
3936:
3653:
2066:
2036:
2028:
1984:
1979:
1629:
1388:
1003:
708:, G.Babiniotes, Kentro Lexikologias(Legicology Center) LTD Publications
470:
262:
5671:
847:
274:
4779:
4702:
4635:
4625:
4596:
4531:
4276:
4270:
4213:
4134:
4098:
4032:
4026:
3890:
3870:
3803:
3744:
3734:
3643:
3614:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3521:
3172:
3162:
3045:
2832:
2670:
2012:
1307:
1009:
Operstein, Natalie. 2018. "Inflection in Lingua Franca: from Haedo's
466:
179:
147:
4663:
2458:
5869:
4775:
4754:
4651:
4639:
4572:
4543:
4525:
4434:
4367:
4363:
4341:
4280:
4209:
3975:
3920:
3884:
3880:
3835:
3799:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3728:
3722:
3712:
3705:
3687:
3669:
3663:
3631:
3620:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3550:
3544:
3503:
3499:
3486:
3167:
2617:
2453:
2269:
1717:
1565:
379:
2822:
5421:
5305:
4771:
4750:
4715:
4708:
4629:
4521:
4486:
4315:
4241:
4205:
4197:
4187:
4111:
3793:
3750:
3738:
3699:
3693:
3649:
3610:
3509:
3432:
2441:
2306:
2044:
1468:
1453:
455:
407:
352:
72:
64:
60:
56:
5864:
5789:
5703:
5380:
5095:
4590:
3787:
3781:
3336:
3251:
2643:
1989:
1912:
1892:
1624:
952:
Pidgin and Creole languages: selected essays by Hugo Schuchardt
499:
399:
299:("to know") in most Iberian languages and of Italian and Latin
266:
109:
80:
76:
458:
to be substituted by the languages of the peoples in contact.
5569:
1907:
1880:
908:
Lingua Franca – Histoire d'une langue métisse en Méditerranée
752:
747:
741:
736:
68:
823:(5th ed.). Milwaukee, WI, United States. Archived from
378:
The grammar of the language used aspects from many of its
849:
The elusive case of lingua franca : fact and fiction
498:
Lingua Franca left traces in present Algerian slang and
502:. There are traces even in geographical names, such as
485:. Those languages use forms similar to or derived from
1100:
636:(in German). Cambridge University Press. p. 256.
625:
623:
273:. However, the term "Franks" was actually applied to
1792:
1040:
Dictionnaire de la Langue Franque ou Petit Mauresque
515:
reflect the language's unfixed and changing nature.
3526:
Malay+Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch
319:Based mostly on Northern Italy's languages (mainly
40:
664:
620:
414:in the eastern Mediterranean after the year 1000.
3029:
5897:
4476:
3840:South Sudan local languages
1066:Lingua franca in the Mediterranean (Google book)
289:. Its other name in the Mediterranean area was
5687:
5455:
5059:
4818:
4378:Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch
3448:
3216:
3015:
1086:
410:. Historically, the first to use it were the
300:
294:
213:Map of Europe and the Mediterranean from the
886:Language Dynamics in the Early Modern Period
777:An etymological dictionary of modern English
306:
2982:languages with more than 5 million speakers
566:
564:
440:monogenetic theory of the origin of pidgins
5694:
5680:
5462:
5448:
5066:
5052:
4825:
4811:
3455:
3441:
3223:
3209:
3022:
3008:
2565:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
1093:
1079:
797:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
696:online dictionary, Greek Language Center (
386:, with a Spanish interface. As in Arabic,
3479:Cameroon Pidgin+French+English
821:"Foreword to A Glossary of Lingua Franca"
5951:Languages attested from the 11th century
5469:
5073:
4832:
811:
561:
454:caused the Lingua Franca and Portuguese
208:
5701:
767:
629:
14:
5898:
406:and European renegades in precolonial
5956:Languages extinct in the 19th century
5675:
5443:
5047:
4806:
3436:
3204:
3003:
1074:
845:
570:
412:Genoese and Venetian trading colonies
241:from the 11th to the 19th centuries.
925:, Cambridge University Press, 1989,
706:Lexico tes Neas Hellseenikes Glossas
355:). Lingua Franca also borrowed from
233:, or languages, that were used as a
24:
3508:Hebrew+Aramaic+German+Slavic
3462:
2986:Languages between parentheses are
969:. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
846:Nolan, Joanna (31 December 2019).
684:
25:
5972:
4644:Gallo-Italic languages
4457:Gallo-Italic languages
4056:American Sign Language
3498:English+Chinese+Malay+Tamil
3491:Italian+Spanish+French+Arab
2866:(unknown further classification)
1033:
1015:Dictionnaire de la langue franque
967:The Elusive Case of Lingua Franca
599:
4358:Malay trade and creole languages
3039:Italian languages & dialects
4497:Southeast Asian languages
3854:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic
3514:Chinese+Mongolian+Tibetan
989:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
940:, University of Illinois, 1958.
901:Multilingual Digital Humanities
878:
5424:, extinct as native in Morocco
4464:Hunsrückisch German
3812:English-based creole languages
2990:of the language on their left.
2860:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
839:
805:
761:
657:
593:
13:
1:
3520:Chinese+Tagalog+English
3232:French-based creole languages
633:Understanding Language Change
5946:History of the Mediterranean
4939:South Oran and Figuig Berber
4634:Italian languages
4468:(when Portuguese-influenced)
4461:(when Portuguese-influenced)
4180:Romance languages
4174:Iranian languages
4168:Aramaic languages
4107:(when Portuguese-influenced)
3485:Bengali+Persian+Arabic
753:
742:
735:Franc and (prefix) franco- (
444:Portuguese started exploring
347:elements, especially on the
249:
7:
5931:Extinct languages of Europe
5926:Extinct languages of Africa
5840:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
5560:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
4362:English+Chinese+Tamil
4162:Arabic languages
2857:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
1061:Tales in Sabir from Algeria
1049:A Glossary of Lingua Franca
532:
223:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
115:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
35:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
10:
5977:
4471:Bantu languages
4386:Sri Lankan Malay
2559:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
1585:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
1379:Central−Southern Calabrian
748:
737:
393:
329:Occitano-Romance languages
314:
5777:
5731:
5710:
5626:
5605:Main liturgical languages
5603:
5545:
5495:
5477:
5394:
5373:Main liturgical languages
5371:
5343:
5319:
5291:
5282:
5245:
5202:
5193:
5173:
5145:
5122:
5113:
5104:
5081:
5015:
4994:
4972:
4899:
4871:
4864:
4840:
4763:
4724:
4694:
4678:
4605:
4562:
4507:
4420:
4350:
4307:
4262:
4155:
4126:
4078:
4047:
4000:
3967:
3879:English+Malay+Tamil
3862:
3827:
3536:
3470:
3414:
3366:
3350:
3270:
3239:
3191:
3143:
3038:
2964:
2948:
2899:
2848:
2772:
2576:
2549:
2498:
2350:
2236:
2182:
2163:
2114:
1781:
1534:
1525:
1486:
1366:
1251:
1240:
1151:
1113:
1027:10.1007/s11525-018-9320-8
698:Kentro Hellenikes Glossas
671:Oxford English Dictionary
509:
267:Eastern Mediterranean Sea
193:
177:
161:
145:
140:
130:Official language in
128:
123:
97:
87:
48:
39:
34:
4182:Judaeo-Romance languages
4176:Judaeo-Iranian languages
4066:Philippine Sign Language
3234:and pidgins by continent
1867:North American dialects
1374:Extreme Southern Italian
700:), lemma Franc (Φράγκος
630:McMahon, A.M.S. (1994).
554:
351:(now referred to as the
281:. Later, the meaning of
108:primarily Romance-based
4589:Norwegian+Swedish
4583:Norwegian+Spanish
4577:Norwegian+Russian
4439:Italian languages
4170:Judeo-Aramaic languages
4070:Malaysian Sign Language
3901:Mongolian+Tibetan
1286:Central−Northern Latian
1052:, fifth edition, 2005,
711:. Komvos.edu.gr. 2002.
421:Eritrean Pidgin Italian
41:
5880:Southern Italian Koiné
5815:Judeo-Arabic languages
5764:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
5732:Contemporary languages
5628:Main foreign languages
5537:Tunisian Sign Language
5487:Modern Standard Arabic
5400:Modern Standard Arabic
5345:Main foreign languages
5023:Algerian Sign Language
4477:
4164:Judeo-Arabic languages
4058:Bolivian Sign Language
3875:Chinese Pidgin English
1590:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
936:Henry Romanos Kahane,
694:Lexico Triantaphyllide
483:Chinese Pidgin English
425:
307:
301:
295:
218:
5754:Italian Sign Language
5723:Italian Sign Language
5527:Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
4701:Chinese+English
4595:Swedish+English
4384:Sinhalese+Tamil
3925:Inter-topolects
3889:English+Tagalog
3567:Chinese+Tagalog
2077:Poitevin–Saintongeais
965:Nolan, Joanna. 2020.
779:. London. p. 595
416:
327:) and secondarily on
285:expanded to mean any
275:all Western Europeans
212:
5916:Languages of Tunisia
5911:Languages of Algeria
5778:Historical languages
5547:Historical languages
5497:Vernacular languages
5471:Languages of Tunisia
5265:Eastern Middle Atlas
5075:Languages of Morocco
4834:Languages of Algeria
4571:Danish+English
4441:Macaronic Portuguese
4396:North Moluccan Malay
4287:Macaronic Portuguese
3953:Malay+Javanese
3682:Manglish (Malayalam)
1886:St. Marys Bay French
1410:Neapolitan–Calabrese
982:10.1093/pastj/gts023
571:Operstein, Natalie.
293:, a term cognate of
271:language of commerce
5921:Languages of Sicily
5906:Pidgins and creoles
5580:Phoenician language
5420:Formerly native to
4453:Dekasegi Portuguese
4435:Porglish/Portuglish
4330:Dekasegi Portuguese
2238:Galician–Portuguese
1264:Central Marchigiano
923:Pidgins and Creoles
910:, Actes Sud, 2008,
906:Dakhlia, Jocelyne,
239:Mediterranean Basin
53:Mediterranean Basin
5711:Official languages
5479:Official languages
5106:Native vernaculars
5083:Official languages
4739:Canadian Ukrainian
4614:Portuñol/Portunhol
4447:Bengali Portuguese
4429:Portuñol/Portunhol
4062:Thai Sign Language
4037:Gallo-Italic
3852:Jordanian+Bengali
3145:Pidgin & Mixed
2652:Catalan Ribagorçan
2499:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
1771:Judaeo-Piedmontese
1681:Bustocco–Legnanese
1476:Northern Calabrian
1004:10.1007/BF00316757
600:Bruni, Francesco.
549:Lingua Franca Nova
544:Mozarabic language
489:for 'to know' and
219:
5941:Romance languages
5893:
5892:
5669:
5668:
5590:Vandalic language
5585:Numidian language
5437:
5436:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5278:
5277:
5189:
5188:
5041:
5040:
4995:Foreign languages
4990:
4989:
4841:Official language
4800:
4799:
4658:Frespañol/Fragnol
4548:Solombala English
4483:Gira da Tabatinga
4410:Makassarese
4147:Cappadocian Greek
4021:Meridional French
4009:Frespañol/Fragnol
3949:Tangwang language
3727:Singaporean
3717:Solombala English
3430:
3429:
3198:
3197:
2997:
2996:
2973:extinct languages
2895:
2894:
2572:
2571:
2531:Navarro-Aragonese
2416:Peruvian Ribereño
2341:Judaeo-Portuguese
2256:Galician–Asturian
2159:
2158:
2150:Old Gallo-Romance
2104:Wisconsin Walloon
1521:
1520:
1494:Dalmatian Romance
1102:Romance languages
948:The Lingua Franca
859:978-3-030-36456-4
793:cite encyclopedia
643:978-0-521-44665-5
259:Frankish language
257:meant literally "
207:
206:
16:(Redirected from
5968:
5936:Italian language
5800:Berber languages
5749:Regional Italian
5696:
5689:
5682:
5673:
5672:
5613:Classical Arabic
5464:
5457:
5450:
5441:
5440:
5407:Classical Arabic
5289:
5288:
5227:Sanhaja de Srair
5200:
5199:
5120:
5119:
5111:
5110:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5045:
5044:
4886:Algerian Saharan
4869:
4868:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4804:
4803:
4731:Belarusian
4612:Portuguese
4530:Belarusian
4493:Judeo-Portuguese
4480:
4328:Portuguese
4285:Portuguese
4103:Portuguese
3786:Vietnamese
3704:Portuguese
3457:
3450:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3158:Italian Eritrean
3031:Italian language
3024:
3017:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2518:Judaeo-Aragonese
2507:Andalusi Romance
2360:Amazonic Spanish
2197:Western Asturian
2180:
2179:
2119:Franco-Provençal
1790:
1789:
1686:Comasco–Lecchese
1544:Emilian–Romagnol
1532:
1531:
1332:Regional Italian
1322:Italo-Australian
1249:
1248:
1171:Megleno-Romanian
1095:
1088:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1045:
974:Past and Present
872:
871:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
813:Parkvall, Mikael
809:
803:
802:
796:
788:
786:
784:
765:
759:
758:
756:
751:
750:
745:
740:
739:
732:
730:
725:on 24 March 2012
721:. Archived from
688:
682:
681:
679:
677:
668:
661:
655:
654:
652:
650:
627:
618:
617:
615:
613:
608:on 28 March 2009
597:
591:
590:
584:
582:
577:
568:
495:for "children".
463:creole languages
310:
304:
298:
279:Byzantine Period
277:during the late
231:contact language
203:
189:
173:
157:
150:
103:
44:
32:
31:
21:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5830:Maghrebi Arabic
5773:
5727:
5706:
5700:
5670:
5665:
5622:
5618:Biblical Hebrew
5599:
5595:Ottoman Turkish
5555:African Romance
5541:
5505:Tunisian Arabic
5491:
5473:
5468:
5438:
5433:
5414:Medieval Hebrew
5390:
5367:
5331:
5315:
5274:
5270:Eastern Morocco
5241:
5185:
5169:
5141:
5100:
5077:
5072:
5042:
5037:
5016:Other languages
5011:
4986:
4968:
4895:
4865:Local languages
4860:
4836:
4831:
4801:
4796:
4759:
4720:
4690:
4686:Te Parau Tinito
4674:
4668:Norwegian
4620:Belgranodeutsch
4601:
4564:
4558:
4536:Norwegian
4520:Ukrainian
4516:Deutschrussisch
4503:
4499:Macanese Patois
4473:Cafundó dialect
4416:
4374:Baba Malay
4346:
4303:
4258:
4226:Judeo-Malayalam
4224:Malayalam
4220:Judaeo-Georgian
4151:
4122:
4093:Belgranodeutsch
4087:Deutschrussisch
4074:
4049:
4043:
3996:
3963:
3955:Baba Malay
3909:Hezhou language
3858:
3823:
3686:Malaysian
3680:Malayalam
3630:Hungarian
3532:
3472:
3466:
3461:
3431:
3426:
3410:
3362:
3346:
3266:
3257:Petit Mauresque
3235:
3229:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3139:
3034:
3028:
2998:
2993:
2960:
2944:
2922:Pannonian Latin
2908:African Romance
2891:
2844:
2775:
2768:
2706:Judeo-Provençal
2579:
2568:
2545:
2494:
2404:Chilean Chilote
2346:
2232:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2155:
2143:Moselle Romance
2110:
1959:Missouri French
1920:Franco-Ontarian
1795:
1784:
1777:
1517:
1482:
1459:Southern Latian
1362:
1327:Maltese Italian
1259:Central Italian
1243:
1236:
1231:Common Romanian
1147:
1131:Italo-Dalmatian
1109:
1099:
1043:
1036:
991:148(4):245-264.
944:Hugo Schuchardt
881:
876:
875:
860:
844:
840:
830:
828:
827:on 4 March 2016
810:
806:
790:
789:
782:
780:
769:Weekley, Ernest
766:
762:
728:
726:
719:
690:
689:
685:
675:
673:
666:"lingua franca"
663:
662:
658:
648:
646:
644:
628:
621:
611:
609:
598:
594:
580:
578:
575:
569:
562:
557:
539:African Romance
535:
512:
436:Hugo Schuchardt
404:Barbary pirates
396:
317:
287:bridge language
252:
199:
185:
169:
166:
153:
146:
131:
124:Official status
119:
104:
101:Language family
99:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5974:
5964:
5963:
5961:Lingua francas
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5835:Medieval Greek
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5707:
5699:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5676:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5632:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5609:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5575:Punic language
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5551:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5467:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5444:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5349:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5251:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5137:Judeo-Moroccan
5134:
5128:
5126:
5117:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5071:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5048:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5033:Tetuani Ladino
5030:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4978:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4807:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4650:Galician
4648:
4642:
4632:
4622:
4616:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4568:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4550:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4518:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4451:Japanese
4449:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4412:Makassar Malay
4408:
4402:
4400:Ambonese Malay
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4295:
4293:Fiuman dialect
4291:Croatian
4289:
4283:
4273:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4228:
4222:
4218:Georgian
4216:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4194:Judaeo-Spanish
4190:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4053:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4039:Franco-Italian
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4013:Japanese
4011:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3990:Javanese
3988:
3978:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3945:
3943:Maojia dialect
3939:
3933:
3931:Shaozhou Tuhua
3923:
3919:Japanese
3917:
3911:
3905:
3903:Wutun language
3899:
3893:
3887:
3877:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3850:
3848:Cypriot Arabic
3844:
3838:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3817:Englishization
3814:
3806:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3747:
3741:
3731:
3725:
3721:Sicilian
3719:
3709:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3648:Japanese
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3626:Hong Kong
3623:
3617:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3516:Wutun language
3512:
3506:
3496:
3489:
3483:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3464:Interlanguages
3460:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3247:Burundi Pidgin
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2975:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2861:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2780:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2646:
2641:
2638:Judaeo-Catalan
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2605:
2597:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2393:Latin American
2389:
2384:
2372:
2370:Judaeo-Spanish
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2016:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1865:
1860:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1513:Judaeo-Italian
1510:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1173:
1168:
1166:Istro-Romanian
1163:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1114:Major branches
1111:
1110:
1106:classification
1098:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1046:
1035:
1034:External links
1032:
1031:
1030:
1007:
998:76(1): 64-76.
992:
985:
970:
963:
941:
934:
933:, p. 607.
921:John A. Holm,
919:
904:
897:
880:
877:
874:
873:
858:
838:
804:
760:
717:
683:
656:
642:
619:
592:
559:
558:
556:
553:
552:
551:
546:
541:
534:
531:
523:koiné language
511:
508:
504:Cape Guardafui
452:relexification
395:
392:
316:
313:
251:
248:
205:
204:
197:
191:
190:
183:
175:
174:
167:
162:
159:
158:
151:
143:
142:
141:Language codes
138:
137:
132:
129:
126:
125:
121:
120:
118:
117:
107:
105:
98:
95:
94:
91:
85:
84:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
18:Sabir language
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5973:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5875:Siculo-Arabic
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5795:Tosk Albanian
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5785:Ancient Greek
5783:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5702:Languages of
5697:
5692:
5690:
5685:
5683:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5465:
5460:
5458:
5453:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5328:
5327:African Latin
5325:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5212:Central Atlas
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5069:
5064:
5062:
5057:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4786:Scots Yiddish
4783:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4770:English
4769:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4752:
4749:Russian
4748:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4737:English
4736:
4734:
4733:West Polesian
4730:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:Visayan
4713:
4710:
4707:English
4706:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4667:
4665:
4662:Guarani
4661:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4624:English
4623:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4552:Chinese
4551:
4549:
4545:
4542:English
4541:
4539:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4445:Bengali
4444:
4442:
4438:
4436:
4433:English
4432:
4430:
4427:Spanish
4426:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4390:Ternate
4389:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4372:Chinese
4371:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4340:Chinese
4339:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4324:Bonin English
4321:
4317:
4314:English
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4299:Judeo-Italian
4296:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4275:Spanish
4274:
4272:
4269:English
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4254:Judeo-Marathi
4251:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4204:English
4203:
4199:
4195:
4192:Spanish
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4145:Turkish
4144:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4133:English
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:Yiddish
4115:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4097:English
4096:
4094:
4091:Spanish
4090:
4088:
4085:Russian
4084:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4025:English
4024:
4022:
4019:Occitan
4018:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4007:Spanish
4006:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3974:English
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3941:Hmongic
3940:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3913:Russian
3912:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3895:Tibetan
3894:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3869:English
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3834:English
3833:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3798:Yiddish
3797:
3795:
3792:Visayan
3791:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3774:Turkish
3773:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3749:Tagalog
3748:
3746:
3743:Swedish
3742:
3740:
3736:
3733:Spanish
3732:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3711:Russian
3710:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3692:Namibia
3691:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3674:Maltese
3673:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3662:Kannada
3661:
3659:
3658:Bonin English
3655:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3642:Italian
3641:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3585:Finnish
3584:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3561:Chinese
3560:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3549:Bengali
3548:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3453:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3193:autochthonous
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:United States
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2957:
2956:Proto-Romance
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:Reconstructed
2947:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2915:British Latin
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2734:Vivaro-Alpine
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2539:
2538:Old Navarrese
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2387:Equatoguinean
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
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1637:Judeo-Italian
1635:
1631:
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1618:
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1613:
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1430:
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1337:Swiss Italian
1335:
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1325:
1323:
1320:
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1318:
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1313:
1309:
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1228:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:Transylvanian
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:Daco-Romanian
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:Italo-Western
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1054:Alan D. Corré
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1021:28: 145-185.
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:Neophilologus
993:
990:
986:
983:
979:
975:
971:
968:
964:
961:
960:0-521-22789-5
957:
953:
949:
945:
942:
939:
935:
932:
931:0-521-35940-6
928:
924:
920:
917:
916:2-7427-8077-7
913:
909:
905:
902:
898:
895:
894:9780367552145
891:
887:
883:
882:
869:
865:
861:
855:
851:
850:
842:
826:
822:
818:
817:Alan D. Corré
814:
808:
800:
794:
778:
774:
770:
764:
757:
755:
744:
724:
720:
718:960-86190-1-7
714:
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687:
672:
667:
660:
645:
639:
635:
634:
626:
624:
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589:
574:
567:
565:
560:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
530:
526:
524:
519:
516:
507:
505:
501:
496:
494:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
431:
430:interlanguage
424:
422:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
391:
389:
385:
384:Italo-Romance
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:Barbary Coast
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
312:
309:
303:
297:
292:
288:
284:
283:lingua franca
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:Lingua franca
247:
244:
243:April McMahon
240:
236:
235:lingua franca
232:
228:
224:
216:
215:Catalan Atlas
211:
202:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
182:
181:
176:
172:
168:
165:
164:Linguist List
160:
156:
152:
149:
144:
139:
136:
133:
127:
122:
116:
113:
112:
111:
106:
102:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5885:Vulgar Latin
5839:
5769:Modern Greek
5559:
5428:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5300:
5222:Judeo-Berber
5124:Pre-Hilalian
4790:German
4743:Polish
4656:French
4618:German
4563:Scandinavian
4514:German
4491:Hebrew
4392:Manado Malay
4334:French
4297:Hebrew
4240:Slavic
4186:German
4139:Hebrew
4110:Hebrew
4031:Hebrew
3907:Uyghur
3762:Telugu
3698:Polish
3668:Korean
3609:Hebrew
3597:German
3591:French
3573:Danish
3543:Arabic
3481:Camfranglais
3367:Indian Ocean
3303:Saint Lucian
3256:
3033:in the world
2977:
2968:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2856:
2855:
2757:
2750:
2712:Languedocien
2704:
2697:Judeo-Gascon
2695:
2636:
2587:
2557:Barranquenho
2536:
2529:
2505:
2487:
2429:
2391:
2374:
2365:Extremaduran
2339:
2313:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2268:
2225:
2184:Asturleonese
2148:
2141:
2099:West Walloon
2087:Saintongeais
2035:
2011:
2007:Anglo-Norman
1965:
1898:Newfoundland
1858:Jersey Legal
1850:
1758:
1723:Southwestern
1706:Vallassinese
1595:Gallo-Picene
1536:Gallo-Italic
1498:
1414:
1409:
1348:
1314:
1229:
1175:
1051:
1018:
1014:
1010:
995:
988:
973:
966:
951:
937:
922:
907:
900:
885:
879:Bibliography
852:. Springer.
848:
841:
829:. Retrieved
825:the original
807:
781:. Retrieved
776:
763:
734:
727:. Retrieved
723:the original
707:
703:
699:
695:
692:
686:
674:. Retrieved
670:
659:
647:. Retrieved
632:
610:. Retrieved
606:the original
595:
586:
579:. Retrieved
527:
520:
517:
513:
497:
490:
486:
475:Sranan Tongo
460:
434:
432:of Italian.
426:
417:
397:
377:
318:
290:
282:
269:as the main
254:
253:
226:
222:
220:
195:Linguasphere
178:
134:
114:
93:19th century
29:
5820:Koine Greek
5320:Undescribed
5147:Hilal-Mâqil
4792:Lachoudisch
4784:Scots
4404:Dutch
4252:Indic
4246:Greek
4230:Tatar
4141:Judeo-Greek
4118:Lachoudisch
4048:French Sign
3980:Malay
3947:Santa
3846:Greek
3842:Juba Arabic
3756:Tamil
3708:/Portuglish
3676:Maltenglish
3636:Irish
3619:Hindi
3603:Greek
3579:Dutch
3555:Czech
3404:Seychellois
3374:Bourbonnais
3262:Petit nègre
3178:Macarrônico
3125:Switzerland
2933:Campidanese
2759:Old Catalan
2752:Old Occitan
2489:Old Spanish
2423:Rioplatense
2227:Old Leonese
2055:Cotentinais
2019:Guernésiais
1942:Frenchville
1935:New England
1814:Bourbonnais
1766:Piedmontese
1760:Old Lombard
1652:Bergamasque
1576:Sammarinese
1044:(In French)
1011:Topographia
976:217: 4-77.
676:13 December
529:language".
388:vowel space
305:and French
5900:Categories
5855:Phoenician
5845:Old Norman
5825:Late Latin
4929:Tagargrent
4579:Russenorsk
4538:Russenorsk
4421:Portuguese
4336:Franponais
4320:Wasei-eigo
4015:Franponais
3937:E language
3808:See also:
3780:Urdu
3768:Thai
3654:Wasei-eigo
3638:Béarlachas
3384:Chagossian
3342:Belle Isle
3330:Lanc-Patuá
3298:Martinican
3293:Guadeloupe
2980:indicates
2938:Logudorese
2471:Philippine
2437:Andalusian
2431:Peninsular
2321:Estremenho
2277:Portuguese
2204:Cantabrian
2037:Law French
2029:Sercquiais
1863:Meridional
1824:Champenois
1819:Burgundian
1630:Tabarchino
1620:Monégasque
1559:Parmigiano
1416:Neapolitan
1389:Manduriano
1356:Florentine
1223:Wallachian
1193:Bukovinian
1019:Morphology
868:1160234008
831:4 December
471:Papiamento
465:, such as
448:Portuguese
345:Portuguese
263:Late Latin
5217:Tashelhit
5165:Hassaniya
4924:Tachelhit
4891:Hassānīya
4780:Yeshivish
4725:Ukrainian
4703:Hokaglish
4670:Norspañol
4636:Cocoliche
4626:Spanglish
4597:Swenglish
4585:Norspañol
4565:languages
4532:Trasianka
4277:Cocoliche
4271:Itanglese
4214:Yeshivish
4135:Greeklish
4099:Denglisch
4033:Zarphatic
4027:Franglais
3935:Tai
3891:Hokaglish
3871:Chinglish
3804:Yeshivish
3745:Swenglish
3735:Spanglish
3644:Itanglese
3615:Yeshivish
3605:Greeklish
3599:Denglisch
3593:Franglais
3569:Hokaglish
3563:Chinglish
3557:Czenglish
3522:Hokaglish
3473:languages
3471:Multiple
3399:Rodriguan
3389:Mauritian
3315:Louisiana
3288:Grenadian
3283:Dominican
3278:Antillean
3173:Cocoliche
3163:Itanglese
3135:Venezuela
3051:Australia
3046:Argentina
2988:varieties
2971:indicate
2928:Sardinian
2885:Triestine
2833:Sursilvan
2744:Mentonasc
2722:Provençal
2671:Auvergnat
2657:Valencian
2613:Mallorcan
2603:Algherese
2578:Occitano-
2525:Navarrese
2513:Aragonese
2449:Castilian
2352:Castilian
2328:Uruguayan
2301:Brazilian
2264:Minderico
2258:/Eonavian
2221:Mirandese
2135:Valdôtain
2121:/Arpitan
2062:Orléanais
2013:Auregnais
1997:Mayennais
1947:Louisiana
1829:Ardennais
1809:Berrichon
1615:Intemelio
1571:Forlivese
1554:Bolognese
1500:Dalmatian
1464:Tarantino
1427:Benevento
1384:Salentino
1344:Sassarese
1308:Gallurese
1291:Romanesco
1244:Dalmatian
1208:Moldavian
1203:Maramureș
1161:Aromanian
467:Tok Pisin
380:lexifiers
357:Tamazight
250:Etymology
180:Glottolog
148:ISO 639-3
5870:Siculian
5759:Arbëresh
5739:Sicilian
5422:Moriscos
5260:Tabeldit
5132:Northern
4982:Korandje
4959:Mozabite
4954:Tidikelt
4949:Taznatit
4934:Temacine
4881:Algerian
4848:Standard
4776:Yinglish
4755:Balachka
4679:Tahitian
4652:Castrapo
4640:Lunfardo
4573:Danglish
4544:Runglish
4526:Balachka
4368:Manglish
4364:Singlish
4342:Kyowa-go
4308:Japanese
4281:Lunfardo
4236:Krymchak
4210:Yinglish
4050:Language
3976:Dunglish
3921:Kyowa-go
3885:Manglish
3881:Singlish
3836:Arablish
3800:Yinglish
3776:Turklish
3770:Tinglish
3764:Tenglish
3758:Tanglish
3729:Singlish
3723:Siculish
3713:Runglish
3706:Porglish
3688:Manglish
3670:Konglish
3664:Kanglish
3632:Hunglish
3621:Hinglish
3587:Finglish
3581:Dunglish
3575:Danglish
3551:Banglish
3545:Arablish
3504:Manglish
3500:Singlish
3487:Dobhashi
3325:Karipúna
3320:Guianese
3271:Americas
3168:Lunfardo
3108:Slovenia
3076:Dalmatia
2864:Venetian
2838:Vallader
2828:Surmiran
2801:Cadorino
2784:Friulian
2717:Limousin
2686:Béarnese
2648:Western
2630:Northern
2618:Menorcan
2608:Balearic
2599:Eastern
2595:dialects
2454:Castrapo
2411:Peruvian
2382:dialects
2315:European
2283:dialects
2270:Portugis
2251:Galician
2192:Asturian
2130:Savoyard
2082:Poitevin
2050:Cauchois
2024:Jèrriais
1871:Canadian
1750:Varesino
1745:Ticinese
1733:Novarese
1728:Cremunés
1718:Ossolano
1713:Milanese
1701:Lecchese
1669:Brianzöö
1600:Ligurian
1566:Romagnol
1447:Arianese
1442:Irpinian
1437:Cilentan
1401:Pantesco
1396:Sicilian
1367:Southern
1303:Corsican
1279:Macerata
1274:Fabriano
1213:Oltenian
1183:dialects
1143:Southern
1042:, 1830.
815:(2005).
771:(1921).
754:phranko-
743:Phrankos
702:Phrankos
612:28 March
533:See also
492:piquenho
321:Venetian
229:, was a
201:51-AAB-c
187:ling1242
171:pml.html
5805:Elymian
5744:Italian
5718:Italian
5661:Turkish
5656:Spanish
5646:Italian
5641:English
5520:Matmata
5429:Extinct
5363:English
5358:Spanish
5311:Spanish
5306:Haketia
5293:Western
5284:Romance
5255:Tarifit
5232:Ghomara
5160:Eastern
5155:Western
5007:English
4974:Songhay
4964:Tamahaq
4944:Tarifit
4919:Chaouïa
4909:Chenoua
4778:,
4774:,
4772:Heblish
4764:Yiddish
4753:,
4751:Surzhyk
4716:Bisalog
4711:/Englog
4709:Taglish
4695:Tagalog
4646:Chipilo
4638:,
4630:Llanito
4628:,
4606:Spanish
4554:Kyakhta
4546:,
4524:,
4522:Surzhyk
4508:Russian
4487:Kalunga
4478:cupópia
4466:Hunsrik
4394:,
4322:,
4318:,
4316:Engrish
4279:,
4263:Italian
4248:Yevanic
4242:Knaanic
4234:,
4212:,
4208:,
4206:Heblish
4198:Haketia
4196:,
4188:Yiddish
4112:Yiddish
4105:Hunsrik
3992:Javindo
3984:,
3957:,
3929:,
3927:Linghua
3915:Kyakhta
3873:,
3863:Chinese
3802:,
3794:Bislish
3753:/Englog
3751:Taglish
3739:Llanito
3737:,
3715:,
3700:Poglish
3694:Namlish
3656:,
3652:,
3650:Engrish
3613:,
3611:Heblish
3537:English
3510:Yiddish
3415:Oceania
3394:Réunion
3379:Agalega
3358:Tây Bồi
3310:Haitian
3120:Somalia
3103:Romania
3066:Croatia
2969:Italics
2870:Chipilo
2813:Romansh
2776:Romance
2774:Rhaeto-
2739:Gardiol
2691:Landese
2681:Aranese
2666:Occitan
2625:Central
2589:Catalan
2580:Romance
2481:Creoles
2476:Saharan
2464:Murcian
2442:Llanito
2399:Chilean
2376:Spanish
2333:Creoles
2307:Mineiro
2289:African
2214:Riberan
2209:Leonese
2174:Iberian
2167:Romance
2094:Walloon
2067:Paydret
2045:Augeron
1985:Vosgien
1980:Gaumais
1975:Lorrain
1967:Creoles
1930:Muskrat
1876:Acadian
1804:Angevin
1794:Langues
1785:Romance
1691:Comasco
1664:Western
1657:Cremish
1647:Eastern
1642:Lombard
1610:Genoese
1605:Brigasc
1549:Emilian
1527:Western
1506:Istriot
1469:Vastese
1454:Molisan
1316:Italian
1252:Central
1198:Crișana
1153:Eastern
1136:Western
1121:Eastern
1013:to the
819:(ed.).
783:18 June
773:"frank"
749:φράγκο-
738:Φράγκος
729:18 June
456:lexicon
408:Algiers
394:History
361:Turkish
353:Maghreb
341:Spanish
337:Occitan
333:Catalan
325:Genoese
315:Origins
237:in the
217:of 1375
89:Extinct
73:Lebanon
65:Tunisia
61:Algeria
57:Morocco
5865:Sicani
5850:Norman
5810:Hebrew
5790:Arabic
5704:Sicily
5651:German
5636:French
5532:French
5510:Berber
5386:Hebrew
5381:Arabic
5353:French
5247:Zenati
5237:Gharbi
5195:Berber
5181:Darija
5115:Arabic
5096:Arabic
5091:Berber
5028:Domari
5002:French
4914:Kabyle
4901:Berber
4873:Arabic
4856:Berber
4851:Arabic
4664:Jopará
4591:Svorsk
4459:Talian
4380:Betawi
4232:Karaim
4156:Hebrew
4079:German
4001:French
3982:Betawi
3959:Betawi
3897:Daohua
3828:Arabic
3788:Vinish
3782:Urdish
3528:Betawi
3337:Michif
3252:Nouchi
3240:Africa
3183:Talian
3113:Istria
3098:Mexico
3071:Istria
3061:Canada
3056:Brazil
2900:Others
2880:Talian
2875:Fiuman
2849:Others
2789:Fornes
2727:Niçard
2676:Gascon
2644:Patuet
2550:Others
2459:Castúo
2165:Ibero-
2125:Faetar
2072:Picard
2002:Norman
1990:Welche
1913:Magoua
1903:Quebec
1893:Brayon
1852:French
1834:Rémois
1783:Gallo-
1738:Pavese
1696:Laghée
1674:Canzés
1625:Royasc
1487:Others
1422:Barese
1350:Tuscan
1296:Sabino
1269:Ancona
1242:Italo-
958:
929:
914:
892:
866:
856:
715:
649:29 May
640:
581:29 May
510:Debate
500:Polari
400:bagnio
373:Arabic
365:French
308:savoir
302:sapere
110:pidgin
81:Cyprus
77:Greece
55:(esp.
49:Region
5860:Punic
5570:Latin
5565:Greek
5515:Jerba
5301:Sabir
5204:Atlas
5174:Koiné
4745:Balak
4406:Petjo
4351:Malay
4127:Greek
3986:Petjo
3968:Dutch
3493:Sabir
3153:Sabir
3093:Malta
3088:Libya
3083:Italy
2823:Putèr
2818:Jauer
2806:Nones
2796:Ladin
2295:Asian
1952:Houma
1925:Métis
1908:Joual
1881:Chiac
1846:Gallo
1796:d'oïl
1188:Banat
576:(PDF)
555:Notes
487:sabir
369:Greek
296:saber
291:Sabir
261:" in
227:Sabir
225:, or
69:Libya
42:sabir
4366:and
3883:and
3502:and
3422:Tayo
3351:Asia
2978:Bold
2563:Caló
2246:Fala
2172:West
956:ISBN
927:ISBN
912:ISBN
890:ISBN
864:OCLC
854:ISBN
833:2015
799:link
785:2015
746:and
731:2015
713:ISBN
678:2011
651:2023
638:ISBN
614:2009
583:2023
481:and
479:Krio
371:and
343:and
335:and
323:and
221:The
135:none
4481:),
1023:doi
1017:."
1000:doi
978:doi
950:".
946:, "
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155:pml
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331:(
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