154:(which began around 130,000 years ago) Though the start date of the Saalian was historically controversial, recent scholarship has suggested that the start date of the Saalian (and thus the end of the Holstein) is around 400,000 years ago. The Saalian encompasses multiple glacial cycles separated by interglacial periods. The first cold phase (Fuhne glacial) at the start of the Saale complexes is separated by a warmer period (Dömnitz interglacial) from the actual Saale "ice age". The term "Saale Ice Age" or "Saale Glacial" thus has 2 meanings in the literature – it sometimes refers to the phase in which the glacier advanced into
124:
31:
132:
275:
248:) the ice advanced to about 10 to 50 km behind the maximum extent of the Elster glaciation. On the northern edge of the Harz the two ice sheets reached the same line; and west of the Harz the ice of the Saale complex extended over 100 km further south than the ice sheet of the Elster. In front of this line, i.e. in front of the former glaciers,
110:
interglacial (globally known as the Last
Interglacial and the Ipswichian in Britain), spanning from around 400,000 years ago to 130,000 years ago. The Saalian covers multiple glacial cycles punctuated by interglacial periods. In its latter part it is coeval with the global
278:
The WĂĽrm glaciation (known in north
Germany as the Weichselian) in comparison with the Riss (in north Germany as the Saale). Glacial advances were interrupted by warmer interstadials. In these some ancient European co-ancestors (the
300:
The Saale complex may be divided into a lower (also Saale Early
Glacial) and an upper section (also Middle and Upper Saale Glacial, or Younger Saale glaciation), with glacial advances into Northern Germany.
975:) is used by one of the authors, Lothar Eissmann, in the sense of Saale complex (i.e. including the Fuhne cold period and Dömnitz warm period), not particularly restricted to the actual glacial period.
368:, intervals) between these advances. In the work by Litt et al. (2007) focussed on the southern perimeter of the North German glaciations, the upper part of the Saale complex is subdivided as follows:
879:
Geologische Karte von PreuĂźen und den benachbarten
Bundesstaaten Blatt Ebstorf 2928, und Konrad Keilhack: Geologische Karte von PreuĂźen und den benachbarten Bundesstaaten Blatt Teltow 3545.
955:, by Leopold Benda (ed.) Verlag Bornsträger Stuttgart dating to 1995. Here the Saale complex in the individual articles of this volume is variously described as the Saale cold period (
445:
424:
The
Drenthe Stage corresponds to the maximum extent of glaciation during the Saale complex. During the last stage, the Warthe Stage, glaciers only covered northeast
1102:
1055:
185:
181:
329:) is characterised in North Germany by three great glacial advances (possibly even four in Schleswig-Holstein). They are usually called the:
997:
791:"Timing of the Saalian- and Elsterian glacial cycles and the implications for Middle – Pleistocene hominin presence in central Europe"
321:
Fuhne glacial. After the end of the
Holstein interglacial, the forests of North Germany died and a sub-arctic vegetation formed.
1048:
308:
Dömnitz interglacial, which was characterised by oak mixed forest, hazel and hornbeam. Worth mentioning is the discovery of
842:
34:
Maximum extent (Drenthe stadium) of the Saale complex (yellow line). The red line shows the greatest extent of the younger
511:
287:) spread out from mountain zones over the intermittent permafrost to the north and northeast. Then from about 40,000 BC
17:
1041:
1028:
754:
1033:
984:
The
Delitzsch Phase is not counted as part of the Drenthe Stage, but precedes it, s. Litt et al. 2007, p. 38
288:
196:
The maximum advance of the ice sheet in North
Germany during the Drenthe Stage is described by a line from
158:, but can also refer to the whole Saale complex. The terms are frequently interchanged in the literature.
1153:
112:
127:
Graph showing glacial cycles in Europe from 600-100,000 years ago, with the
Saalian period labelled
654:
1007:
1122:
1107:
461:
453:
35:
1127:
951:
A good example of the interchangeability of the terms is the now rather older standard work,
147:
99:
1092:
284:
123:
8:
1002:. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart (Quaternary Science Journal), 56(1/2): 7–65, Hanover, 2007.
996:
Thomas Litt, Karl-Ernst Behre, Klaus-Dieter Meyer, Hans-JĂĽrgen
Stephan und Stefan Wansa:
314:
249:
151:
449:
573:
1158:
1132:
1112:
1024:
1003:
862:
820:
815:
790:
649:
644:
563:
465:
492:). They were further shaped and changed during the later Weichselian cold period by
429:
1010:
854:
810:
802:
622:
612:
464:
in northeast Germany. The areas last covered by the Saale cold period, roughly the
271:, which suffered a reduction comparable to the one towards the end of the ice age.
261:
162:
79:
727:
687:
568:
558:
170:
83:
59:
1063:
256:
sediments are widespread. In the Drenthe Stage the present day North Sea basin,
1097:
806:
268:
95:
91:
87:
999:
Stratigraphische Begriffe für das Quartär des norddeutschen Vereisungsgebietes
30:
1147:
866:
824:
749:
732:
692:
639:
617:
473:
257:
245:
174:
166:
155:
103:
197:
737:
715:
697:
469:
425:
365:
131:
364:
There are no indisputable traces in northern Germany of clear thermomers (
1077:
1014:
759:
600:
523:
493:
481:
477:
457:
280:
253:
237:
858:
180:
In 1910, the name for "Saale glaciation" was given by German geologists
1065:
506:
456:, but older and exhibiting more surface weathering than the much later
309:
225:
1087:
627:
590:
585:
441:
201:
841:
Hughes, Philip D.; Gibbard, Philip L.; Ehlers, JĂĽrgen (2020-02-04).
213:
274:
1082:
595:
485:
433:
221:
205:
135:
82:
in Britain), covers the middle of the three large glaciations in
531:
Historical names of the "four major" glacials in four regions.
241:
233:
209:
139:
107:
501:
217:
161:
The Saale Glaciation occurred at around the same time as the
497:
437:
267:
Several species were hurt by the glaciation, including the
229:
843:"The "missing glaciations" of the Middle Pleistocene"
98:
by the Scandinavian Inland Ice Sheet. It follows the
840:
1145:
916:pp.171–198, Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 1995
899:pp.116–147, Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 1995
510:associated with the Saale glacial stage is the
488:in Saxony, are called the Old Drift Landscapes (
1023:408 pp., Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 1995
1049:
933:pp.1–13, Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 1995
514:, which was not subsequently covered by ice.
295:
887:
885:
789:Lauer, Tobias; Weiss, Marcel (2018-03-23).
1056:
1042:
788:
814:
882:
273:
130:
122:
29:
902:
14:
1146:
919:
304:The Saale Early Glacial includes the:
118:
1037:
325:The upper part of the Saale complex (
836:
834:
773:
663:Historical names of interglacials.
512:Breslau-Magdeburg-Bremen Urstromtal
291:more greatly settled these regions.
24:
25:
1170:
1064:The cold and warm periods of the
831:
444:and the region east of it (c.f.
138:skull from the Saale complex of
228:. From the eastern edge of the
50:, sometimes referred to as the
978:
945:
873:
782:
327:obere Teil des Saale-Komplexes
13:
1:
990:
767:
496:processes such as wind-borne
106:in Britain) and precedes the
939:
448:), so that these areas are
289:European early modern humans
7:
971:). The term Saale Ice Age (
895:In: Leopold Benda (Hrsg.):
779:Litt et al. (2007: pp.34ff)
517:
10:
1175:
807:10.1038/s41598-018-23541-w
340:Drenthe Stage or Stadium (
146:The Saalian succeeded the
113:Penultimate Glacial Period
86:and the northern parts of
1073:
1021:Das Quartär Deutschlands.
931:Das Quartär Deutschlands.
929:In: Leopold Benda (ed.):
914:Das Quartär Deutschlands.
912:In: Leopold Benda (ed.):
897:Das Quartär Deutschlands.
816:21.11116/0000-0000-EE79-D
333:Warthe Stage or Stadium (
296:Sequence and subdivisions
191:
953:Das Quartär Deutschlands
150:and was followed by the
27:Glacial period in Europe
927:I. Schleswig-Holstein.
490:Altmoränenlandschaften
462:Weichselian glaciation
454:Northwest German Plain
292:
143:
128:
63:
39:
36:Weichselian glaciation
1019:Leopold Benda (ed.):
967:) and Saale Ice Age (
925:Hans-JĂĽrgen Stephan:
440:valley downstream of
277:
148:Holstein interglacial
134:
126:
100:Holstein interglacial
33:
1015:10.3285/eg.56.1-2.02
446:SĂĽdlicher LandrĂĽcken
285:homo heidelbergensis
264:were also affected.
959:), Saale Glacial (
859:10.1017/qua.2019.76
847:Quaternary Research
664:
532:
315:Azolla filiculoides
283:, as successors of
152:Eemian interglacial
119:Age and definitions
76:Saale glacial stage
1154:Pleistocene events
963:), Saale Complex (
891:Lothar Lippstreu:
795:Scientific Reports
662:
530:
468:, a large part of
450:geomorphologically
416:(Delitzsch Phase (
347:Drenthe II Phase (
293:
144:
129:
52:Saalian glaciation
40:
18:Saalian glaciation
1141:
1140:
1133:Last Interglacial
908:Lothar Eissmann:
765:
764:
660:
659:
466:Westphalian Bight
452:younger than the
400:PomĂźen Interval (
354:Drenthe I Phase (
56:Saale cold period
16:(Redirected from
1166:
1068:in North Germany
1058:
1051:
1044:
1035:
1034:
985:
982:
976:
949:
934:
923:
917:
906:
900:
893:VI. Brandenburg.
889:
880:
877:
871:
870:
838:
829:
828:
818:
786:
780:
777:
665:
661:
533:
529:
402:PomĂźen-Intervall
379:Seyda Interval (
163:Wolstonian Stage
80:Wolstonian Stage
48:Saale Glaciation
44:Saale glaciation
21:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1069:
1062:
993:
988:
983:
979:
950:
946:
942:
937:
924:
920:
907:
903:
890:
883:
878:
874:
839:
832:
787:
783:
778:
774:
770:
677:Interglacial 3
674:Interglacial 2
671:Interglacial 1
526:, which covers:
520:
418:Delitzsch-Phase
393:Leipzig Phase (
388:Drenthe-Stadium
386:Drenthe Stage (
381:Seyda-Intervall
349:JĂĽngere Drenthe
342:Drenthe-Stadium
298:
269:woolly mammoths
194:
186:Konrad Keilhack
171:Illinoian Stage
121:
84:Northern Europe
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1172:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1017:
992:
989:
987:
986:
977:
957:Saale-Kaltzeit
943:
941:
938:
936:
935:
918:
910:VIII. Sachsen.
901:
881:
872:
830:
781:
771:
769:
766:
763:
762:
757:
752:
747:
741:
740:
735:
730:
725:
719:
718:
713:
710:
707:
701:
700:
695:
690:
685:
679:
678:
675:
672:
669:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
631:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
577:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
528:
527:
519:
516:
430:LĂĽneburg Heath
428:(parts of the
422:
421:
414:
413:
412:
405:
398:
384:
377:
374:Warthe-Stadium
372:Warthe Stage (
362:
361:
360:
359:
352:
338:
335:Warthe-Stadium
323:
322:
319:
297:
294:
193:
190:
120:
117:
96:Western Europe
92:Central Europe
88:Eastern Europe
64:Saale-Kaltzeit
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1171:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1029:3-443-01031-8
1026:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
994:
981:
974:
970:
966:
965:Saale-Komplex
962:
961:Saale-Glazial
958:
954:
948:
944:
932:
928:
922:
915:
911:
905:
898:
894:
888:
886:
876:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
837:
835:
826:
822:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
785:
776:
772:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
723:British Isles
721:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
676:
673:
670:
667:
666:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:British Isles
606:
605:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
534:
525:
522:
521:
515:
513:
509:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:Saxony-Anhalt
471:
467:
463:
460:areas of the
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
419:
415:
410:
407:Zeitz Phase (
406:
403:
399:
396:
395:Leipzig-Phase
392:
391:
389:
385:
382:
378:
375:
371:
370:
369:
367:
366:interstadials
357:
356:Haupt-Drenthe
353:
350:
346:
345:
343:
339:
336:
332:
331:
330:
328:
320:
317:
316:
311:
307:
306:
305:
302:
290:
286:
282:
276:
272:
270:
265:
263:
259:
258:Great Britain
255:
251:
247:
246:Saxony-Anhalt
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
189:
187:
183:
182:Jacob Stoller
178:
176:
175:North America
172:
168:
167:British Isles
164:
159:
157:
156:North Germany
153:
149:
141:
137:
133:
125:
116:
114:
109:
105:
104:Hoxnian Stage
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:Saale-Komplex
69:
68:Saale complex
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
1117:
1020:
998:
980:
973:Saaleeiszeit
972:
969:Saaleeiszeit
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
930:
926:
921:
913:
909:
904:
896:
892:
875:
850:
846:
798:
794:
784:
775:
745:Midwest U.S.
744:
722:
712:Holsteinian
705:North Europe
704:
682:
635:Midwest U.S.
634:
607:
581:North Europe
580:
553:
505:
504:. The major
489:
470:Lower Saxony
426:Lower Saxony
423:
417:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
363:
355:
348:
341:
334:
326:
324:
313:
303:
299:
281:Neanderthals
266:
195:
179:
160:
145:
78:(called the
75:
71:
67:
55:
51:
47:
43:
41:
1123:Weichselian
1078:Pre-Tiglian
853:: 161–183.
801:(1): 5111.
760:Sangamonian
755:Yarmouthian
693:Mindel-Riss
688:GĂĽnz-Mindel
655:Wisconsinan
601:Weichselian
524:Pleistocene
494:periglacial
482:Leipzig Bay
478:Brandenburg
458:Young Drift
409:Zeitz-Phase
254:periglacial
238:Brandenburg
232:eastwards (
1148:Categories
1066:Quaternary
991:Literature
768:References
738:Ipswichian
623:Wolstonian
613:Beestonian
548:Glacial 4
545:Glacial 3
542:Glacial 2
539:Glacial 1
507:urstromtal
310:Water Fern
250:fluviatile
198:DĂĽsseldorf
1108:Cromerian
1088:Eburonian
1008:0424-7116
940:Footnotes
867:0033-5894
825:2045-2322
728:Cromerian
698:Riss-WĂĽrm
650:Illinoian
640:Nebraskan
628:Devensian
591:Elsterian
586:Eburonian
480:, or the
442:Magdeburg
202:Paderborn
1159:Ice ages
1128:Holstein
1103:Bavelian
1098:Menapian
750:Aftonian
709:Waalian
518:See also
476:, south
214:Eisleben
169:and the
1093:Waalian
1083:Tiglian
733:Hoxnian
668:Region
618:Anglian
596:Saalian
536:Region
486:Lusatia
434:Altmark
432:), the
262:Ireland
226:Görlitz
222:Meissen
206:Hamelin
165:in the
136:Aurochs
1113:Elster
1027:
1006:
865:
823:
716:Eemian
645:Kansan
564:Mindel
436:, the
242:Saxony
234:Poland
210:Goslar
192:Extent
140:Ilford
108:Eemian
60:German
1118:Saale
502:loess
218:Zeitz
74:) or
1025:ISBN
1004:ISSN
863:ISSN
821:ISSN
683:Alps
574:WĂĽrm
569:Riss
559:GĂĽnz
554:Alps
500:and
498:sand
484:and
472:and
438:Elbe
260:and
252:and
244:and
230:Harz
220:and
200:via
184:and
142:, UK
94:and
42:The
1011:doi
855:doi
811:hdl
803:doi
224:to
173:in
66:),
46:or
1150::
884:^
861:.
851:96
849:.
845:.
833:^
819:.
809:.
797:.
793:.
420:))
390:)
344:)
318:).
240:,
236:,
216:,
212:,
208:,
204:,
188:.
177:.
115:.
90:,
62::
54:,
1057:e
1050:t
1043:v
1013::
869:.
857::
827:.
813::
805::
799:8
411:)
404:)
397:)
383:)
376:)
358:)
351:)
337:)
312:(
102:(
70:(
58:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
