26:
182:
69:
236:
502:
1875:
1858:
1339:
1322:
1870:
1850:
1334:
1314:
578:
619:
situation much more finely balanced and the logical outcome ought to have been impartial military trade sanctions against both belligerents. However, the US economy was already heavily committed to producing military supplies for the
British, while American support for one side or the other was likely to prove decisive in choosing the eventual victor.
497:
attempted to ram the submarine, which submerged but fired a torpedo at the tanker. Von
Rosenberg reported that he had seen a tanker under escort by ships flying the white ensign and had seen no flag on the escorted ship. After firing the torpedo, he sighted a US flag on the tanker, so broke off the
618:
on 7 May, a
British ship but carrying American passengers who drowned, president Wilson made a forceful response to Germany. In June, Bryan resigned and was replaced by Lansing. Despite his belligerent formal advice, Lansing's private papers suggest that he considered the rights and wrongs of the
573:
was not carrying any additional markings painted on the hull to make clear her nationality, which other ships were then doing. The report also suggested that the tanker being stopped and then slowed down by the accompanying patrol had made her an accessible target. The
Admiralty report was not
588:
The three deaths were the only
Americans killed as a result of attacks on American ships by German submarine until 16 March 1917, when diplomatic relations had irreparably broken down just before the declaration of war. American official reaction to the incident was determined by President
489:
second officer, Paul Bowers, reported sighting a submarine ahead some 28 minutes before the ship was hit. He reported this to the captain who decided that the submarine must be
British, as the escorts had not reacted to its presence. The submarine was visible for five minutes and then
545:
Of the 38 crew, there were three fatalities. The captain had suffered a heart attack and two crew members were reported lost when they jumped overboard after the torpedo hit. She was the first
American ship to be torpedoed during
466:, which queried her destination. The patrol ships had been searching for a submarine which had been sinking ships in the area over the last couple of days. The patrol vessels were not satisfied with
561:, but refused to change its strategy of unrestricted submarine warfare. A report by the British admiralty into the attack concluded that the German commander had behaved properly according to
538:
Ralph Smith, previously first officer, was now invited to inspect the ship, which was examined by divers and had a large hole in the starboard bow. Smith and the first engineer remained with
410:
and became the center of a diplomatic incident which moved the United States closer to war with
Germany. The ship survived the attack but was eventually sunk in 1942 by torpedo attack in
442:
During the latter half of the voyage the ships radio operator had heard messages from a
British cruiser which judging from the transmission strength had been keeping station with
938:
Report of the second officer and second engineer printed in 'The Times' state that the two who did not survive were the wireless operator Mr Short and a
Spanish seaman.
569:
a legitimate target by taking her under escort. As an American ship, the submarine would not have attacked had he seen her nationality, but apart from an ordinary flag
1989:
1954:
565:
defined in international law. A merchant ship under escort by military vessels forfeited any right to be warned before being attacked, so the patrol ships had made
1984:
604:. Bryan favoured reconciliation with Germany and avoidance of war, but this policy was becoming increasingly unpopular and was opposed by his subordinate Lansing.
519:
s starboard bow. The ship immediately started to sink and shortly the forward deck was awash. The crew abandoned ship and were taken on board by the patrol ship
955:
1373:
554:, had been bombed shortly before, again by mistake because no American markings could be seen from what was then a somewhat novel air attack.
1068:
531:
was taken ill and died around 3:40 a.m. from a heart attack. The remainder of the crew arrived at St. Mary at 10 a.m. on 2 May.
1934:
1964:
1959:
1228:
1969:
670:
1584:
431:
commanded by Rosenberg-Gruszczynski on 1 May 1915, despite America being a neutral party in the war at that time. The ship left
1974:
1179:
1979:
1705:
1366:
851:
1949:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1647:
1810:
1388:
358:
1276:
1061:
829:
395:
83:
1359:
1333:
1329:
1189:
977:
594:
1342:
1338:
1890:
1083:
1819:
524:
310:
1768:
1506:
1136:
1054:
1939:
25:
1009:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
999:
470:
papers and suspected her of refuelling the U-boat, so ordered the tanker to accompany them into port.
1831:
650:. On 22 April 1938 the ship was sold to British registry. Harris & Dixon Ltd, London renamed her
1351:
1004:. Washington, D.C.: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Inspection and Navigation. 1938. p. 545.
1763:
1698:
1625:
1578:
1553:
1415:
674:
646:
In 1937, the ship was sold to the Nantucket Chief SS Co Inc of Port Arthur, Texas and renamed her
634:
then proceeded under her own power to Rouen to deliver the remaining cargo. She was then taken to
1682:
1529:
751:
1046:
1825:
1789:
1716:
1512:
1480:
1473:
1094:
663:
597:
435:
on 10 April carrying a cargo of gasoline in the ship's tanks and barrels of lubricating oil to
388:
295:
700:
493:
Shortly before 1 p.m., a submarine surfaced ahead of the ships and ordered them to stop.
1286:
512:
At 12:50 p.m., an explosion took place sending a column of water into the air alongside
702:
Forty-Seventh Annual List of Merchant Vessels of the United States, Year ended June 30, 1915
607:
Lansing submitted a memorandum proposing immediate and vigorous protest and coupled with the
406:). It was launched on 8 August 1914. The ship became famous when it was torpedoed early in
299:
345:
8:
1929:
1597:
1210:
635:
1030:
1572:
1535:
1445:
1217:
1199:
1161:
1120:
1099:
432:
399:
135:
73:
1944:
1740:
1613:
1467:
1424:
1110:
899:
825:
729:"A Place Called Yorkship — The Civil & Merchant Vessels of New York Shipbuilding"
501:
426:
1687:
1562:
1546:
1522:
1490:
1140:
1005:
705:. Washington, D.C.: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Navigation. 1915. p. 126
728:
1778:
451:
121:
1800:
1234:
601:
590:
235:
799:
574:
published at the time and official comment did not explain the circumstances.
1923:
1905:
1892:
1500:
1151:
1130:
612:
181:
68:
1730:
1664:
1630:
1456:
1408:
779:
German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
774:
627:
411:
128:
1435:
562:
547:
447:
407:
1723:
1607:
391:
284:
1398:
1381:
1295:
1266:
1244:
659:
364:
1675:
1636:
1590:
403:
577:
535:
did not sink but instead was towed to Crow Bay by patrol vessels.
1172:
1076:
849:
Newspaper report including personal account of the first officer
1001:
Merchant Vessels of the United States, Year ended June 30, 1938
423:
436:
542:
while the remainder of the crew were evacuated to Penzance.
923:
446:. At a point 22 nautical miles (41 km) west of the
473:
The patrol ships took up station one on either side of
622:
The chief officer and the chief engineer returned to
527:
island. At about 2:30 a.m., Captain Gunter from
458:was challenged by two British patrol vessels, HMS
1990:World War II merchant ships of the United Kingdom
1382:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in January 1942
980:. Maritime Logistics Professional. 15 August 2014
956:"American Tanker 'Gulflight' Ref. No. STH0001955"
1955:Ships built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation
1921:
902:. World Digital Library. 5 May 1915. p. 1,7
402:for the Gulf Refining Company (a predecessor of
1985:World War I merchant ships of the United States
557:The German government apologized for attacking
485:further ahead on the port. While under escort,
630:for assessment and to land some of her cargo.
1367:
1077:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in May 1915
1062:
16:American tanker ship torpedoed in World War I
641:
1374:
1360:
1069:
1055:
417:
944:. No. 40845. 4 May 1915. p. 10.
928:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc.
919:
917:
879:
877:
875:
873:
845:
843:
841:
638:for repairs before returning to service.
727:McDowell, Michael P. (6 November 2018).
726:
695:
693:
691:
689:
576:
500:
883:
1922:
924:Thomas A Bailey; Paul B. Ryan (1975).
914:
870:
838:
819:
749:
600:and Counselor to the State Department
1355:
1050:
852:"Gulflight attack as officially told"
813:
686:
658:was torpedoed and sunk by the German
422:The ship was torpedoed by the German
958:. South Tyneside Libraries. May 1915
772:
722:
720:
626:, which was towed into port in the
13:
1935:Atlantic operations of World War I
752:"New York Shipbuilding, Camden NJ"
743:
14:
2001:
775:"Ships hit during WWI: Gulflight"
717:
396:New York Shipbuilding Corporation
84:New York Shipbuilding Corporation
1965:Steamships of the United Kingdom
1960:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
1873:
1868:
1856:
1848:
1337:
1332:
1320:
1312:
481:close on the starboard side and
234:
180:
67:
24:
1970:Steamships of the United States
1023:
992:
970:
948:
932:
750:Colton, Tim (22 October 2020).
892:
824:. London: Chatham publishing.
800:"US History — Gulflight"
792:
766:
1:
1975:Tankers of the United Kingdom
680:
309:383.0 ft (116.7 m)
1980:Tankers of the United States
978:"Attack on the SS Gulflight"
611:incident and the sinking of
454:, at 11 a.m. on 1 May,
7:
387:was an American 5,189
10:
2006:
1950:Maritime incidents in 1915
320:51.2 ft (15.6 m)
1843:
1753:
1387:
1307:
1256:
1082:
940:"Fate of the Gulflight".
731:. A Place Called Yorkship
550:, although another ship,
328:30.1 ft (9.2 m)
275:
258:UK official number 171309
206:
171:Nantucket Chief SS Co Inc
152:
39:
23:
858:. 15 May 1915. p. 4
822:Lusitania, Saga and Myth
642:Later career and sinking
276:General characteristics
32:Carson City Daily Appeal
1010:2027/osu.32435066707019
888:. Book club associates.
884:Simpson, Colin (1972).
418:World War I controversy
359:triple-expansion engine
926:The Lusitania Disaster
820:Ramsay, David (2001).
654:. On 26 January 1942,
598:William Jennings Bryan
585:
509:
448:Bishop Rock lighthouse
225:Harris & Dixon Ltd
773:Helgason, Guðmundur.
754:. ShipbuildingHistory
595:US Secretary of State
580:
523:which turned towards
504:
58:Gulf Refining Company
593:under the advice of
271:Sunk 26 January 1942
1902: /
636:Newcastle upon Tyne
1940:Cornish shipwrecks
1701:Alexander Hamilton
1626:Empire Wildebeeste
1586:Banshu Maru No. 52
1031:"Uboat.net Refast"
856:The New York Times
586:
510:
433:Port Arthur, Texas
400:Camden, New Jersey
74:Port Arthur, Texas
30:Front page of the
1885:
1884:
1349:
1348:
380:
379:
1997:
1917:
1916:
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1913:
1912:
1907:
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1877:
1872:
1860:
1852:
1836:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1784:
1773:
1746:
1735:
1711:
1693:
1670:
1653:
1642:
1619:
1602:
1567:
1557:
1541:
1517:
1495:
1485:
1476:Prins van Oranje
1462:
1451:
1440:
1430:
1419:
1403:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1341:
1336:
1324:
1316:
1300:
1290:
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1249:
1239:
1223:
1205:
1194:
1184:
1167:
1156:
1146:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1041:
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1027:
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1018:
1016:
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985:
974:
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868:
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764:
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747:
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738:
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724:
715:
714:
712:
710:
697:
668:
584:partly submerged
518:
239:
238:
230:Port of registry
185:
184:
176:Port of registry
72:
71:
63:Port of registry
28:
21:
20:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1920:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1906:42.41°N 53.02°W
1904:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1864:
1839:
1817:
1807:
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1754:Other incidents
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1738:
1714:
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1650:Bruno Heinemann
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1303:
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1257:Other incidents
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1128:
1118:
1108:
1091:
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662:
648:Nantucket Chief
644:
563:"Cruiser rules"
516:
452:Isles of Scilly
420:
341:Installed power
233:
179:
162:Nantucket Chief
122:official number
66:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
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1962:
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1937:
1932:
1883:
1882:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1815:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1774:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1739:Unknown date:
1736:
1712:
1694:
1671:
1654:
1643:
1620:
1603:
1568:
1558:
1542:
1518:
1496:
1486:
1463:
1452:
1441:
1431:
1420:
1416:Ruth Alexander
1404:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1308:
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1302:
1301:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1224:
1220:Princess Irene
1206:
1195:
1185:
1181:Peleng-i Derya
1168:
1157:
1147:
1126:
1116:
1106:
1088:
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1079:
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1073:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1022:
991:
969:
947:
931:
913:
900:"Daily Sketch"
891:
869:
837:
830:
812:
791:
765:
742:
716:
684:
682:
679:
643:
640:
602:Robert Lansing
591:Woodrow Wilson
505:Fire axe from
419:
416:
378:
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370:
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278:
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261:call sign GPGR
259:
254:
253:Identification
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115:Identification
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37:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2002:
1991:
1988:
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1981:
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1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
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1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1911:42.41; -53.02
1880:
1879:February 1942
1876:
1871:
1867:
1866:December 1941
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:Enrico Cosenz
1806:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:Krasny Kavkaz
1766:
1765:
1759:
1758:
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1752:
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1744:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:
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1702:
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1691:
1685:
1684:
1679:
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1672:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:Hai-Kan No. 6
1550:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1533:
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1527:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1418:
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1401:
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1315:
1311:
1306:
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1298:
1292:
1289:
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1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:Vasco da Gama
1272:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1261:
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1255:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1237:
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1215:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1183:
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1177:
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1169:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1148:
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1144:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1032:
1026:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:
995:
979:
973:
957:
951:
943:
935:
927:
920:
918:
901:
895:
887:
880:
878:
876:
874:
857:
853:
846:
844:
842:
833:
831:1-86176-170-8
827:
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816:
801:
795:
780:
776:
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753:
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730:
723:
721:
704:
703:
696:
694:
692:
690:
685:
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661:
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603:
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490:disappeared.
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394:built by the
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248:22 April 1938
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110:8 August 1914
109:
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102:16 March 1914
101:
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38:
34:, May 3, 1915
33:
27:
22:
19:
1887:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1809:
1801:Empire Chief
1799:
1790:
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1769:
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1742:
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1725:
1718:
1707:
1700:
1689:
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1638:
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1624:
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1608:
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1579:
1573:
1564:Lady Hawkins
1563:
1552:
1547:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1491:
1481:
1475:
1468:
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1447:
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1426:
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1409:
1399:
1296:
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1235:
1229:
1219:
1212:
1201:
1190:
1180:
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1142:
1131:
1121:
1111:
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1093:
1034:. Retrieved
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
1000:
994:
982:. Retrieved
972:
960:. Retrieved
950:
941:
934:
925:
904:. Retrieved
894:
885:
860:. Retrieved
855:
821:
815:
803:. Retrieved
794:
782:. Retrieved
778:
768:
756:. Retrieved
745:
733:. Retrieved
707:. Retrieved
701:
675:Newfoundland
664:
655:
651:
647:
645:
631:
628:Scilly Isles
623:
621:
614:
608:
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459:
455:
443:
441:
427:
421:
412:World War II
383:
382:
381:
215:
161:
129:code letters
127:until 1933:
86:, Camden, NJ
48:
31:
18:
1909: /
1706:USC&GS
1699:USCGC
1474:HNLMS
984:29 December
962:29 December
906:29 December
548:World War I
487:Gulflight's
468:Gulflight's
408:World War I
294:5,189
186:Port Arthur
91:Yard number
1930:1914 ships
1924:Categories
1665:HMAS
1502:Empire Bay
1457:USAT
1389:Shipwrecks
1330:April 1915
1122:Gul Djemal
1084:Shipwrecks
862:20 January
681:References
671:St. John's
392:oil tanker
352:Propulsion
311:registered
285:oil tanker
245:In service
191:In service
1741:HMS
1732:Spreewald
1724:HMS
1688:HMS
1637:USS
1632:Nana Maru
1614:USS
1599:Westralia
1591:USS
1536:HMS
1523:HMS
1446:HMS
1425:USS
1343:June 1915
1267:Gulflight
1218:HMS
1211:HMS
1200:HMS
1162:HMS
1141:HMS
1132:Lusitania
1100:HMS
942:The Times
886:Lusitania
669:south of
660:submarine
632:Gulflight
624:Gulflight
615:Lusitania
613:RMS
582:Gulflight
571:Gulflight
567:Gulflight
559:Gulflight
540:Gulflight
533:Gulflight
529:Gulflight
525:St Mary's
514:Gulflight
507:Gulflight
475:Gulflight
456:Gulflight
444:Gulflight
439:, France
384:Gulflight
136:call sign
134:by 1934:
99:Laid down
49:Gulflight
1945:Gulf Oil
1833:Shch-214
1818:22 Jan:
1808:21 Jan:
1798:16 Jan:
1788:10 Jan:
1715:31 Jan:
1708:Research
1697:30 Jan:
1674:27 Jan:
1657:26 Jan:
1646:25 Jan:
1623:24 Jan:
1606:23 Jan:
1574:Eidsvold
1571:20 Jan:
1561:19 Jan:
1545:18 Jan:
1538:Matabele
1521:17 Jan:
1499:15 Jan:
1489:14 Jan:
1466:12 Jan:
1455:11 Jan:
1437:Tornator
1410:Mercedes
1294:27 May:
1284:25 May:
1274:14 May:
1243:31 May:
1227:29 May:
1213:Majestic
1209:27 May:
1198:25 May:
1188:24 May:
1171:23 May:
1160:12 May:
1015:25 April
758:25 April
735:25 April
709:25 April
498:attack.
462:and HMS
404:Gulf Oil
124:: 212524
107:Launched
1897:53°01′W
1894:42°25′N
1827:Molotov
1779:V 5104
1777:7 Jan:
1761:3 Jan:
1743:Triumph
1719:Belmont
1667:Sirocco
1609:Navemar
1469:Cyclops
1459:Liberty
1448:Vimiera
1444:9 Jan:
1434:8 Jan:
1423:3 Jan:
1407:2 Jan:
1397:1 Jan:
1287:Rijndam
1264:1 May:
1202:Triumph
1191:Turbine
1164:Goliath
1150:8 May:
1137:sinking
1129:7 May:
1119:3 May:
1112:America
1109:2 May:
1102:Recruit
1092:1 May:
1036:19 June
805:19 June
784:19 June
609:Cushing
552:Cushing
291:Tonnage
207:History
153:History
80:Builder
40:History
1726:Culver
1690:Thanet
1660:Refast
1616:Neches
1548:Bantam
1525:Gurkha
1400:Malama
1297:Merion
1246:Merion
828:
656:Refast
652:Refast
424:U-boat
306:Length
240:London
216:Refast
1821:Boyky
1791:U-374
1781:Orkan
1677:Harpa
1580:I-124
1514:U-577
1492:Chepo
1482:U-374
1143:Maori
1095:Joule
665:U-582
517:'
495:Filey
483:Filey
464:Filey
437:Rouen
365:screw
333:Decks
325:Depth
222:Owner
168:Owner
55:Owner
1862:1943
1854:1942
1846:1941
1764:I-58
1717:HMS
1683:I-73
1639:S-26
1593:S-36
1531:I-60
1508:U-93
1427:Iona
1326:1916
1318:1915
1310:1914
1175:UB-3
1038:2010
1017:2021
986:2018
964:2018
908:2018
864:2011
826:ISBN
807:2010
786:2010
760:2021
737:2021
711:2021
521:Iago
479:Iago
460:Iago
428:U-30
373:Crew
363:1 ×
357:1 ×
344:543
317:Beam
281:Type
268:Fate
212:Name
202:Sold
199:Fate
194:1937
158:Name
148:Sold
145:Fate
138:WCJE
131:LDNR
45:Name
1648:Z8
1236:T51
1230:T47
1173:SM
1153:Don
1139:),
1006:hdl
398:of
389:GRT
346:NHP
300:NRT
296:GRT
120:US
94:156
1926::
1830:,
1824:,
1767:,
1729:,
1722:,
1704:,
1686:,
1680:,
1663:,
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1528:,
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1479:,
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414:.
376:30
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1019:.
1008::
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866:.
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762:.
739:.
713:.
336:2
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