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with the more moderate political parties and executive councils. The agreement called for the Red Ruhr Army to hand over its weapons, with a promise of amnesty for those who had broken the law in defence of the government against the putschists. Leaders of the Red Ruhr Army, however, thought that it
315:
At a meeting a week later, on 1 April, the leaders of the Red Ruhr Army agreed that there was no point in continuing the fight, but the Army had by then splintered into numerous largely independent groups over which the leaders had no control. In addition, urgent calls for help were coming in from
319:
The experienced and heavily armed government troops quickly ended the uprising with acts of violence and cruelty that dwarfed the workers' "red terror". There were mass arrests and shootings without it always being clear whether the victims were members of the Red Ruhr Army. Wounded fighters were
218:(paramilitary) units to put down the rebellion. They acted with considerable brutality, including summary executions of prisoners and the killing of wounded fighters. The government victory cost the lives of over 1,000 workers and about 600 Reichswehr and Freikorps soldiers.
320:
shot, as were ten female medics with the Red Ruhr Army who were carrying pistols. Many fighters were reported as having been shot while fleeing, indicating that they were shot in the back. Fifty had been executed and an additional 205 condemned by
362:
puts the number at "well over 1,000", the majority of them killed after being captured. The
Reichswehr lost 208 killed and 123 missing; the security police 41 dead. The number of Freikorps deaths has been put at 273.
267:
At its peak the Red Ruhr Army's strength is estimated to have been 50,000 to 80,000 members. Of those who belonged to union-based organizations, a small majority came from the free unions and the remainder from the
316:
local citizens and city administrations reporting that Red Ruhr Army members were engaging in extortion, looting and shootings. The Berlin government then sent in both
Reichswehr and Freikorps troops on 2 April.
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of 13 March – 18 March 1920 with a call for a nationwide general strike. It drew around 12 million workers and was largely responsible for the quick failure of the attempted coup.
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328:, who was in charge of government troops in the region, defended himself from other charges that his men had engaged in unlawful behaviour by citing a letter from the
264:) groups and, after their first successful engagements, from defeated Freikorps units. It was from the workers' defence groups that the Red Ruhr Army was formed.
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the next day marked the final end of the uprising and of the Red Ruhr Army. The number of insurgents killed has never been accurately determined. Historian
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Members of the
Reichswehr sitting above the bodies of Red Ruhr Army fighters who had been shot, 2 April 1920, at
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In the Ruhr, the workers did not stop with the general strike. Spontaneously formed local executive councils (
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After an agreement to end a general strike in the region failed, the German government sent in
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245:) took power over local governments after disarming the security police and regular army (
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The majority of
Germany's left-of-centre political parties responded to the right-wing
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191:), was an impromptu army of 50,000 to 80,000 left-wing workers that fought in the
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that stated, "You are given complete freedom to do what the situation demands".
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would be better to fight than accept the compromises in the agreement.
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249:) forces. By 22 March, the entire Ruhr district was in their hands.
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275:(FAUD). Among members of political parties, 60% were members of the
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On 24 March, local and national government authorities signed the
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in Berlin and had as its goal the establishment of a soviet-style
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before the government in Berlin forbade them on 3 April. General
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Weimar 1918–1933. Die
Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie
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On 5 April a large part of the Red Ruhr Army fled to the French
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473:
Weimar 1918–1933. The
History of the FIrst German Democracy
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623:[History of Westfalia in the Weimar Republic].
500:[History of Westfalia in the Weimar Republic].
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593:Blume, Dorlis; Wichmann, Manfred (31 August 2014).
475:] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 124.
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German workers' army behind the 1920 Ruhr uprising
667:Paramilitary organisations of the Weimar Republic
570:[The Conjured Spirits Fight Each Other].
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621:"Geschichte Westfalens in der Weimarer Republik"
498:"Geschichte Westfalens in der Weimarer Republik"
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439:[The Red Ruhr Army in the Ruhr War].
199:. The uprising was sparked by the right-wing
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252:The councils used local workers' defence (
400:[The Kapp-LĂĽttwitz Putsch 1920].
195:of 13 March to 6 April 1920 in Germany's
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625:Internet-Portal Westfälische Geschichte
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502:Internet-Portal Westfälische Geschichte
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687:20th century in North Rhine-Westphalia
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568:"Die gerufenen Geister bekämpfen sich"
437:"Die Rote Ruhrarmee im Ruhrkrieg 1920"
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662:Left-wing militant groups in Germany
652:1920s coups d'Ă©tat and coup attempts
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281:Independent Social Democratic Party
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354:. The skirmish that took place in
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14:
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566:Graf, Alexander (2 April 2020).
435:Jordan, Andreas (January 2020).
396:Asmuss, Burkhard (8 July 2011).
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43:Members of the Ruhr Red Army in
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398:"Der LĂĽttwitz-Kapp-Putsch 1920"
619:Grevelhörster, Ludger (2004).
496:Grevelhörster, Ludger (2004).
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352:occupied zone of the Rhineland
273:Free Workers' Union of Germany
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599:Deutsches Historisches Museum
402:Deutsches Historisches Museum
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657:Attempted coups in Germany
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277:Communist Party of Germany
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463:Winkler, Heinrich August
283:(USPD) and 10% from the
360:Heinrich August Winkler
58:13 March – 6 April 1920
697:Province of Westphalia
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279:(KPD), 30% from the
537:, pp. 132–133.
309:Bielefeld Agreement
270:anarcho-syndicalist
214:(regular army) and
63:Active regions
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54:Dates of operation
677:Conflicts in 1920
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303:, near Duisburg
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291:Armed rebellion
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154:Security Police
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92:50,000 – 80,000
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595:"Chronik 1920"
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572:Junge Freiheit
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629:. Retrieved
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602:. Retrieved
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554:Winkler 1993
535:Winkler 1993
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523:Winkler 1993
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445:. Retrieved
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423:Winkler 1993
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406:. Retrieved
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255:Arbeiterwehr
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627:(in German)
574:(in German)
504:(in German)
443:(in German)
404:(in German)
234:Kapp Putsch
201:Kapp Putsch
197:Ruhr region
67:Ruhr Valley
646:Categories
384:References
247:Reichswehr
212:Reichswehr
149:Reichswehr
631:16 August
604:17 August
578:13 August
508:16 August
447:26 August
408:26 August
222:Formation
216:Freikorps
166:Freikorps
126:Opponents
83:Socialist
79:Communist
465:(1993).
367:See also
74:Ideology
45:Dortmund
28:German:
287:(SPD).
177:, also
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301:Möllen
183:German
97:Allies
47:, 1920
471:[
345:Hagen
682:Ruhr
633:2024
606:2024
580:2024
510:2024
477:ISBN
449:2024
410:2024
173:The
118:FAUD
113:USPD
108:KAPD
89:Size
343:in
103:KPD
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181:(
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