241:. O'Connell insisted that Irish Catholics would rather "remain forever without emancipation" than allow the government "to interfere" with the appointment of their senior clergy. Instead, he relied on their confidence in the independence of the priesthood from Ascendancy landowners and magistrates to build his Catholic Association into a mass political movement. On the basis of a "Catholic rent" of a penny a month (typically paid through the local priest), the Association mobilised not only the Catholic middle class, but also poorer tenant farmers and tradesmen. Their investment enabled O'Connell to mount "monster" rallies (crowds of over 100,000) that stayed the hands of authorities, and emboldened larger enfranchised tenants to vote for pro-emancipation candidates in defiance of their landlords.
37:
387:, and the legitimacy of a hereditary nobility, and in the rights and privileges of the Anglican Church. In Clark's interpretation, the system remained virtually intact until it suddenly collapsed in 1828, because Catholic emancipation undermined its central symbolic prop, the Anglican supremacy. Clark argues that the consequences were enormous: "The shattering of a whole social order ... What was lost at that point ... was not merely a constitutional arrangement, but the intellectual ascendancy of a worldview, the
320:, attempted to put together a government united against Catholic emancipation. Though such a government would have had considerable support in the House of Lords, it would have had little support in the Commons and Ernest abandoned his attempt. The King recalled Wellington. The bill passed the Lords and became law.
457:, both Catholic and Protestant, "into the abyss". While it allowed a few Catholic barristers to attain a higher grade in their profession, and a few Catholic gentlemen to be returned to Parliament, the "indifference" demonstrated to parliamentary reform would prove "disastrous" for the cause of repeal.
491:
The law does nothing for us. We must save ourselves. We have a little land which we need for ourselves and our families to live on, and they drive us out of it. To whom should we address ourselves?... Emancipation has done nothing for us. Mr. O'Connell and the rich
Catholics go to Parliament. We die
328:
The key, defining, provision of the Act's was its repeal of "certain oaths and certain declarations, commonly called the declarations against transubstantiation and the invocation of saints and the sacrifice of the mass, as practised in the Church of Rome", which had been required "as qualifications
422:
In
Ireland, emancipation is generally regarded as having come too late to influence the Catholic-majority view of the union. After a delay of thirty years, an opportunity to integrate Catholics through their re-emerging propertied and professional classes as a minority within the United Kingdom may
340:
was underscored by a provision forbidding the assumption by the Roman Church of episcopal titles, derived from "any city, town or place", already used by the United Church of
England and Ireland. (With other sectarian impositions of the Act, such as restrictions on admittance to Catholic religious
460:
Seeking, perhaps, to rationalise the sacrifice of his freeholders, O'Connell wrote privately in March 1829 that the new ten-pound franchise might actually "give more power to
Catholics by concentrating it in more reliable and less democratically dangerous hands". The
418:
office-holders from sitting in
Parliament, the payment of a salary to MPs, and the general franchise for men who owned property. The ultras believed that a widely based electorate could be relied upon to rally around anti-Catholicism.
333:, to reject any claim to " temporal or civil jurisdiction" within the United Kingdom by "the Pope of Rome" or "any other foreign prince ... or potentate", and to "abjure any intention to subvert the present church establishment".
299:
Peel" by O'Connell on account of his anti-Catholic views) concluded: "though emancipation was a great danger, civil strife was a greater danger". Fearing insurrection in
Ireland, he drafted the Relief Bill and guided it through the
329:
for sitting and voting in parliament and for the enjoyment of certain offices, franchises, and civil rights". For the Oath of
Supremacy, the act substituted a pledge to bear "true allegiance" to the King, to recognise the
209:
qualification disenfranchised over eighty percent of
Ireland's electorate. This included a majority of the tenant farmers who had helped force the issue of emancipation in 1828 by electing to parliament the leader of the
439:. But in breaking the link between Catholic inclusion and democratic reform, the terms under which he was able to secure the final measure of relief may have weakened the case for a restored Irish parliament.
414:, who in February 1830 introduced the first major reform bill, calling for the transfer of rotten borough seats to the counties and large towns, the disfranchisement of non-resident voters, the preventing of
397:
Eric J. Evans (1996) emphasises that the political importance of emancipation was that it split the anti-reformers beyond repair and diminished their ability to block future reform laws, especially the great
536:
Section 18 of the 1829 act, "No Roman
Catholic to advise the Crown in the appointment to offices in the established church", remains in force in England, Wales and Scotland, but was repealed with respect to
471:
In a pattern that had been intensifying from the 1820s as landlords cleared land to meet the growing livestock demand from
England, tenants had been banding together to oppose evictions, and to attack
394:
Clark's interpretation has been widely debated in the scholarly literature. Other historians examining the issue highlight the amount of continuity before and after the period of 1828 through 1832.
316:
majority with designs not only for Catholic emancipation but also for parliamentary reform. The King initially accepted Wellington's resignation and the King's brother, the
245:
1991:
1126:
356:, by raising the property threshold for the county vote to the British ten pound standard. As a result, "emancipation" was accompanied by a more than five-fold
1976:
279:, whose rigid Ascendancy views and policy made him bitterly unpopular, and by applying a policy of prohibitions and coercion against not only the Catholic
244:
His campaign reached its climax when he himself stood for parliament. In July 1828, O'Connell defeated a nominee for a position in the British cabinet,
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was not made immediately apparent, as O'Connell was permitted in July 1829 to stand unopposed for the Clare seat that his refusal to take the
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in the Irish electorate, from 216,000 voters to just 37,000. That the majority of the tenant farmers who had voted for O'Connell in the
237:, that the fear of Catholic advancement might be allayed if the Crown were accorded the same right exercised by continental monarchs: a
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606:, section 1 and the first schedule. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the
1544:
Davis, Richard W. (Spring 1997). "Wellington and the 'Open Question': The Issue of Catholic Emancipation, 1821–1829".
1119:
1707:
1383:
1268:
1896:
1341:"'Brunswick Bloodhounds and Itinerant Demagogues': The Campaign for Catholic Emancipation in County Armagh 1824-29"
828:
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41:
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1208:"Review of English Society 1688–1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice During the Ancien Regime"
313:
305:
191:
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1943:
1878:
1808:
1415:
Murray, A.C. (1986). "Agrarian Violence and Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Ireland: the Myth of Ribbonism".
1102:
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believed that this was the intent: to detach propertied Catholics from the increasingly agitated rural masses.
1472:
383:(1985) depicts England before 1828 as a nation in which the vast majority of the people still believed in the
2016:
558:
786:
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629:
272:
1814:
1672:
526:
415:
1635:
Linker, R. W. (April 1976). "The English Roman Catholics and Emancipation: The Politics of Persuasion".
1559:
Davis, Richard W. (February 1999). "The House of Lords, the Whigs and Catholic Emancipation 1806–1829".
341:
orders and on Catholic-church processions, this was repealed with the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1926.)
2021:
1884:
454:
407:
353:
264:
206:
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and from higher offices of the judiciary and state. It was the culmination of a fifty-year process of
1832:
1754:
1171:
English Society 1688–1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice during the Ancien Regime
1151:
295:, were convinced that unless concessions were made, a confrontation was inevitable. Peel (nicknamed "
1054:
1996:
160:
1861:
607:
518:
530:
361:
249:
1692:
1650:
Machin, G. I. T. (March 1979). "Resistance to Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 1828".
1587:
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Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, UK Public General Acts 1829 c. 7 (Regnal. 10_Geo_4) Section 18
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234:
230:
229:(1775–1847) had rejected a suggestion from "friends of emancipation", and from the English
211:
1849:
1687:
1620:
Kingon, Suzanne T. (November 2004). "Ulster opposition to Catholic emancipation, 1828–9".
513:
and other lay offices at universities. These were abolished for the English universities--
8:
695:
MacDonagh, Oliver (1975). "The Politicization of the Irish Catholic Bishops, 1800-1850".
554:
226:
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Convinced that the measure was essential to maintain order in Catholic-majority Ireland,
156:
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One civil disability not removed by 1829 Act were the sacramental tests required for
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1498:"Religious Controversy and Harmony at Trinity College Dublin over Four Centuries"
1479:
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152:
136:
111:
1428:
1166:
1031:
Evans, William David; Hammond, Anthony; Granger, Thomas Colpitts, eds. (1836).
402:. Paradoxically, Wellington's success in forcing through emancipation led many
380:
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132:
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1965:
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as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
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1309:
848:
802:
462:
787:"Richard Colley Wellesley: An Anglo-Irish Advocate of Catholic Emancipation"
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312:, Wellington threatened to resign, potentially opening the way for a new
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had given the government its majority. Thus, it was an ultra-Tory, the
352:
on the same day as the relief bill, the act disenfranchised Ireland's
1345:
Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society
502:
484:
480:
280:
124:
64:
1553:
1236:
The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870
915:
Reports from Committees, Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons
1120:"The History of the Parliamentary Franchise (Research Paper 13–14)"
252:, 2057 votes to 982. This made a direct issue of the parliamentary
406:
to demand reform of Parliament after seeing that the votes of the
1728:
1722:
506:
450:
54:
An Act for the Relief of His Majesty's Roman Catholic Subjects.
1173:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 90, 409.
1599:
Era of Emancipation: British Government of Ireland, 1812–1830
472:
963:
The Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster and the New Hierarchy
876:(Revised ed.). Stroud: Sutton Publishing. p. 204.
453:, protested "relief" being bought at the price of "casting"
364:
were disenfranchised as a result of his apparent victory at
256:
by which, as a Catholic, he would be denied his seat in the
1688:
Catholic Emancipation (Article by Marjie Bloy, August 2002)
205:. Its substitution of the British ten-pound, for the Irish
187:
427:, invited Protestants to join in a campaign to repeal the
1187:
672:. Glasgow: Cameron, Ferguson & Company. p. 418.
344:
The one major security required to pass the Act was the
1576:
Mr Secretary Peel: The Life of Sir Robert Peel to 1830
1378:(Second ed.). London: Longman. pp. 22, 24.
201:
had the assurance of the simultaneous passage of the
167:
in the seventeenth, and early eighteenth, centuries.
155:
from the civil and political disabilities imposed by
1070:
A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People? England, 1783–1846
966:. London: James Ridgeway, Piccadilly. pp. 1–30.
918:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1867. p. 87.
190:
government in favour of a new, likely-reform-minded
1601:. Kingston, Ont.: McGill-Queen's University Press.
1405:, M. H. Gill & Son, Ltd., 1914, pp. xxxiv–xxxvi
1037:. Vol. 8 (Third ed.). London: W. H. Bond.
1030:
304:. To overcome the vehement opposition of both the
1963:
551:Statute Law Revision (Northern Ireland) Act 1980
1992:British constitutional laws concerning Ireland
1457:
1403:Jail Journal, or five years in British Prisons
832:. Vol. 44. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
475:and process servers. On his visit to Ireland,
1977:Anti-discrimination law in the United Kingdom
1708:
1072:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 384–391.
896:Curtis, Edmund and R B McDowell eds. (1943).
1290:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
1205:
871:
659:
323:
239:veto on the confirmation of Catholic bishops
1376:Ireland since 1800: conflict and conformity
768:"Clare History: The Clare Election of 1828"
221:
1715:
1701:
1673:Text of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829
1338:
1034:Parliamentary Elections (Ireland) Act 1829
945:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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346:Parliamentary Elections (Ireland) Act 1829
203:Parliamentary Elections (Ireland) Act 1829
1987:Constitutional laws of the United Kingdom
1283:
1144:
1015:"Debates: Roman Catholic Relief Act 1926"
784:
750:
694:
650:
2037:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
2012:Law about religion in the United Kingdom
2002:Christianity and law in the 19th century
1392:
1117:
1097:. London: Allen Lane. pp. 301–302.
778:
619:
1903:Third Amendment of the Constitution Act
935:. Vol. CXIV. London. p. 1145.
613:
496:
151:which had offered Catholics successive
2027:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom
1982:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1829
1964:
1462:. New York: Anchor Books. p. 123.
1414:
1373:
1367:
1258:
1238:(2nd ed.). Longman. p. 216.
1193:
1092:
1067:
977:Text of Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829
959:
953:
906:
842:
669:The life and times of Daniel O'Connell
174:helped overcome the opposition of the
2007:Catholic Church in the United Kingdom
1696:
1590:(2011 Faber Finds E-book edition) at
1233:
1227:
1165:
1159:
1024:
816:Peel, Arthur George Villiers (1895).
620:Leighton, C. D. A. (September 2008).
553:. The entire act was repealed in the
445:, a leading Protestant member of the
105:Text of statute as originally enacted
1495:
1132:from the original on 3 November 2021
899:Irish Historical Documents 1172-1922
815:
741:. Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, p. 168
665:
622:"John Milner and the Orthodox Cause"
375:
1263:. London: Allen Lane. p. 291.
1061:
785:DeMichele, Michael D. (June 1970).
13:
1588:Chapter 16 "Catholic Emancipation"
1569:10.1111/j.1750-0206.1999.tb00356.x
1538:
1332:
1252:
929:Parliament, Great Britain (1851).
836:
765:
287:. But now both Wellington and his
182:, by threatening to step aside as
112:Revised text of statute as amended
14:
2053:
1827:Northern Ireland Constitution Act
1666:
1637:Journal of Ecclesiastical History
1417:Irish Economic and Social History
1206:O'Gorman, Frank (November 1997).
759:
676:from the original on 31 July 2021
598:The citation of this Act by this
1460:Journeys to England and Ireland
1458:de Tocqueville, Alexis. (1968).
990:"Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829"
829:Dictionary of National Biography
819:"Peel, Robert (1788-1850)"
643:10.1111/j.1467-9809.2008.00718.x
372:had denied him the year before.
336:This last abjuration in the new
42:Parliament of the United Kingdom
35:
1972:Anti-discrimination legislation
1524:
1489:
1466:
1451:
1408:
1277:
1199:
1118:Johnston, Neil (1 March 2013).
1111:
1086:
1008:
982:
970:
932:Hansard's Parliamentary Debates
922:
890:
865:
348:(10 Geo 4 c. 8). Receiving its
1284:Geoghegan, Patrick M. (2000).
809:
744:
737:Geoghegan, Patrick M. (2008).
731:
688:
592:
576:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791
533:by the "Fawcett's Act" 1873.
129:Catholic Emancipation Act 1829
121:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829
25:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829
1:
1879:Ministers and Secretaries Act
1286:"The Catholics and the Union"
903:London, Methuen, pp. 247-250
559:Statute Law Revision Act 1983
1374:Hoppen, K. Theodore (1999).
1021:. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
753:The Life of Daniel O'Connell
666:Luby, Thomas Clarke (1870).
630:Journal of Religious History
492:of starvation just the same.
273:Attorney-General for Ireland
7:
1897:The Republic of Ireland Act
1578:. London: Longmans, Green.
1473:Universities Tests Act 1871
1339:MacAtasney, Gerard (2007).
979:, retrieved 28 January 2018
791:American Benedictine Review
564:
527:Universities Tests Act 1871
127:. c. 7), also known as the
10:
2058:
1429:10.1177/033248938601300103
996:. ss. 28–36. 10 Geo 4 c. 7
751:MacDonagh, Oliver (1991).
455:forty-shilling freeholders
354:Forty Shilling Freeholders
265:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
21:United Kingdom legislation
16:United Kingdom legislation
1924:
1871:
1842:
1809:Government of Ireland Act
1784:Roman Catholic Relief Act
1776:
1735:
1660:10.1017/S0018246X00016708
1645:10.1017/S0022046900052970
1347:. 21/22: (165–231), 176.
1302:10.1017/S0080440100000128
1152:The History of Parliament
1095:Modern Ireland, 1600–1972
845:Wellington: The Iron Duke
709:10.1017/S0018246X00008669
324:Provisions and assurances
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29:
1909:European Communities Act
1622:Irish Historical Studies
1478:15 February 2009 at the
1261:Modern Ireland 1600–1972
843:Holmes, Richard (2007).
586:
283:but also the Protestant
267:, Wellington's brother,
250:County Clare by-election
246:William Vesey Fitzgerald
222:Agitation and concession
207:forty shilling, freehold
1862:Constitution of Ireland
1856:Free State Constitution
1597:Jenkins, Brian (1988).
1234:Evans, Eric J. (1996).
1156:, vol. VI, pp. 535–536.
960:Bowyer, George (1850).
608:Interpretation Act 1978
1891:External Relations Act
1815:Statute of Westminster
1761:Grattan's constitution
1259:Foster, R. F. (1988).
1093:Foster, R. F. (1988).
697:The Historical Journal
602:was authorised by the
547:disestablished in 1869
531:Trinity College Dublin
494:
423:have passed. In 1830,
172:the Duke of Wellington
1950:Good Friday Agreement
1885:Courts of Justice Act
1574:Gash, Norman (1961).
1561:Parliamentary History
1068:Hilton, Boyd (2006).
874:George III's Children
872:Van der Kiste (204).
604:Short Titles Act 1896
489:
477:Alexis De Tocqueville
412:Marquess of Blandford
385:divine right of kings
331:Hanoverian succession
231:Roman Catholic bishop
199:Protestant Ascendancy
149:Catholic emancipation
2017:1829 in Christianity
1833:Northern Ireland Act
1755:Crown of Ireland Act
1654:. 22#1 pp. 115–139.
1496:Webb, D. A. (1992).
851:. pp. 274–277.
772:Clare County Library
497:Amendment and repeal
447:Catholic Association
437:Constitution of 1782
391:of the old elite."
212:Catholic Association
153:measures of "relief"
1938:European Convention
1725:constitutional laws
1683:The text of the act
1624:. 34.134: 137–155.
1196:, pp. 668–671.
555:Republic of Ireland
26:
1944:Treaties of the EU
1932:Anglo-Irish Treaty
1677:legislation.gov.uk
1652:Historical Journal
1563:. 18#1 pp. 23–43.
1548:. 19#1 pp. 39–55.
1213:Reviews in History
994:legislation.gov.uk
433:Kingdom of Ireland
400:Reform Act of 1832
338:Oath of Allegiance
318:Duke of Cumberland
76:Duke of Wellington
24:
2022:April 1829 events
1959:
1958:
1850:Dáil Constitution
1639:. 27#2: 151–180.
1607:978-0-7735-0659-6
1296:: (243–258) 258.
1245:978-0-582-47267-9
1180:978-0-521-66627-5
1169:(28 March 2000).
1079:978-0-19-921891-2
883:978-0-7509-3438-1
858:978-0-00-713750-3
543:Church of Ireland
389:cultural hegemony
376:Political results
370:Oath of Supremacy
362:Clare by-election
269:Richard Wellesley
254:Oath of Supremacy
133:sacramental tests
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30:Act of Parliament
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1790:Irish Church Act
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571:Papists Act 1778
539:Northern Ireland
431:and restore the
302:House of Commons
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216:Daniel O'Connell
197:In Ireland, the
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1586:. pp. 545–598.
1554:10.2307/4051594
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1194:Hilton 2006
1051:|work=
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652:11693/23022
600:short title
507:fellowships
487:protesting:
366:Westminster
308:and of the
293:Robert Peel
235:John Milner
1966:Categories
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1615:1034979932
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529:, and for
435:under the
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145:Parliament
50:Long title
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680:22 August
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525:--by the
519:Cambridge
485:Ribbonmen
481:Whiteboys
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285:Orangemen
281:Ribbonmen
125:10 Geo. 4
65:10 Geo. 4
1925:Treaties
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1361:29742843
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674:Archived
565:See also
358:decrease
159:in both
60:Citation
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1729:Ireland
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1219:20 July
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1019:Hansard
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717:2638467
557:by the
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165:Ireland
163:and in
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587:Notes
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143:from
82:Dates
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1802:and
1800:1884
1611:OCLC
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