337:
318:. The land was heavily forested and swampy due to its proximity to the Mississippi River 5 miles to the east. Extensive clearing and draining was necessary, making construction at the site a difficult and slow-going task. The camp was still under construction when the first inmates began to arrive. Ultimately the camp held administrative offices, schools, a hospital, and 36 residential blocks, each with twelve 20' by 120' barracks divided into several "apartments", as well as communal dining and sanitary facilities, all contained within a guarded barbed-wire fence.
79:
2524:
104:
484:
392:
62:
430:(February 19, 1942). Under this order, over 110,000 Japanese Americans and their immigrant parents were forcibly removed from the three Pacific Coast States—California, Oregon, and Washington. In all, ten camps were established in desolate sites, all chosen for their distance from the Pacific Coast. Over 10,000 evacuees passed through Rohwer during its existence, and over two thirds of these were American citizens. The monuments found within the camp's cemetery are perhaps the most poignant record of this time."
627:
372:," as it came to be known, created anger and confusion because of two questions: one asked Japanese Americans if they were willing to volunteer for military service (despite their mistreatment by the government and the army) and the other if they would "forswear their allegiance to the Emperor of Japan" (although many had never held such allegiance in the first place). The set-up of the questions was confusing and internees were suspicious of their true purpose.
2535:
641:
111:
86:
353:
agricultural work or labor details outside camp. As 500 acres (200 ha) of the site used for residences and other buildings, officials used the remainder of Rohwer's land to grow more than 100 agricultural products. These were used to supplement the inmates' food rations (kept to a bare minimum of 37 cents a day per inmate to avoid rumors that the WRA was "coddling" Japanese
Americans).
474:
In 1942, M.C. Brown, a tenant farmer on horseback on his way home from deer hunting, came across some
Japanese Americans from the Rohwer camp, on a work detail in the woods. He fired his gun, and one of the Japanese American men was struck in the hip by a pellet while another was wounded in the calf
375:
The loyalty questionnaire and subsequent recruitment efforts proved especially unpopular in the Jerome camp, located 27 miles south of Rohwer. Only 2 percent of eligible men in Jerome (and in Rohwer) enlisted. Some 2,147 others, a quarter of Jerome's population, were classified as "disloyal" after
418:
in 1974. A tank-shaped memorial, made of reinforced concrete, guards the cemetery, commemorating
Japanese Americans who fought for their country during World War II. 581 men joined the U.S. Army from this camp, either volunteering or accepting their conscription into the legendary 100th Infantry
399:
The largest remaining structure is the high school gymnasium/auditorium, which was added to and was in service with the local school before it closed in July 2004. The tallest structure is the smokestack from the hospital incinerator. Neither of these is marked in any way to indicate historical
352:
in
California. A large portion of Rohwer inmates were school-age children, most born in the US. About 2,000 students attended the camp's schools, which were opened on November 9, 1942, after some delay. Adults took jobs with the administration, hospital, schools, and mess halls, in addition to
434:
In its summary on the Rohwer
Relocation Center Cemetery, the National Park Service indicates that the cemetery's condition is threatened due to deterioration of the grave markers and monuments, but that ownership of the site is unclear. Deterioration is visible in photographs of the site.
307:, in Arkansas, but relented after being assured that the Japanese American detainees would be controlled by armed white guards at these facilities and they would be removed from the state at the end of the war. During this era, Arkansas had Jim Crow laws and continued with its
356:
In 1943, the WRA required all adults in Rohwer and the other camps to submit to a series of questions. Officially, it was presented as the registration process to obtain clearance to leave camp for work or school – and it was initially distributed only to the citizen
380:, California. The decline in population, combined with earlier unrest over poor working conditions in the camp, resulted in authorities closing the Jerome camp at the end of June 1944. A significant number of former Jerome inmates were transferred to Rohwer.
299:, which oversaw the World War II incarceration program, took it over in 1942. It planned to use this facility to incarcerate ethnic Japanese, including American citizens from West Coast areas considered strategic to the war effort. Governor
2413:
888:
2508:
2444:
2428:
2609:
400:
significance. The rail line used to bring internees and supplies to the camp remains, though it is apparently abandoned. Some of the rails date back to World War II and before. This rail line also served the
2418:
465:
in 2013 and serves as the history museum and unofficial visitor center for the Rohwer War
Relocation Center. Exhibits include a film, oral histories, photographs and personal artifacts of the internees.
2604:
719:
2503:
2449:
2090:
606:
377:
407:
Various building foundations, walkways, culverts and other improvements are still visible and some are still in use by the local residents. Trees planted by residents have grown tall.
2589:
2470:
2372:
1911:
419:
Battalion, the famed 442nd RCT and MIS. Thirty-one who came from Rohwer died in action, and their names are inscribed on the memorial, as well as a later memorial raised nearby.
2403:
2337:
2302:
262:. It was in operation from September 18, 1942, until November 30, 1945, and held as many as 8,475 Japanese Americans forcibly evacuated from California. Among the inmates, the
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2067:
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1989:
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336:
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154:
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2192:
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2197:
2010:
344:
Rohwer opened on
September 18, 1942, and reached a peak population of 8,475 by March 1943. Most detainees had been forced out of their homes and businesses in
2408:
2357:
2312:
2212:
752:
414:
in 1992. It has a monument to
Japanese American war dead from the camp, and also a monument to those who died at the camp. The camp site was listed on the
2120:
2105:
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2136:
1203:
369:
2569:
2564:
987:
714:
197:
932:
1780:
1258:
958:
201:
314:
The
Linebarger-Senne Construction Company was contracted to build the camp at a cost of $ 4.8 million; it worked under the supervision of the
2538:
2053:
1376:
103:
1995:
1602:
906:
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1607:
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of the leg. The
Japanese Americans were working in the woods under the supervision of a government engineer when the shooting occurred.
78:
2000:
1346:
2036:
1941:
1627:
1361:
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589:(1966–69). Since his parents refused to take a vow and did not "pass" the loyalty questionnaire, the family was later transferred to
308:
1035:
2579:
2005:
1371:
2100:
1963:
1842:
1622:
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1617:
1065:
410:
The camp cemetery survives as the only site still identified as having been part of the internment center. It was listed as a
1612:
315:
2076:
1770:
1238:
677:
415:
39:
438:
The cemetery is located 0.5 miles (0.8 km) west of State Route 1, approximately 12 miles (19.3 km) northeast of
2015:
659:
458:
2594:
2491:
442:. Signs identify the graded road which goes from the highway to the cemetery, where there is room to park automobiles.
1013:
422:
In its National Historic Landmark summary on the Rohwer Relocation Center Cemetery, the National Park Service writes:
1983:
1122:
842:
792:
1708:
1404:
1394:
1274:
1200:– Rohwer Relocation Center Memorial Cemetery—Accompanying 54 photos of camp ruins, memorial, and cemetery from 1990
667:
555:). Glide empowers San Francisco's disadvantaged members of society through extensive outreach and advocacy efforts.
251:
1703:
1439:
1419:
813:
760:
707:
692:
590:
1540:
1151:
585:
365:– but administrators soon began to focus instead on assessing the "loyalty" of imprisoned Japanese Americans.
2614:
1688:
1637:
1475:
1399:
1341:
672:
383:
Together with the Tule Lake Segregation Center, Rohwer was the last WRA camp to close, on November 30, 1945.
1946:
1718:
1632:
1424:
1409:
1311:
697:
682:
654:
521:
502:
401:
304:
292:
1951:
1905:
1775:
1748:
1683:
1587:
1515:
1480:
1434:
702:
376:
giving unfavorable responses to the questionnaire. They were transferred to the "segregation center" at
2496:
2475:
1753:
1728:
1698:
1693:
1678:
1505:
1318:
537:
411:
280:
279:" was sometimes applied. The Rohwer War Relocation Center Cemetery is located here, and was declared a
48:
983:
1922:
1743:
1713:
1225:
928:
451:
984:"Report to the President: Japanese American Internment Sites Preservation: Rohwer Relocation Center"
954:
1958:
1525:
1520:
1500:
1495:
1485:
1336:
296:
1891:
1870:
1535:
1510:
548:
454:
Heritage Site, and features a memorial, the camp cemetery, interpretive panels and audio kiosks.
426:
Rohwer Relocation Camp was constructed in the late summer and early fall of 1942 as a result of
2110:
1863:
1849:
1556:
1530:
1490:
1470:
1460:
1455:
1304:
1184:
902:
259:
131:
2115:
2095:
1978:
1738:
1723:
1561:
1465:
863:
507:
326:
2045:
1178:
1170:
291:
The 10,161-acre (4,112 ha) of land on which Rohwer was built had been purchased by the
1973:
1877:
1835:
1821:
1566:
1298:
1293:
632:
427:
8:
1828:
1802:
1787:
300:
1208:
Rohwer Relocation Center Memorial Cemetery, Arkansas Highway 1, Rohwer, Desha County, AR
435:
Deterioration is discussed in a report from the National Park Service to the President.
1968:
1331:
1104:
535:(born 1943), actor best known for his role as T. Fujitsu, Marty McFly's future boss in
349:
214:
544:
462:
439:
295:
from tax-delinquent landowners in the 1930s. It remained largely abandoned until the
2509:
University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
1884:
1243:
1096:
1061:
564:
483:
391:
142:
61:
1234:
1797:
1733:
1663:
846:
796:
646:
551:, the Glide Foundation (Glide Memorial Church is featured in the Will Smith film
322:
611:
596:
570:
526:
498:
547:(1941–2021), poet laureate of San Francisco; co-founded with her husband, the
2553:
2020:
1673:
1653:
1571:
1325:
602:
169:
156:
1658:
1009:
576:
361:
who were eligible for leave, before being extended to the first-generation
248:
605:(1930–2014), Buddhist scholar, lecturer, and author; also interned at the
1214:
839:
789:
580:
517:
345:
1207:
1108:
395:
Monument to the men of the 100th Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team
1898:
1792:
1668:
720:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Desha County, Arkansas
532:
520:(1897–1979), an art director and production designer. Also interned at
492:
303:
initially opposed the WRA's proposal to build Rohwer and its neighbor,
2610:
Temporary populated places on the National Register of Historic Places
817:
2504:
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
1856:
1126:
1100:
558:
330:
1087:
Vickers, Ruth Petway (Summer 1951). "Japanese-American Relocation".
1414:
687:
511:
501:(born 1932), American stage, film and TV actress; also interned at
255:
561:(1938–2020), Japanese American attorney and civil rights activist
404:, which was located 30 miles (48.3 km) southwest of Rohwer.
2605:
National Register of Historic Places in Desha County, Arkansas
2075:
362:
358:
263:
1990:
Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II
1289:
Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians
1163:
759:. National Park Service. September 26, 2007. Archived from
2026:
Fred T. Korematsu Institute for Civil Rights and Education
955:"Military Intelligence Service | Densho Encyclopedia"
573:(1900–1990), Japanese-born artist; also interned at Jerome
1179:
http://southernspaces.org/2008/john-yoshida-arkansas-1943
929:"442nd Regimental Combat Team | Densho Encyclopedia"
614:(1919–2014), Japanese-American social worker and activist
2590:
World War II on the National Register of Historic Places
579:(born 1937), activist, author, and actor best known as
2011:
Bainbridge Island Japanese American Exclusion Memorial
469:
1125:. georgetakei.com. September 26, 2007. Archived from
903:"100th Infantry Battalion | Densho Encyclopedia"
1273:
622:
110:
85:
2106:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1185:"National Register of Historic Places Registration"
864:"National Register of Historic Places Registration"
16:
World War II internment camp for Japanese-Americans
2560:Buildings and structures in Desha County, Arkansas
510:(1924–2018), political activist; also interned at
2137:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
487:Site located in the grove of trees on the horizon
2551:
450:The Rohwer War Relocation Center site is now an
2575:Historic American Landscapes Survey in Arkansas
2529:National Register of Historic Places portal
1210:", 6 measured drawings, 37 data pages
715:List of National Historic Landmarks in Arkansas
309:disenfranchisement of African-American citizens
272:
1781:List of inmates of Topaz War Relocation Center
1152:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture
1064:. Rohwer Japanese American Relocation Center.
784:
782:
780:
778:
2585:Tourist attractions in Desha County, Arkansas
2061:
1259:
978:
976:
1996:Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project
1603:Fort Missoula Alien Enemy Detention Facility
1012:. Arkansas State University Heritage Sites.
1608:Fort Stanton Alien Enemy Detention Facility
1598:Fort Lincoln Alien Enemy Detention Facility
1593:Crystal City Alien Enemy Detention Facility
1095:(2). Arkansas Historical Association: 175.
775:
2068:
2054:
2001:Japanese Evacuation and Resettlement Study
1266:
1252:
973:
757:National Historic Landmark summary listing
60:
2600:Protected areas of Desha County, Arkansas
2077:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1628:Seagoville Alien Enemy Detention Facility
40:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
482:
390:
335:
333:, who also designed the camp at Jerome.
49:U.S. National Historic Landmark District
2570:National Historic Landmarks in Arkansas
2565:Internment camps for Japanese Americans
1843:Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet
1623:Santa Fe Alien Enemy Detention Facility
1086:
1016:from the original on September 26, 2015
495:(1926–2013), Japanese American sculptor
2552:
1618:Kooskia Alien Enemy Detention Facility
1190:. National Park Service. June 25, 1991
1068:from the original on September 8, 2015
990:from the original on February 27, 2014
961:from the original on December 18, 2019
935:from the original on December 20, 2019
909:from the original on September 9, 2019
869:. National Park Service. June 25, 1991
856:
340:A young woman in the woodworking class
2049:
1613:Kenedy Alien Enemy Detention Facility
1247:
1115:
1042:from the original on November 1, 2015
732:
1771:Category:Japanese-American internees
678:Heart Mountain War Relocation Center
478:
416:National Register of Historic Places
311:started at the turn of the century.
252:Japanese American concentration camp
2016:Japanese American Internment Museum
1204:Historic American Landscapes Survey
753:"Rohwer Relocation Center Cemetery"
660:Japanese American Internment Museum
470:Shooting of residents by a civilian
459:Japanese American Internment Museum
13:
2492:National Historic Preservation Act
1239:Holt-Atherton Special Collections.
567:(1915–2012), a language translator
14:
2626:
1984:Japanese American National Museum
1157:
1089:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
32:Rohwer Relocation Center Cemetery
2534:
2533:
2522:
1709:Fort Sam Houston Internment Camp
1362:Military service in World War II
1275:Internment of Japanese Americans
668:Gila River War Relocation Center
639:
625:
445:
109:
102:
84:
77:
2580:1942 establishments in Arkansas
1704:Fort Richardson Internment Camp
1080:
1054:
1028:
1002:
708:Tule Lake War Relocation Center
693:Minidoka National Historic Site
688:Manzanar National Historic Site
607:Tule Lake War Relocation Center
591:Tule Lake War Relocation Center
386:
2445:Federated States of Micronesia
2091:Architectural style categories
1541:Woodland Civil Control Station
1171:John Yoshido in Arkansas, 1943
947:
921:
895:
881:
832:
816:lahisatory.org. Archived from
806:
321:The architect of the camp was
254:located in rural southeastern
209:
1:
1689:Fort McDowell Internment Camp
1638:Tuna Canyon Detention Station
1476:Owens Valley Reception Center
1377:Military Intelligence Service
1036:"McGhee Chamber announcement"
725:
673:Granada War Relocation Center
118:Show map of the United States
1719:Griffith Park Detention Camp
1633:Sharp Park Detention Station
1164:Rohwer War Relocation Center
698:Poston War Relocation Center
683:Jerome War Relocation Center
655:Japanese American Internment
529:(1918–2023), a kabuki dancer
402:Jerome War Relocation Center
293:Farm Security Administration
245:Rohwer War Relocation Center
21:United States historic place
7:
1952:Civil Liberties Act of 1988
1906:When the Emperor was Divine
1776:List of inmates of Manzanar
1749:Sand Island Internment Camp
1684:Fort Howard Internment Camp
1588:Catalina Federal Honor Camp
1516:Santa Anita Assembly Center
1481:Parker Dam Reception Center
1235:Yoshikawa Family Collection
703:Topaz War Relocation Center
618:
273:
10:
2631:
2497:Historic Preservation Fund
2476:American Legation, Morocco
1754:Stringtown Internment Camp
1729:Honouliuli Internment Camp
1699:Fort Lewis Internment Camp
1694:Fort Meade Internment Camp
1679:Fort Bliss Internment Camp
1506:Sacramento Assembly Center
1230:Densho Encyclopedia, 2014.
1226:Rohwer Outpost (newspaper)
538:Back to the Future Part II
412:National Historic Landmark
286:
281:National Historic Landmark
2595:Arkansas State University
2517:
2484:
2463:
2438:Lists by associated state
2437:
2396:
2129:
2083:
2034:
1934:
1811:
1762:
1744:Lordsburg Internment Camp
1714:Fort Sill Internment Camp
1646:
1580:
1550:Citizen Isolation centers
1549:
1448:
1387:
1281:
1123:"George Takei: Biography"
986:. National Park Service.
452:Arkansas State University
233:
225:
220:
208:NRHP reference
207:
193:
185:
170:33.7662972°N 91.2801583°W
148:
138:
127:
71:
59:
55:
46:
37:
30:
26:
2419:Northern Mariana Islands
1959:Renunciation Act of 1944
1526:Tanforan Assembly Center
1521:Stockton Assembly Center
1501:Puyallup Assembly Center
1496:Portland Assembly Center
1486:Pinedale Assembly Center
1372:100th Infantry Battalion
1347:Life before World War II
1337:War Relocation Authority
1145:
553:The Pursuit of Happiness
297:War Relocation Authority
66:Rohwer Memorial Cemetery
1942:Redress and court cases
1892:Under the Blood Red Sun
1871:The Buddha in the Attic
1536:Turlock Assembly Center
1511:Salinas Assembly Center
1367:442nd Infantry Regiment
1352:Life after World War II
1206:(HALS) No. AR-4, "
853:. Retrieved 2014-08-07.
803:. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
599:(1908–2000), a composer
316:Army Corps of Engineers
175:33.7662972; -91.2801583
2414:Minor Outlying Islands
2397:Lists by insular areas
2111:Keeper of the Register
1864:Snow Falling on Cedars
1850:Judgment Without Trial
1557:Leupp Isolation Center
1531:Tulare Assembly Center
1491:Pomona Assembly Center
1471:Merced Assembly Center
1461:Fresno Assembly Center
1456:Arboga Assembly Center
581:Lieutenant Hikaru Sulu
488:
432:
396:
341:
132:Desha County, Arkansas
2116:National Park Service
2096:Contributing property
2006:The Long Journey Home
1979:Go for Broke Monument
1947:Evacuation Claims Act
1917:List of feature films
1912:List of documentaries
1739:Kilauea Military Camp
1724:Haiku Internment Camp
1562:Moab Isolation Center
1466:Mayer Assembly Center
1129:on September 22, 2001
508:Aiko Herzig-Yoshinaga
486:
424:
394:
370:loyalty questionnaire
339:
189:1 acre (0.40 ha)
2615:Buddhism in Arkansas
2471:District of Columbia
1974:Empty Chair Memorial
1878:The Invisible Thread
1836:Farewell to Manzanar
1581:Detention facilities
1567:Old Raton Ranch Camp
1299:Executive Order 9102
1294:Executive Order 9066
633:United States portal
428:Executive Order 9066
234:Designated NHLD
93:Show map of Arkansas
1829:Born Free and Equal
1803:Elaine Black Yoneda
1788:Estelle Peck Ishigo
1763:Notable incarcerees
1388:Concentration camps
1219:Densho Encyclopedia
851:Densho Encyclopedia
801:Densho Encyclopedia
763:on December 8, 2008
549:Rev. Cecil Williams
166: /
1969:Fred Korematsu Day
1964:Day of Remembrance
1332:Lordsburg killings
1224:Patricia Wakida. "
1177:, 2 October 2008.
845:2014-08-07 at the
814:"Neild, Edward F."
795:2014-06-05 at the
489:
397:
350:San Joaquin Valley
342:
2547:
2546:
2101:Historic district
2043:
2042:
889:"Dropbox – Error"
545:Janice Mirikitani
479:Notable internees
463:McGehee, Arkansas
461:opened in nearby
440:McGehee, Arkansas
241:
240:
221:Significant dates
2622:
2537:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2450:Marshall Islands
2070:
2063:
2056:
2047:
2046:
1885:The Moved-Outers
1734:Kalaheo Stockade
1449:Assembly centers
1268:
1261:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1199:
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1189:
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1101:10.2307/40018477
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527:Sumako Hamaguchi
278:
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143:Rohwer, Arkansas
119:
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64:
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2392:
2125:
2079:
2074:
2044:
2039:
2030:
1930:
1813:
1807:
1798:Isamu Shibayama
1758:
1664:Camp Livingston
1647:Army facilities
1642:
1576:
1545:
1444:
1383:
1277:
1272:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1175:Southern Spaces
1166:- official site
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161:91°16′48.57″W
158:33°45′58.67″N
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1659:Camp Forrest
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1192:. Retrieved
1174:
1131:. Retrieved
1127:the original
1117:
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1070:. Retrieved
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1004:
992:. Retrieved
965:November 23,
963:. Retrieved
949:
939:November 22,
937:. Retrieved
923:
913:November 22,
911:. Retrieved
897:
883:
871:. Retrieved
858:
850:
834:
822:. Retrieved
818:the original
808:
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765:. Retrieved
761:the original
756:
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577:George Takei
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387:Rohwer today
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301:Homer Adkins
290:
267:
260:Desha County
249:World War II
244:
242:
237:July 6, 1992
202:Kay Horisawa
139:Nearest city
18:
2464:Other areas
2424:Puerto Rico
2258:Mississippi
2173:Connecticut
1312:Hirabayashi
565:Haruko Sugi
518:Eddie Imazu
346:Los Angeles
173: /
149:Coordinates
2554:Categories
2373:Washington
2293:New Mexico
2288:New Jersey
2163:California
1899:Weedflower
1822:Allegiance
1812:Literature
1793:Ralph Lazo
1669:Camp McCoy
1395:Gila River
1357:Propaganda
1282:Key topics
726:References
533:Jim Ishida
514:and Jerome
493:Ruth Asawa
327:Shreveport
2383:Wisconsin
2348:Tennessee
2253:Minnesota
2228:Louisiana
1857:No-No Boy
1440:Tule Lake
1319:Korematsu
824:April 18,
586:Star Trek
559:Rose Ochi
378:Tule Lake
331:Louisiana
283:in 1992.
194:Architect
2539:Category
2368:Virginia
2318:Oklahoma
2298:New York
2273:Nebraska
2263:Missouri
2248:Michigan
2238:Maryland
2223:Kentucky
2203:Illinois
2178:Delaware
2168:Colorado
2158:Arkansas
2037:Category
1814:and arts
1420:Minidoka
1415:Manzanar
1109:40018477
1066:Archived
1062:"Museum"
1040:Archived
1014:Archived
988:Archived
959:Archived
933:Archived
907:Archived
843:Archived
793:Archived
619:See also
512:Manzanar
264:notation
256:Arkansas
215:92001882
128:Location
2485:Related
2388:Wyoming
2363:Vermont
2268:Montana
2208:Indiana
2188:Georgia
2183:Florida
2153:Arizona
2143:Alabama
1400:Granada
1342:History
1221:, 2014.
1194:July 9,
1133:July 9,
873:July 9,
767:July 9,
541:in 1989
348:or the
287:History
2323:Oregon
2278:Nevada
2218:Kansas
2193:Hawaii
2148:Alaska
2084:Topics
1935:Legacy
1430:Rohwer
1425:Poston
1410:Jerome
1215:Rohwer
1107:
840:Jerome
790:Rohwer
522:Jerome
503:Jerome
305:Jerome
247:was a
2455:Palau
2353:Texas
2233:Maine
2198:Idaho
1769:See:
1435:Topaz
1305:Yasui
1188:(PDF)
1146:Notes
1105:JSTOR
867:(PDF)
583:from
368:The "
363:Issei
359:Nisei
258:, in
2409:Guam
2358:Utah
2313:Ohio
2213:Iowa
1196:2008
1135:2008
1074:2015
1048:2015
1022:2015
996:2007
967:2019
941:2019
915:2019
875:2008
826:2015
769:2008
457:The
274:Rōwa
243:The
200:and
186:Area
1228:,"
1217:,"
1173:."
1097:doi
325:of
210:No.
2556::
1103:.
1093:10
1091:.
1038:.
975:^
957:.
931:.
905:.
849:"
799:"
777:^
755:.
734:^
329:,
268:朗和
2139::
2069:e
2062:t
2055:v
1267:e
1260:t
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