Robert Clive - Knowledge

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and thirty cannon. Even allowing for overestimation this was considerably more than Clive's force of approximately 540 British infantry, 600 Royal Navy sailors, 800 local sepoys, fourteen field guns and no cavalry. The British forces attacked the Nawab's camp during the early morning hours of 5 February 1757. In this battle, unofficially called the 'Calcutta Gauntlet', Clive marched his small force through the entire Nawab's camp, despite being under heavy fire from all sides. By noon, Clive's force broke through the besieging camp and arrived safely at Fort William. During the assault, around one tenth of the British attackers became casualties. (Clive reported his losses at 57 killed and 137 wounded.) While technically not a victory in military terms, the sudden British assault intimidated the Nawab. He sought to make terms with Clive, and surrendered control of Calcutta on 9 February, promising to compensate the East India Company for damages suffered and to restore its privileges.

993:. This placed the British at Madras in a precarious position, since the latter was the last of their major allies in the area. The British company's military was also in some disarray, as Stringer Lawrence had returned to England in 1750 over a pay dispute, and much of the company was apathetic about the dangers the expanding French influence and declining British influence posed. The weakness of the British military command was exposed when a force was sent from Madras to support Muhammad Ali at Trichinopoly, but its commander, a Swiss mercenary, refused to attack an outpost at Valikondapuram. Clive, who accompanied the force as commissary, was outraged at the decision to abandon the siege. He rode to Cuddalore, and offered his services to lead an attack on Arcot if he was given a captain's commission, arguing this would force Chanda Sahib to either abandon the siege of Trichinopoly or significantly reduce the force there. 73: 1590: 1396: 869:, with orders to lead the assault on the fort. Clive led this force rapidly across the river and toward the fort, where the small British unit became separated from the sepoys and were enveloped by the Tanjorean cavalry. Clive was nearly cut down and the beachhead almost lost before reinforcements sent by Lawrence arrived to save the day. The daring move by Clive had an important consequence: the Tanjoreans abandoned the fort, which the British triumphantly occupied. The success prompted the Tanjorean rajah to open peace talks, which resulted in the British being awarded Devikottai and the costs of their expedition, and the British client was awarded a pension in exchange for renouncing his claim. Lawrence wrote of Clive's action that "he behaved in courage and in judgment much beyond what could be expected from his years." 1700:(known to the Muslims as Sumru), a Swiss mercenary of his, to butcher the garrison of 150 British at Patna, and had disappeared under the protection of his brother, the Viceroy of Awadh. The whole company's service, civil and military, had become mired in corruption, demoralised by gifts and by the monopoly of inland and export trade, to such an extent that the Indians were pauperised, and the company was plundered of the revenues Clive had acquired. For this Clive himself must bear much responsibility, as he had set a very poor example during his tenure as Governor. Nevertheless, the Court of Proprietors, forced the Directors to hurry Lord Clive to Bengal with the double powers of Governor and Commander-in-Chief. 2209: 1709: 1012:

have the effect Clive desired of raising that siege.) Clive was forced to reduce his garrison to about 300 men, sending the rest of his force to Madras in case the enemy army decided to go there instead. Raza Sahib arrived at Arcot, and on 23 September occupied the town. That night Clive launched a daring attack against the French artillery, seeking to capture their guns. The attack very nearly succeeded in its object, but was reversed when enemy sniper fire tore into the small British force. Clive himself was targeted on more than one occasion; one man pulled him down and was shot dead. The affair was a serious blow: 15 of Clive's men were killed, and another 15 wounded.

1728:, he sent a coded letter to a friend back in England, directing him to mortgage all his property and to buy as much stock in the Company as possible before the news broke, anticipating that its value would rise. On 3 May 1765 Clive landed at Calcutta to learn that Mir Jafar left him personally £70,000 (equivalent to £12,100,000 in 2023). Mir Jafar was succeeded by his son-in-law Kasim Ali, though not before the government had been further demoralised by taking £100,000 (equivalent to £17,300,000 in 2023) as a gift from the new Nawab; while Kasim Ali had induced not only the viceroy of Awadh, but the emperor of Delhi himself, to invade 4980: 1599: 1352:

through the treasury, amid £1,500,000 (equivalent to £250,000,000 in 2023) sterling's worth of rupees, gold and silver plate, jewels and rich goods, and besought to ask what he would. Clive took £160,000 (equivalent to £27,100,000 in 2023), a vast fortune for the day, while £500,000 (equivalent to £80,000,000 in 2023) was distributed among the army and navy of the East India Company, and provided gifts of £24,000 (equivalent to £4,100,000 in 2023) to each member of the company's committee, as well as the public compensation stipulated for in the treaty.

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did the best he could to prepare for the onslaught he expected. He made a foray against the fort's former garrison, encamped a few miles away, which had no significant effect. When the former garrison was reinforced by 2,000 men Chanda Sahib sent from Trichinopoly it reoccupied the town on 15 September. That night Clive led most of his force out of the fort and launched a surprise attack on the besiegers. Because of the darkness, the besiegers had no idea how large Clive's force was, and they fled in panic.

408: 1632:, declaring that " gave peace, security, prosperity and such liberty as the case allowed of to millions of Indians, who had for centuries been the prey of oppression, while Napoleon's career of conquest was inspired only by personal ambition, and the absolutism he established vanished with his fall." Macaulay's ringing endorsement of Clive seems more controversial today, as some would argue that Clive's ambition and desire for personal gain set the tone for the administration of Bengal until the 1203: 1922: 4986: 1000:, and three small cannons; furthermore, of the eight officers who led them, four were civilians like Clive, and six had never been in action. Clive, hoping to surprise the small garrison at Arcot, made a series of forced marches, including some under extremely rainy conditions. Although he did fail to achieve surprise, the garrison, hearing of the march being made under such arduous conditions, opted to abandon the fort and town; Clive occupied Arcot without firing a shot. 1823:, the throne an English dining-table covered with embroidered cloth and surmounted by a chair in Clive's tent. It is all pictured by a Muslim contemporary, who indignantly exclaims that so great a "transaction was done and finished in less time than would have been taken up in the sale of a jackass". By this deed the company became the real sovereign rulers of thirty million people, yielding a revenue of £4,000,000 sterling (equivalent to £690,000,000 in 2023). 1356:

contribution towards its losses and military expenditure of £1,500,000 sterling (equivalent to £250,000,000 in 2023). Mir Jafar further discharged his debt to Clive by afterwards presenting him with the quit-rent of the company's lands in and around Calcutta, amounting to an annuity of £27,000 (equivalent to £4,600,000 in 2023) for life, and leaving him by will the sum of £70,000 (equivalent to £11,900,000 in 2023), which Clive devoted to the army.

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sending his rabble of troops against a British-held position. The siege finally reached critical when Raza Sahib launched an all-out assault against the fort on 14 November. Clive's small force maintained its composure, and established killing fields outside the walls of the fort where the attackers sought to gain entry. Several hundred attackers were killed and many more wounded, while Clive's small force suffered only four British and two sepoy casualties.

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clause to this effect. Admiral Watson refused to sign it. Clive deposed later to the House of Commons that, "to the best of his remembrance, he gave the gentleman who carried it leave to sign his name upon it; his lordship never made any secret of it; he thinks it warrantable in such a case, and would do it again a hundred times; he had no interested motive in doing it, and did it with a design of disappointing the expectations of a rapacious man."

1982:, one of Clive's most vocal critics, pressed the case that some of Clive's gains were made at the expense of the company and of the government. Clive again made a spirited defence of his actions, and closed his testimony by stating "Take my fortune, but save my honour." The vote that followed exonerated Clive, who was commended for the "great and meritorious service" he rendered to the country. Immediately thereafter Parliament began debating the 4472: 1032:... the commander who had to conduct the defence ... was a young man of five and twenty, who had been bred as a book-keeper ... Clive ... had made his arrangements, and, exhausted by fatigue, had thrown himself on his bed. He was awakened by the alarm, and was instantly at his post ... After three desperate onsets, the besiegers retired behind the ditch. The struggle lasted about an hour ... the garrison lost only five or six men. 1317:

took place. Gunpowder for the cannons of the Nawab was not well protected from rain. That impaired those cannons. Except for the 40 Frenchmen and the guns they worked, the Indian side could do little to reply to the British cannonade (after a spell of rain), which, with the 39th Regiment, scattered the host, inflicting on it a loss of 500 men. Clive had already made a secret agreement with aristocrats in Bengal, including

582: 2031: 824:), some 50 miles (80 km) to the south. Upon his arrival, Clive decided to enlist in the Company army rather than remain idle; in the hierarchy of the company, this was seen as a step down. Clive was, however, recognised for his contribution in the defence of Fort St. David, where the French assault on 11 March 1747 was repulsed with the assistance of the Nawab of the Carnatic, and was given a commission as 2221: 749:

posts, and for trading rights and favour with local Indian rulers. The European merchant companies raised bodies of troops to protect their commercial interests and latterly to influence local politics to their advantage. Military power was rapidly becoming as important as commercial acumen in securing India's valuable trade, and increasingly it was used to appropriate territory and to collect land revenue.

938:, fled to Trichinopoly where he sought the protection and assistance of the British. In thanks for French assistance, the victors awarded them a number of villages, including territory nominally under British sway near Cuddalore and Madras. The British began sending additional arms to Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah and sought to bring Nasir Jung into the fray to oppose Chanda Sahib. Nasir Jung came south to 645: 1558:

from the Government of Bengal". He had been formally made Governor of Bengal by the Court of Directors at a time when his nominal superiors in Madras sought to recall him to their help there. But he had discerned the importance of the province even during his first visit to its rich delta, mighty rivers and teeming population. Clive selected some able subordinates, notably a young

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French artillerymen. For once in his career Clive hesitated, and called a council of sixteen officers to decide, as he put it, "whether in our present situation, without assistance, and on our own bottom, it would be prudent to attack the Nawab, or whether we should wait till joined by some country (Indian) power." Clive himself headed the nine who voted for delay; Major

1267: 600:. Biographer Robert Harvey suggests that this move was made because Clive's father was busy in London trying to provide for the family. Daniel Bayley, the sister's husband, reported that the boy was "out of measure addicted to fighting". He was a regular troublemaker in the schools to which he was sent. When he was older he and a gang of teenagers established a 1325:. Clive restrained Major Kilpatrick, for he trusted to Mir Jafar's abstinence, if not desertion to his ranks, and knew the importance of sparing his own small force. He was fully justified in his confidence in Mir Jafar's treachery to his master, for he led a large portion of the Nawab's army away from the battlefield, ensuring his defeat. 699:. Clive arrived at Fort St. George in June 1744, and spent the next two years working as little more than a glorified assistant shopkeeper, tallying books and arguing with suppliers of the East India Company over the quality and quantity of their wares. He was given access to the governor's library, where he became a prolific reader. 812:. After several days of bombardment the British surrendered and the French entered the city. The British leadership was taken prisoner and sent to Pondicherry. It was originally agreed that the town would be restored to the British after negotiation but this was opposed by Dupleix, who sought to annex Madras to French holdings. 1839:"We are sensible that, since the acquisition of the dewany, the power formerly belonging to the soubah of those provinces is totally, in fact, vested in the East India Company. Nothing remains to him but the name and shadow of authority. This name, however, this shadow, it is indispensably necessary we should seem to venerate." 1135:, losing a chest of gold coins belonging to Clive worth £33,000 (equivalent to £6,500,000 in 2023). Nearly 250 years later in 1998, illegally salvaged coins from Clive's treasure chest were offered for sale, and in 2002 a portion of the coins were given to the South African government after protracted legal wrangling. 1490:, which he later besieged with a combined army of over 40,000 in order to capture or kill Ramnarian, a sworn enemy of the Mughals. Mir Jafar was terrified at the near demise of his cohort and sent his own son Miran to relieve Ramnarian and retake Patna. Mir Jafar also implored the aid of Robert Clive, but it was Major 2006:

wrote that he "had acquired his fortune by such crimes that his consciousness of them impelled him to cut his own throat". Clive's demise has been linked to his history of depression and to opium addiction, but the likely immediate impetus was excruciating pain resulting from illness (he was known to

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were killed and 50 wounded. It is curious in many ways that Clive is now best-remembered for this battle, which was essentially won by suborning the opposition rather than through fighting or brilliant military tactics. Whilst it established British military supremacy in Bengal, it did not secure the

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and Clive were dispatched to attack the Nawab's army and remove him from Calcutta by force. Their first target was the fortress of Baj-Baj which Clive approached by land while Admiral Watson bombarded it from the sea. The fortress was quickly taken with minimal British casualties. Shortly afterwards,

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on behalf of a claimant to its throne. This expedition, on which Clive, now promoted to lieutenant, served as a volunteer, was a disastrous failure. Monsoons ravaged the land forces, and the local support claimed by their client was not in evidence. The ignominious retreat of the British force (which

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soldier. Clive shoots and misses; the cheat then admits his crime and spares Clive's life. The poem's narrator, and those watching the duel, initially believe that the episode shows Clive's courage in standing up honestly; but Clive rebukes them that the magnanimous cheat showed far more honour. The

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he held. The manner of his death has long been the subject of controversy. No inquest was carried out, the absence of which caused contemporary newspapers to report his death as due to an apoplectic fit or stroke. 20th-century biographer, John Watney, concluded: "He did not die from a self-inflicted

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After heavy rain, Clive's 3,200 men and the nine guns crossed the river and took possession of the grove and its tanks of water, while Clive established his headquarters in a hunting lodge. On 23 June, the engagement took place and lasted the whole day, during which remarkably little actual fighting

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Clive employed Umichand, a rich Bengali trader, as an agent between Mir Jafar and the British officials. Umichand threatened to betray Clive unless he was guaranteed, in the agreement itself, £300,000 (equivalent to £56,400,000 in 2023). To dupe him a fictitious agreement was shown to him with a

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Tuloji Angre. The action was led by Admiral James Watson and the British had several ships available, some Royal troops and some Maratha allies. The overwhelming strength of the joint British and Maratha forces ensured that the battle was won with few losses. A fleet surgeon, Edward Ives, noted that

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I shall only say that such a scene of anarchy, confusion, bribery, corruption, and extortion was never seen or heard of in any country but Bengal; nor did such and so many fortunes acquire in so unjust and rapacious a manner. The three provinces of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa producing a clear revenue

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itself. This fact is mentioned in a letter from the secret committee of the court of directors to the Madras government, dated 27 April 1768. The British presence in India was still tiny compared to the number and strength of the princes and people of India, but also compared to the forces of their

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army, after a European model, and enlisted into it many Muslims from upper regions of the Mughal Empire. He re-fortified Calcutta. In 1760, after four years of hard labour, his health gave way and he returned to England. "It appeared", wrote a contemporary on the spot, "as if the soul was departing

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to the north through three streams, which in the hot months are nearly dry. On the left bank of the Bhagirathi, the most westerly of these, 100 miles (160 km) above Chandernagore, stands Murshidabad, the capital of the Mughal viceroys of Bengal. Some miles farther down is the field of Plassey,

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forces had been convinced to come to his relief, but that they were awaiting payment before proceeding. The approach of this force prompted Raza Sahib to demand Clive's surrender; Clive's response was an immediate rejection, and he further insulted Raza Sahib by suggesting that he should reconsider

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The next day Clive learned that heavy guns he had requested from Madras were approaching, so he sent most of his garrison out to escort them into the fort. That night the besiegers, who had spotted the movement, launched an attack on the fort. With only 70 men in the fort, Clive once again was able

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The relationship between the Europeans in India was influenced by a series of wars and treaties in Europe, and by competing commercial rivalry for trade on the subcontinent. Through the 17th and early 18th centuries, the French, Dutch, Portuguese, and British had vied for control of various trading

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A great famine between 1769 and 1773 reduced the population of Bengal by a third. It was argued that the activities and aggrandisement of company officials caused the famine, particularly abuse of trade monopoly and land tax used for the personal benefit of company officials. These revelations and

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led the seven who counselled immediate attack. But, either because his daring asserted itself, or because of a letter received from Mir Jafar, Clive was the first to change his mind and to communicate with Major Eyre Coote. One tradition, followed by Macaulay, represents him as spending an hour in

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Approximately a month later, on 3 February 1757, Clive encountered the army of the Nawab itself. For two days, the army marched past Clive's camp to take up a position east of Calcutta. Sir Eyre Coote, serving in the British forces, estimated the enemy's strength as 40,000 cavalry, 60,000 infantry

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Over the next week Clive and his men worked feverishly to improve the defences, aware that another 4,000 men, led by Chanda Sahib's son Raza Sahib and accompanied by a small contingent of French troops, was on its way. (Most of these troops came from Pondicherry, not Trichinopoly, and thus did not

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The fort was a rambling structure with a dilapidated wall a mile long (too long for his small force to effectively man), and it was surrounded by the densely packed housing of the town. Its moat was shallow or dry, and some of its towers were insufficiently strong to use as artillery mounts. Clive

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was opened on 10 June 1854 to cope with crowds visiting the Crystal Palace. This led to a huge increase in employment in the area and a subsequent increase in the building of residential properties. Many of the new roads were named after eminent figures in British imperial history, such as Robert

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The long-term outcome of Plassey was to place a very heavy revenue burden upon Bengal. The company sought to extract the maximum revenue possible from the peasantry to fund military campaigns, and corruption was widespread amongst its officials. Mir Jafar was compelled to engage in extortion on a

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in 1750, where he requested and received a detachment of British troops. Chanda Sahib's forces advanced to meet them, but retreated after a brief long-range cannonade. Nasir Jung pursued, and was able to capture Arcot and his nephew, Muzaffar Jung. Following a series of fruitless negotiations and

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were marching on Bengal. His reorganisation of the army, on the lines of that which he had begun after Plassey, neglected during his absence in Great Britain, subsequently attracted the admiration of Indian officers. He divided the whole army into three brigades, making each a complete force, in

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On the expedition's return the process of restoring Madras was completed. Company officials, concerned about the cost of the military, slashed its size, denying Clive a promotion to captain in the process. Lawrence procured for Clive a position as the commissary at Fort St. George, a potentially

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In 1772 Parliament opened an inquiry into the company's practices in India. Clive's political opponents turned these hearings into attacks on Clive. Questioned about some of the large sums of money he had received while in India, Clive pointed out that they were not contrary to accepted company

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fled from the field on a camel, securing what wealth he could. He was soon captured by Mir Jafar's forces and later executed by the assassin Mohammadi Beg. Clive entered Murshidabad and established Mir Jafar as Nawab, the price which had been agreed beforehand for his treachery. Clive was taken

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On 21 June 1757, Clive arrived on the bank opposite Plassey, in the midst of the first outburst of monsoon rain. His whole army amounted to 1,100 Europeans and 2,100 sepoy troops, with nine field-pieces. The Nawab had drawn up 18,000 horse, 50,000-foot and 53 pieces of heavy ordnance, served by

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to Mir Jafar, who was to pay £1,000,000 (equivalent to £170,000,000 in 2023) to the company for its losses in Calcutta and the cost of its troops, £500,000 (equivalent to £80,000,000 in 2023) to the British inhabitants of Calcutta, £200,000 (equivalent to £33,900,000 in 2023) to the

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described Clive, who had received no formal military training whatsoever, as the "heaven-born general", endorsing the generous appreciation of his early commander, Major Lawrence. The Court of Directors of the East India Company voted him a sword worth £700, which he refused to receive unless

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Clive distinguished himself in successfully defending a trench against a French sortie: one witness of the action wrote Clive's "platoon, animated by his exhortation, fired again with new courage and great vivacity upon the enemy." The siege was lifted in October 1748 with the arrival of the

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The remaining British residents were asked to take an oath promising not to take up arms against the French; Clive and a handful of others refused, and were kept under weak guard as the French prepared to destroy the fort. Disguising themselves as natives, Clive and three others eluded their

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Blocking impending French mastery of India, Clive improvised a 1751 military expedition that ultimately enabled the EIC to adopt the French strategy of indirect rule via puppet government. Hired by the EIC to return (1755) to India, Clive conspired to secure the company's trade interests by

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In this extraction of wealth Clive followed a usage fully recognised by the company, although this was the source of future corruption which Clive was later sent to India again to correct. The company itself acquired revenue of £100,000 (equivalent to £16,900,000 in 2023) a year, and a

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of £30,000 (equivalent to £5,100,000 in 2023) per year which was the rent the EIC would otherwise pay to the Nawab for their tax-farming concession. When Clive left India in January 1767 he had a fortune of £180,000 (equivalent to £30,500,000 in 2023) which he remitted through the

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Having thus founded the Empire of British India, Clive sought to put in place a strong administration. The salaries of civil servants were increased, the acceptance of gifts from Indians was forbidden, and Clive exacted covenants under which participation in the inland trade was stopped.

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When Clive was nine his aunt died, and, after a brief stint in his father's cramped London quarters, he returned to Shropshire. There he attended the Market Drayton Grammar School, where his unruly behaviour (and an improvement in the family's fortunes) prompted his father to send him to

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intrigues, Nasir Jung was assassinated by a rebellious soldier. This made Muzaffar Jung nizam and confirmed Chanda Sahib as Nawab of the Carnatic, both with French support. Dupleix was rewarded for French assistance with titled nobility and rule of the nizam's territories south of the

2015:, Clive suffered from acute depression from an early age, and tried to take his own life twice in his youth. During his Indian stint depression also troubled him. He was morose, and spoke less. Shortly beforehand, he had been offered and declined command of British forces in 768: 1640:

During the three years that Clive remained in Great Britain, he sought a political position, chiefly that he might influence the course of events in India, which he had left full of promise. He had been well received at court, was elevated to the peerage as Baron Clive of

4199:"Colin Clive, Actor, Dies in Hollywood. Star of Screen and Stage, 37, Scored First Hit as Stanhope in 'Journey's End'. Made Debut Here in 1930. Appeared in 'Clive of India,' a Picture Based on Life of His Ancestor. Descendant of Empire Builder Played Frankenstein Role". 1963:

practice, and defended his behaviour by stating "I stand astonished at my own moderation" given opportunities for greater gain. The hearings highlighted the need for reform of the company; a vote to censure Clive for his actions failed. Later in 1772, Clive was invested

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lost its baggage train to the pursuing Tanjorean army while crossing a swollen river) was a blow to the British reputation. Major Lawrence, seeking to recover British prestige, led the entire Madras garrison to Tanjore in response. At the fort of Devikottai on the

1752: 1795:. But he believed he had other work in the exploitation of the revenues and resources of rich Bengal itself, making it a base from which British India would afterwards steadily grow. Hence he returned to the Awadh viceroy all his territory save the provinces of 1052:, the French commander who displaced Dupleix. Mohammed Ali Khan Wallajah was recognised as Nawab, and both nations agreed to equalise their possessions. When war again broke out in 1756, during Clive's absence in Bengal, the French obtained successes in the 1226:

had yielded the combined forces prizes valued at £130,000 (equivalent to £22,000,000 in 2023). After consenting to the siege, the Nawab unsuccessfully sought to assist the French. Some officials of the Nawab's court formed a confederacy to depose him.

1890:(Law and order) remained in the hands of the Nawab who appointed his own representative to deal with the company. This system proved to be detrimental for the administration of Bengal and ultimately the "Dual system of government" was abolished by Clive. 2147:

and his economic management of India. The famine killed between one and ten million people. Changes caused by Clive to the Indian revenue system and agricultural practices, designed to maximize profits for the East India Company, increased poverty in

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Clive was also instrumental in making the company virtual master of North India by introducing his policy of "Dual system of government". According to the new arrangement enforced by him, the company became liable only for revenue affairs of Bengal

1313:, pictures his resolution as the result of a dream. However that may be, he did well as a soldier to trust to the dash and even rashness that had gained Arcot and triumphed at Calcutta since retreat, or even delay, might have resulted in defeat. 1636:

30 years later. The immediate consequence of Clive's victory at Plassey was an increase in the revenue demand on Bengal by at least 20%, which led to considerable hardship for the rural population, particularly during the famine of 1770.

1178:. The losses to the Company because of the fall of Calcutta were estimated by investors at £2,000,000 (equivalent to £380,000,000 in 2023). Those British who were captured were placed in a punishment cell which became infamous as the 1688:, whom he defeated in the end. In this he was aided by the news of reverses in Bengal. Mir Jafar had finally rebelled over payments to British officials, and Clive's successor had put Qasim Ali Khan, Mir Jafar's son-in-law upon the 604:

that vandalised the shops of uncooperative merchants in Market Drayton. There Clive also exhibited fearlessness at an early age. He is reputed to have climbed the tower of St Mary's Parish Church in Market Drayton and perched on a

1182:. In stifling summer heat, it was reported that 43 of the 64 prisoners died as a result of suffocation or heat stroke. While the Black Hole became infamous in Britain, it is debatable whether the Nawab was aware of the incident. 1619:

of £27,000 (equivalent to £5,200,000 in 2023) a year. He financially supported his parents and sisters, while also providing Major Lawrence, the commanding officer who had early encouraged his military genius, with a

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to disguise his small numbers, and sowed sufficient confusion against his enemies that multiple assaults against the fort were successfully repulsed. That morning the guns arrived, and Chanda Sahib's men again retreated.

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Over the next month the besiegers slowly tightened their grips on the fort. Clive's men were subjected to frequent sniper attacks and disease, lowering the garrison size to 200. He was heartened to learn that some 6,000

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Clive and Major Lawrence were able to bring the campaign to a successful conclusion. In 1754, the first of the provisional Carnatic treaties was signed between Thomas Saunders, the Company president at Madras, and

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The whole hot season of 1757 was spent in negotiations with the Nawab of Bengal. In the middle of June Clive began his march from Chandannagar, with the British in boats and the sepoys along the right bank of the

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Robert Clive was not in southern India for many of these events. In 1750 Clive was afflicted with some sort of nervous disorder, and was sent north to Bengal to recuperate. It was there that he met and befriended

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In return for the Awadhian provinces Clive secured from the emperor one of the most important documents in British history in India, effectively granting title of Bengal to Clive. It appears in the records as

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to complete a basic education. Despite his early lack of scholarship, in his later years he devoted himself to improving his education. He eventually developed a distinctive writing style, and a speech in the

6641: 899:) could be used to tip balances of power between competing interests, and used this idea to greatly expand French influence in southern India. For many years he had been working to negotiate the release of 895:, which was also furthered by the expansionist interests of French Governor-General Dupleix. Dupleix had grasped from the first war that small numbers of disciplined European forces (and well-trained 2161:'s restoration to the subahship; and they have, both civil and military, exacted and levied contributions from every man of power and consequence, from the Nawab down to the lowest zamindar. 2412:, where he was a student for seven years before his expulsion. Members were distinguished by their red striped ties. In January 2021 the house was renamed after former pupil and sportsman 1624:

of £500 (equivalent to £100,000 in 2023) a year. In the five years of his conquests and administration in Bengal, the young man had crowded together a succession of exploits that led

1546:, forcing them to withdraw. The British engaged and defeated the ships the Dutch used to deliver the troops in a separate naval battle on 24 November. Thus Clive avenged the massacre of 6611: 1471:. Ali Gauhar was accompanied by Muhammad Quli Khan, Hidayat Ali, Mir Afzal, Kadim Husein and Ghulam Husain Tabatabai. Their forces were reinforced by the forces of Shuja-ud-Daula and 1467:

and some parts of the Bengal, Ali Gauhar and his Mughal Army of 30,000 intended to overthrow Mir Jafar and the Company in order to reconquer the riches of the eastern Subahs for the

1763:, the Nawab of Awadh. The Album contains 62 folia of Mughal miniature paintings, drawing and floral pattern studies. The binding is from Indian brocade silk brought home by the 671:, and Clive set sail for India. After running aground on the coast of Brazil, his ship was detained for nine months while repairs were completed. This enabled him to learn some 856:

The end of the war between France and Britain did not, however, end hostilities in India. Even before news of the peace arrived in India, the British had sent an expedition to

4487: 4037: 903:, a longtime French ally who had at one time occupied the throne of Tanjore, and sought for himself the throne of the Carnatic. Chanda Sahib had been imprisoned by the 2105:

Rebecca Clive (b. 15 September 1760, bapt 10 October 1760 Moreton Say, d. December 1795, married in 1780 to Lt-Gen John Robinson of Denston Hall Suffolk, MP (d. 1798.)

3864: 1309:

thought under the shade of some trees, while he resolved the issues of what was to prove one of the decisive battles of the world. Another, turned into verse by Sir

1125:

In July 1755, Clive returned to India to act as deputy governor of Fort St. David at Cuddalore. He arrived after having lost a considerable fortune en route, as the

3684: 2173:). Petitions have called for removal of a statue of Clive from The Square in Shrewsbury. No more than 20,000 signatures supported such a move, and on 16 July 2020 1073:

Margaret Maskelyne had set out to find Clive who reportedly had fallen in love with her portrait. When she arrived Clive was a national hero. They were married at

6681: 592:

Clive's father was known to have a temper, which the boy apparently inherited. For reasons that are unknown, Clive was sent to live with his mother's sister in

5155: 2343:

poem largely focuses on the relationship between courage and fear, and closes with an allusion to Clive's suicide ("Clive's worst deed – we'll hope condoned").

1826:

On the same date Clive obtained not only an imperial charter for the company's possessions in the Carnatic, completing the work he began at Arcot, but a third

491:

overthrowing the ruler of Bengal, the richest state in India. Back in England from 1760 to 1765, he used the wealth accumulated from India to secure (1762) an

2264:), appeared to be 150–250 years old. Adwaita had been in the zoo since the 1870s and the zoo's documentation showed that he came from Clive's estate in India. 926:, fled west to join Chanda Sahib, whose army was also reinforced by French troops sent by Dupleix. These forces met those of Anwaruddin Mohammed Khan in the 4424: 3159: 2027:. After his death, a satire in a London newspaper drew him as the 'Lord Vulture', picking the bones of the Indian dead, perhaps due to the Bengal famines. 1369:

While busy with the civil administration, Clive continued to follow up his military success. He sent Major Coote in pursuit of the French almost as far as

1060:

formally confirmed Mohammed Ali Khan Wallajah as Nawab of the Carnatic. It was a result of this action and the increased British influence that in 1765 a

6666: 6464: 4829: 797:

on the southeast coast of India. Hostilities in India began with a British naval attack on a French fleet in 1745, which led the French Governor-General

2567: 2319:. However, two properties in central Calcutta owned by women named Ishwari and Bhobi, whom the Company identified as prostitutes, were seized in 1753. 6696: 6636: 4899: 2686: 2072: 1835:

ambitious French, Dutch and Danish rivals. Clive had this in mind when he penned his last advice to the directors, as he finally left India in 1767:

1162:

Following this action Clive headed to his post at Fort St. David and it was there he received news of twin disasters for the British. Early in 1756,

785:, and began using it to expand its imperial interests. This became a source of conflict with the British in India with the entry of Britain into the 6691: 6686: 4739: 4652: 3241:"CLIVE, Robert (1725–74), of Styche Hall, nr. Market Drayton, Salop; subsequently of Walcot Park, Salop; Claremont, Surr.; and Oakley Park, Salop" 2729:"CLIVE, Robert (1725–74), of Styche Hall, nr. Market Drayton, Salop; subsequently of Walcot Park, Salop; Claremont, Surr.; and Oakley Park, Salop" 1395: 6626: 6454: 574:. Robert's father, who supplemented the estate's modest income by practising as a lawyer, also served in Parliament for many years, representing 5405: 4959: 1589: 6631: 6469: 3477: 2466: 2311:

Clive is responsible for opening the first organized brothel within the Army cantonment of Calcutta. He was not interested in eradication of

1615:

In 1760, the 35-year-old Clive returned to Great Britain with a fortune of at least £300,000 (equivalent to £57,300,000 in 2023) and the

1025: 809: 3996: 1550: – the occasion when he wrote his famous letter; "Dear Forde, fight them immediately; I will send you the order of council to-morrow". 72: 6671: 575: 6601: 6439: 4864: 741:. The Nawab nominally owed fealty to the nizam, but in many respects acted independently. Fort St. George and the French trading post at 500: 4492: 1882:. An office of "Deputy Nawab" was created, who was at the helms of all the affairs vis a vis revenue of two of the richest provinces of 1418:

Clive came into direct contact with the Mughal himself, for the first time, a meeting which would prove beneficial in his later career.

6449: 5663: 5148: 5017: 4601: 3776: 2742: 6621: 6484: 4909: 4584: 4216: 3153: 2453:, commemorates Baron Clive despite being so named close to a century after his death. Following the completion of the relocation of 1222:, while he besieged it by land. There was a strong incentive to capture the colony, as capture of a previous French settlement near 6616: 6489: 5467: 3262: 1788: 1518:

not formally being at war, a Dutch fleet of seven ships, containing more than fifteen hundred European and Malay troops, came from

6716: 6676: 6509: 5668: 5607: 4822: 4764: 4541: 3361: 2420: 1654: 459:(EIC) rule in Bengal. He began as a writer (the term used then in India for an office clerk) for the EIC in 1744 and established 562:, on 29 September 1725 to Richard Clive and Rebecca (née Gaskell) Clive. The family had held the small estate since the time of 6459: 6412: 5047: 5012: 4735: 4529: 2409: 2166: 1108: 865:

the British force was confronted by the much larger Tanjorean army. Lawrence gave Clive command of 30 British soldiers and 700

614: 448: 262: 3970: 1998:

wound ... He died as he severed his jugular with a blunt paper knife brought on by an overdose of drugs". While Clive left no

1333:

East India Company's control over Upper India, as is sometimes claimed. That would come only seven years later in 1764 at the

6706: 5714: 5141: 5057: 4715: 4393: 4326: 4282: 3899: 3839: 3537: 3428: 3344: 2510: 1096: 520: 5172: 2631: 6721: 6596: 5077: 4919: 4914: 4884: 1680:

Clive set himself to reform the home system of the East India Company, and began a bitter dispute with the chairman of the

1120: 1037: 566:

and had a lengthy history of public service: members of the family included a Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland under

116: 6606: 6540: 5185: 5092: 5037: 5032: 4964: 4929: 3681: 2728: 1186: 585: 578:. Robert was their eldest son of thirteen children; he had seven sisters and five brothers, six of whom died in infancy. 363: 3240: 2241:

Grammar School is on display at Market Drayton museum complete with his carved initials. The town also has a Clive Road.

1235:, the Nawab's commander-in-chief, led the conspirators. With Admiral Watson, Governor Drake and Mr. Watts, Clive made a 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 4815: 4786: 4642: 3739: 3657: 2714: 2671: 2143:

Clive's actions have been criticised by modern historians due to actions in India, particularly his involvement in the

845: 432: 58: 1570:

vast scale in order to replenish his treasury, which had been emptied by the company's demand for an indemnity of 2.8

6434: 6429: 5117: 5107: 4934: 4795: 4412: 4353: 4123: 3945: 3811: 3760: 3710: 3317: 3087: 2641: 2544: 1437: 1283: 1040: 986: 627: 623: 165: 6701: 6444: 5357: 5007: 4616: 4461: 3116: 1879: 1338: 504: 5597: 5587: 5552: 5027: 5002: 4969: 4683: 4633: 2687:"The Anarchy: how the East India Company looted India, and became too big to fail, explored by William Dalrymple" 2178: 2099: 1764: 1530:, the Nawab of Bengal, was meeting with Clive in Calcutta. They met a mixed force of British and local troops at 508: 496: 250: 6726: 6711: 6560: 5072: 4944: 4894: 4879: 4869: 4859: 4727: 4164: 2272: 2063:

An officer, Thomas Maunsell (1726-1814), who had fought under Clive at the Battle of Plassey bought lands near

1792: 1708: 1104: 786: 762: 334: 303: 3334: 1849:

Unfortunately this had very little impact in reducing corruption, which remained widespread until the days of

1154:

Clive refused to take any part of the treasure divided among the victorious forces as was custom at the time.

6530: 6499: 4769: 4720: 4623: 3827: 3523: 3197: 2208: 2087:

On 18 February 1753 in Madras, Clive married Margaret Maskelyne (d. 28 December 1817), sister of the Rev. Dr

1968: 1658: 1100: 1074: 730: 20: 1911: 6550: 6206: 5557: 5164: 4781: 1539: 4141: 2657: 1510:, seeing an opportunity to expand their influence, agreed to send additional troops to Chinsurah. Despite 6396: 5783: 5432: 4776: 4749: 4691: 4063: 2144: 2079:, whose main administrative centre is Plassey House. Despite a popular myth, Clive never owned the land. 1933: 1661:

until his death. He was allowed to sit in the Commons because his peerage was Irish. He was also elected

923: 836: 539: 439: 347: 93: 62: 5592: 2588:

He "was celebrated in so many subsequent histories as the founder of 'British India.'" Emma Rothschild,

1649:; had bought estates, and returned a few friends as well as himself to the House of Commons. Clive was 667:

In 1744 Clive's father acquired for him a position as a "factor" or company agent in the service of the

6131: 5683: 5400: 5395: 4451: 3288:

Russell, Alec (9 October 1997). "South Africa seeks its share of Clive's pounds 1/2 m treasure trove".

3110: 1772: 1748:, detached himself from the league, while the Awadh viceroy threw himself on the mercy of the British. 1519: 1411: 935: 313: 4509: 4503: 2157:

of £3 million sterling, have been under the absolute management of the company's servants, ever since

798: 6106: 5803: 5678: 5517: 5457: 4838: 4591: 4564: 3777:"Robert Clive was a vicious asset-stripper. His statue has no place on Whitehall | William Dalrymple" 2301: 2287: 1944: 1605: 782: 343: 323: 2177:

voted 28–17 to retain the statue. A similar petition for removal of Clive's statue from outside the

1759:, from the "Small Clive Album" thought to have been given to Clive on his 1765–67 visit to India by 1740:. Major Munro, "the Napier of those times", scattered the united armies on the hard-fought field of 715:

in 1707, the power of the emperor had gradually fallen into the hands of his provincial viceroys or

6391: 6366: 5903: 5602: 5582: 5442: 5302: 5260: 2413: 2170: 2068: 1898:

Clive left India for the last time in February 1767. In 1768, he lived at the Chateau de Larzac in

1733: 1598: 1511: 1248:

native inhabitants, and £70,000 (equivalent to £11,900,000 in 2023) to its Armenian merchants.

1236: 738: 484: 3481: 3395: 1914:, and that he (or his chef) had brought the recipe from India as a refined version of the savoury 918:, seized the throne of Hyderabad, although Asaf Jah had designated as his successor his grandson, 6111: 6081: 5818: 5798: 5633: 5542: 5265: 5255: 5245: 5235: 4799: 4186: 1978:

Clive continued to be involved in Parliamentary discussions on company reforms. In 1773, General

1697: 4979: 3635:

Complete book online – Bombay and western India – a series of stray papers, with photos of Ajmer

1170:

as Nawab of Bengal. In June, Clive received news that the new Nawab had attacked the British at

930:

in August 1749; Anwaruddin was slain, and Chanda Sahib victorious entered the Carnatic capital,

6336: 6246: 6241: 5482: 5421: 5313: 5240: 5230: 4753: 3611:

Complete book online – British Government in India: The Story of Viceroys and Government Houses

2427: 2245: 2189: 2076: 2035: 1983: 1783:, or Upper India, what he had accomplished in Bengal. He might have secured what is now called 1179: 1057: 1056:, and it was Mohammed Ali Khan Wallajah's efforts which drove them from their settlements. The 835:, who arrived in 1748 to take command of the British troops at Fort St. David. During the 1748 597: 389: 4121:

Cow Slaughtering | GouGram.org : Official website of Vishw Mangala Gou Gram Yatra (VMGGY)

3418: 675:, one of the several languages then in use in south India because of the Portuguese centre at 6535: 6474: 6301: 6086: 6031: 5863: 5823: 5628: 5547: 5492: 5477: 5427: 5415: 5292: 5042: 4924: 4846: 4700: 4525: 4370: 2375: 2362: 2283: 1937: 1642: 1476: 734: 460: 34: 27: 4014: 3997:"Clive of India's name dropped from house at his former school over links to British Empire" 3154:"Clive [née Maskelyne], Margaret, Lady Clive of Plassey (1735–1817), society figure" 2750: 2442:

in Shropshire. This follows criticism of Robert Clive in light of the George Floyd protests.

1502:

While Clive was preoccupied with fighting the French, the Dutch directors of the outpost at

6591: 6586: 6386: 6341: 6276: 6221: 6166: 6051: 5956: 5913: 5868: 5788: 5688: 5532: 5437: 5287: 4954: 4949: 4760: 4711: 1907: 1650: 1633: 1085: 563: 375: 49: 4099: 1910:

in southern France. Local tradition is that he introduced local bakers to a sweet pastry,

8: 6371: 6316: 6201: 6196: 6091: 6071: 5996: 5793: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5738: 5577: 5052: 4704: 3734:

Dirks, Nicholas (2006) The scandal of Empire- India and the creation of Imperial Britain

3389: 3290: 2431: 2193: 2115:, Shropshire, d. June 1814, married 11 April 1780 Lt-Col Lambert Theodore Walpole (d. in 1666: 1662: 1543: 1480: 1390: 1215: 1143: 1067: 904: 892: 891:, the Nizam of Hyderabad, in 1748 sparked a struggle to succeed him that is known as the 882: 672: 385: 380: 358: 4889: 4535: 3266: 1732:. At this point a mutiny in the Bengal army occurred, which was a grim precursor of the 1185:

By Christmas 1756, as no response had been received to diplomatic letters to the Nawab,

955:, who became his principal chronicler and biographer. Clive returned to Madras in 1751. 6555: 6401: 6321: 6251: 6236: 6146: 6136: 6046: 6036: 6021: 6006: 5986: 5961: 5833: 5778: 5502: 5472: 5367: 5347: 5297: 5195: 4874: 4660: 4318: 4201: 3937:

Society, economy, and the market : commercialization in rural Bengal, c. 1760-1800

3590: 3582: 2454: 2276: 2174: 2042: 1768: 1737: 1681: 1629: 1310: 1305: 1223: 790: 742: 726: 668: 639: 526:

Clive's actions on behalf of the EIC have made him one of Britain's most controversial

456: 412: 534:

and establishing EIC control over Bengal, thereby furthering the establishment of the

6545: 6376: 6361: 6261: 6156: 6116: 6041: 5946: 5918: 5878: 5703: 5487: 5447: 5410: 5372: 5352: 5342: 5225: 5215: 5122: 5102: 5062: 4854: 4408: 4389: 4349: 4322: 4278: 4160: 3951: 3941: 3895: 3865:"Robert Clive: An 'unstable sociopath and a racist', hated both in India and England" 3835: 3807: 3756: 3735: 3706: 3594: 3574: 3533: 3424: 3340: 3313: 3083: 2637: 2540: 2506: 2458: 2367: 2316: 2300:

With the re-capture of Calcutta by Clive in 1756, the cultivation of poppies for the

2196:

announced that Clive House was to be renamed "Owen House" (after the Shropshire poet

2149: 2116: 2012: 1964: 1674: 1670: 1628:, in what that historian termed his "flashy" essay on the subject, to compare him to 1381:(1758), pronounced by Broome "one of the most brilliant actions on military record". 1378: 1261: 1127: 969: 832: 601: 468: 452: 416: 394: 6565: 6479: 6356: 6326: 6306: 6281: 6271: 6211: 6121: 6066: 6061: 5951: 5873: 5698: 5653: 5638: 5562: 5537: 5507: 5270: 5210: 5087: 5022: 4450: 4429: 4268: 3566: 3164: 3109: 2261: 2228: 2092: 1956: 1685: 1563: 1547: 1445: 1053: 848:. Madras was returned to the British as part of the peace agreement in early 1749. 805: 722: 683:

near the village of Madraspatnam, later Madras, now the major Indian metropolis of

531: 472: 420: 339: 132: 4441: 3183: 947:. His territories were "said to yield an annual revenue of over 350,000 rupees". 617:

in London. His bad behaviour continued, and he was then sent to a trade school in

6514: 6504: 6406: 6311: 6256: 6171: 6151: 5971: 5941: 5936: 5893: 5883: 5848: 5843: 5808: 5733: 5658: 5497: 5220: 4383: 4343: 4272: 4243: 4127: 4081: 3688: 3527: 3330: 2615: 2534: 2500: 2370:. It was based on a biography of Clive that Minney had written two years earlier. 2329: 2315:

but in regulation so that their own soldiers and sailors could be protected from

2088: 2053: 1990: 1850: 1812: 1741: 1725: 1559: 1348: 1334: 1163: 1062: 1049: 927: 794: 680: 649: 571: 371: 4183:

The London Stage 1930-1939: A Calendar of Productions, Performers, and Personnel

2297:

Robert Clive established the first slaughterhouse in India, in Calcutta in 1760.

1107:

were later unseated by petition of their defeated opponents, Richard Hussey and

707:

The India Clive arrived in was divided into a number of successor states to the

530:

figures. His achievements included checking French imperialist ambitions on the

6346: 6296: 6286: 6266: 6231: 6191: 6176: 5898: 5828: 5813: 5753: 5743: 5572: 5462: 5332: 5307: 5282: 5180: 5133: 5097: 5067: 4939: 4557: 4456: 3168: 3105: 2474: 2366:(1933) portrays the life of Clive, particularly focusing on his victory at the 2304:

soon came to be the mainstay of the East India Trading Company's commerce with

2238: 2003: 1857:, who chose to resent the veto against receiving presents and the reduction of 1854: 1831: 1760: 1515: 1472: 1456: 1452: 1441: 1427: 1400: 1342: 1279: 1228: 1147: 1132: 1092: 1017: 990: 982: 974: 964: 907:

in 1740; by 1748 he had been released from custody and was building an army at

862: 844:, but the war came to a conclusion with the arrival in December of news of the 817: 555: 407: 367: 226: 4433: 4217:"Private school's 'Clive of India' house renamed over links to British Empire" 3633: 3570: 6580: 6291: 6216: 6181: 6141: 6056: 6026: 6016: 6001: 5888: 5858: 5838: 5567: 4574: 4502: 4483: 4478: 4179: 3578: 3309: 3079: 2462: 2384: 2380: 2016: 1979: 1921: 1784: 1625: 1523: 1507: 1491: 1468: 1292: 1167: 919: 908: 825: 758: 708: 618: 4807: 4496:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 532–536. 3955: 2617:

Lord Clive: The Founder of the British Empire in India, a Drama in Five Acts

2354:(1884), celebrates Clive's life and career from a pro-British point of view. 6381: 6011: 5976: 5966: 5908: 5708: 5612: 5522: 5512: 5277: 5205: 5190: 5112: 4904: 2446: 2435: 2402: 2357: 2312: 2305: 2197: 2057: 1999: 1862: 1745: 1713: 1646: 1487: 1419: 1403: 1219: 1207: 1139: 944: 900: 4120: 3915:

Logan, John (2003). "Robert Clive's Irish peerage and estate, 1761-1842".

1815:

from the King Shah Aalum, granting the diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and

1202: 873:

lucrative posting (its pay included commissions on all supply contracts).

455:. Clive has been widely credited for laying the foundation of the British 6101: 5981: 5673: 5452: 5200: 5082: 4994: 4985: 4673: 3935: 2478: 2388: 2347: 2020: 1878:

while the administration and law and order was made a prerogative of the

1866:

itself equal to any single Indian army that could be brought against it.

1374: 1171: 952: 551: 535: 527: 492: 285: 193: 1967:(eight years after he had been made knight bachelor), and was appointed 996:

Madras and Fort St. David could supply him with only 200 Europeans, 300

659: 6351: 6126: 6076: 5991: 5643: 5527: 5362: 3940:. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors. pp. 262, 266. 3586: 3554: 2339: 2338:

recounts a fictional episode in which Clive, as a young clerk, duels a

2268: 2213: 2152:. Clive commented on the poor conditions of Bengal under Company rule, 2024: 1975:

subsequent debates in Parliament reduced Clive's political popularity.

1479:

and 200 Frenchmen, and waged a campaign against the British during the

1430: 1318: 915: 888: 593: 567: 559: 516: 512: 257: 197: 1926: 1903: 1899: 6642:

Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies

6331: 6226: 6186: 6161: 6096: 5758: 5748: 5648: 3609: 2182: 2158: 2008: 1796: 1780: 1721: 1693: 1616: 1531: 1527: 1503: 1407: 1322: 1295:. During the rainy season, the Hooghly is fed by the overflow of the 1271: 1232: 821: 712: 696: 475: 3725:

Smith, Adam (1776). The Wealth of Nations, Book 4, Chap. 5, Par. 45.

3420:

Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material

1830:

for the highest of all the lieutenancies of the empire, that of the

5693: 5337: 2439: 2334: 2253: 2112: 2064: 1994: 1986:, which significantly reformed the East India Company's practices. 1756: 1665:

for 1762–63. The non-graduate Clive received an honorary degree as

1535: 1089: 816:

inattentive sentry, slipped out of the fort, and made their way to

717: 688: 606: 4542:"Lord Clive," an essay by Thomas Babington Macaulay (January 1840) 4477:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

4038:"Clive of India statue to remain in Shrewsbury after council vote" 3306:

The Honourable Company—A History of the English East India Company

3076:

The Honourable Company—A History of the English East India Company

2267:

A statue of Clive stands in the main square in the market town of

2131:

Robert Clive Jnr (b. 14 August 1769, d. unm 28 July 1833), Lt-Col.

1720:

On 11 April 1765, Clive's ship docked at Madras. Upon learning of

5853: 2434:

which in 2021 was renamed Owen house, after the poet and soldier

2257: 2249: 2011:) which he had been attempting to abate with opium. According to 1820: 1621: 1370: 1275: 1218:, Clive sent the fleet up the river against the French colony of 1175: 1150: 857: 841: 789:

in 1744. The Indian theatre of the conflict is also known as the

684: 653: 581: 2568:"Hundreds sign petition to remove 'Clive of India' statue in UK" 2030: 1239:

in which it was agreed to give the office of viceroy of Bengal,

1190:

on 2 January 1757, Calcutta itself was taken with similar ease.

831:

In the conflict, Clive's bravery came to the attention of Major

679:. At this time the East India Company had a small settlement at 411:

Map of India in 1765, showing the territory administered by the

5377: 2450: 2220: 2169:, renamed Clive House to "Raphael House" (after the sportsman 1952: 1816: 1464: 1434: 1329: 1296: 1244: 1078: 939: 802: 692: 464: 3555:"Lord Clive and Speculation in East India Company Stock, 1766" 2423:, where all houses are named after prominent military figures. 1036:

His conduct during the siege made Clive famous in Europe. The

644: 4015:"Thousands call for Shrewsbury's Clive of India statue to go" 2743:"Robert Clive – Biography, papers and letters written by him" 2291: 1948: 1883: 1875: 1819:

to the Company 1765." The date was 12 August 1765, the place

1729: 1604:

Robert Clive's coat of arms (left) and the arms in relief at

1572: 1554: 1460: 1423: 1240: 997: 931: 896: 866: 479: 2224:

A later statue of Clive stands in King Charles Street London

2108:

Charlotte Clive (b. 19 January 1762, d. unm 20 October 1795)

1853:. Clive's military reforms were more effective. He put down 1553:

Meanwhile, Clive improved the organisation and drill of the

767: 4130:. Eng.gougram.org (24 May 2011). Retrieved on 11 July 2012. 3703:

In Retrospect: A Short History of The Royal Salop Infirmary

1915: 1341:

defeated the combined forces of the Mughal Emperor and the

1174:

and shortly afterwards on 20 June he had taken the fort at

1157: 443:(29 September 1725 – 22 November 1774), also known as 4293:

Robert Clive of India: A Political and Psychological Essay

3832:

The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company

3529:

The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company

2672:"Robert Clive (1725–74) | Statue by John Tweed, 1912" 2122:

Elizabeth Clive (bapt 18 November 1764 Condover, d. young)

1377:

and the northern districts of Madras, where Forde won the

4315:

Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India, ch. 6

3387: 3029: 2927: 2165:

In January 2021, the private school that Clive attended,

1993:

home. His death was caused by a cut to his throat from a

1066:(decree) came from the Emperor of Delhi, recognising the 676: 3971:"The East India Company: The original corporate raiders" 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2590:

The Inner Life of Empires: An Eighteenth-Century History

1751: 1266: 4385:

Bengal, The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740–1828

2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 1494:, who defeated and dispersed Prince Ali Gauhar's army. 1270:

Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive of Plassey, meeting with

6612:

People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood

3339:(8th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 185. 2978: 2957: 2867: 1114: 3391:

The Indian Empire: Its Peoples, History, and Products

2911: 2909: 2846: 2703:

Clive of India, by John Watney, published 1974, p.149

1886:

besides being the company's representative while the

702: 633: 26:"Clive of India" redirects here. For other uses, see 2774: 2715:"Robert Clive - Clive's Administrative Achievements" 2502:

With Clive in India: Or, The Beginnings of an Empire

2352:

With Clive in India: Or, the Beginnings of an Empire

1843: 1736:, but on this occasion it was quickly suppressed by 1081:

on 18 February 1753. They then returned to England.

3365:, reports figures of 64 prisoners and 21 survivors. 801:to request additional forces. On 4 September 1746, 542:, which killed between one and ten million people. 4513:(9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 3152: 3134:(London), 1891, pp.511–13 (First published in the 2906: 2019:. He was buried in St Margaret's Parish Church at 1799:and Kora, which he presented to the weak emperor. 1486:Prince Ali Gauhar successfully advanced as far as 3423:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 767–. 2532: 2232:Robert Clive Statue in Victoria Memorial, Kolkata 2188:In light of criticism of Clive's legacy, in 2020 2073:National Institute for Higher Education, Limerick 1787:, and have rendered unnecessary the campaigns of 1328:Clive lost hardly any European troops; in all 22 1138:Clive, now promoted to lieutenant-colonel in the 6578: 5163: 4405:Who's Who in Early Hanoverian Britain, 1714–1789 4364:The Battle of Plassey and the Conquest of Bengal 3705:. North Shropshire Printing Co Ltd. p. ix. 2830: 2828: 1989:On 22 November 1774 Clive died, aged 49, at his 1451:Prince Ali Gauhar was welcomed and protected by 1131:, the lead ship of his convoy, was wrecked near 3700: 2473:There is a settlement named after Clive in the 6682:British military personnel who died by suicide 4465:. Vol. 11. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 4336:Clive: The Life and Death of a British Emperor 4157:Under The Raj: Prostitution in Colonial Bengal 3120:. Vol. 11. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 2405:manufactured in Australia by McKenzie's Foods. 2286:with his wife's) in relief in the pediment at 1943:In 1769, he acquired the house and gardens of 711:. Over the forty years since the death of the 588:, whose tower Clive is reputed to have climbed 5149: 4837: 4823: 4241: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3478:"Former Mayors of Shrewsbury 1638 to present" 2825: 2633:Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India 2620:. St. Joseph's Industrial School Press. 1913. 2467:West End of London and Crystal Palace Railway 1779:Clive had now an opportunity of repeating in 1206:"9 (Plassey) Battery Royal Artillery" of the 4526:"Archival material relating to Robert Clive" 4428:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3163:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 781:In 1720 France effectively nationalised the 745:were both located in the Nawab's territory. 503:, and a seat for himself in Parliament, via 4500: 4377:. Rulers of India. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4267: 3750: 3744: 3416: 2879: 2498: 2071:. In 1970 these lands were acquired by the 1197: 501:Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle 478:as ruler of Bengal, Clive was guaranteed a 6667:Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath 5664:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 5156: 5142: 4830: 4816: 4534: 4312: 4309:. (Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc.). 4300:Dupleix and Clive: The Beginning of Empire 3496: 3215: 1579: 94:Governor of the Presidency of Fort William 71: 4448: 4235: 4035: 3968: 3826: 3691:, coolvines.com, accessed 30 January 2012 3522: 3480:. Shrewsbury Town Council. Archived from 3359:D. L. Prior, Holwell's biographer in the 3130:Thomas Babington Macaulay, "Lord Clive," 2749:. British Onlive Archives. Archived from 2526: 1703: 1345:in a much more closely fought encounter. 981:In the summer of 1751, Chanda Sahib left 19:For other people named Robert Clive, see 6697:British East India Company Army generals 6637:British East India Company Army officers 4482: 4402: 4381: 4369: 4154: 3658:"Administrative Reforms of Robert clive" 3464: 3451: 3146: 3144: 3035: 2984: 2963: 2933: 2873: 2852: 2819: 2492: 2227: 2219: 2207: 2029: 1920: 1918:. Pézenas is known for such delicacies. 1750: 1707: 1394: 1300:then an extensive grove of mango trees. 1265: 1201: 1158:Fall and recapture of Calcutta (1756–57) 1099:, which then returned two Members, from 968: 766: 658: 643: 630:as the most eloquent he had ever heard. 580: 406: 6692:Suicides by sharp instrument in England 6687:British politicians who died by suicide 4425:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4092: 3994: 3889: 3362:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3329: 3287: 3160:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3104: 2111:Margaret Clive (bapt 18 September 1763 1893: 1738:blowing the sepoy ringleader from a gun 914:Upon the death of Asaf Jah I, his son, 596:while still a toddler. The site is now 352: 6627:Peers of Ireland created by George III 6579: 4341: 3834:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 235. 3801: 3795: 3532:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 205. 3235: 3233: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3013: 3011: 2684: 1673:in 1760, and in 1764 he was appointed 1562:, who, a year after Plassey, was made 1459:. In 1760, after gaining control over 876: 471:in 1757. In return for supporting the 5137: 4811: 4373:(1893). William Wilson Hunter (ed.). 4061: 3933: 3914: 3892:The University of limerick: a history 3638:. London: Samson Low Marston & Co 3552: 3507: 3221: 3150: 3141: 2712: 2419:Clive is a Senior Girls house at the 2237:Robert Clive's desk from his time at 851: 752: 519:(1761–1774), as he had previously in 6632:British Commanders-in-Chief of India 4277:. Constable & Robinson Limited. 4261: 4192: 3512:. St Catherine's Press. p. 326. 3263:"Sailing Ship "Dodington" (history)" 3226:. St Catherine's Press. p. 325. 2713:Spear, T.G Percival (1 March 2023). 2421:Duke of York's Royal Military School 1433:, had been murdered by the usurping 1364: 1359: 1121:Great Britain in the Seven Years War 1028:wrote a century later of the siege: 16:British military officer (1725–1774) 6672:Lord-lieutenants of Montgomeryshire 4139: 3969:Dalrymple, William (4 March 2015). 3631: 3230: 3093: 3008: 2721: 2410:Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood 1932:Later in 1768, Clive was elected a 1497: 1115:Second journey to India (1755–1760) 13: 6602:Military personnel from Shropshire 4643:Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire 4449:Arbuthnot, Alexander John (1887). 3857: 3701:Keeling-Roberts, Margaret (1981). 3607: 3394:. Trübner & Company. pp. 3388:Sir William Wilson Hunter (1886). 3265:. Dodington Family. Archived from 2685:Sibree, Bron (19 September 2019). 2379:, based on Minney's play, starred 2294:, Surrey, which Clive had rebuilt. 2282:Clive's coat of arms can be seen ( 2185:, accrued some 80,000 signatures. 1925:Plaque in memory of Lord Clive in 1724:'s death and the aftermath of the 1475:. The Mughals were also joined by 1144:capture of the fortress of Gheriah 703:Political situation in south India 634:First journey to India (1744–1753) 14: 6738: 4518: 4421: 4062:Nayar, Mandira (23 August 2020). 3995:Simpson, Craig (9 January 2021). 3917:North Munster Antiquarian Journal 3806:. Saxon House. pp. 216–217. 2260:" (meaning the "One and Only" in 2212:A statue of Clive stands tall in 2102:(b. 7 March 1754, d. 16 May 1839) 1959:to remodel the garden and house. 1844:Attempts at administrative reform 1373:. He dispatched Colonel Forde to 1284:National Portrait Gallery, London 1044:Lawrence was similarly honoured. 958: 922:. The grandson, who was ruler of 609:, frightening those down below. 6622:Barons in the Peerage of Ireland 5358:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 4984: 4978: 4501:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1875–1889). 4470: 4462:Dictionary of National Biography 4100:"Clive of India's tortoise dies" 4036:Humphreys, Nick (16 July 2020). 3510:The Complete Peerage, Volume III 3224:The Complete Peerage, Volume III 3117:Dictionary of National Biography 2346:A bestselling children's novel, 1855:a mutiny of the British officers 1802: 1771:, 1799 to 1803. Acquired by the 1692:(throne). After a brief tenure, 1597: 1588: 1522:and arrived at the mouth of the 586:St Mary's Church, Market Drayton 554:, the Clive family estate, near 505:Henry Herbert, 1st Earl of Powis 6617:Administrators in British India 5598:Provisional Government of India 4307:Clive: Founder of British India 4209: 4173: 4148: 4133: 4114: 4074: 4055: 4029: 4007: 3988: 3962: 3927: 3908: 3883: 3848: 3820: 3769: 3728: 3719: 3694: 3675: 3650: 3625: 3601: 3546: 3516: 3470: 3457: 3444: 3410: 3381: 3368: 3353: 3323: 3298: 3281: 3255: 3190: 3124: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3041: 3020: 2999: 2990: 2969: 2948: 2939: 2918: 2897: 2888: 2858: 2837: 2765: 2735: 2706: 2697: 2678: 2603:Clive: Founder of British India 2401:"Clive of India" is a brand of 2179:Foreign and Commonwealth Office 2100:Edward Clive, 1st Earl of Powis 2034:Plassey House, now part of the 1936:and served as treasurer of the 1861:(extra pay) at a time when two 1675:Knight of the Order of the Bath 1103:to 1755. He and his colleague, 235: 6717:Mayors of places in Shropshire 6677:Lord-lieutenants of Shropshire 4422:Bowen, H. V. "Clive, Robert". 4388:. Cambridge University Press. 4342:Davies, Alfred Mervyn (1939). 3417:S.R. Sharma (1 January 1999). 3243:. History of Parliament Online 2664: 2650: 2624: 2608: 2595: 2582: 2560: 1166:had succeeded his grandfather 989:Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah at 787:War of the Austrian Succession 763:War of the Austrian Succession 335:War of the Austrian Succession 1: 4624:Lord Lieutenant of Shropshire 4345:Clive of Plassey: A Biography 4338:. Hodder and Stoughton, 1998. 4256: 3894:. Dublin: Four Courts Press. 2636:. Macmillan. 12 August 2000. 2248:died on 23 March 2006 in the 1969:Lord Lieutenant of Shropshire 1538:. The British, under Colonel 806:was attacked by French forces 772: 721:. The dominant rulers on the 545: 428:Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive 78: 21:Robert Clive (disambiguation) 6707:Fellows of the Royal Society 6207:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 5483:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 5165:Indian independence movement 4442:UK public library membership 3184:UK public library membership 2731:. The History of Parliament. 2499:G. A. Henty (1 March 2012). 2395: 2275:in King Charles Street near 2138: 1542:, defeated the Dutch in the 7: 6722:British governors of Bengal 6597:British Army major generals 6397:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 5784:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 4692:Parliament of Great Britain 4403:Treasure, Geoffrey (2002). 4245:Dulwich: A Place in History 3508:Gibbs, Vicary, ed. (1912). 3378:(Calcutta), 1908, pp.30–56. 3222:Gibbs, Vicary, ed. (1912). 2747:britishonlinearchives.co.uk 2592:(Princeton UP, 2011) p. 45. 2323: 1934:Fellow of the Royal Society 1712:Clive meeting with Emperor 1214:As Britain and France were 771:Portrait by Charles Clive, 687:, in addition to others at 540:Great Bengal Famine of 1770 423:, during the time of Clive. 324:Commander-in-Chief of India 10: 6743: 6607:People from Market Drayton 6132:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 5684:Indian Independence League 5401:Partition of Bengal (1947) 5396:Partition of Bengal (1905) 4488:Clive, Robert Clive, Baron 4155:Banerjee, Sumanta (2000). 3755:. Constable. p. 299. 3751:Bence-Jones, Mark (1974). 2570:. India Today. 9 June 2020 2533:John Basil Watney (1974). 2095:. They had nine children: 1773:Victoria and Albert Museum 1412:British East India Company 1388: 1384: 1259: 1255: 1118: 1084:Clive also briefly sat as 962: 936:Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah 880: 756: 637: 314:British East India Company 77:Clive in military uniform 25: 18: 6523: 6422: 6307:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 6107:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 5927: 5804:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 5724: 5679:Indian Home Rule movement 5621: 5518:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 5458:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 5386: 5323: 5171: 4993: 4976: 4845: 4839:Commander-in-Chief, India 4792: 4758: 4746: 4732: 4709: 4697: 4690: 4680: 4671: 4666: 4659: 4649: 4640: 4630: 4621: 4613: 4608: 4598: 4592:Commander-in-Chief, India 4589: 4581: 4571: 4565:Commander-in-Chief, India 4562: 4554: 4549: 4313:Harrington, Jack (2010), 4102:. BBC News. 23 March 2006 3687:11 September 2016 at the 3571:10.1017/S0018246X00022378 2387:, and Clive's descendant 2203: 2082: 2023:, near his birthplace in 1026:Thomas Babington Macaulay 783:French East India Company 550:Robert Clive was born at 401: 329: 319: 309: 299: 291: 281: 276: 268: 256: 245: 220: 204: 180: 175: 171: 159: 149: 138: 126: 110: 99: 92: 88: 70: 47: 6546:Indian annexation of Goa 6392:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 5904:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 5669:Indian National Congress 5468:Non-cooperation movement 4382:Marshall, P. J. (1987). 4305:Faught, C. Brad (2013). 4187:Rowman & Littlefield 3376:Echoes from Old Calcutta 3198:"Peggy, the other Clive" 3065:Harvey (1998), pp. 47–48 3056:Harvey (1998), pp. 46–47 2996:Harvey (1998), pp. 35–36 2975:Harvey (1998), pp. 31–34 2945:Harvey (1998), pp. 29–30 2924:Harvey (1998), pp. 24–29 2903:Harvey (1998), pp. 23–24 2894:Harvey (1998), pp. 18–21 2485: 2167:Merchant Taylors' School 2125:Richard Clive (d. young) 2069:Plassey, County Limerick 2050:of Plassey, County Clare 1734:Indian rebellion of 1857 1576:of rupees (£3 million). 1198:War with Siraj Ud Daulah 846:Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 739:Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan 615:Merchant Taylors' School 485:Dutch East India Company 447:, was the first British 263:Merchant Taylors' School 6702:Suicides in Westminster 6551:Indian Independence Act 6137:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 6112:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 6082:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 5819:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 5799:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 5634:All-India Muslim League 5588:Royal Air Force strikes 5553:Round table conferences 5543:Chittagong armoury raid 5433:Hindu–German Conspiracy 5416:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 5186:Porto Grande de Bengala 4510:Encyclopædia Britannica 4493:Encyclopædia Britannica 4248:. W. Darby. p. 20. 4126:16 October 2014 at the 4017:. BBC News. 9 June 2020 3890:Fleming, David (2012). 3662:Encyclopædia Britannica 2408:"Clive" was a house at 2128:Robert Clive (d. young) 1698:Walter Reinhardt Sombre 1580:Return to Great Britain 1526:in October 1759, while 6337:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 6242:Purushottam Das Tandon 5608:Praja Mandala movement 5422:The Indian Sociologist 4348:. C. Scribner's sons. 4242:William Darby (1967). 3559:The Historical Journal 3553:Bowen, Huw V. (1987). 3336:A New History of India 3169:10.1093/ref:odnb/63502 2505:. The Floating Press. 2246:Aldabra giant tortoise 2233: 2225: 2217: 2163: 2077:University of Limerick 2038: 2036:University of Limerick 1984:Regulating Act of 1773 1929: 1841: 1776: 1717: 1704:Third journey to India 1566:at the Nawab's court. 1426:after his father, the 1415: 1287: 1211: 1187:Admiral Charles Watson 1180:Black Hole of Calcutta 1146:, a stronghold of the 1058:Treaty of Paris (1763) 1041:William Pitt the Elder 1034: 978: 778: 664: 656: 589: 570:, and a member of the 424: 390:Battle of Chandannagar 6727:18th-century suicides 6712:Burials in Shropshire 6662:British MPs 1774–1780 6657:British MPs 1768–1774 6652:British MPs 1761–1768 6647:British MPs 1754–1761 6561:Political integration 6302:Shyamji Krishna Varma 6087:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 6032:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 5864:Rettamalai Srinivasan 5824:Mahadev Govind Ranade 5629:All India Kisan Sabha 5593:Coup d'état of Yanaon 5493:Qissa Khwani massacre 5478:Coolie-Begar movement 5293:Second Anglo-Sikh War 4452:"Clive, Robert" 4434:10.1093/ref:odnb/5697 3934:Datta, Rajat (2000). 3802:Watney, John (1974). 3294:. London. p. 21. 3151:Bowen, H. V. (2004). 3111:"Clive, Robert" 2426:Clive was a house at 2231: 2223: 2211: 2154: 2145:Bengal Famine of 1770 2134:Jane Clive (d. young) 2052:; he bought lands in 2041:Clive was awarded an 2033: 1938:Royal Salop Infirmary 1924: 1912:Petit pâté de Pézenas 1837: 1754: 1711: 1398: 1269: 1237:gentlemen's agreement 1205: 1119:Further information: 1030: 972: 881:Further information: 820:(the British post at 770: 757:Further information: 735:Nawab of the Carnatic 663:Plaque at Clive House 662: 647: 584: 410: 364:Siege of Trichinopoly 292:Years of service 6387:Veeran Sundaralingam 6342:Tara Rani Srivastava 6277:Sahajanand Saraswati 6167:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 6052:Chandra Shekhar Azad 5957:Alluri Sitarama Raju 5914:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 5869:Sahajanand Saraswati 5789:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 5689:Indian National Army 5533:Dharasana Satyagraha 5438:Champaran Satyagraha 5288:First Anglo-Sikh War 4761:Member of Parliament 4712:Member of Parliament 4653:The Earl of Hertford 4530:UK National Archives 4504:"Robert Clive" 4291:Chaudhuri, Nirad C. 3047:Harvey (1998), p. 46 3026:Harvey (1998), p. 42 3017:Harvey (1998), p. 41 3005:Harvey (1998), p. 39 2954:Harvey (1998), p. 31 2915:Harvey (1998), p. 30 2843:Harvey (1998), p. 10 2834:Harvey (1998), p. 11 1908:Languedoc-Roussillon 1894:Retirement and death 1634:Permanent Settlement 1274:after the Battle of 1086:Member of Parliament 934:. Anwaruddin's son, 837:Siege of Pondicherry 376:Battle of Chingleput 348:Siege of Pondicherry 50:The Right Honourable 6372:V. K. Krishna Menon 6317:Subhas Chandra Bose 6202:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 6197:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 6092:Govind Ballabh Pant 6072:Dayananda Saraswati 5997:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 5794:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 5774:Dhondo Keshav Karve 5769:Dayananda Saraswati 5764:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 5739:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 5252:Anglo-Maratha Wars 4407:. Stackpole Books. 4086:Haberdashers' Adams 4064:"Thug of Hindustan" 3484:on 29 November 2014 3291:The Daily Telegraph 2432:Newport, Shropshire 2428:Haberdashers' Adams 2244:Robert Clive's pet 2194:Newport, Shropshire 2190:Haberdashers' Adams 2171:John Edward Raphael 1955:, and commissioned 1696:had fled, ordering 1663:Mayor of Shrewsbury 1544:Battle of Chinsurah 1391:Treaty of Allahabad 1142:, took part in the 1070:in southern India. 1068:British possessions 893:Second Carnatic War 883:Second Carnatic War 877:Second Carnatic War 793:, referring to the 507:, representing the 386:Battle of Vijaydurg 359:Second Carnatic War 6556:Partition of India 6402:Yashwantrao Holkar 6367:V. O. Chidamabaram 6322:Subramania Bharati 6252:Rahul Sankrityayan 6237:Pritilata Waddedar 6147:Shri Krishna Singh 6047:C. Rajagopalachari 6037:Bidhan Chandra Roy 6022:Bhavabhushan Mitra 6007:Begum Hazrat Mahal 5962:Annapurna Maharana 5834:Muthulakshmi Reddy 5779:G. Subramania Iyer 5473:Christmas Day Plot 5348:Indian nationalism 5298:Sannyasi rebellion 5196:East India Company 4847:East India Company 4661:Peerage of Ireland 4362:Edwardes, Michael 4319:Palgrave Macmillan 4202:The New York Times 4042:shropshirestar.com 3869:The Indian Express 3828:Dalrymple, William 3524:Dalrymple, William 3269:on 14 January 2005 2455:The Crystal Palace 2438:who was born near 2256:, whose name was " 2234: 2226: 2218: 2175:Shropshire Council 2039: 1965:Knight of the Bath 1930: 1777: 1769:Governor of Madras 1718: 1682:Court of Directors 1630:Napoleon Bonaparte 1416: 1288: 1212: 1054:northern districts 979: 852:Tanjore expedition 791:First Carnatic War 779: 753:First Carnatic War 727:Nizam of Hyderabad 669:East India Company 665: 657: 640:First Carnatic War 590: 521:Mitchell, Cornwall 457:East India Company 425: 413:East India Company 353:Tanjore Expedition 344:Siege of Cuddalore 227:Margaret Maskelyne 6574: 6573: 6541:Republic of India 6377:Vallabhbhai Patel 6362:Ubaidullah Sindhi 6262:Ram Prasad Bismil 6157:M. Bhaktavatsalam 6117:Jatindra Nath Das 6042:Bipin Chandra Pal 5977:Babu Kunwar Singh 5947:Achyut Patwardhan 5704:Khudai Khidmatgar 5548:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 5488:Kakori conspiracy 5448:Rowlatt Committee 5411:Direct Action Day 5373:Swadeshi movement 5353:Khilafat Movement 5343:Hindu nationalism 5303:Rebellion of 1857 5226:Anglo-Mysore Wars 5216:Battle of Plassey 5131: 5130: 4806: 4805: 4793:Succeeded by 4787:Charlton Leighton 4733:Succeeded by 4681:Succeeded by 4650:Succeeded by 4631:Succeeded by 4617:The Earl of Powis 4599:Succeeded by 4572:Succeeded by 4550:Military offices 4440:(Subscription or 4395:978-0-521-25330-7 4328:978-0-230-10885-1 4284:978-0-09-459830-0 4269:Bence-Jones, Mark 4262:Secondary sources 4142:"First Opium War" 3901:978-1-84682-378-7 3841:978-1-4088-6440-1 3682:Domaine de Larzac 3539:978-1-4088-6440-1 3430:978-81-7156-819-2 3346:978-0-19-533756-3 3182:(Subscription or 3038:, pp. 40–41. 2936:, pp. 16–32. 2753:on 9 January 2015 2512:978-1-77545-628-5 2368:Battle of Plassey 2317:venereal diseases 2117:Wexford Rebellion 2045:in 1762, created 2013:William Dalrymple 1671:Oxford University 1420:Prince Ali Gauhar 1379:Battle of Condore 1365:Battle of Condore 1360:Further campaigns 1262:Battle of Plassey 1075:St. Mary's Church 833:Stringer Lawrence 713:Emperor Aurangzeb 626:was described by 602:protection racket 469:Battle of Plassey 453:Bengal Presidency 405: 404: 395:Battle of Plassey 191:29 September 1725 122: 6734: 6566:Simla Conference 6357:Tiruppur Kumaran 6327:Subramaniya Siva 6282:Sangolli Rayanna 6272:Rash Behari Bose 6212:Nagnath Naikwadi 6122:Jawaharlal Nehru 6067:Dadabhai Naoroji 6062:Chittaranjan Das 5952:A. K. Fazlul Huq 5874:Savitribai Phule 5699:Khaksar movement 5654:Berlin Committee 5639:Anushilan Samiti 5603:Independence Day 5563:Aundh Experiment 5538:Vedaranyam March 5443:Kheda Satyagraha 5428:Singapore Mutiny 5211:Portuguese India 5158: 5151: 5144: 5135: 5134: 4988: 4982: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4809: 4808: 4796:William Pulteney 4747:Preceded by 4698:Preceded by 4614:Preceded by 4609:Honorary titles 4582:Preceded by 4555:Preceded by 4547: 4546: 4538: 4533: 4514: 4506: 4497: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4466: 4454: 4445: 4437: 4418: 4399: 4378: 4359: 4334:Harvey, Robert. 4331: 4298:Dodwell, Henry. 4288: 4250: 4249: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4223:. 9 January 2021 4221:Watford Observer 4213: 4207: 4206: 4196: 4190: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4140:Stewart, Terry. 4137: 4131: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3748: 3742: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3698: 3692: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3632:Douglas, James. 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3505: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3474: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3385: 3379: 3372: 3366: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3331:Wolpert, Stanley 3327: 3321: 3312:, London, 1991, 3302: 3296: 3295: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3237: 3228: 3227: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3156: 3148: 3139: 3138:, January 1840). 3136:Edinburgh Review 3128: 3122: 3121: 3113: 3102: 3091: 3082:, London, 1991, 3072: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3006: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2885:Treasure, p. 196 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2823: 2817: 2772: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2612: 2606: 2601:C. Brad Faught, 2599: 2593: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2496: 2093:Astronomer Royal 1957:Capability Brown 1767:, who served as 1686:Laurence Sulivan 1601: 1592: 1498:Dutch aggression 1481:Seven Years' War 1446:Sadashivrao Bhau 1231:, also known as 1216:once more at war 777: 774: 723:Coromandel Coast 624:House of Commons 532:Coromandel Coast 442: 437: 421:Northern Circars 381:Seven Years' War 340:Battle of Madras 277:Military service 239: 237: 214: 212: 209:22 November 1774 190: 188: 176:Personal details 162: 155:Henry Vansittart 152: 143: 133:Henry Vansittart 129: 120: 113: 104: 83: 80: 75: 65: 45: 44: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6531:Cabinet Mission 6519: 6423:British leaders 6418: 6407:Yogendra Shukla 6312:Siraj ud-Daulah 6267:Rani Lakshmibai 6257:Rajendra Prasad 6247:R. Venkataraman 6192:Mithuben Petit‎ 6172:Mahadaji Shinde 6152:Lala Lajpat Rai 5987:Bahadur Shah II 5972:Ashfaqulla Khan 5942:Accamma Cherian 5937:Abul Kalam Azad 5929: 5923: 5894:Syed Ahmad Khan 5884:Sister Nivedita 5849:Pandita Ramabai 5844:Niralamba Swami 5809:J. B. Kripalani 5734:Ashfaqulla Khan 5726: 5720: 5659:Ghadar Movement 5617: 5498:Flag Satyagraha 5406:Revolutionaries 5388: 5382: 5325: 5319: 5221:Battle of Buxar 5167: 5162: 5132: 5127: 4989: 4983: 4974: 4841: 4836: 4802: 4798: 4785: 4780: 4773: 4768: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4738: 4728:John Stephenson 4724: 4719: 4707: 4703: 4686: 4677: 4655: 4646: 4636: 4627: 4619: 4604: 4595: 4587: 4577: 4568: 4560: 4524: 4521: 4486:, ed. (1911). " 4471: 4469: 4457:Stephen, Leslie 4439: 4415: 4396: 4371:Malleson, G. B. 4356: 4329: 4285: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4253: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4205:. 26 June 1937. 4198: 4197: 4193: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4153: 4149: 4138: 4134: 4128:Wayback Machine 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3967: 3963: 3948: 3932: 3928: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3749: 3745: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3699: 3695: 3689:Wayback Machine 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3521: 3517: 3506: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3458: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3386: 3382: 3373: 3369: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3328: 3324: 3303: 3299: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3231: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3173: 3171: 3149: 3142: 3129: 3125: 3106:Stephen, Leslie 3103: 3094: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2864:Arbuthnot, p. 2 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2775: 2771:Arbuthnot, p. 1 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2683: 2679: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2600: 2596: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2539:. Saxon House. 2531: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2461:to what is now 2445:Clive Road, in 2398: 2330:Robert Browning 2326: 2277:St James's Park 2271:, as well as a 2206: 2141: 2089:Nevil Maskelyne 2085: 2054:County Limerick 1991:Berkeley Square 1940:in Shrewsbury. 1896: 1851:Warren Hastings 1846: 1808: 1744:. The emperor, 1726:Battle of Buxar 1706: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1602: 1594: 1593: 1582: 1560:Warren Hastings 1534:, just outside 1506:, not far from 1500: 1393: 1387: 1367: 1362: 1349:Siraj Ud Daulah 1335:Battle of Buxar 1264: 1258: 1200: 1164:Siraj ud-Daulah 1160: 1123: 1117: 1105:John Stephenson 1050:Charles Godeheu 967: 961: 928:Battle of Ambur 885: 879: 854: 795:Carnatic region 775: 765: 755: 705: 681:Fort St. George 650:Fort St. George 648:Clive House at 642: 636: 576:Montgomeryshire 572:Long Parliament 548: 467:by winning the 435: 431: 392: 388: 384: 378: 374: 372:Battle of Arnee 370: 366: 362: 356: 350: 346: 342: 338: 241: 238: 1753) 233: 229: 216:London, England 215: 210: 208: 192: 186: 184: 160: 150: 144: 139: 127: 119: 111: 105: 100: 84: 81: 66: 57: 55: 52: 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6740: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6347:Tarak Nath Das 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6297:Shuja-ud-Daula 6294: 6289: 6287:Sarojini Naidu 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6232:Prafulla Chaki 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6177:Mahatma Gandhi 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5899:Vakkom Moulavi 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5829:Mahatma Gandhi 5826: 5821: 5816: 5814:Jyotirao Phule 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5754:B. R. Ambedkar 5751: 5746: 5744:Ayya Vaikundar 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5573:Cripps Mission 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5463:Noakhali riots 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5329: 5327: 5326:and ideologies 5321: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5310: 5308:Radcliffe Line 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5283:Vellore Mutiny 5280: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5161: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5138: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 4999: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4835: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4812: 4804: 4803: 4794: 4791: 4757: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4740:Richard Hussey 4736:Simon Luttrell 4734: 4731: 4708: 4705:Arnold Nesbitt 4699: 4695: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4679: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4648: 4638: 4637: 4634:The Lord Clive 4632: 4629: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4597: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4570: 4561: 4558:John Adlercron 4556: 4552: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4520: 4519:External links 4517: 4516: 4515: 4498: 4484:Chisholm, Hugh 4467: 4446: 4419: 4413: 4400: 4394: 4379: 4367: 4360: 4354: 4339: 4332: 4327: 4310: 4303: 4296: 4289: 4283: 4274:Clive of India 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4234: 4208: 4191: 4180:Wearing, J. P. 4172: 4165: 4147: 4144:. Historic UK. 4132: 4113: 4091: 4088:. 8 July 2023. 4073: 4054: 4028: 4006: 3987: 3961: 3946: 3926: 3907: 3900: 3882: 3871:. 12 June 2020 3856: 3847: 3840: 3819: 3812: 3804:Clive of India 3794: 3783:. 11 June 2020 3768: 3761: 3753:Clive of India 3743: 3740:978-8178241753 3727: 3718: 3711: 3693: 3674: 3649: 3624: 3600: 3565:(4): 905–920. 3545: 3538: 3515: 3495: 3469: 3467:, p. 144) 3456: 3443: 3429: 3409: 3380: 3374:H.E. Busteed, 3367: 3352: 3345: 3322: 3297: 3280: 3254: 3229: 3214: 3189: 3140: 3123: 3108:, ed. (1887). 3092: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3028: 3019: 3007: 2998: 2989: 2977: 2968: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2926: 2917: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2878: 2866: 2857: 2845: 2836: 2824: 2773: 2764: 2734: 2720: 2705: 2696: 2693:(Book review). 2677: 2663: 2658:"Robert Clive" 2649: 2642: 2623: 2607: 2594: 2581: 2559: 2545: 2536:Clive of India 2525: 2511: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2482: 2471: 2443: 2424: 2417: 2406: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2376:Clive of India 2373:The 1935 film 2371: 2363:Clive of India 2360:'s stage play 2355: 2344: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2309: 2306:Imperial China 2298: 2295: 2280: 2265: 2242: 2239:Market Drayton 2205: 2202: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2084: 2081: 2067:that he named 2004:Samuel Johnson 1895: 1892: 1863:Maratha armies 1845: 1842: 1807: 1801: 1765:2nd Lord Clive 1761:Shuja ud-Daula 1705: 1702: 1603: 1596: 1595: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1516:Dutch Republic 1499: 1496: 1473:Najib-ud-Daula 1457:Nawab of Awadh 1453:Shuja-ud-Daula 1428:Mughal Emperor 1401:Mughal Emperor 1389:Main article: 1386: 1383: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1343:Nawab of Awadh 1280:Francis Hayman 1260:Main article: 1257: 1254: 1229:Jafar Ali Khan 1199: 1196: 1159: 1156: 1133:Port Elizabeth 1116: 1113: 1109:Simon Luttrell 1093:rotten borough 1038:Prime Minister 1024:The historian 975:Siege of Arcot 965:Siege of Arcot 963:Main article: 960: 959:Siege of Arcot 957: 878: 875: 863:Coleroon River 853: 850: 818:Fort St. David 810:La Bourdonnais 754: 751: 704: 701: 635: 632: 556:Market Drayton 547: 544: 495:from the then 445:Clive of India 403: 402: 399: 398: 368:Siege of Arcot 331: 327: 326: 321: 317: 316: 311: 307: 306: 301: 297: 296: 293: 289: 288: 283: 282:Branch/service 279: 278: 274: 273: 272:Clive of India 270: 266: 265: 260: 254: 253: 247: 243: 242: 231: 225: 224: 222: 218: 217: 213:(aged 49) 206: 202: 201: 182: 178: 177: 173: 172: 169: 168: 163: 157: 156: 153: 147: 146: 136: 135: 130: 124: 123: 114: 108: 107: 97: 96: 90: 89: 86: 85: 76: 68: 67: 56: 54:The Lord Clive 53: 48: 36:Clive of India 29:Clive of India 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6739: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 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NYU Press. 4158: 4151: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4117: 4101: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4016: 4010: 4002: 4001:The Telegraph 3998: 3991: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3947:81-7304-341-8 3943: 3939: 3938: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3903: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3851: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3815: 3813:0-347-00008-8 3809: 3805: 3798: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3764: 3762:0-09-459830-4 3758: 3754: 3747: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3722: 3714: 3712:0-9507849-0-7 3708: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3678: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3637: 3636: 3628: 3613: 3612: 3608:Curzon, G.N. 3604: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3541: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3511: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3466: 3465:Marshall 1987 3460: 3454:, p. 83) 3453: 3452:Marshall 1987 3447: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3413: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3384: 3377: 3371: 3364: 3363: 3356: 3348: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3326: 3319: 3318:0-00-217515-0 3315: 3311: 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Retrieved 3158: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3115: 3075: 3074:Keay, John, 3070: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3031: 3022: 3001: 2992: 2980: 2971: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2929: 2920: 2899: 2890: 2881: 2869: 2860: 2855:, p. 9. 2848: 2839: 2767: 2755:. Retrieved 2751:the original 2746: 2737: 2723: 2708: 2699: 2690: 2680: 2666: 2652: 2632: 2626: 2616: 2610: 2602: 2597: 2589: 2584: 2572:. Retrieved 2562: 2550:. Retrieved 2535: 2528: 2516:. Retrieved 2501: 2494: 2477:province of 2447:West Dulwich 2436:Wilfred Owen 2414:John Raphael 2403:curry powder 2374: 2361: 2358:R. J. Minney 2351: 2333: 2313:prostitution 2198:Wilfred Owen 2187: 2164: 2155: 2142: 2086: 2075:, later the 2062: 2060:, Ireland. 2058:County Clare 2049: 2046: 2040: 2007:suffer from 2000:suicide note 1988: 1977: 1973: 1961: 1942: 1931: 1897: 1887: 1871: 1868: 1858: 1847: 1838: 1827: 1825: 1809: 1804: 1778: 1746:Shah Alam II 1719: 1714:Shah Alam II 1689: 1679: 1647:County Clare 1639: 1614: 1571: 1568: 1552: 1501: 1485: 1450: 1438:Imad-ul-Mulk 1417: 1404:Shah Alam II 1368: 1354: 1347: 1339:Hector Munro 1337:, where Sir 1327: 1315: 1311:Alfred Lyall 1302: 1289: 1250: 1220:Chandannagar 1213: 1208:British Army 1192: 1184: 1161: 1140:British Army 1137: 1126: 1124: 1097:St Michael's 1083: 1072: 1061: 1046: 1035: 1031: 1023: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 995: 991:Trichinopoly 980: 949: 945:Kistna River 913: 901:Chanda Sahib 886: 871: 855: 830: 814: 780: 747: 716: 706: 666: 628:William Pitt 611: 591: 549: 525: 493:Irish barony 489: 461:Company rule 444: 427: 426: 393: 379: 357: 351: 333: 330:Battles/wars 211:(1774-11-22) 161:Succeeded by 140: 128:Succeeded by 121:as President 101: 82: 1770s 42: 35: 28: 6592:1774 deaths 6587:1725 births 6480:Mountbatten 6102:Hemu Kalani 5982:Bagha Jatin 5919:Vivekananda 5674:India House 5558:Act of 1935 5333:Ambedkarism 5201:British Raj 4800:John Corbet 4777:Thomas Hill 4754:Robert More 4750:Thomas Hill 4674:Baron Clive 4585:John Carnac 3488:19 November 3247:8 September 2479:New Zealand 2475:Hawke's Bay 2389:Colin Clive 2348:G. A. Henty 2302:opium trade 2047:Baron Clive 2021:Moreton Say 1375:Vizagapatam 1224:Pondicherry 953:Robert Orme 776: 1764 743:Pondicherry 536:British Raj 286:Bengal Army 151:Preceded by 117:Roger Drake 112:Preceded by 6581:Categories 6510:Linlithgow 6450:Chelmsford 6440:Cornwallis 6352:Tatya Tope 6222:Nana Saheb 6127:K. Kamaraj 6077:Dhan Singh 5992:Bakht Khan 5644:Arya Samaj 5578:Quit India 5528:Salt March 5387:Events and 5363:Satyagraha 5123:Auchinleck 5103:Auchinleck 4865:Cornwallis 4765:Shrewsbury 4678:1762–1774 4647:1773–1774 4628:1772–1774 4596:1765–1767 4569:1756–1760 4444:required.) 4375:Lord Clive 4257:References 4166:1583670351 3787:31 January 3207:20 January 3186:required.) 3174:20 January 2430:school in 2269:Shrewsbury 2214:Shrewsbury 2192:school in 2025:Shropshire 2009:gallstones 1916:keema naan 1655:Shrewsbury 1444:associate 1431:Alamgir II 1319:Jagat Seth 1306:Eyre Coote 1172:Kasimbazar 1128:Doddington 1077:in (then) 916:Nasir Jung 889:Asaf Jah I 733:, and the 731:Asaf Jah I 673:Portuguese 638:See also: 594:Manchester 568:Henry VIII 560:Shropshire 546:Early life 517:Shropshire 513:Shrewsbury 258:Alma mater 198:Shropshire 187:1725-09-29 6485:Wellesley 6470:Dalhousie 6332:Surya Sen 6227:P. Kakkan 6187:Mir Qasim 6162:M. N. Roy 6097:Har Dayal 5930:activists 5759:Baba Amte 5749:Ayyankali 5727:reformers 5649:Azad Hind 5389:movements 5368:Socialism 5078:Rawlinson 5058:Kitchener 5013:Mansfield 4915:Dalhousie 4890:Champagné 4784:1768–1774 4782:Noel Hill 4779:1761–1768 4227:9 January 3667:16 August 3595:153942388 3579:0018-246X 3333:(2009) . 2459:Hyde Park 2396:Namesakes 2288:Claremont 2279:, London. 2273:later one 2252:zoo. 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