Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia

1078:... where paramilitaries have a pronounced presence, the army fails to move against them and tolerates their activity, including egregious violations of international humanitarian law; provides some paramilitary groups with intelligence used to carry out operations; and in other cases actively promotes and coordinates with paramilitary units, including joint maneuvers in which atrocities are the frequent result. ... In areas where paramilitaries are present, some police officers have been directly implicated in joint army-paramilitary actions or have supplied information to paramilitaries for their death lists. Police have also stood by while paramilitaries selected and killed their victims. On many occasions, police have publicly described whole communities as guerrillas or sympathetic to them and have withdrawn police protection, a violation of their responsibility under Colombian law to protect civilians from harm. Instead of reinforcing the police after guerrilla attacks, police commanders have withdrawn officers, thus encouraging or allowing paramilitaries to move in unimpeded and kill civilians. 785:(United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia) or AUC was announced, formally inaugurating what has been termed by analysts as the "second generation" of paramilitarism. It is considered to be the result of Carlos Castaño's efforts to achieve a measure of unity between most of the other paramilitary forces in the country. Several paramilitary groups did not join, but the AUC itself claimed to represent about 90% of existing forces at the time. Castaño's ACCU formally became the core of the new umbrella organization, while the other heads of paramilitary groups kept their own leadership positions, becoming part of a federated High Command of the AUC. It has been considered by observers that the FARC's advances as part of a 1996 to 1998 offensive eased the process of this formal paramilitary unification. As a response, the AUC engaged in a renewed series of massacres and assassinations, often with the passive or active aid of elements of the Colombian government's security forces, according to human rights organizations. 197:("EJC-3 Order, Restricted, 1969") stated that the armed forces should organize "self-defense committees" which were defined as "military-type organizations made up of civilian personnel in the combat zone, which are trained and equipped to undertake operations against guerrilla groups that threaten an area or to operate in coordination with combat troops". These committees were to maintain contact with local military officers, keeping a high level awareness about any suspicious communist action in their communities, in particular those of suspected "guerrilla supporters". The manual also allowed military personnel to dress in civilian clothes when necessary to infiltrate areas of suspected guerrilla influence and for civilian helpers to travel alongside military units. Separately, in order to help gain the trust of local citizens, the military was advised to participate in the daily activities of the community where and when applicable. 1376:(a union representing food and beverage workers in Colombia), five individuals who had been tortured or unlawfully detained for union activities, and the estate of murdered union activist Isidro Gil. The plaintiffs alleged that Coca-Cola bottlers "contracted with or otherwise directed paramilitary security forces that utilized extreme violence and murdered, tortured, unlawfully detained, or otherwise silenced trade union leaders." Coca-Cola does not deny that the murders and attacks on unionists took place at their bottling facilities, nor did they deny that the paramilitaries responsible for the killings were being paid by the bottlers, but they claimed that they could not be held liable because they are not in direct control of the bottling plants. In March 2001, district judge 1184:

when the FARC attempted to take over a town, in neighboring Nariño, the military responded within three hours. Some of the villagers traveled to the Colombian Army's Third Brigade an hour away. The Cauca People's Defender, Victor Javier Melendez, notified the military that a massacre was occurring on the morning of April 13. He received no response. The Colombian Public Advocate's office stated: "it is inexplicable how approximately 500 paramilitaries could carry out an operation of this type without being challenged in any way, especially since the area that these men entered is only twenty minutes from the village of Timba, where a base operated by the Colombian Army is located and has been staffed since March 30 of this year."

340:) was created to handle both the logistics and the public relations of the organization and to provide a legal front for various paramilitary groups. ACDEGAM worked to promote anti-labor policies and threatened anyone involved with organizing for labor or peasants' rights. The threats were backed by the MAS, which would come in and attack or assassinate anyone who was suspected of being a "subversive". ACDEGAM also built schools whose stated purpose was the creation of a "patriotic and anti-Communist" educational environment, built roads, bridges, and health clinics. Paramilitary recruiting, weapons storage, communications, propaganda, and medical services were all run out of ACDEGAM headquarters. 7408: 7362: 7395: 574:", ACCU). The ACCU began working with regional military forces, such as the Bomboná battalion, to crush the guerrillas, and murder or intimidate anyone suspected of supporting them. The ACCU helped military commanders by providing intelligence regarding local guerrilla activities. The ACCU began networking with other paramilitary groups such as the MAS, and began to take over large areas of northern Colombia, which was the principal transnational shipping point for illegal drugs. 706:("People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar", Los Pepes) with the purpose of tracking down and killing Pablo Escobar and his associates. The organization was led by Fidel Castaño. The Calí Cartel provided $ 50 million to pay for weapons, informants, and assassins, with the hopes that they could wipe out their primary rival in the cocaine business. Members of both Colombian and U.S. government agencies (including the DEA, CIA and State Department) provided intelligence to Los Pepes. 1180:

Cayetano Cruz, was cut in half with a chainsaw. The paramilitaries lined up the villagers in the middle of the town, and asked people if they knew any guerrillas. If they answered "no", they were hacked to death with machetes. Many of the bodies were dismembered, and strewn piecemeal around the area, making it difficult to gain an accurate body count and identify victims. Between 4,000 and 6,000 people were displaced as they fled the area during and following the violence.

756:—who would later become President of Colombia—was one of the primary proponents of the CONVIVIR program. Statistics regarding the exact number of CONVIVIR groups differ and have been considered hard to obtain. Estimates indicate that, by the late 1990s, from 414 to over 500 of these groups had been created, with their membership ranging from 10,000 to 120,000. Uribe's department of Antioquia had some 65 CONVIVIR groups, one of the highest figures in the country. 170:

activity. Among other policy recommendations, the US team advised that "in order to shield the interests of both Colombian and US authorities against 'interventionist' charges any special aid given for internal security was to be sterile and covert in nature." It was not until the early part of the 1980s that the Colombian government attempted to move away from the counterinsurgency strategy represented by Plan Lazo and Yarborough's 1962 recommendations.

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under the leadership of the Colombian military and Fidel's group. Between 1988 and 1990, Colombian press sources reported almost 200 political murders and 400 suspected political assassinations in the region and official government figures suggested that a total of 1,200 of them took place in Córdoba during the period. Left-wing politicians received anonymous death threats and were frequently interrogated in army bases by the 11th Brigade.

7181: 7382: 7191: 7110: 503:, where they were based. In 1983, under orders from Fidel, a group of men went through the villages near Segovia, where his father had been held, and killed every man, woman, and child living on the river nearby. They pulled babies out of their mothers arms and shot them, nailing one baby to a plank. They impaled a man on a bamboo pole, and hacked a woman to pieces with a machete. By the time they were done, 22 people were dead. 94: 858:

paramilitary combatants did in fact go through the demobilization process and abandoned their groups for good. However, there is substantial evidence that many others who participated in the demobilization process were stand-ins rather than paramilitaries, and that portions of the groups remained active. There is also evidence that members of the groups who supposedly demobilized continued engaging in illegal activities.

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hacked up with a machete. They then dumped the bodies into the river. An Amnesty International reported on June 4, 2003, that the Colombian army's 18th Brigade's "Navos Pardo Battalion" fully supported the AUC in carrying out the massacre: "... in Betoyes in January 2003, witnesses said that the AUC armband of one attacker slipped to reveal the words 'Navos Pardo Battalion' printed on the uniform beneath."

1023:" mutilated bodies with chainsaws. They chained people to burning vehicles. They decapitated and rolled heads like soccer balls. They killed dozens at one time, including women and children. They buried people alive or hung them on meat hooks, carving them ... the victims ... were civilians accused of supporting the guerrillas by supplying them with food, medical supplies, or transportation." 902:

dependent on the ex-combatants’ participation to reintegration activities. Of the 31,671 demobilized members of the AUC, 20,267 were actively participating in the reintegration program by the end of 2009. The others were either involved in the process of Justice and Peace, imprisoned due to infractions after their demobilization, dead, or had left the program for unknown reasons.

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paramilitaries who had committed serious crimes. The legislation gave AUC combatants broad concessions, such as allowing paramilitaries to keep profits made from criminal activities during their time in the AUC, limiting sentences to a maximum of 8 years which could be served on private farms instead of in prisons, and not obliging them to dismantle their power structures.

182:, which defined the defense of the nation as requiring "the organization and tasking of all of the residents of the country and its natural resources...to guarantee National Independence and institutional stability." This decree temporarily allowed the formation of private security forces used to protect large landowners, cattle ranchers, and government officials. 550:, the Communist FARC-EP expanded its activities in Córdoba and clashes between them, a dissident EPL faction, and the demobilized guerrillas—some of which formed armed "popular commands"—led to almost 200 murders of former fighters and continued violence. Carlos Castaño claimed that this was the reason he decided to reactivate his family's private army. 320:("Death to Kidnappers", MAS). They formed this organization to defend their economic interests, to fight against the guerrillas, and to provide protection for local elites from kidnappings and extortion. By 1983, Colombian internal affairs had registered 240 political killings by MAS death squads—mostly community leaders, elected officials, and farmers. 1014:

During some years of the conflict, the paramilitaries and state agents were responsible for approximately 73 to 85% of all political murders in Colombia. Many of these killings occur in massacres in rural areas, with the paramilitaries claiming they are eliminating alleged supporters of the guerrilla movements. Paramilitaries also engage in the use of

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was supposed to plan ways to cut down on paramilitary violence and oversee the execution of these plans. However, most of the people in the commission had either openly voiced support for the paramilitaries or headed agencies with very strong ties to paramilitary groups, and the commission rarely met over the following decade.

1253:" operations against homeless people, drug addicts, orphaned children, and other people they deem socially "undesirable". In 1993 alone, at least 2,190 street children were murdered, many of whom were killed by agents of the state. An estimated 5 people per day fell victim to social cleansing operations in 1995. 652:

civilian members of paramilitary groups, by incorporating them into several of the local intelligence networks and by cooperating with their activities. In effect, HRW believed that this further consolidated a "secret network that relied on paramilitaries not only for intelligence, but to carry out murder".

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Civilians were taken to the town center where they were tortured by paramilitaries before being killed. After torturing their victims, the paramilitaries decapitated people with chainsaws, hung people from meat hooks, hacked people with machetes, cut people's throats and carved their bodies, and then

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The right-wing paramilitaries have been blamed for many of the human rights violations during the Colombian conflict, particularly killings of civilians. In 2022, the Truth Commission for Colombia concluded that paramilitaries were responsible for 45% of all killings and 52% of forced disappearances.

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remained partial, as some stayed outside the process or went on to rearm, strongly contributing to the emergence of successor groups known as New Illegal Armed Groups (NAIGs). Their number has fallen from 32 in 2006 to three, but they still muster some 3,000 members often concentrated in regions with

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where: "In partnership with MAS, the navy intelligence network set up in Barrancabermeja adopted as its goal not only the elimination of anyone perceived as supporting the guerrillas, but also members of the political opposition, journalists, trade unionists, and human rights workers, particularly if

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Visit to Colombia, South America, by a Team from Special Warfare Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, Headquarters, U.S. Army Special Warfare School, 26 Feb. 1962, Kennedy Library, Box 319, National Security Files, Special Group; Fort Bragg Team; Visit to Colombia; 3/62, "Secret Supplement, Colombian

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Since it started operating in the early 1990s, Drummond's 215-mile railway has been repeatedly attacked by the FARC-EP. There is evidence that right-wing paramilitaries were hired by Drummond to guard the rail lines. In 2001, union activists working at Drummond's Colombian operations began receiving

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in early May 2003. Several people belonging to the indigenous Guahibo community were killed and over 300 people fled. Three girls, aged 11, 12, and 15, were raped. Another 16-year-old pregnant mother, Omaira Fernández was raped, and then had her womb cut open and the fetus ripped out which they then

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The first victim was a 17-year-old girl named Gladys Ipia whose head and hands were cut off with a chain saw. Next, six people were shot while eating at a local restaurant. Another man was chopped into pieces and burned. A woman had her abdomen ripped open with a chainsaw. An indigenous leader named

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Until 2011 Colombia remained the world's largest cocaine producer, and since 2003, Human Rights Watch stated that according to their Colombian intelligence sources, "40 percent of the country's total cocaine exports" were controlled by these paramilitaries. In 2011 an independent investigation, made

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Media reports suggest that over 30,000 paramilitaries have demobilized. However, paramilitaries in supposedly demobilized areas continue to operate, often under new names, and to commit violations. There is also strong evidence of continued links between paramilitaries and the security forces. There

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reviewed Law 975 of 2005, modifying and striking down several of its original articles and correcting some of the problems critics had identified. The revision requires full confessions, turning over illegally acquired assets, provides that reduced sentences may be revoked for lying and removes time

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Under the Colombian government's interpretation of Law 782 of 2002 and Decree 128 of 2003, the majority of the paramilitaries who submitted to the process were pardoned through the cessation of judicial procedures for charges related to their membership in the group. Only 3,700 of the paramilitaries

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groups. The CONVIVIR groups were intended to maintain control over high risk areas where guerrillas did not have a strong presence after having been expelled and where there was no need for a large military force or illegal paramilitary presence anymore. Many illegal paramilitary groups transitioned

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HRW stated that while "not all paramilitaries are intimate partners with the military", the existing partnership between paramilitaries and the Colombian military was "a sophisticated mechanism--in part supported by years of advice, training, weaponry, and official silence by the United States--that

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The second decree, Decree 814, established a 1,000 member anti-paramilitary police force that was made up of active-duty officers from the National Police. The police force was mostly assigned to raiding drug laboratories and the offices of drug trafficking organizations, rather than confronting the

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learned of Chiquita's relationship with the AUC in 2003. They told Chiquita executives that the payments were illegal and ordered them to stop. After receiving the order, Chiquita made at least 19 more payments. Chiquita representatives said that they were only financing terrorist organizations "in

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Paramilitary forces in Colombia have additionally been charged with the illegal recruitment of children into the armed ranks. Though this is an offense punishable by national law, the prosecution rate for these crimes is less than 2% as of 2008. Many of these abuses have occurred with the knowledge

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BACRIMs continue to be involved in the drug trade, commit widespread human rights abuses, engage in forced displacement, and undermine democratic legitimacy in other ways—both in collusion with and opposition to FARC-EP guerrillas. Their targets have included human rights defenders, labor unionists

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meant to hold these talks. The FARC-EP leadership expressed initial interest in the administration's plan, but ultimately refused to accept any preconditions. The Samper administration was also seriously undermined it in the eyes of the guerillas after the scandal concerning the receipt of over $ 6

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The third decree, Decree 815, suspended the Armed Forces's privilege to distribute weapons to armed civilian groups (a power which had been granted under Law 48 in 1968), and required any new armed civilian groups to be approved by the President and Ministers of Defense and Government. However, the

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and other Communist guerrillas under the threat of kidnapping or having their ranches burned and their animals killed. Widespread local mobilizations against the central government's peace initiatives, the guerrillas, and political movements thought to have their consent or approval, were organized

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Paramilitary groups have been held responsible for the largest portion of displacement. In the years 2000 and 2001, paramilitaries were blamed for 48 percent and 53 percent of forced displacement, respectively. The displacement is not only a side-effect of the civil conflict, but also a deliberate

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Despite repeated warnings over the preceding two weeks that such an attack was about to occur, the Colombian military refused to provide protection for the villagers. And although the massacre went on for more than three days, the nearby Third Brigade did not show up until after it was over. Yet,

1143:, an estimated 30 people were killed between July 14 to 20 1997. At least 100 heavily armed AUC members arrived in the town searching for people who were suspected leftist guerrilla supporters. They went from house to house referring to a list of names that had been prepared by informants earlier. 590:

The first of the decrees, Decree 813, called for the creation of a commission to oversee the government's anti-paramilitary efforts. The commission was to include the Ministers of Government, Justice, and National Defense, along with the chiefs of the Army, National Police, and DAS. The commission

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in 2007. The indictment alleges that the payments "were reviewed and approved by senior executives of the corporation" and that by no later than September 2000, they were aware "that the AUC was a violent, paramilitary organization". Separate charges were also filed alleging that in 2001, using a

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In 2007 and 2008, paramilitary commanders provided useful information to prosecutors about their activities and associates. However, of some 1,800 individuals who began confessing their crimes to prosecutors in 2005, just 5 had completed their hearings by 2009. A limited number of assets worth an

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Amnesty International claims that the CONVIVIR groups committed numerous human rights abuses against civilians, working in coordination with the Colombian government and paramilitaries. In 1998, Human Rights Watch stated that "we have received credible information that indicated that the CONVIVIR

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The local judge of Mapiripan, Leonardo Ivan Cortes, called the police and the army eight times during the 5-day massacre, but they did not arrive until the AUC paramilitaries had left. In March 1999, Colombian prosecutors accused Colonel Lino Sánchez of planning the massacre with Carlos Castaño.

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Since 2006, the Office of the High Counselor for Reintegration (ACR) has been in charge of the reintegration policy for demobilized AUC members. The ACR assists ex-combatants with education, vocational training, grants for micro-businesses, psychosocial support, healthcare and a monthly stipend

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The successor groups, though different in important respects from the paramilitary United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia ... have taken on many of the same roles, often with some of the same personnel, in some cases with the same counterinsurgency objectives of the AUC ... It is clear that many

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In November 1997, due to mounting concerns over human rights violations committed by CONVIVIR groups and the relations between illegal paramilitaries and CONVIVIR, the Constitutional Court of Colombia stated that the issue of military weaponry to civilians and specifically to CONVIVIR groups was

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in order to give advice on the reshaping of several of the Colombian military's local intelligence networks, ostensibly to aid the Colombian military in counter-narcotics efforts. Advice was also solicited from the British and Israeli military intelligence, but the U.S. proposals were ultimately

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These successor groups are often made up of mid-level paramilitary commanders and criminal structures that either did not demobilize in the first place or were re-activated after the demobilizations had concluded. Many demobilized paramilitaries received recruitment offers, were threatened into

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Los Pepes have their torture chambers in Fidel Castaño's house , located ... near the country club ... There they torture trade unionists and lawyers. No one has searched their house or confiscated their assets ... The government offers rewards for the leaders of the Medellín Cartel and for the

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links or responsibility for paramilitary human rights abuses. HRW stated that the military intelligence networks created by the U.S. reorganization appeared to have dramatically increased violence, stating that the "recommendations were given despite the fact that some of the U.S. officials who

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Human Rights Watch (HRW) concluded that these intelligence networks subsequently laid the groundwork for continuing an illegal, covert partnership between the military and paramilitaries. HRW argued that the restructuring process solidified linkages between members of the Colombian military and

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through drug-funded private sales. The organization had computers and ran a communications center that worked in coordination with the state telecommunications office. They had thirty pilots and an assortment of helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. U.S., Israeli, British and Australian military

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in violent areas. Following Yarborough's recommendations, the Colombian military recruited civilians into paramilitary "civil defense" groups which worked alongside the military in its counter-insurgency campaign, as well as in civilian intelligence networks to gather information on guerrilla

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The vast majority of paramilitaries responsible for human rights violations were demobilized without investigation, and many were effectively granted amnesties. Today, the failure in accountability is clear from the dramatic rise in killings by illegal armed groups composed largely of former

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A concerted country team effort should be made now to select civilian and military personnel for clandestine training in resistance operations in case they are needed later. This should be done with a view toward development of a civil and military structure for exploitation in the event the

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At times the security forces collaborated with paramilitary groups that committed abuses; in some instances, individual members of the security forces actively collaborated with members of paramilitary groups by passing them through roadblocks, sharing intelligence, and providing them with

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Serious flaws during the demobilization phase, such as the Colombian government's failure to interrogate and verify the identities of those involved in the process, allowed many paramilitaries to remain active, form new successor groups, and continue to engage in human rights violations.

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In July 2003, the Uribe administration began formal negotiations with the AUC with the stated aim of seeking its demobilization. Law 975 of 2005, also known as the "Justice and Peace" law, was approved by the Colombian Congress and constituted the main legal framework applicable to those

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trade took off and became a major source of profit. By 1982, cocaine surpassed coffee as a national export, making up 30% of all Colombian exports. Many members of the new class of wealthy drug barons began purchasing enormous quantities of land for a number of reasons: in order to

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estimated US$ 5 million had been surrendered to the official reparations fund, but procedures for the return of stolen land to its original owners remained stagnant and paramilitary leaders extradited to the United States mostly ceased collaborations with authorities.

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soldiers on Barrancón Island on the Guaviare River. The training was finished very close to the time of the massacre. The evidence showed that the paramilitaries landed unhampered at the San Jose del Guaviare airport, which was heavily guarded by military personnel.

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In 1989, the administration issued Decree 1194 which outlawed "the armed groups, misnamed paramilitary groups, that have been formed into death squads, bands of hired assassins, self-defense groups, or groups that carry out their own justice" after the

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Decree 3398 was later succeeded by Law 48 of 1968, a piece of permanent legislation that gave the Colombian executive the power to establish civil patrols by decree and allowed the Defense Ministry to supply their members with military-grade weaponry.

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By the end of the 1980s, the MAS had a significant presence in 8 of Colombia's 32 departments—Antioquia, Boyacá, Caquetá, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Meta, Putumayo, and Santander. During this period, a stated goal of the groups was to kill members of the

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During the 1990s, the FARC-EP and other guerrilla groups experienced significant growth and achieved a series of military successes against government forces, increasing the amount of territory under their control. The administration of President

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groups of the Middle Magdalena and of the southern Cesar regions were directed by known paramilitaries and had threatened to assassinate Colombians that were considered as guerrilla sympathizers or which rejected joining the cooperative groups".

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to combat leftist political activists and armed guerrilla groups. The development of more modern paramilitary groups has also involved elite landowners, drug traffickers, members of the security forces, politicians, civilians, and multinational

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The security forces have tried to improve their human rights image by letting their paramilitary allies commit human rights violations and then denying that the paramilitaries are operating with their acquiescence, support or sometimes direct

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Paramilitary violence is overwhelmingly targeted towards peasants, unionists, teachers, human rights workers, journalists and liberal or left-wing political activists. Paramilitary abuses in Colombia are often classified as

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good faith", for the protection of their employees. To date, none of the Chiquita executives have been indicted for terrorism, however the company did receive a fine of $ 25 million. The plea deal was negotiated by

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frequent death threats. In February of that year, AUC paramilitaries broke into the home of union organizer Cándido Méndez and killed him in front of his family. This was followed by a series of killings in March.

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Colombian internal security system deteriorates further. This structure should be used to pressure toward reforms known to be needed, perform counter-agent and counter-propaganda functions and as necessary execute

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began funneling large amounts of cash into the organization to pay for weaponry, equipment and training. Funding for social projects was cut and put towards strengthening the MAS. Modern battle rifles such as the

1114:"Each night they kill groups of five to six defenseless people, who are cruelly and monstrously massacred after being tortured. The screams of humble people are audible, begging for mercy and asking for help." 582:

In 1987, government statistics revealed that paramilitaries had been responsible for more civilian deaths than guerrillas deaths. Two years later, in 1989, the Colombian government under the administration of

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their drug money and to gain social status among the traditional Colombian elite. By the late 1980s, drug traffickers were the largest landholders in Colombia and wielded immense political power. They raised

260:"That they try to present me as an associate of the guerrilla ... hurts my personal dignity ... I am a man of investments and therefore I cannot sympathize with the guerrillas who fight against property." 2080: 728:(1994–1998) carried out ineffective operations against the insurgency and attempted to enter into peace negotiations. Colombian military commanders resisted Samper's offer of a demilitarized zone in 178:

The first legal framework for the training of civilians by military or police forces for security purposes was formally established by the Colombian presidential decree 3398 of 1965, issued during a

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has pointed out that "although few civil patrols were ever formally created by the president, the military frequently cited Law 48 as the legal foundation for their support for all paramilitaries."

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unconstitutional, and that CONVIVIR members could no longer be used to gather intelligence information. Many of the CONVIVIR groups simply joined up with the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC).

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joining the new organizations, or have simultaneously rearmed and remained in government reintegration programs. New recruits have also come from traditional areas for paramilitary recruitment.

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in May 1991. The order itself made no mention of drugs or counter-narcotics operations at all, but instead focused exclusively on creating covert intelligence networks to combat the insurgency.

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In 2001. Colombian government sources estimated that at least 40% of all cocaine exports from Colombia were controlled by far-right paramilitary groups, while only 2.5% were controlled by the

6704:– (Former combatants in Colombia's internal armed conflict spent two years painting their experiences. They face difficult decisions about what to remember, what to forget and how to forgive) 1380:

decided in Miami that Coca-Cola could not be held liable, claiming they did not directly control the bottling plants, but allowed the case against the bottling companies to proceed forward.

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The United States vs. Rito Alejo del Río: Ambassador Cited Accused Colombian General's Reliance on Death Squads, "Systematic" Support of Paramilitaries "Pivotal to his Military Success"

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Colombian port owned and operated by Banadex (a subsidiary of Chiquita), the company transported 3,400 AK-47 rifles and 4 million rounds of ammunition, which were destined for the AUC.

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or any political groups that opposed drug trafficking. At the same time, they began to intensively involve themselves in municipal, regional, and national politics. In August 1989, the

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This article is Left Leaning and should be taken with a grain of salt because most of the cites are decades old and with new information that is being presented today, is outdated.

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There were originally over 30 BACRIM, but by late 2017, the number had been reduced to a handful as smaller groups have been absorbed by more powerful networks or dismantled by the

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in the 1990s created an opening for paramilitary groups, which controlled northern Colombia (the key transnational smuggling route), to take over the international cocaine trade.

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leaders of the guerrillas, but doesn't offer rewards for the leaders of the paramilitaries, nor for those of the Calí Cartel, authors of various car bombs in the city of Medellín.

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experts, to investigate Colombia's internal security situation. This was due to the increased prevalence of armed communist groups in rural Colombia which formed during and after

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limits on investigations. The Court also ruled against the option for paramilitaries to serve their sentences outside of prison or to deduct time spent during negotiations.

611:. The decree established criminal penalties for both civilians and members of the armed forces involved in the promotion, financing, training and membership of said groups. 1311:, Colombia's attorney general in 2007, said that he would seek extradition for several Chiquita executives as part of the weapons smuggling investigation. Lawyers from the 801:

The demobilization process was heavily criticized by national and international human rights organizations as well as by international entities, such as the Office of the

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into legal CONVIVIR groups after this. These CONVIVIR groups worked alongside both the Colombian military and illegal paramilitary groups in counterinsurgency operations.

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began to expand into new markets, due to the deregulation of global capital. As part of this expansion, they purchased the Pribbenow coal mine in Colombia, as well as a

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Nazih Richani (2007). "Caudillos and the Crisis of the Colombian State: fragmented sovereignty, the war system and the privatisation of counterinsurgency in Colombia".

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to train teams of assassins at remote training camps in Colombia. Yair Klein, a retired Israeli lieutenant colonel, acknowledged having led a team of instructors in

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were also fears that government policies designed to reintegrate members of illegal armed groups into civilian life risked "recycling" them into the conflict.

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Pablo Escobar complained about how the government targeted the Medellín Cartel, but did not go after paramilitaries or members of the Calí Cartel, saying:

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Critics of the MORENA experiment either saw it as an attempt at legitimizing paramilitarism and its abuses, as an extension of ACDEGAM, or as a copycat of

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was the head of a counterinsurgency team sent to Colombia in 1962 by the US Special Warfare Center. Yarborough was one of the earliest proponents of "

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A series of Colombian military manuals from the 1960s encouraged the creation of paramilitary organizations to help fight guerrillas. In 1969, the

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government did not outlaw the already existing paramilitary groups or require that they be re-certified through the more stringent new standards.

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War in Colombia: Guerrillas, Drugs and Human Rights in U.S. Colombia Policy, 1988-2002: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 69

910:

New paramilitary groups and related drug trafficking gangs that have continued operating after the AUC demobilization process are referred to as

60:

are responsible for 16.8%, 10.1% by the Colombian Security Forces and 27.7% by non-identified armed groups, although the chief prosecutor of the

3379: 6212: 3445: 2036: 6518: 4700: 4423:, "Colombia: Activities of a Colombian social cleansing group known as 'Jóvenes del Bien' and any state efforts to deal with it", 2 April 2004 2106: 495:

While Carlos was in Israel, Fidel hired a group of over 100 armed men, which began to terrorize the local populace. The thugs became known as

7961: 5433: 5064: 4539: 2136: 290:

to fight off guerrillas who were trying to either redistribute their lands to local peasants, kidnap members of their family, or extract the

1512: 8533: 6451: 2901:

Capítulo IV continuado 5. Violencia y la Violación del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos y el Derecho Internacional Humanitario

6484: 3664: 3243:

http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-america/colombia/053-the-day-after-tomorrow-colombia-s-farc-and-the-end-of-the-conflict.pdf

660:

collaborated with the team knew of the Colombian military's record of human rights abuses and its ongoing relations with paramilitaries".

7966: 6742: 6405: 6202: 6025: 4733: 4495: 4165: 3011: 2855: 2756: 2228: 1548: 1233:. Over 3 million people have been displaced after President Álvaro Uribe took office in 2002, with over 300,000 displaced in 2005 alone. 1172:

on April 12, 2001, in which an estimated 40-130 civilians were killed and thousands displaced. Approximately 100 paramilitaries from the

1165: 1091:

ammunition. Paramilitary forces find a ready support base within the military and police, as well as local civilian elites in many areas.

6350: 3801: 3798:"Findings and Recommendations from the Colombian Truth Commission (Hallazgos y Recomendaciones de la Comisión de la Verdad de Colombia)" 1943: 7324: 4462: 3492: 3473: 2590: 1483: 6009:

Documents Implicate Colombian Government in Chiquita Terror Scandal: Company's Paramilitary Payoffs made through Military's 'Convivir'

4579: 4389: 4367:

Elizabeth F. Schwartz (Winter 1995–1996). "Getting Away with Murder: Social Cleansing in Colombia and the Role of the United States".

3926:

Restrepo, Jorge, and Michael Spagat. "Civilian casualties in the Colombian conflict: a new approach to human security." (2004), pg. 4.

2892: 2826:

Documents Implicate Colombian Government in Chiquita Terror Scandal: Company's Paramilitary Payoffs made through Military's 'Convivir'

140:, Yarborough encouraged the creation and deployment of a paramilitary force to commit sabotage and terrorist acts against communists: 44:

guerrilla forces and their allies among the civilian population. These right-wing paramilitary groups control a large majority of the

7956: 7533: 7194: 6919: 6222: 2965: 2904: 2828: 2615: 1249:

Paramilitary groups, often with the support of local merchants, the Colombian military, and local police, have engaged in extensive "

1193: 806: 337: 2313: 1421:

suggested another term, "parauribismo", indicating that the scandal was mainly affecting officials or political allies of President

8279: 8249: 7787: 4086: 2846: 2802: 1786: 1425:'s administration. By April 17, 2012, 139 members of Congress were under investigation. Five governors and 32 lawmakers, including 1417:(AUC), a paramilitary group which is responsible for killing thousands of Colombian civilians. In February 2007, Colombian Senator 378: 4979: 1620: 1579: 8226: 7034: 6857: 6826: 4518: 2538: 1725: 4335: 4300: 4277: 4257: 4105: 4060: 2302: 671:

As an example of increased violence and "dirty war" tactics, HRW cited a partnership between the Colombian Navy and the MAS, in

7450: 7147: 4187: 3055: 1443: 1414: 1278: 782: 776: 6608: 1298:

gave over $ 1.7 million to the AUC, over $ 825,000 of which was given after the U.S. State Department had listed the AUC as a

7905: 7607: 7602: 7213: 5415: 5373: 5354: 5306: 5287: 5260: 5241: 5203: 5184: 5145: 5122: 5053: 5034: 4939: 4920: 4852: 4833: 4814: 4666: 4628: 4456: 3566: 3005: 2937: 2750: 2723: 2677: 2474: 2436: 2255: 2209: 1991: 1905: 1807:

U.S. Ambassador Diego Asencio (February 1979). "Document number: 1979Bogota01410". United States Embassy in Bogotá, Colombia.

1678: 1344:

port to ship the coal. They increased production at the mine by 20 million tons annually, turning it into one of the largest

802: 53: 6557:

Mitchell, Chip (May 2005). "Along for the Ride: Colombia's paramilitaries are getting a pass, with a wink from Washington".

6276: 6203:"The Other Half of the Truth: Searching for Truth, Justice, and Reparations for Colombia's Victims of Paramilitary Violence" 2158: 7844: 7782: 7767: 7739: 7061: 6963: 4138: 1463: 1303: 5515: 2557: 2516: 7103: 7056: 6648: 5177:

Los crímenes de estado y su gestión. Dos experiencias postraumáticas y una aproximación a la Justicia Penal Internacional

129:. In February 1962, a Fort Bragg top-level U.S. Special Warfare team, headed by Special Warfare Center commander General 6568:""We Don't Negotiate with Terrorists?": United States Officials Had Brunch with the Colombian Paramilitaries Last Month" 4893: 3723: 3508: 3415: 3293:

Nussio, Enzo (2011). "How ex-combatants talk about personal security. Narratives of former paramilitaries in Colombia".

3090: 310:, the Colombian legislature, small industrialists, and wealthy cattle ranchers came together in a series of meetings in 8483: 8124: 7759: 7654: 7546: 7152: 6775: 5392: 2489: 67:

The first paramilitary groups were organized by the Colombian military following recommendations made by U.S. military

6594:"Stop Killer Coke!: Death squads have assassinated eight trade union leaders in Coca-Cola bottling plants in Colombia" 6493: 6367: 6293: 6244: 4866: 4724:"Stop Killer Coke!: Death squads have assassinated eight trade union leaders in Coca-Cola bottling plants in Colombia" 4005: 3824: 483:. He later worked as an assassin for the MAS, and was supplied with weapons by army officers. In 1983, Carlos went to 8528: 8523: 7971: 5222: 3866: 3634: 2018: 7265: 6657: 4031: 740:

In 1994, Decree 356 of Colombia's Ministry of Defense authorized the creation of legal paramilitary groups known as

510:

were now supporting Fidel Castaño. Many of them had been forced to pay increasing amounts of extortion money to the

7983: 7777: 7174: 6883: 5738:

Jasmin Hristov (July–August 2009). "Legalizing the Illegal: Paramilitarism in Colombia's 'Post-Paramilitary' Era".

821: 206: 3135:"The Best-Laid Plans of Presidents and War Criminals: The Unintended Outcome of Colombia's Demobilization Process" 381:("DAS", Colombia's Administrative Security Department), between December 1987 and May 1988, Rodríguez Gacha hired 80:. Paramilitary violence today is principally targeted towards supposed left-wing insurgents and their supporters. 8443: 8356: 8079: 7988: 7879: 7597: 7455: 7076: 6735: 1438: 1369: 1365: 810: 425: 246:. Contemporary accusations and declassified U.S. Embassy documents have linked the creation and operation to the 214: 57: 56:

has estimated that between 1981 and 2012 paramilitary groups have caused 38.4% of the civilian deaths, while the

7830: 6036:

The Truth about Triple-A: U.S. Document Implicates Current, Former Colombian Army Commanders in Terror Operation

5334:

Mauricio Romero (2003). "Paramilitary Groups in Contemporary Colombia". In Diane Davis; Anthony Pereira (eds.).

3936: 3901: 3771: 468:

in the world, and had purchased large tracts of lands in northern Colombia. By 1988, he and his younger brother

8426: 8216: 8129: 7948: 7862: 7618: 7577: 7567: 7496: 7199: 6990: 6873: 5610:

Nazih Richani (Autumn 2005). "Multinational Corporations, Rentier Capitalism, and the War System in Colombia".

1478: 1468: 1389: 1299: 45: 8289: 8086: 8005: 7562: 7526: 7051: 6888: 3604: 1295: 1229:

since 1985, making it the country with the second highest internally displaced population in the world after

1004: 619:

In 1990, the United States formed a team that included representatives of the U.S. Embassy's Military Group,

343:

By the mid-1980s, ACDEGAM and MAS had experienced significant growth. In 1985, the powerful drug traffickers

3218: 8334: 8163: 8106: 8091: 7978: 7744: 7664: 6638: 6317: 3274:

La vida después de la desmovilización. Percepciones, emociones y estrategias de exparamilitares en Colombia

1959: 1151:

Sánchez was the operations chief of the Colombian Army's 12th Brigade. He had received special training by

1008: 61: 5859:

Hanson, Heather; Penna, Rogers Romero (May–June 2005). "The Failure of Colombia's "Democratic Security"".

8518: 8453: 8389: 8351: 8030: 8020: 7797: 7772: 7644: 7489: 7306: 7277: 4068: 3256: 976: 624: 7825: 4222:

Scott Wilson, "Colombian Massacre Large, Brutal: Chain Saws Used By Paramilitaries In Village Killing",

3347: 3333: 7998: 7873: 7857: 7820: 7749: 7587: 6862: 6728: 6717:

Little Voices (Pequeñas Voces) – An animated movie about the vision of children in the war in Colombia.

4980:"Guerrillas, Bandits, and Independent Republics: U.S. Counter-insurgency Efforts in Colombia 1959-1965" 4875: 3686: 3191: 3033: 1399: 1312: 767:

By the end of the decade, there had been a tenfold increase in the number of Colombian paramilitaries.

640: 406: 4949:

Nussio, Enzo (2011). "Learning from Shortcomings – the Demobilization of Paramilitaries in Colombia".

3376: 1348:

operations in the world. It made up the largest share of Drummond's $ 1.7 billion in annual revenues.

1221:. Paramilitary violence is responsible for most of the displacement in the country's ongoing conflict. 949: 352: 8043: 8038: 7676: 7634: 7284: 6806: 6113: 6099: 6085: 6071: 6057: 6043: 6016: 6002: 5988: 4206: 3858: 3152:

Nussio, Enzo (2011). "Learning from Shortcomings: The Demobilisation of Paramilitaries in Colombia".

2840: 2602: 1580:"Guerrillas, Bandits, and Independent Republics: US Counter-insurgency Efforts in Colombia 1959–1965" 1488: 1413:

scandal in which several congressmen and other politicians have been indicted for colluding with the

1238: 915: 531:

and the Colombian military, the guerrillas demobilized over 2,000 illegal combatants and founded the

162: 1225:

More than 5 million people out of Colombia's total population of approximately 40 million have been

8406: 8384: 8339: 8269: 8254: 8196: 8139: 7923: 7815: 7712: 7519: 7299: 6968: 6528: 6443: 4690: 4238: 2110: 1473: 1453: 1152: 961: 532: 5448: 5079: 4536: 2132: 8401: 8394: 8221: 8119: 8096: 7852: 7686: 7629: 7624: 7113: 7029: 6914: 6816: 5193: 1237:

policy to remove people from their territories, so that the land can be taken by wealthy elites,

965: 925:

estimated 6,000 active combatants.. Others estimate their ranks may include up to 10,000 people.

524: 511: 377:

instructors were hired to teach at paramilitary training centers. According to the report by the

323: 316: 243: 6678: 6459: 5995:

Paramilitaries as Proxies: Declassified evidence on the Colombian army's anti-guerrilla "allies"

8431: 7940: 7918: 7582: 7245: 7164: 7082: 6909: 6431: 6120: 5950: 2466: 2460: 1670: 1321: 991:

and victims of the former AUC. Members of government security forces have also been accused of

969: 540: 6593: 6415: 6023: 6021:

Más sospechas de nexos entre 'paras' y militares revelan reportes de la CIA y Embajada de E.U.

5167: 4912: 4906: 4723: 4658: 4620: 4601: 4485: 4162: 2995: 2853: 2740: 2573: 2225: 2199: 2033: 1831:

The Politics of Organized Crime and the Organized Crime of Politics: a study in criminal power

1241:, and criminal syndicates, as well as to attack the civilian support base for the guerrillas. 8436: 8299: 8206: 8201: 8149: 8010: 7993: 7928: 7910: 7810: 7805: 7696: 7659: 7649: 6831: 6642: 6192: 5549:

Novelli, Mario (2010). "Education, conflict and social (in)justice: insights from Colombia".

5279: 4558: 4446: 4320: 4042: 3797: 3489: 3470: 2982: 2927: 2645: 2428: 2245: 1940: 1897: 1418: 1361: 1083: 837: 620: 137: 130: 98: 6837: 6687: 6152: 3847: 2667: 1448: 1130: 507: 469: 8304: 8284: 8211: 8179: 8134: 8101: 8015: 7893: 7572: 6973: 6821: 6801: 5343:

Mauricio Romero; León Valencia; Corporación Nuevo Arco Iris (2007). Mauricio Romero (ed.).

4761: 4386: 2962: 2889: 1410: 1226: 608: 166: 41: 7218: 6105: 6091: 6077: 6063: 6049: 6035: 6008: 5994: 5980: 5648: 2825: 2715: 2623: 2587: 2310: 8: 8476: 8416: 8411: 8329: 8241: 8144: 8074: 8062: 7734: 7729: 7554: 7484: 7289: 6948: 6182: 5382: 5234:

Chronicle of a failure foretold: the peace process of Colombian president Andrés Pastrana

2799: 2777: 1783: 1426: 604: 157:

activities against known communist proponents. It should be backed by the United States."

6904: 6020: 5581:(Summer 2001). "Better lead than bread? A critical analysis of the US's plan Colombia". 4083: 2844: 933:, estimated that 50% of all Colombian cocaine was controlled by the same BACRIM groups. 8294: 8264: 8189: 7681: 7592: 7319: 7012: 6878: 6867: 6751: 6598: 6436: 6393:"Money Laundering & Murder in Colombia: Official Documents Point to DEA Complicity" 5946: 5934: 5905: 5876: 5847: 5818: 5755: 5726: 5697: 5635: 5627: 5598: 5566: 5502: 5494: 5404: 5342: 5155: 4999: 4966: 4962: 4864:

Colombia's Killer Networks: The Military-Paramilitary Partnership and the United States

4728: 4654:

Linked labor histories: New England, Colombia, and the making of a global working class

4616:

Linked labor histories: New England, Colombia, and the making of a global working class

4442: 3854: 3753: 3715: 3407: 3371: 3310: 3169: 3165: 3082: 2368: 2295: 1663: 1616: 1599: 1029: 1018:

and sexual violence against civilians, along with kidnappings for extortion purposes.

850: 587:(1986–1990), passed a series of decrees that promised to reduce paramilitary violence. 443: 187: 179: 37: 6852: 6196: 5667:

Sam Goffman (September–October 2005). "Colombia: Paramilitaries Get Sweetheart Deal".

4057: 3114:

Sam Goffman (September–October 2005). "Colombia: Paramilitaries Get Sweetheart Deal".

2535: 1722: 1267: 1074:

and support of the Colombian security forces. A 1998 Human Rights Watch report stated:

885: 303: 8492: 8421: 8366: 8324: 8309: 8274: 8231: 7722: 7717: 7000: 6924: 5938: 5909: 5880: 5851: 5830:

Lesley Gill (July–August 2009). "Durable Disorder: Parapolitics in Barrancabermeja".

5822: 5759: 5730: 5701: 5639: 5602: 5570: 5506: 5411: 5388: 5369: 5350: 5302: 5283: 5272: 5256: 5237: 5218: 5199: 5180: 5141: 5118: 5112: 5049: 5030: 4970: 4935: 4916: 4848: 4829: 4810: 4662: 4652: 4624: 4614: 4452: 4332: 4297: 4274: 4254: 4102: 3862: 3314: 3173: 3001: 2933: 2746: 2719: 2673: 2470: 2432: 2421: 2372: 2299: 2251: 2205: 2014: 1987: 1901: 1890: 1674: 1197: 718: 120: 68: 6720: 6545: 5134: 4184: 3986:

William Avilés (May 2006). "Paramilitarism and Colombia's Low-Intensity Democracy".

3052: 2742:

Cocaine Quagmire: Implementing the U.S. Anti-Drug Policy in the North Andes-Colombia

2393:

William Avilés (May 2006). "Paramilitarism and Colombia's Low-Intensity Democracy".

1818:

Michael Evans (July 1, 2007). "The Truth about Triple-A". National Security Archive.

487:

where he spent a year taking courses in paramilitary and counterinsurgency tactics.

8344: 8314: 7426: 7255: 7228: 6616: 6580: 6125: 5926: 5901: 5897: 5872: 5868: 5843: 5839: 5814: 5810: 5793: 5789: 5780:

Marc Chernick (March–April 1998). "The paramilitarization of the war in Colombia".

5751: 5747: 5722: 5718: 5693: 5689: 5619: 5590: 5558: 5486: 4991: 4958: 3302: 3161: 2364: 2360: 1862: 1858: 1849:

Marc Chernick (March–April 1998). "The paramilitarization of the war in Colombia".

1591: 1395: 1377: 1250: 1218: 1169: 817:

claimed that Law 975 gave "benefits to people who have committed the worst crimes"

656: 484: 348: 282: 25: 7479: 7260: 6842: 6050:

Colombian Paramilitaries and the United States: "Unraveling the Pepes Tangled Web"

3574: 2588:

Colombian Paramilitaries and the United States: "Unraveling the Pepes Tangled Web"

1308: 1214: 1209: 475:

As a teenager, Carlos Castaño had worked as an informant for the Colombian army's

461: 393: 311: 8497: 8319: 7233: 7123: 6898: 6893: 6661: 6229: 6064:

Conspiracy of Silence?: Colombia, the United States and the Massacre at El Salado

6029: 5562: 5344: 4897: 4882: 4870: 4543: 4393: 4339: 4304: 4281: 4261: 4224: 4191: 4169: 4142: 4109: 4090: 4064: 4038: 3727: 3496: 3477: 3419: 3383: 3351: 3340: 3306: 3280: 3260: 3249: 3225: 3198: 3094: 3059: 3040: 2969: 2896: 2859: 2850: 2832: 2806: 2708: 2594: 2561: 2542: 2520: 2317: 2306: 2232: 2162: 2040: 1947: 1790: 1729: 1140: 733: 672: 438: 307: 269: 6392: 4826:

Revolutionary Social Change in Colombia: The Origin and Direction of the FARC-EP

4135: 1422: 1109:

Hundreds of massacres have been perpetrated by paramilitary groups in Colombia.

980: 945: 753: 655:

HRW argued that this situation allowed the Colombian government and military to

535:

party. Fidel surrendered some weapons to government authorities and created the

8111: 8048: 7436: 7387: 7367: 7294: 7238: 7007: 6567: 6444:

Oil-Palm Plantations on Afro-Colombian Lands: An Exchange | Dollars & Sense

5530: 3219:

Colombia takes steps on killings but security forces still culpable – UN expert

3214: 2554: 2513: 1070:

of dozens of their victims at a time, affecting civilians, women and children.

1015: 953: 876: 725: 584: 547: 386: 6666: 5930: 5594: 5490: 5472:"Why the End of the Cold War Doesn't Matter: The US War of Terror in Colombia" 5383:

Rebeca Toledo; Teresa Gutierrez; Sara Flounders; Andy McInerney, eds. (2003).

5194:

Jennifer S. Holmes; Sheila Amin Gutiérrez de Piñeres; Kevin M. Curtin (2008).

5027:

Drugs, oil, and war: the United States in Afghanistan, Colombia, and Indochina

4995: 3720: 3412: 3087: 2034:

Who Is Israel's Yair Klein and What Was He Doing in Colombia and Sierra Leone?

1595: 472:

purchased over 1.2 million hectares of land in Antioquia, Córdoba, and Chocó.

8512: 8376: 8361: 8259: 7614: 7431: 7400: 6958: 6953: 6269:"'Conmigo extraditaron la verdad': Salvatore Mancuso en entrevista exclusiva" 6142: 6132: 5767:

Gary Leech (September–October 2004). "U.S./Colombia: Demobilizing the AUC?".

4890: 3800:. Truth Commission (Comisión de la Verdad). July 26, 2022. pp. 127–128. 1458: 1429:, President Uribe's cousin and former President of Congress, were convicted. 1337: 941: 344: 265: 239: 116: 6654: 6546:"Leaked Memo: Corrupt DEA Agents in Colombia Help Narcos and Paramilitaries" 6153:

Breaking the Grip?: Obstacles to Justice for Paramilitary Mafias in Colombia

6143:

The "Sixth Division": Military-paramilitary Ties and U.S. Policy in Colombia

5981:"Body count mentalities": Colombia's "False Positives" Scandal, Declassified 5888:

Forrest Hylton (May–June 2006). "Politics as Organized Crime in Colombia?".

5649:"Deadly Ventures? Multinational Corporations and Paramilitaries in Colombia" 5131: 4891:

The "Sixth Division": Military-paramilitary Ties and U.S. Policy in Colombia

4776:"37 Colombian congressmen, 5 governors convicted for ties to paramilitaries" 1039: 7670: 6995: 6796: 6501: 6375: 6301: 6252: 5471: 4863: 3832: 1979: 1373: 1055: 1051: 937: 881: 287: 146: 125: 102: 77: 33: 5623: 5346:

Parapolítica: la ruta de la expansión paramilitar y los acuerdos políticos

3626: 3088:

II. The Successor Groups: A Predictable Outcome of a Flawed Demobilization

1136: 231: 212:

Between 1978 and 1979, a far-right paramilitary organization known as the

6929: 6183:

Colombia: The Paramilitaries in Medellín: Demobilization or Legalization?

5578: 5467: 4908:

More Terrible Than Death: Massacres, drugs, and America's war in Colombia

2800:

Colombia: The Paramilitaries in Medellín: Demobilization or Legalization?

1784:

Colombia: The Paramilitaries in Medellín: Demobilization or Legalization?

1345: 1317: 1271: 957: 914:(BACRIM) or criminal gangs by the Colombian government. According to the 814: 699: 523:

In 1990, Fidel Castaño offered to disband his paramilitary forces if the

421: 389: 93: 6696: 5498: 4006:"Through a New Lens: A Child Sensitive Approach to Transitional Justice" 3757: 1549:"COLOMBIA: International Criminal Court Scrutinises Paramilitary Crimes" 8184: 7469: 6523: 6410: 5709:

Nazih Richani (September–October 2000). "the Paramilitary Connection".

5631: 5253:

Killing Peace: Colombia's Conflict and the Failure of U.S. Intervention

5009:

Systems of Violence: the political economy of war and peace in Colombia

4695: 4490: 2423:

The "Drug war" in Colombia: the neglected tragedy of political violence

2351:

Nazih Richani (September–October 2000). "the Paramilitary Connection".

1059: 527:

agreed to demobilize. Having previously faced the combined pressure of

235: 7143: 7119: 4807:

Global Capitalism, Democracy, and Civil-Military Relations in Colombia

2778:

Alfredo Rangel; Yezid Arteta; Carlos Lozano y Medófilo Medina (2008).

2067:

Colombian Security Alleges Mercenary Aid to Cartels. August 29, 1989,

242:. It was later revealed that the organization had direct links to the 6672: 5801:

Anastasia Moloney (September–October 2004). "Displaced in Colombia".

2890:

Tercer Informe Sobre la Situación de los Derechos Humanos en Colombia

1341: 889: 690: 685: 665: 357: 324:

Asociación Campesina de Ganaderos y Agricultores del Magdalena Medio

227: 154: 106: 7867: 7511: 7170: 6581:"Doing the US's Dirty Work: The Colombian Paramilitaries and Israel" 3334:"After the Presidential Elections: The Challenges Ahead in Colombia" 2494:

Colombia Besieged : Political Violence and State Responsibility

553: 334:

Asociación Campesina de Ganaderos y Agricultores del Magdalena Medio

7639: 7542: 7474: 7340: 7180: 6092:

Trujillo Declassified: Documenting Colombia's 'tragedy without end'

5858: 4758:'Parapolítica' generó enfrentamiento entre congresistas y ministros 3627:"Más de mil militares y policías colombianos en nexos con el narco" 1407: 1403: 1067: 1063: 745: 744:("Special vigilance and private security services"), also known as 729: 150: 72: 7190: 7109: 6173:

Colombia: Fear and Intimidation: The dangers of human rights work

3192:

Colombia: Fear and Intimidation: The dangers of human rights work

719:

Servicios Especiales De Vigilancia y Seguriadad Privada (CONVIVIR)

302:

Between the end of 1981 and the beginning of 1982, members of the

248:"Charry Solano" Battalion of Intelligence and Counter-intelligence 7354: 6343:"Mancuso dio una lucha que hemos debido dar todos los cordobeses" 6162: 5269: 5136:

Death Beat: A Colombian Journalist's Life Inside the Cocaine Wars

1333: 1043: 373: 277: 49: 6325: 5274:

Colombia and the United States: war, unrest, and destabilization

2300:

War Without Quarter: Colombia and International Humanitarian Law

1302:. Families of some of the victims filed a class-action lawsuit, 972:

comprised the dominant criminal and paramilitary organizations.

7413: 7250: 7160: 5336:

Irregular Armies and Their Role in Politics and State Formation

3597:"Bandas emergentes, principal factor de desplazamiento forzado" 3540:"Preocupacin en Colombia por nuevas bandas de ex paramilitares" 454:

was kidnapped in 1981, and ultimately died while in captivity.

436:

In the late 1970s, the FARC-EP began gathering intelligence on

399: 382: 365: 7099: 5951:"The Coca Connection: Conflict and Drugs in Colombia and Peru" 5516:"Deciding the fate of complementarity: a Colombian case study" 4333:

Colombia: Government "Peace Process Cements Injustice for IDPs

4255:

Colombia: Government "Peace Process Cements Injustice for IDPs

3825:"International Criminal Court Scrutinises Paramilitary Crimes" 3721:

IV. The Successor Groups’ Human Rights and Humanitarian Impact

6232:, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (Spanish and English) 3438:"Gold Eclipses Cocaine as Rebels Tap Colombian Mining Wealth" 3253: 2055:

State Building and Conflict Resolution in Colombia: 1986-1994

1806: 1230: 361: 247: 6702:

Who are the victims? - The aftermath of violence in Colombia

6133:

The Ties That Bind: Colombia and Military-Paramilitary Links

5406:

Rivers of blood: a comparative study of government massacres

3710: 3708: 3344: 2536:"Appendix A: Colombian Armed Forces Directive No. 200-05/91" 896: 679: 446:, far-right conservative, and influential local politician, 6163:

Paramilitaries’ Heirs: The New Face of Violence in Colombia

5215:

Blood and capital : the paramilitarization of Colombia

5179:. Investigación y debate (in Spanish). Vol. 33. CYAN. 4408:

The Dispossessed: Chronicles of the desterrados of Colombia

3732:

Paramilitaries’ Heirs: The New Face of Violence in Colombia

3424:

Paramilitaries’ Heirs: The New Face of Violence in Colombia

3099:

Paramilitaries’ Heirs: The New Face of Violence in Colombia

2993: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 1047: 888:, the Eastern Plains, the south-western departments or the 871:

A December 2014 International Crisis Group report stated:

6096:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 259

6082:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 327

6068:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 287

6054:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 243

6040:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 223

6013:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 217

5999:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 166

5985:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 266

4366: 4082:

Colombian President Pastrana Visits Washington This Week,

3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 2837:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 217

2599:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 243

250:(BINCI) that employed the Triple A name as a covert name. 5114:

Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia

3705: 3509:"Colombia: Human Rights Watch testifies before US Senate" 2771: 919: 918:, these groups had 3,749 members by July 2010, while the 628: 450:

Jesús was considered an ideal target for kidnapping. The

369: 336:("Association of Middle Magdalena Ranchers and Farmers", 4032:

1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Colombia

3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 2786: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2081:"Alias Ernesto Báez, a un paso de la justicia ordinaria" 1777: 770: 5132:

Duzan, Maria Jimena; Peter Eisner (translator) (1994).

4519:"Slap on the Wrist for Corporate Sponsors of Terrorism" 3393: 2669:

Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw

2218: 1768: 742:

Servicios Especiales De Vigilancia y Seguriadad Privada

676:

they investigated or criticized their terror tactics."

614: 5523:

Arizona Journal of International & Comparative Law

5324: 3972: 3970: 2882: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2821: 2819: 2337: 2335: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2269: 2267: 1935: 1933: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1723:"II. History of the Military-Paramilitary Partnership" 1394:

The Colombian parapolitics scandal or parapolítica in

1119:

Judge Leonardo Iván Cortés, Mapiripán, Meta, July 1997

698:

In 1992 Pablo Escobar escaped from his luxury prison,

518: 499:

by the villagers after the name of the Castaño ranch,

6750: 5513: 4845:

Blood and capital: the paramilitarization of Colombia

4157: 4155: 3960: 3958: 3744:

Tate, Winifred (2001). "Paramilitaries in Colombia".

3357: 3109: 3107: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 2650: 2379: 2177: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1042:

due to the brutality of their methods, including the

905: 605:

murder of two judges and ten government investigators

543:, and local right-wing politicians were established. 306:, the Colombian military, the U.S.-based corporation 4354:

Law in a Lawless Land: Diary of limpieza in Colombia

4315: 4313: 4307:", 26 May 2005, (accessed 23 August 2010), p. 36, 39 4136:

The Alto Naya Massacre: Another Paramilitary Outrage

3564: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3187: 3185: 3183: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2243: 2046: 1147:

threw their corpses into the nearby Guaviare River.

646: 577: 165:

in 1962 and called for both military operations and

161:

The new counter-insurgency policy was instituted as

6858:

Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis (2002–2009)

6245:"Paramilitaries Don't Want to Take the Blame Alone" 5447:(PART 1). Brown University: 163–176. Archived from 4448:

Shooting up: counterinsurgency and the war on drugs

4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 3967: 2877: 2865: 2816: 2566: 2530: 2528: 2332: 2320:), 1 October 1998, 187-7, (accessed 23 August 2010) 2276: 2264: 1930: 1837: 788: 5945: 5646: 5403: 5271: 5133: 4477: 4441: 4152: 3979: 3955: 3846: 3104: 3064: 2910: 2707: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2420: 2344: 2247:Looking for History: Dispatches from Latin America 1921: 1889: 1883: 1881: 1869: 1752: 1662: 1635: 314:, and formed a paramilitary organization known as 6516: 5800: 4767: 4369:The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 4342:", 30 June 2006, (accessed 23 August 2010), p. 32 4331:Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), " 4310: 4296:Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), " 4273:Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), " 4253:Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), " 4179: 4177: 3937:"Truth Commission of Colombia: Executive Summary" 3902:"Truth Commission of Colombia: Executive Summary" 3772:"Truth Commission of Colombia: Executive Summary" 3657:"Las Bacrim se extienden a territorio venezolano" 3321: 3180: 2997:Politics in the Andes: identity, conflict, reform 2745:. University Press of America. pp. 150–151. 2405: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1717: 1284: 923:Instituto de Estudios para el Desarrollo y la Paz 8510: 6491: 6365: 6294:"Same Paramilitary Abuses; New Faces, New Names" 6291: 6242: 5680:"Coercion Incorporated: Paramilitary Colombia". 5401: 5174: 4264:", 30 June 2006, (accessed 23 August 2010), p. 4 4201: 4199: 4119: 3822: 3537: 3429: 3413:III. The Rise and Growth of the Successor Groups 2975: 2738: 2547: 2525: 2005: 2003: 1828: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1665:Rogue states: the rule of force in world affairs 1289: 572:Peasant Self-Defense Forces of Córdoba and Urabá 297: 5656:Revista Electrónica de Estudios Internacionales 5333: 5327:Las Verdaderas Intenciones de los Paramilitares 5255:. Information Network of the Americas (INOTA). 5231: 4535:Chiquita's Board Members: Total Identification 4451:. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 95–96. 4351: 4030:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, " 3263:. 11 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014. 3000:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 156. 2946: 2705: 2622:(in Spanish). February 16, 2008. Archived from 2499: 2052: 1878: 1176:("Calima Front") participated in the killings. 506:By the late 1980s, numerous cattle ranchers in 294:tax that was commonly levied on landed elites. 109:activities against known communist proponents". 6591: 6578: 6519:"Colombia's Deep Divide (June 12, 2006 issue)" 6474: 6432:"Oil-Palm Plantations on Afro-Colombian Lands" 5887: 5737: 5212: 4721: 4715: 4650: 4405: 4174: 3985: 3885: 3880:human rights watch world report 1999 colombia. 2925: 2458: 2418: 2392: 2197: 2057:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 73–74. 1965: 1887: 1734: 1360:In July 2001 four lawsuits were filed against 1095:In 2006, Amnesty International reported that: 226:) started a terror campaign against Colombian 71:advisers who were sent to Colombia during the 7527: 6736: 6449: 6403: 6340: 6197:Colombia: Barrancabermeja: A city under siege 5974: 5916: 5779: 5708: 5609: 5431: 5110: 4483: 4360: 4292: 4290: 4196: 4078: 4076: 4053: 4051: 2638: 2350: 2000: 1848: 1817: 1694: 1320:, who was then an attorney with the law firm 566:, which officially changed their name to the 460:Jesús had several sons. The oldest of these, 417:", MORENA) was formed by members of ACDEGAM. 6606: 6106:Volume III: Conditioning Security Assistance 5270:Mario A. Murillo; Jesús Rey Avirama (2004). 4764:, February 28, 2007. Accessed March 3, 2007. 3045: 2583: 2581: 1978: 1743: 1660: 400:Movimiento de Restauración Nacional (MORENA) 136:In a secret supplement to his report to the 6543: 6477:"BP pays out millions to Colombian farmers" 6390: 5829: 5666: 5577: 5466: 5296: 4929: 4688: 4569: 4516: 3132: 3126: 3113: 2782:(in Spanish). Intermedio. pp. 222–225. 2665: 1439:Triple A (American Anti-communist Alliance) 554:Autodefensas Campesinas de Córdoba y Uraba 7534: 7520: 6743: 6729: 6565: 5766: 5078:(Part 1). Brown University. Archived from 4932:Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy, and War 4298:Profile of Internal Displacement: Colombia 4287: 4275:Profile of Internal Displacement: Colombia 4073: 4048: 3154:Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 2710:Drug politics: dirty money and democracies 1484:Militia organizations in the United States 998: 798:applied for "Justice and Peace" benefits. 737:million in campaign from the Cali Cartel. 568:Autodefensas Campesinas de Córdoba y Uraba 431: 195:Reglamento de EJC 3-10, Reservado, de 1969 119:sent a "Special Survey Team", composed of 22:Right-wing paramilitary groups in Colombia 6592:Madeline Baran (November–December 2003). 5363: 5046:America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia 4722:Madeline Baran (November–December 2003). 4553: 4551: 4284:", 26 May 2005, (accessed 23 August 2010) 3816: 3435: 2905:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2578: 1611: 1609: 897:Reintegration of ex-paramilitary fighters 807:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 680:Perseguidos Por Pablo Escobar (Los Pepes) 664:allows the Colombian military to fight a 253: 6556: 5315: 5196:Guns, drugs, and development in Colombia 4951:Journal of Peacebuilding and Development 4823: 3839: 3565:Christopher Brauchli (October 4, 2003). 3465: 3463: 2780:Qué, cómo y cúando negociar con las FARC 2714:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 2013:. London: Latin America Bureau. p. 247. 1800: 1513:"Basta Ya! Memoria de Guerra y Dignidad" 1355: 1208: 689: 379:Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad 133:, visited Colombia for a second survey. 92: 6458:. Amnesty International. Archived from 5548: 5018:Paramilitares y autodefensas. 1982-2003 5006: 4842: 4804: 4612: 4537:Jose Alvear Restrepo Lawers' Collective 4421:Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 3567:"Letting Colombia's Criminals Off Easy" 1383: 668:and Colombian officialdom to deny it." 8511: 6714:Impunity-The Film – Film about the AUC 6275:(in Spanish). May 2010. Archived from 5043: 5015: 4948: 4874:, Human Rights Watch (Also in Spanish 4548: 4185:"2.3. Villa and Cauca (Third Brigade)" 4012:from the original on December 16, 2014 3689:. insightcrime.org. October 28, 2010. 3637:from the original on December 16, 2014 3519:from the original on December 16, 2014 3292: 3151: 3014:from the original on December 22, 2016 2994:Jo-Marie Burt; Philip Mauceri (2004). 2961:Colombia - The Human Rights Situation 2759:from the original on December 22, 2016 2514:"III: The Intelligence Reorganization" 2139:from the original on December 16, 2014 2087:from the original on December 15, 2014 2009:Pearce, Jenny (May 1, 1990). 1st. ed. 1606: 1444:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia 1415:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia 1279:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia 1204: 777:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia 7541: 7515: 7423: 7094: 6935: 6793: 6724: 6609:"U.S. Escalates Colombia's Dirty War" 6292:Constanza Vieira (February 4, 2010). 5250: 5024: 4977: 4703:from the original on October 12, 2012 3693:from the original on December 1, 2017 3460: 2672:. Grove Atlantic Press. p. 239. 1577: 1559:from the original on February 2, 2022 1529:from the original on January 24, 2022 1324:, which represented Chiquita Brands. 1159: 1124: 862:A 2010 United Nations report stated: 803:UN High Commissioner for Human Rights 771:Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) 372:were purchased from the military and 54:National Centre for Historical Memory 7660:Colombia–Peru War (Leticia Incident) 6915:Renewed peace process (2012–present) 6341:Gustavo Gómez (September 28, 2008). 5325:Alberto Ramírez Santos, ed. (2002). 5062: 4904: 4396:, MA Thesis, Simon Fraser University 3849:Human Rights Watch World Report 1999 3823:Constanza Vieira (August 27, 2008). 3743: 3295:Conflict, Security & Development 3283:." Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes. 3032:The corridor of the bloody dispute 1962:, Winter 1998/1999, Vol. 21, Issue 1 1811: 1304:Doe v. Chiquita Brands International 1082:A 1999-human rights report from the 632:selected by the Colombian military. 615:Armed Forces Directive No. 200-05/91 442:Jesús Castaño. A wealthy rancher in 52:and other substances. The Colombian 8534:Far-right politics in South America 6827:Patriotic Union Party extermination 6492:Constanza Vieira (April 10, 2006). 6324:. November 18, 2009. Archived from 6236: 5612:Latin American Politics and Society 5425: 5349:(in Spanish). Intermedio Editores. 5301:(in Spanish). Ediciones B-Vergara. 3573:. Boulder, Colorado. Archived from 1623:from the original on March 30, 2010 1244: 1187: 781:In April 1997, the creation of the 694:Man killed in Medellín by Los Pepes 519:Foundation for the Peace of Córdoba 411:Movimiento de Restauración Nacional 13: 6517:Christian Parenti (May 25, 2006). 6366:Constanza Vieira (April 1, 2008). 6243:Constanza Vieira (July 11, 2010). 5329:(in Spanish). Intermedio Editores. 5099: 4963:10.1080/15423166.2011.487780731626 4778:. Colombia Reports. May 16, 2012. 4736:from the original on July 10, 2010 4657:. Duke University Press. pp. 4498:from the original on July 17, 2010 3746:The Brown Journal of World Affairs 3663:. January 23, 2012. Archived from 3166:10.1080/15423166.2011.487780731626 2696:Winter 1998/1999, Vol. 21, Issue 1 2692:Peter Santina; "Army of terror.", 2490:Washington Office on Latin America 1829:Schulte-Bockholt, Alfredo (2006). 906:Post-AUC successor criminal groups 14: 8545: 6920:Peace agreement referendum (2016) 6675:, Center for International Policy 6632: 4782:from the original on May 19, 2012 4619:. Duke University Press. p. 4465:from the original on July 1, 2014 4134:Liam Craig-Best; Rowan Shingler, 3988:Journal of Latin American Studies 3804:from the original on May 11, 2024 2555:"Conclusions and Recommendations" 2462:Colombia: the genocidal democracy 2395:Journal of Latin American Studies 2250:. Random House, Inc. p. 26. 1958:Santina, Peter "Army of terror", 647:Controversy surrounding directive 635:The result of these meetings was 629:Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 625:Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) 578:Anti-Paramilitary Decrees of 1989 173: 7603:Military career of Simón Bolívar 7406: 7393: 7380: 7360: 7189: 7179: 7169: 7159: 7142: 7118: 7108: 7098: 7052:Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola (2001) 6964:Colombia–United States relations 6874:Parapolitics scandal (2006–2007) 6848:Failed peace process (1999–2002) 6579:Jeremy Bigwood (April 8, 2003). 6475:Robert Verkaik (July 22, 2006). 6404:Michael Evans (April 16, 2007). 5320:(in Spanish). Editorial Planeta. 5278:. Seven Stories Press. pp. 4978:Rempe, Dennis M. (Winter 1995). 4748: 4682: 4644: 4606: 4594: 4563: 4529: 4510: 4484:Michael Evans (April 16, 2007). 4435: 4426: 4414: 4399: 4379: 4345: 4325: 4267: 4247: 4231: 4216: 4095: 4024: 3998: 3943:from the original on May 2, 2024 3929: 3920: 3908:from the original on May 2, 2024 3778:from the original on May 2, 2024 2666:Mark Bowden (December 1, 2007). 2465:. Common Courage Press. p. 1578:Rempe, Dennis M. (Winter 1995). 1464:Colombia–United States relations 1327: 822:Constitutional Court of Colombia 789:2003–2006 demobilization process 637:Armed Forces Directive 200-05/91 562:In 1994, Carlos took control of 490: 415:Movement of National Restoration 215:American Anti-Communist Alliance 207:Argentine Anticommunist Alliance 64:would contradict these numbers. 8357:Freedom of religion in Colombia 7682:Current internal armed conflict 7598:United Provinces of New Granada 6889:Andean diplomatic crisis (2008) 6544:Bill Conroy (January 9, 2006). 6368:"Paramilitarism Alive and Well" 6322:Center for International Policy 6318:"Organized crime and the state" 6121:"Arms Trafficking and Colombia" 5479:Review of International Studies 5236:. University of Alabama Press. 4797: 3894: 3790: 3764: 3737: 3679: 3649: 3619: 3589: 3558: 3531: 3501: 3482: 3286: 3266: 3235: 3208: 3145: 3026: 2987: 2955: 2919: 2732: 2699: 2686: 2659: 2608: 2483: 2452: 2427:. Human Rights Watch. pp. 2323: 2237: 2191: 2151: 2125: 2099: 2073: 2069:Washington Post Foreign Service 2061: 2023: 1952: 1822: 1370:United Steel Workers of America 1366:International Labor Rights Fund 1192:Another massacre took place in 1164:Another massacre took place at 783:Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia 537:Fundación por la Paz de Córdoba 276:In the late 1970s, the illegal 6991:Illegal drug trade in Colombia 6817:Palace of Justice siege (1985) 6812:Dominican Embassy siege (1980) 6613:International Socialist Review 6607:Tristan Adie (May–June 2002). 6406:"'Para-politics' Goes Bananas" 5902:10.1080/10714839.2006.11722327 5873:10.1080/10714839.2005.11722371 5844:10.1080/10714839.2009.11725457 5815:10.1080/10714839.2004.11722391 5794:10.1080/10714839.1998.11722772 5752:10.1080/10714839.2009.11722227 5723:10.1080/10714839.2000.11722632 5694:10.1080/10714839.2009.11722226 5514:Jennifer S. Easterday (2009). 5441:Brown Journal of World Affairs 5410:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 5385:War in Colombia: Made in U.S.A 5111:Steven Dudley (January 2004). 5072:Brown Journal of World Affairs 5020:(in Spanish). IEPRI - Planeta. 4689:Aram Roston (September 2001). 4517:Garry Leech (March 19, 2007). 4486:"'Para-politics' Goes Bananas" 4432:Schwartz, op cit., pp. 387-388 4387:"Social cleansing" in Colombia 2365:10.1080/10714839.2000.11722632 1863:10.1080/10714839.1998.11722772 1654: 1644: 1571: 1541: 1505: 1479:Illegal drug trade in Colombia 1469:Colombian parapolitics scandal 1390:Colombian parapolitics scandal 1300:Foreign Terrorist Organization 1285:Financing by U.S. corporations 1: 6615:. No. 23. Archived from 6494:"New Jobs for Paramilitaries" 6450:Steven Ambrus (Spring 2007). 5364:Bert Ruiz (October 1, 2001). 5338:. Cambridge University Press. 5198:. University of Texas Press. 4691:"It's the Real Thing: Murder" 4058:Mapiripan: A Shortcut to Hell 3939:. ABColombia. July 15, 2022. 3904:. ABColombia. July 15, 2022. 3774:. ABColombia. July 15, 2022. 3241:International Crisis Group. " 2496:(Washington, DC, 1989), p. 82 2244:Alma Guillermoprieto (2007). 2011:Colombia:Inside the Labyrinth 1494: 1406:) refers to the 2006–present 1296:Chiquita Brands International 1290:Chiquita Brands International 1261: 704:Perseguidos Por Pablo Escobar 298:Muerte a Secuestradores (MAS) 16:Political paramilitary groups 7057:Rodriquez v. Drummond (2003) 6863:El Nogal Club bombing (2003) 6697:Colombia Solidarity Campaign 6667:Alto Comisionado para la Paz 6566:Luis Gómez (June 16, 2003). 6391:Bill Conroy (May 18, 2008). 6349:(in Spanish). Archived from 6217:Latin American Working Group 6207:Latin American Working Group 6019:, March 29, 2007 (see also: 5890:NACLA Report on the Americas 5861:NACLA Report on the Americas 5832:NACLA Report on the Americas 5803:NACLA Report on the Americas 5782:NACLA Report on the Americas 5769:NACLA Report on the Americas 5740:NACLA Report on the Americas 5711:NACLA Report on the Americas 5682:NACLA Report on the Americas 5669:NACLA Report on the Americas 5563:10.1080/00131911.2010.503598 5434:"Paramilitaries in Colombia" 5297:Pardo Rueda, Rafael (2004). 5065:"Paramilitaries in Colombia" 4934:. Rutgers University Press. 4570:Gray, Kevin (October 2007). 3307:10.1080/14678802.2011.641725 3133:Garry Leech (May 17, 2007). 3116:NACLA Report on the Americas 2843:, March 29, 2007 (see also: 2694:Harvard International Review 2353:NACLA Report on the Americas 1960:Harvard International Review 1851:NACLA Report on the Americas 1499: 1398:(a combination of the words 1256: 1104: 1009:Anti-communist mass killings 479:, which had strong links to 88: 7: 8454:Colombia in popular culture 8227:Water supply and sanitation 7645:Colombian Civil War of 1895 7278:Military Forces of Colombia 6822:DAS Building bombing (1989) 6641:– (mirror from Archive.org 6119:Kim Cragan, Bruce Hoffman; 5955:Journal of Conflict Studies 5688:(4): 11. July–August 2009. 5647:Olga Martin-Ortega (2008). 5368:. McFarland & Company. 4984:Small Wars and Insurgencies 4930:Livingstone, Grace (2004). 4911:. Public Affairs. pp. 4824:Brittain, James J. (2010). 4069:Center for Public Integrity 3976:Brittain, 2010: pp. 132–135 3377:World Report 2011: Colombia 2204:. SUNY Press. p. 107. 1875:Brittain, 2010: pp. 129–131 1765:Brittain, 2010: pp. 116–119 1669:. South End Press. p. 1584:Small Wars and Insurgencies 1520:Centro de Memoria Historica 1432: 1217:Indian girl in Cazuca near 929:by the Colombian newspaper 752:The governor of Antioquia, 200: 10: 8550: 7588:Viceroyalty of New Granada 7497:Some Colombian politicians 7266:Some Colombian politicians 5975:Government and NGO reports 5299:La Historia de las Guerras 5029:. Rowman and Littlefield. 5025:Scott, Peter Dale (2003). 3053:"II. A Pattern of Support" 2932:. SUNY Press. p. 52. 2874:Avilés, 2006a: pp. 119;135 2813:, August 31, 2005, pp. 8-9 2159:"MOVIMIENTO ANTICOMUNISTA" 1986:. Saqi Books. p. 56. 1984:Colombia: A Brutal History 1797:, August 31, 2005, pp. 3-4 1774:Richani, 2002: pp. 104-105 1387: 1313:U.S. Department of Justice 1239:multinational corporations 1128: 1002: 983:with a national presence. 774: 683: 641:Colombian Defense Ministry 204: 83: 8470: 8449:Right-wing paramilitarism 8375: 8240: 8175: 8171: 8162: 8070: 8061: 8029: 7939: 7901: 7892: 7843: 7796: 7708: 7704: 7695: 7635:United States of Colombia 7553: 7334:Former government program 7272: 7075: 6884:"False positives" scandal 6838:Mapiripán Massacre (1997) 6787: 6773: 6768: 6764: 6759: 6708: 6114:National Security Archive 6100:National Security Archive 6086:National Security Archive 6072:National Security Archive 6058:National Security Archive 6044:National Security Archive 6017:National Security Archive 6003:National Security Archive 5989:National Security Archive 5931:10.1080/01436590601153937 5595:10.1080/13698240108402469 5491:10.1017/s0260210503005692 5402:Brenda K. Uekert (1995). 5316:Pastrana, Andrés (2005). 5217:. Ohio University Press. 5175:Alejandro García (2009). 5016:Romero, Mauricio (2003). 4996:10.1080/09592319508423115 4869:December 6, 2021, at the 4847:. Ohio University Press. 4805:Avilés, William (2006a). 4410:. Haymarket. p. 113. 4207:The Massacre at Alto Naya 4103:The Massacre at Mapiripán 3585:– via CommonDreams. 3345:The Brookings Institution 2841:National Security Archive 2739:Sewall H. Menzel (2000). 2603:National Security Archive 2341:Romero, 2003: pp. 149–151 2329:Romero, 2003: pp. 145–149 2273:Romero, 2003: pp. 137-143 1641:Livingstone, 2004: p. 155 1596:10.1080/09592319508423115 1489:Brazilian police militias 916:Colombian National Police 595:paramilitaries directly. 8529:Anti-communist terrorism 8524:Drug cartels in Colombia 7300:Colombian Naval Infantry 6969:Human rights in Colombia 6797:La Violencia (1948–1958) 5232:Harvey F. Kline (2007). 5104: 4843:Hristov, Jasmin (2009). 4352:Michael Taussig (2004). 2706:David C. Jordan (1999). 2053:Harvey F. Kline (1999). 1833:. Lexington. p. 95. 1474:Conservatism in Colombia 1454:Colombian Armed Conflict 1153:U.S. Army Special Forces 1032:investigator in Colombia 962:Libertadores del Vichada 936:In the early 2010s, the 533:Hope, Peace, and Liberty 332:The following year, the 205:Not to be confused with 30:paramilitares de derecha 7687:Colombian peace process 7630:Granadine Confederation 7625:Republic of New Granada 7035:FARC political hostages 7030:Kidnappings in Colombia 6905:Nariño massacres (2009) 5366:The Colombian Civil War 5213:Jasmin Hristov (2009). 5063:Tate, Winifred (2001). 5007:Richani, Nazih (2002). 4881:March 26, 2008, at the 4651:Chomsky, Aviva (2008). 4613:Chomsky, Aviva (2008). 4406:Alfredo Molano (2005). 4239:The Massacre at Betoyes 4037:April 18, 2021, at the 2926:Robert Neville (2001). 2656:Kirk, 2003: pp. 156–158 2459:Javier Giraldo (1996). 2419:Juan E. Méndez (1990). 2198:Robert Neville (2001). 2188:Kirk, 2003: pp. 149-151 1888:Forrest Hylton (2006). 1740:Stokes, 2005: pp. 71-72 1322:Covington & Burling 999:Human rights violations 432:Castaño family and ACCU 353:Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha 317:Muerte a Secuestradores 244:Colombian National Army 8125:Science and technology 7880:Indigenous territories 7583:Kingdom of New Granada 7480:Colombian drug cartels 7325:Attorney General units 7261:Colombian drug cartels 7083:Government of Colombia 7062:Doe v. Chiquita (2007) 6910:2013 Colombian clashes 6899:Operation Fenix (2008) 6894:Operation Jaque (2008) 6853:Bojayá massacre (2002) 6660:July 17, 2009, at the 6442:(Original in Spanish: 6228:July 28, 2020, at the 6028:July 17, 2010, at the 5432:Winifred Tate (2001). 4896:March 5, 2016, at the 4385:Lovisa Stannow (1996) 3538:El Norte de Castilla. 2135:. September 11, 1989. 1222: 1116: 1102: 1093: 1080: 1025: 970:The Office of Envigado 894: 869: 860: 847: 716: 695: 262: 254:Rise of paramilitaries 159: 112: 29: 7444:Former paramilitaries 7355:DynCorp International 7229:Cuban revolutionaries 6832:Humanitarian exchange 6683:Third World Traveller 6487:on December 16, 2008. 6193:Amnesty International 6187:Amnesty International 6177:Amnesty International 5919:Third World Quarterly 5624:10.1353/lap.2005.0037 5318:La Palabra Bajo Fuego 5251:Leech, Garry (2002). 5044:Stokes, Doug (2005). 4043:U.S. State Department 3633:. February 27, 2011. 3272:Nussio, Enzo. 2012. " 3203:Amnesty International 2811:Amnesty International 2616:"Pacto con el diablo" 2133:""MORENA" SE DESTAPA" 1892:Evil Hour in Colombia 1795:Amnesty International 1661:Noam Chomsky (2000). 1419:Jorge Enrique Robledo 1362:The Coca-Cola Company 1356:The Coca-Cola Company 1212: 1112: 1097: 1088: 1084:U.S. State Department 1076: 1021: 873: 864: 855: 842: 838:Amnesty International 820:On May 18, 2006, the 711: 693: 621:U.S. Southern Command 258: 167:civic action programs 142: 138:Joint Chiefs of Staff 131:William P. Yarborough 115:In October 1959, the 99:William P. Yarborough 96: 8280:World Heritage Sites 8250:Archaeological sites 7984:Council of Ministers 7788:World Heritage Sites 7778:Environmental issues 7755:Valleys and Plateaus 7655:Separation of Panama 7640:Republic of Colombia 7608:Wars of independence 7573:Muisca Confederation 7485:Mexican drug cartels 7153:List of FARC attacks 6974:Politics of Colombia 6868:Neiva bombing (2003) 6802:Marquetalia Republic 6651:, Human Rights Watch 6639:AUC Official Website 6462:on February 20, 2011 6279:on February 27, 2012 6223:Colombia 2005 Report 6088:, September 29, 2010 6074:, September 24, 2009 4905:Kirk, Robin (2003). 4901:, Human Rights Watch 3448:on November 11, 2014 3332:Felbab-Brown, Vanda 2952:Romero, 2003: p. 104 2916:Richani, 2002: p. 52 2626:on February 24, 2010 2113:on December 16, 2014 1384:Political activities 1266:The downfall of the 1227:internally displaced 956:, Nueva Generación, 8444:Guerrilla movements 7989:Government agencies 7962:Comptroller General 7373:Mission in Colombia 6949:Democratic security 6930:Total Peace concept 6599:Dollars & Sense 6531:on October 12, 2012 6498:Inter Press Service 6440:. July–August 2007. 6437:Dollars & Sense 6372:Inter Press Service 6353:on January 19, 2011 6298:Inter Press Service 6249:Inter Press Service 6159:, November 17, 2008 6060:, February 17, 2008 5529:(1). Archived from 4729:Dollars & Sense 4582:on October 11, 2008 4213:, February 23, 2004 4045:, February 25, 2000 3829:Inter Press Service 3546:on 17 December 2014 2929:The human condition 2907:, February 26, 1999 2605:, February 17, 2008 2572:Livingstone, 2004: 2224:Livingstone, 2004: 2201:The human condition 1927:Richani, 2002: p.38 1749:Stokes, 2005: p. 74 1555:. August 27, 2008. 1553:Inter Press Service 1427:Mario Uribe Escobar 1332:In the late 1980s, 1294:From 1997 to 2004, 1205:Forced displacement 836:In September 2006, 8519:Colombian conflict 8217:Race and ethnicity 8130:Telecommunications 7863:Metropolitan areas 7650:Thousand Days' War 7593:Foolish Fatherland 7568:Indigenous peoples 7492:military personnel 7320:Migración Colombia 7013:Catatumbo campaign 6983:Illegal drug trade 6941:Government aspects 6879:Operation Emmanuel 6807:The National Front 6752:Colombian conflict 6452:"Dominion of Evil" 6167:Human Rights Watch 6157:Human Rights Watch 6147:Human Rights Watch 6137:Human Rights Watch 6005:, October 16, 2005 5947:Vanda Felbab-Brown 5551:Educational Review 5166:has generic name ( 5140:. Harper Collins. 5002:on March 30, 2010. 4888:HRW (Sept. 2001); 4576:International News 4542:2008-08-12 at the 4443:Vanda Felbab-Brown 4392:2011-08-18 at the 4338:2011-09-21 at the 4303:2012-10-15 at the 4280:2012-10-15 at the 4260:2011-09-21 at the 4190:2017-04-09 at the 4168:2016-12-22 at the 4141:2005-02-13 at the 4108:2017-09-06 at the 4089:2006-03-31 at the 4084:Human Rights Watch 4063:2006-06-02 at the 4008:. September 2011. 3964:Kirk, 2003: p. 144 3891:Tate, 2001: p. 168 3855:Human Rights Watch 3726:2014-04-07 at the 3716:Human Rights Watch 3515:. April 24, 2002. 3495:2014-07-05 at the 3476:2014-07-01 at the 3418:2014-04-07 at the 3408:Human Rights Watch 3382:2015-02-06 at the 3372:Human Rights Watch 3350:2006-02-10 at the 3339:2010-07-26 at the 3279:2014-04-07 at the 3259:2014-12-15 at the 3248:2014-12-13 at the 3224:2015-10-02 at the 3197:2011-02-18 at the 3093:2013-06-04 at the 3083:Human Rights Watch 3058:2016-03-05 at the 3039:2007-05-22 at the 2968:2010-06-16 at the 2963:Human Rights Watch 2895:2011-06-09 at the 2858:2010-07-17 at the 2849:2012-09-28 at the 2831:2007-07-11 at the 2805:2014-06-13 at the 2593:2013-06-02 at the 2560:2016-03-06 at the 2541:2017-08-25 at the 2519:2017-02-07 at the 2316:2010-10-24 at the 2305:2012-10-15 at the 2296:Human Rights Watch 2231:2016-12-22 at the 2165:on January 7, 2005 2039:2007-03-14 at the 1946:2016-12-22 at the 1896:. Verso. pp. 1789:2014-06-13 at the 1728:2017-10-12 at the 1602:on March 30, 2010. 1223: 1160:Alto Naya massacre 1131:Mapiripán Massacre 1125:Mapiripan Massacre 1030:Human Rights Watch 851:Human Rights Watch 849:In February 2010, 754:Álvaro Uribe Vélez 696: 444:Segovia, Antioquia 188:Human Rights Watch 113: 46:illegal drug trade 8506: 8505: 8466: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8158: 8157: 8057: 8056: 8006:Foreign relations 7967:Inspector General 7906:Political parties 7888: 7887: 7839: 7838: 7762:(Protected Areas) 7509: 7508: 7504: 7503: 7219:Foro de São Paulo 7136:Former guerrillas 7001:Operation Snowcap 6925:2022 Huila attack 6189:, August 31, 2005 6102:, October 5, 2008 5991:, January 7, 2009 5417:978-0-275-95165-8 5375:978-0-7864-1084-2 5356:978-958-709-709-2 5308:978-958-97405-5-2 5289:978-1-58322-606-3 5262:978-0-9720384-0-9 5243:978-0-8173-5410-7 5205:978-0-292-71871-5 5186:978-84-8319-430-0 5147:978-0-06-017057-8 5124:978-0-415-93303-2 5055:978-1-84277-547-9 5036:978-0-7425-2522-1 4941:978-0-8135-3443-5 4922:978-1-58648-104-9 4854:978-0-89680-267-4 4835:978-0-7453-2876-8 4816:978-0-7914-6699-5 4668:978-0-8223-4190-1 4630:978-0-8223-4190-1 4458:978-0-8157-0328-0 4183:HRW, Sept. 2001: 3835:on June 10, 2011. 3687:"Criminal Groups" 3607:on April 24, 2014 3388:World Report 2011 3051:HRW, Sept. 2001: 3007:978-0-8229-5828-4 2939:978-0-7914-4779-6 2752:978-0-7618-1643-0 2725:978-0-8061-3174-0 2679:978-0-8021-9757-3 2476:978-1-56751-086-7 2438:978-0-929692-48-7 2257:978-0-307-42667-3 2211:978-0-7914-4779-6 1993:978-0-86356-758-2 1907:978-1-84467-551-7 1680:978-0-89608-611-1 1198:Arauca department 912:bandas criminales 477:Bomboná battalion 230:, which included 121:counterinsurgency 69:counterinsurgency 40:to revolutionary 8541: 8486: 8479: 8427:Drug trafficking 8335:National symbols 8315:Muisca mythology 8173: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8115: 8107:Mineral industry 8092:Economic history 8068: 8067: 7899: 7898: 7868:Capital District 7783:Invasive species 7768:Cities and towns 7763: 7706: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7578:Spanish conquest 7536: 7529: 7522: 7513: 7512: 7412: 7410: 7409: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7193: 7183: 7173: 7163: 7146: 7122: 7112: 7102: 7047: 7025: 6986: 6944: 6762: 6761: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6722: 6721: 6673:Colombia Program 6655:Colombia Journal 6628: 6626: 6624: 6619:on July 15, 2010 6603: 6588: 6575: 6562: 6553: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6527:. Archived from 6513: 6511: 6509: 6504:on June 10, 2011 6500:. Archived from 6488: 6483:. Archived from 6471: 6469: 6467: 6456:Amnesty Magazine 6441: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6418:on July 17, 2010 6414:. Archived from 6400: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6378:on June 10, 2011 6374:. Archived from 6362: 6360: 6358: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6304:on June 21, 2010 6300:. Archived from 6288: 6286: 6284: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6255:on July 14, 2010 6251:. Archived from 6237:News / magazines 6213:"The Wrong Road" 6179:, September 2006 6149:, September 2001 6126:RAND Corporation 5970: 5968: 5966: 5942: 5913: 5884: 5855: 5826: 5797: 5776: 5763: 5734: 5705: 5676: 5663: 5653: 5643: 5606: 5574: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5536:on July 24, 2011 5535: 5520: 5510: 5476: 5470:(October 2003). 5463: 5461: 5459: 5454:on April 9, 2011 5453: 5438: 5426:Journal articles 5421: 5409: 5398: 5379: 5360: 5339: 5330: 5321: 5312: 5293: 5277: 5266: 5247: 5228: 5209: 5190: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5159: 5151: 5139: 5128: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5085:on April 9, 2011 5084: 5069: 5059: 5040: 5021: 5012: 5003: 4998:. Archived from 4974: 4945: 4926: 4858: 4839: 4820: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4771: 4765: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4578:. Archived from 4572:"The Banana War" 4567: 4561: 4555: 4546: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4523:Colombia Journal 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4403: 4397: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4349: 4343: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4308: 4294: 4285: 4271: 4265: 4251: 4245: 4244:, August 4, 2003 4242:Colombia Journal 4235: 4229: 4228:, April 21, 2001 4220: 4214: 4211:Colombia Journal 4203: 4194: 4181: 4172: 4159: 4150: 4147:Colombia Journal 4132: 4117: 4114:Colombia Journal 4099: 4093: 4080: 4071: 4055: 4046: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3965: 3962: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3857:. 1999. p. 3852: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3831:. 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Archived from 3442:Businessweek.com 3433: 3427: 3404: 3391: 3368: 3355: 3330: 3319: 3318: 3290: 3284: 3270: 3264: 3239: 3233: 3212: 3206: 3205:, September 2006 3189: 3178: 3177: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3139:Colombia Journal 3130: 3124: 3123: 3111: 3102: 3079: 3062: 3049: 3043: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2888: 2884: 2875: 2872: 2863: 2823: 2814: 2797: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2713: 2703: 2697: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2612: 2606: 2585: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2551: 2545: 2532: 2523: 2510: 2497: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2426: 2416: 2403: 2402: 2390: 2377: 2376: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2293: 2274: 2271: 2262: 2261: 2241: 2235: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2161:. Archived from 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2109:. Archived from 2107:"La huella nazi" 2103: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2083:. July 9, 2009. 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2050: 2044: 2027: 2021: 2007: 1998: 1997: 1976: 1963: 1956: 1950: 1937: 1928: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1895: 1885: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1846: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1719: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1668: 1658: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1613: 1604: 1603: 1598:. Archived from 1575: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1528: 1517: 1509: 1378:Jose E. Martinez 1251:social cleansing 1245:Social cleansing 1219:Bogota, Colombia 1188:Betoyes Massacre 1170:Cauca department 1120: 1033: 639:, issued by the 485:Tel Aviv, Israel 481:MAS death squads 349:Jorge Luis Ochoa 272: 42:Marxist–Leninist 8549: 8548: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8489: 8482: 8475: 8458: 8371: 8352:Public holidays 8320:Muisca religion 8236: 8154: 8113: 8053: 8039:Aerospace Force 8025: 7957:Auditor General 7935: 7884: 7835: 7798:Natural regions 7792: 7773:Natural hazards 7761: 7760:National parks 7691: 7549: 7540: 7510: 7505: 7491: 7465: 7460: 7446: 7441: 7420: 7418: 7407: 7405: 7394: 7392: 7381: 7379: 7361: 7359: 7350: 7345: 7336: 7331: 7316: 7307:National Police 7270: 7256:Fighters+Lovers 7234:Provisional IRA 7209: 7204: 7138: 7133: 7124:FARC dissidents 7090: 7079: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7048: 7041: 7039: 7026: 7019: 7017: 6987: 6980: 6978: 6945: 6938: 6901: 6870: 6834: 6791: 6755: 6749: 6711: 6662:Wayback Machine 6643:Wayback Machine 6635: 6622: 6620: 6559:The Progressive 6534: 6532: 6507: 6505: 6481:The Independent 6465: 6463: 6430: 6421: 6419: 6381: 6379: 6356: 6354: 6331: 6329: 6328:on May 25, 2011 6316: 6307: 6305: 6282: 6280: 6267: 6258: 6256: 6239: 6230:Wayback Machine 6169:, February 2010 6139:, February 2000 6030:Wayback Machine 5977: 5964: 5962: 5679: 5651: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5518: 5474: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5436: 5428: 5418: 5395: 5376: 5357: 5309: 5290: 5263: 5244: 5225: 5206: 5187: 5163: 5162: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5125: 5107: 5102: 5100:Further reading 5097: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5067: 5056: 5037: 4942: 4923: 4898:Wayback Machine 4883:Wayback Machine 4871:Wayback Machine 4855: 4836: 4828:. Pluto Press. 4817: 4800: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4568: 4564: 4557:Hristov, 2009: 4556: 4549: 4544:Wayback Machine 4534: 4530: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4459: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4404: 4400: 4394:Wayback Machine 4384: 4380: 4365: 4361: 4350: 4346: 4340:Wayback Machine 4330: 4326: 4319:Hristov, 2009: 4318: 4311: 4305:Wayback Machine 4295: 4288: 4282:Wayback Machine 4272: 4268: 4262:Wayback Machine 4252: 4248: 4236: 4232: 4225:Washington Post 4221: 4217: 4205:Patricia Dahl, 4204: 4197: 4192:Wayback Machine 4182: 4175: 4170:Wayback Machine 4161:Hristov, 2009: 4160: 4153: 4143:Wayback Machine 4133: 4120: 4116:, April 3, 2000 4110:Wayback Machine 4101:Jo-Marie Burt, 4100: 4096: 4091:Wayback Machine 4081: 4074: 4065:Wayback Machine 4056: 4049: 4039:Wayback Machine 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4004: 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809:(IACHR) of the 791: 779: 773: 734:Meta Department 721: 688: 682: 673:Barrancabermeja 649: 617: 607:at La Rochela, 580: 560: 521: 493: 434: 407:Patriotic Union 402: 396:in early 1988. 330: 308:Texas Petroleum 304:Medellín Cartel 300: 274: 270:Medellin Cartel 264: 256: 210: 203: 176: 91: 86: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8547: 8537: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8500: 8495: 8488: 8487: 8480: 8472: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8440: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8381: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8348: 8347: 8342: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8246: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8182: 8176: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8152: 8150:Transportation 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8120:Stock exchange 8117: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8035: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7999:Vice President 7996: 7991: 7986: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7951: 7945: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7913: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7874:Corregimientos 7870: 7865: 7860: 7858:Municipalities 7855: 7849: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7802: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7709: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7677:National Front 7674: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7559: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7539: 7538: 7531: 7524: 7516: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7490:Some Colombian 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7459: 7458: 7453: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7427:Águilas Negras 7422: 7417: 7416: 7403: 7390: 7388:European Union 7377: 7376: 7375: 7368:United Nations 7357: 7344: 7343: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7292: 7287: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7239:Colombia Three 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7203: 7202: 7197: 7187: 7177: 7167: 7157: 7156: 7155: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7116: 7106: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7088:Paramilitaries 7085: 7080: 7073: 7072: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7008:Narcoterrorism 7005: 7004: 7003: 6993: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754:(1964–present) 6748: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6699: 6694: 6688:BP in Colombia 6685: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6652: 6646: 6634: 6633:External links 6631: 6630: 6629: 6604: 6589: 6576: 6563: 6554: 6541: 6514: 6489: 6472: 6447: 6428: 6401: 6388: 6363: 6338: 6314: 6289: 6265: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6220: 6210: 6200: 6190: 6180: 6170: 6160: 6150: 6140: 6130: 6117: 6103: 6089: 6075: 6061: 6047: 6046:, July 1, 2007 6033: 6006: 5992: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5943: 5925:(2): 403–417. 5914: 5885: 5856: 5827: 5798: 5777: 5764: 5735: 5706: 5677: 5664: 5644: 5618:(3): 113–144. 5607: 5575: 5557:(3): 271–285. 5546: 5511: 5485:(4): 569–585. 5464: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5416: 5399: 5394:978-0965691697 5393: 5380: 5374: 5361: 5355: 5340: 5331: 5322: 5313: 5307: 5294: 5288: 5267: 5261: 5248: 5242: 5229: 5223: 5210: 5204: 5191: 5185: 5172: 5164:|author2= 5146: 5129: 5123: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5060: 5054: 5041: 5035: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4990:(3): 304–327. 4975: 4946: 4940: 4927: 4921: 4902: 4886: 4859: 4853: 4840: 4834: 4821: 4815: 4809:. SUNY Press. 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4766: 4747: 4714: 4681: 4667: 4643: 4629: 4605: 4593: 4562: 4547: 4528: 4509: 4476: 4457: 4434: 4425: 4413: 4398: 4378: 4359: 4344: 4324: 4309: 4286: 4266: 4246: 4230: 4215: 4195: 4173: 4151: 4149:, May 21, 2001 4118: 4094: 4072: 4047: 4023: 3997: 3978: 3966: 3954: 3928: 3919: 3893: 3884: 3867: 3838: 3815: 3789: 3763: 3752:(1): 163–175. 3736: 3704: 3678: 3648: 3618: 3588: 3557: 3530: 3500: 3481: 3459: 3428: 3392: 3356: 3320: 3301:(5): 579–606. 3285: 3265: 3234: 3232:, May 27, 2010 3230:UN News Centre 3215:United Nations 3207: 3179: 3144: 3125: 3103: 3063: 3044: 3034:BBC News Mundo 3025: 3006: 2986: 2974: 2954: 2945: 2938: 2918: 2909: 2876: 2864: 2815: 2785: 2770: 2751: 2731: 2724: 2698: 2685: 2678: 2658: 2649: 2637: 2607: 2577: 2565: 2546: 2524: 2498: 2482: 2475: 2451: 2437: 2404: 2378: 2343: 2331: 2322: 2309:, (en español 2275: 2263: 2256: 2236: 2217: 2210: 2190: 2176: 2150: 2124: 2098: 2072: 2060: 2045: 2030:Democracy Now! 2022: 1999: 1992: 1964: 1951: 1929: 1920: 1906: 1877: 1868: 1836: 1821: 1810: 1799: 1776: 1767: 1751: 1742: 1733: 1693: 1679: 1653: 1643: 1634: 1605: 1590:(3): 304–327. 1570: 1540: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1449:Carlos Castaño 1446: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1385: 1382: 1357: 1354: 1329: 1326: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1246: 1243: 1206: 1203: 1189: 1186: 1161: 1158: 1129:Main article: 1126: 1123: 1111: 1106: 1103: 1020: 1016:child soldiers 1000: 997: 995:their growth. 948:, Los Paisas, 907: 904: 898: 895: 877:Demobilisation 790: 787: 775:Main article: 772: 769: 726:Ernesto Samper 720: 717: 684:Main article: 681: 678: 657:plausibly deny 648: 645: 616: 613: 585:Virgilio Barco 579: 576: 559: 552: 548:demobilization 520: 517: 492: 489: 433: 430: 401: 398: 329: 322: 299: 296: 288:private armies 268:, head of the 257: 255: 252: 240:assassinations 202: 199: 180:state of siege 175: 174:Law 48 of 1968 172: 90: 87: 85: 82: 36:groups acting 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8546: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8374: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8362:Miss Colombia 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8161: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 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7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7619:reunification 7616: 7615:Gran Colombia 7613: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7532: 7530: 7525: 7523: 7518: 7517: 7514: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7470:Spearhead Ltd 7468: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7432:Los Rastrojos 7430: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7415: 7404: 7402: 7401:United States 7391: 7389: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7285:National Army 7283: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7274: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7224:PC de C (M-L) 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7045: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7023: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6959:Plan Patriota 6957: 6955: 6954:Plan Colombia 6952: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6843:El Caguán DMZ 6841: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6771: 6770:Participants 6767: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6746: 6741: 6739: 6734: 6732: 6727: 6726: 6723: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6645:, in Spanish) 6644: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6560: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6429: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6389: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6290: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6240: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6199:", 1 May 1999 6198: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6116:, May 3, 2002 6115: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6076: 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