182:, Carmille and Colonel du Vigier proposed the creation of central records of French civilians. As most of France was under German occupation, this was presented as a purely civil matter, but secretly the plan was to use the data to rapidly mobilize an army when required. This included records of demobilised soldiers as well as a census of the entire working-age population, to identify occupations, trades and qualifications.
202:
only used to exclude or exempt Jewish people from the "Chantiers de
Jeunesse" or youth camps organised by the Vichy government as quasi-military training camps. The census took place on 17 July 1941. A record had to be drawn up for each French or foreign person aged from 13 to 64 years old. Neither the number of responses nor the results of this census have ever been published.
227:
region and therefore had never been assigned an identity number. This passive disobedience was so effective that the "Digital report on the number of French and foreign Jews counted in June 1941" had still not been completed by the time of his arrest in
February 1944. However, the police did not need
243:
Carmille was a member of the resistance network of Pierre
Sonneville, known as "Marco Polo". Throughout 1943 he coordinated his actions with Algiers and London. On 4 September 1943, on Carmille's instructions, André Caffot, helped by the resistance, flew from Reims to London to give the Intelligence
201:
A full national census was due to take place in 1941 but
Carmille replaced this with a "census of professional activities". This census included a question (number 11): "Are you of Jewish race?", with reference to the "Statute of the Jews" promulgated on 3 October 1940. Question 11 of the census was
205:
Lieutenants
Colonel Henri Zeller and Georges Pfister instructed Carmille to prepare for the clandestine remobilization of the French Army. During the winter of 1941-42, Carmille identified the names of 220,000 trained veterans living in the free zone, controlled by the Vichy government, and grouped
222:
The statistical service under
Carmille was ordered to use its registration number scheme to assist the identification of Jewish people in France. Carmille did not explicitly refuse to obey, but instead worked as slowly and obstructively as possible. He gave oral instructions to colleagues to delay
193:
and the
Ministry of Finance to create an administrative statistical information system. In the same year, Bull was convicted of infringing IBM patents for having adopted the 80-column punched card. The appeal was suspended but eventually judged in favour of Bull in 1947. IBM lost the case because
185:
As the collection grew, Carmille realised the value of a registration number as it was less ambiguous than recording the first and family names, as well as requiring fewer characters to record. As this was officially a civilian operation, births of girls as well as boys were recorded, by adding a
209:
However, in
November 1942, German troops moved to occupy the southern zone of France. The French fleet was scuttled at Toulon on the 27th and the Vichy government dissolved its armistice army. General Verneau, head of the Army General Staff, gave orders "to destroy the documents relating to the
150:, initially as a battery commander and later in the Second Office (i.e. the espionage service). In April 1924, he was appointed the Comptroller of the army. As well as supervising several espionage operations, he became a specialist in industrial management, notably promoting the development of
197:
The
Minister of Justice, Joseph Barthélémy (appointed 27 January 1941) wanted to distinguish Jewish citizens from the other inhabitants. Carmille argued that the civil status of the project did not allow this to be done so only the individual's sex was recorded in the first column.
157:
As a senior civil servant in the 1930s, he proposed a 12-digit registration number based on the date and place of birth. This was intended to be assigned to boys as soon as they were registered with the civil registry, in part to support the anticipated war effort. He visited
247:
At the same time, death notices received at the statistical service were used by
Carmille to make "real" identity cards with false identities, which were then made available to resistance fighters, German deserters and Jews. This enabled many to escape Nazi capture.
235:: "Over the course of two years, Carmille and his group purposely delayed the process by mishandling the punch cards. He also hacked his own machines, reprogramming them so that they’d never punch information from Column 11 onto any census card."
255:
along with his chief of staff Raymond Jaouen. Described by the Germans as "the great enemy of the German army, having maintained relations with London and aiding terrorist groups", he was taken to the Hotel Terminus where he was interrogated by
170:, a pioneering supplier of punched card machines. He demonstrated the value of identifying individuals with what become the social security number but also the value of codes for geographical areas, economic activities and professions.
131:, he created the National Statistics Service and the individual code number which would become the social security number after liberation and is still used in France today. While there, Carmille sabotaged the
206:
them by locality and by unit. In this way, a partial mobilization on a regional basis would be possible. He also prepared punched cards that could print mobilization orders in a matter of hours.
210:
clandestine mobilization." In December, Carmille decided to hide his work related to the clandestine mobilization. The codes and the files were hidden in a Jesuit seminary in Mongré, near
272:
by the "death train" of 2-5 July 1944, one of the last convoys of deportees. Jaouen died of suffocation during the journey and Carmille died of typhus on 25 January 1945 at Dachau.
545:
33:
510:
346:
535:
354:
505:
244:
Service a sample of the identity card that the Vichy government had recently created, as well as one of the machines intended to punch cards.
223:
responses, leading to a kind of "work to rule". This was made easier as many of the people concerned were born abroad or in the annexed
428:
321:
358:
515:
480:
214:
in eastern France. He continued to develop the civil services statistical tools including further surveys and polls.
530:
313:
IBM and the Holocaust : the strategic alliance between Nazi Germany and America's most powerful corporation
525:
395:
166:
in Berlin and brought back a sample of their 80-column punched card. In France, he supported the work of
269:
194:
they were found to have issued 80-column punch card equipment before the patent was filed in France.
79:
211:
381:
61:
128:
540:
500:
8:
436:
520:
473:
476:
327:
317:
228:
Carmille's files. They organized raids and deportations from their own manual files.
120:
99:
467:
400:
261:
232:
373:
494:
331:
186:
thirteenth digit to the initial registration number: 1 for men, 2 for women.
116:
138:
of France, thus saving tens of thousands of Jewish people from death camps.
285:
257:
179:
151:
124:
87:
265:
463:
190:
167:
147:
103:
280:
A short animated documentary was released about Carmille in 2010 called
53:
189:
In January 1941 a contract worth 36 million francs was signed between
311:
57:
115:(8 January 1886 – 25 January 1945) was a French military officer,
163:
83:
406:
224:
135:
141:
252:
132:
119:
under the Republic and Vichy government, and member of the
32:
159:
546:
Resistance members who died in Nazi concentration camps
238:
260:, who tortured him for two days. He was sent to the
511:
French people who died in Dachau concentration camp
355:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
251:On 3 February 1944 René Carmille was arrested in
127:, in his office at the government's Demographics
492:
264:, then Barbie had both prisoners transferred to
217:
146:René Carmille served in the French Army in the
231:Carmille has been described as being an early
154:and electromechanical card readers in France.
268:in northern France. From there they left for
536:People who rescued Jews during the Holocaust
173:
31:
142:Pioneer of punched cards for registration
371:
396:"Nick Fox-Gieg's "Interregnum" at TIFF"
506:20th-century French military personnel
493:
384:from the original on 21 December 2021.
462:
344:
309:
275:
338:
405:. 11 September 2010. Archived from
13:
239:Resistance, arrest and deportation
14:
557:
435:. 5 October 2011. Archived from
374:"Interregenum: The First Hacker"
421:
388:
365:
345:Davis, Amanda (6 March 2015).
303:
100:Analog & Electromechanical
1:
291:
218:Statistics and discrimination
7:
10:
562:
106:general of the French Army
516:French Resistance members
94:
80:Dachau concentration camp
68:
39:
30:
23:
174:Clandestine mobilization
372:Fox-Gieg, Nick (2011).
531:People of Vichy France
347:"A History of Hacking"
310:Black, Edwin (2012) .
212:Villefranche-sur-Saône
178:After the outbreak of
469:IBM and the Holocaust
162:'s German subsidiary
526:People from Dordogne
403:Faculty of Fine Arts
16:French civil servant
439:on 26 December 2013
474:Random House, Inc.
276:In popular culture
323:978-0-914153-27-6
121:French Resistance
110:
109:
98:Computer expert (
553:
486:
449:
448:
446:
444:
425:
419:
418:
416:
414:
392:
386:
385:
369:
363:
362:
361:on 4 April 2015.
357:. Archived from
342:
336:
335:
316:. Dialog Press.
307:
75:
49:
47:
35:
21:
20:
561:
560:
556:
555:
554:
552:
551:
550:
491:
490:
489:
483:
453:
452:
442:
440:
427:
426:
422:
412:
410:
409:on 14 July 2011
401:York University
394:
393:
389:
370:
366:
343:
339:
324:
308:
304:
294:
278:
241:
220:
176:
148:First World War
144:
90:
77:
73:
72:25 January 1945
64:
51:
45:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
559:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
488:
487:
481:
459:
451:
450:
420:
387:
364:
337:
322:
301:
300:
293:
290:
277:
274:
262:Montluc prison
240:
237:
233:ethical hacker
219:
216:
175:
172:
143:
140:
108:
107:
96:
92:
91:
78:
76:(aged 59)
70:
66:
65:
52:
50:8 January 1886
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
558:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
496:
484:
482:0-609-60799-5
478:
475:
471:
470:
465:
461:
460:
458:
457:
438:
434:
430:
429:"Interregnum"
424:
408:
404:
402:
397:
391:
383:
379:
375:
368:
360:
356:
352:
351:The Institute
348:
341:
333:
329:
325:
319:
315:
314:
306:
302:
299:
298:
289:
287:
283:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
249:
245:
236:
234:
229:
226:
215:
213:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
187:
183:
181:
171:
169:
165:
161:
155:
153:
149:
139:
137:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:civil servant
114:
113:René Carmille
105:
101:
97:
95:Occupation(s)
93:
89:
85:
81:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
42:
38:
34:
29:
25:René Carmille
22:
19:
472:. New York:
468:
464:Black, Edwin
456:Bibliography
455:
454:
441:. Retrieved
437:the original
432:
423:
411:. Retrieved
407:the original
399:
390:
377:
367:
359:the original
350:
340:
312:
305:
296:
295:
286:Nicole Stamp
284:which stars
281:
279:
258:Klaus Barbie
250:
246:
242:
230:
221:
208:
204:
200:
196:
188:
184:
180:World War II
177:
156:
145:
125:World War II
112:
111:
88:Nazi Germany
74:(1945-01-25)
18:
541:1886 births
501:1945 deaths
282:Interregnum
152:punch cards
104:comptroller
495:Categories
443:10 January
413:10 January
292:References
129:Department
46:1886-01-08
521:Saboteurs
433:bravoFACT
332:960095696
266:Compiègne
123:. During
466:(2001).
382:Archived
58:Dordogne
54:Trémolat
378:YouTube
164:Dehomag
84:Bavaria
479:
330:
320:
270:Dachau
225:Alsace
136:census
102:) and
62:France
297:Notes
477:ISBN
445:2012
415:2012
328:OCLC
318:ISBN
253:Lyon
191:Bull
168:Bull
133:Nazi
69:Died
40:Born
160:IBM
497::
431:.
398:.
380:.
376:.
353:.
349:.
326:.
288:.
86:,
82:,
60:,
56:,
485:.
447:.
417:.
334:.
48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
