Alsace - Knowledge

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French Revolution, with full emancipation in 1791. However, local antisemitism also increased and Napoleon turned hostile in 1806, imposing a one-year moratorium on all debts owed to Jews. In the 1830–1870 era, most Jews moved to the cities, where they integrated and acculturated, as antisemitism sharply declined. By 1831, the state began paying salaries to official rabbis, and in 1846 a special legal oath for Jews was discontinued. Antisemitic local riots occasionally occurred, especially during the Revolution of 1848. The merger of Alsace into Germany in 1871–1918 lessened antisemitic violence. The constitution of the

9649: 9619: 9599: 5124: 9639: 4538: 4732: 2011: 224: 4764: 8604: 199: 1216: 9689: 2339: 8730: 3373: 6004: 4817: 3331: 4772: 206: 1796: 505: 188: 4993:(Memorandum on regional language and culture in Alsace) issued by the Vice-Chancellor of the Académie Pierre Deyon, that the teaching of German in primary schools in Alsace really began to be given more official status. The Ministerial Memorandum of 21 June 1982, known as the Circulaire Savary, introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities. This memorandum was, however, implemented in a fairly lax manner. 9579: 3921:, and 13.7% were born in foreign countries. Nearly 44% of the immigrants come from Europe, in particular from Germany (natives of Germany residing in Alsace where housing is cheaper), Italy, Portugal and Serbia. Since 2008, the number of Turkish immigrants living in Alsace has declined, whereas the number of Maghreban immigrants has risen less than the number of European immigrants. The fastest growing groups of immigrants are those from Asia and from sub-Saharan Africa. 6089: 3044: 9699: 9589: 5282: 337: 5627: 5637: 268: 9609: 9569: 4829: 280: 9629: 6302: 5377: 43: 3876: 8593: 9659: 213: 5079: 5645: 8723: 4716: 3161: 1080: 177: 2264: 5185: 1952:, most of Alsace was recognized as part of France, although some towns remained independent. The treaty stipulations regarding Alsace were complex. Although the French king gained sovereignty, existing rights and customs of the inhabitants were largely preserved. France continued to maintain its customs border along the 2375:". French troops entered Alsace less than two weeks later to quash the worker strikes and remove the newly established Soviets and revolutionaries from power. With the arrival of the French soldiers, many Alsatians and local Prussian/German administrators and bureaucrats cheered the re-establishment of order. 4832: 1884:. The latter was able to use this tax and a dynastic marriage to his advantage to gain back full control of Upper Alsace (apart from the free towns, but including Belfort) in 1477 when it became part of the demesne of the Habsburg family, who were also rulers of the empire. The town of Mulhouse joined the 4831: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4918:

Between 1870 and 1918, Alsace was annexed by the German Empire in the form of an imperial province or Reichsland, and the mandatory official language, especially in schools, became High German. French lost ground to such an extent that it has been estimated that only 2% of the population spoke French

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in 1949 by a new "Union jack-like" flag representing the union of the two départements. It has, however, no real historical relevance. It has been since replaced again by a slightly different one, also representing the two départements. With the purpose of "Francizing" the region, the Rot-un-Wiss has

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In more recent years, the Alsatian language is again being promoted by local, national and European authorities as an element of the region's identity. Alsatian is taught in schools (but is not mandatory) as one of the regional languages of France. German is also taught as a foreign language in local

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language, and historic traditions within the tightly knit ghettos; they adhered to Jewish law. Jews were barred from most cities and instead lived in villages. They concentrated in trade, services, and banking. They financed about a third of the mortgages in Alsace. Official tolerance grew during the

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and offered generous terms to colonists as a way of consolidating its hold on the new territories. Many Alsatians also began to sail to the United States, settling in many areas from 1820 to 1850. In 1843 and 1844, sailing ships bringing immigrant families from Alsace arrived at the port of New York.

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Spaghetti junctions (built in the 1970s and 1980s) are prominent in the comprehensive system of motorways in Alsace, especially in the outlying areas of Strasbourg and Mulhouse. These cause a major buildup of traffic and are the main sources of pollution in the towns, notably in Strasbourg where the

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in 1815, Alsace along with other frontier provinces of France was occupied by foreign forces from 1815 to 1818, including over 280,000 soldiers and 90,000 horses in Bas-Rhin alone. This had grave effects on trade and the economy of the region since former overland trade routes were switched to newly

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However, half-timbering was found to increase the risk of fire, which is why from the 19th century, it began to be rendered. In recent times, villagers started to paint the rendering white in accordance with Beaux-Arts movements. To discourage this, the region's authorities gave financial grants to

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in 1992, it never ratified the treaty and therefore no legal basis exists for any of the regional languages in France. However, visitors to Alsace can see indications of renewed political and cultural interest in the language – in Alsatian signs appearing in car-windows and on hoardings, and in new

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Both Alsatian and Standard German were for a time banned from public life (including street and city names, official administration, and educational system). Though the ban has long been lifted and street signs today are often bilingual, Alsace–Lorraine is today predominantly French in language and

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In 1972, the Inspector General of German, Georges Holderith, obtained authorization to reintroduce German into 33 intermediate classes on an experimental basis. This teaching of German, referred to as the Holderith Reform, was later extended to all pupils in the last two years of elementary school.

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From the annexation of Alsace by France in the 17th century and the language policy of the French Revolution up to 1870, knowledge of French in Alsace increased considerably. With the education reforms of the 19th century, the middle classes began to speak and write French well. The French language

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Alsace historically was part of the Holy Roman Empire and the German realm of culture. Since the 17th century, the region has passed between German and French control numerous times, resulting in a cultural blend. German traits remain in the more traditional, rural parts of the culture, such as the

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as "a lawless place" or "a place under no jurisdiction" prior to the 17th century as a reflection of the British perception of the region at that time. It was used into the 20th century as a term for a ramshackle marketplace, "protected by ancient custom and the independence of their patrons". The

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An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in

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of the Rhine was victorious, tens of thousands fled east before it. When they were later permitted to return (in some cases not until 1799), it was often to find that their lands and homes had been confiscated. These conditions led to emigration by hundreds of families to newly vacant lands in the

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in the southwest. The opening is envisaged at the end of 2011, with an average usage of 41,000 vehicles a day. Estimates of the French Works Commissioner however, raised some doubts over the interest of such a project, since it would pick up only about 10% of the traffic of the A35 at Strasbourg.

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During a reannexation by Germany (1940–1945), High German was reinstated as the language of education. The population was forced to speak German and 'French' family names were Germanized. Following the Second World War, the 1927 regulation was not reinstated, and the teaching of German in primary

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The population grew rapidly, from 800,000 in 1814 to 914,000 in 1830 and 1,067,000 in 1846. The combination of economic and demographic factors led to hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people. Thus, it is not surprising that people left Alsace, not only for Paris – where the

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led to a certain amount of religious diversity in the highlands of northern Alsace. Landowners, who as "local lords" had the right to decide the religion that was allowed on their land, were eager to entice populations from the more attractive lowlands to settle and develop their property. Many

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Having been early and always densely populated, Alsace is famous for its high number of picturesque villages, churches and castles and for the various beauties of its three main towns, in spite of severe destructions suffered throughout five centuries of wars between France and Germany.

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Although Alsace has been part of France multiple times in the past, the region had no direct connection with the French state for several centuries. From the end of the Roman Empire (5th century) to the French annexation (17th century), Alsace was politically part of the German world.

1467:, arrived in the region from the Danube and the Hungarian plain. The culture was characterized by "timber longhouse settlements and incised pottery ... favoring floodplain edge situations for their permanent villages ... small clearings in the forest" for their crops and animals." 3277: 1846:, which prevented for a time any further tendencies in this direction. After the conclusion of the war, France was again free to pursue its desire to reach the Rhine and in 1444 a French army appeared in Lorraine and Alsace. It took up winter quarters, demanded the submission of 1809:

Holy Roman Empire central power had begun to decline following years of imperial adventures in Italian lands, often ceding hegemony in Western Europe to France, which had long since centralized power. France began an aggressive policy of expanding eastward, first to the rivers

4838: 1760:, there is a lot of information from the 12th century onwards. They were successful as moneylenders and had the favor of the Emperor. As in much of Europe, the prosperity of Alsace was brought to an end in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters, bad harvests, and the 3424:

Alsace's population increased to 1,919,745 in 2021. It has regularly increased over time, except in wartime and shortly after the German annexation of 1871 (when many Alsatians who had opted to keep their French citizenship emigrated to France), by both natural growth and

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After 1918, French was the only language used in schools, particularly primary schools. After much argument and discussion and after many temporary measures, a memorandum was issued by Vice-Chancellor Pfister in 1927 and governed education in primary schools until 1939.

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schools was suspended by a provisional rectorial decree, which was supposed to enable French to regain lost ground. The teaching of German became a major issue, however, as early as 1946. After World War II, the French government pursued, in line with its traditional

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was a prominent Protestant reformer in the region. His efforts were countered by the Roman Catholic Habsburgs who tried to eradicate heresy in Upper Alsace. As a result, Alsace was transformed into a mosaic of Catholic and Protestant territories. On the other hand,

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forced many Reformed and Lutheran church buildings to also allow Catholic services. About 50 such "simultaneous churches" still exist in modern Alsace, but with the Catholic church's general lack of priests, they tend to hold Catholic services only occasionally.

4749:(a band of red on a white field, also considered an inversion of the arms of the diocese) at the end of a revolt of the burghers during the Middle Ages who took their independence from the teachings of the Bishop. It retains its power over the surrounding area. 2971:

German; German/Alsatian (86.8% - 1,492,347 people), French (11.5% - 198,318 people), Italian (1.1% - 18,750 people), German and a second language (0.4% - 7,485 people), Polish (0.1% - 1,410 people). Statistics from 1871. Over time, French declined to 10.9%

4982:. However, in a Decree of 18 December 1952, supplemented by an Order of 19 December of the same year, optional teaching of the German language was introduced in elementary schools in communes in which the language of habitual use was the Alsatian dialect. 4800:(aka. d'Alsace). The Rot-un-Wiss flag is still known as the real historical emblem of the region by most of the population and the départements' parliaments and has been widely used during protests against the creation of a new "super-region" gathering 2397:

Policies forbidding the use of German and requiring French were promptly introduced. In order not to antagonize the Alsatians, the region was not subjected to some legal changes that had occurred in the rest of France between 1871 and 1919, such as the

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The constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French alone is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages, are recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France.

5070:). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is on the decline. While 39% of the adult population of Alsace speak Alsatian, only one in four children speak it, and only one in ten children uses it regularly. 2186:(in June 1844) brought families who set up homes in northern Illinois and northern Indiana. Some Alsatian immigrants were noted for their roles in 19th-century American economic development. Others ventured to Canada to settle in southwestern 322: 5109:

During most of its history, a great part of Alsace was flooded by the Rhine every year. Half-timbered houses were easy to knock down and to move around during those times (a day was necessary to move it and a day to rebuild it in another

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and took part in the Naval mutinies that led to the abdication of the Kaiser in November 1918, which left Alsace–Lorraine without a nominal head of state. The sailors returned home and tried to found an independent republic. While

6127:(Paris – Strasbourg) had its first phase brought into service in June 2007, bringing down the Strasbourg-Paris trip from 4 to 2 hours 20 minutes, and further reducing it to 1h 50m after the completion of the second phase in 2016. 2002:. But Alsace still contained islands of territory nominally under the sovereignty of German princes and an independent city-state at Mulhouse. These enclaves were established by law, prescription and international consensus. 324: 5105:

During periods of war and bubonic plague, villages were often burned down, so to prevent the collapse of the upper floors, ground floors were built of stone and upper floors built in half-timberings to prevent the spread of

1421:, southern Alsace was annexed by France in 1648, with most of the remainder conquered later in the century. In contrast to other parts of France, Protestants were permitted to practise their faith in Alsace even after the 5009:, and especially in Switzerland. However, while French is the major language of the region, the Alsatian dialect of French is heavily influenced by German and other languages such as Yiddish in phonology and vocabulary. 6051:

west of Strasbourg, which would reduce the buildup of traffic in that area by picking up north and southbound vehicles and getting rid of the buildup outside Strasbourg. The line plans to link up the interchange of

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and cob and roofing in flat tiles. This type of construction is abundant in adjacent parts of Germany and can be seen in other areas of France, but their particular abundance in Alsace is owed to several reasons:

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Alsace is the most bicycle-friendly region of France, with 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) of cycle routes. The network is of a very good standard and well signposted. All the towpaths of the canals in Alsace

1355:, the political status of Alsace was heavily contested between France and various German states in wars and diplomatic conferences. The economic and cultural capital of Alsace, as well as its largest city, is 6061:

Paradoxically, this reversed the situation of the 1950s. At that time, the French trunk road left of the Rhine not been built, so that traffic would cross into Germany to use the Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn.

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We Germans who know Germany and France know better what is good for the Alsatians than the unfortunates themselves. In the perversion of their French life they have no exact idea of what concerns Germany.

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is the rail network serving Alsace. Its network is articulated around the city of Strasbourg. It is one of the most developed rail networks in France, financially sustained partly by the French railroad

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and left to ferment in wooden barrels. Sauerkraut can be served with poultry, pork, sausage or even fish. Traditionally it is served with Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked

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churches, as well as to Jewish synagogues; religion classes in one of these faiths are compulsory in public schools. The divergence in policy from the French majority is because the region was part of

7982: 2311:, administered directly by the imperial government in Berlin. Between 100,000 and 130,000 Alsatians (of a total population of about a million and a half) chose to remain French citizens and leave 5392:

told to children. The bird practically disappeared around 1970, but re-population efforts are continuing. They are mostly found on roofs of houses, churches and other public buildings in Alsace.

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where it had been, leaving Alsace more economically oriented to neighbouring German-speaking lands. The German language remained in use in local administration, in schools, and at the (Lutheran)

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in the Roman Empire, the area went on to become a diffuse border region between the French and the German cultures and languages. Long a center of the German-speaking world, after the end of the

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was self-ruling by legal status, as its constitution had stated it was bound to the sole authority of the Kaiser and not to the German state, France would allow no plebiscite, as granted by the

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Port traffic of Alsace exceeds 15 million tonnes, of which about three-quarters is centred on Strasbourg, which is the second busiest French fluvial harbour. The enlargement plan of the

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never really managed, however, to win over the masses, the vast majority of whom continued to speak their German dialects and write in German (which we would now call "standard German").

8949: 809: 7701: 7040: 5138:, somewhat based on German culinary traditions, is marked by the use of pork in various forms. It is perhaps mostly known for the region's wines and beers. Traditional dishes include 1502:

routed the Suebi at the foot of the Vosges near what became Cernay in southern Alsace. There followed a "long period of security ... for the Gauls along the middle and upper Rhine."

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the inhabitants to paint the rendering in various colours, in order to return to the original style and many inhabitants accepted (more for financial reasons than by firm belief).

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to some eastern German territories at this time, because the French regarded the Alsatians as Frenchmen liberated from German rule. Germany ceded the region to France under the

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in Paris, a crowd of people stormed the Strasbourg city hall, forcing the city administrators to flee and putting symbolically an end to the feudal system in Alsace. In 1792,

8196: 5024:. Alsatian is now taught in French high schools. Increasingly, French is the only language used at home and at work, and a growing number of people have a good knowledge of 9492: 4796:

not been recognized by Paris. Some overzealous statesmen have called it a Nazi invention – while its origins date back to the 11th century and the Red and White banner of

1994:, which brought most remaining towns under its control. France seized Strasbourg in 1681 in an unprovoked action. These territorial changes were recognised in the 1697 8059: 1347:

primarily speak French. Internal and international migration since 1945 has also changed the ethnolinguistic composition of Alsace. For more than 300 years, from the

9769: 9471: 1972:, for example, which had been Lutheran from 1524 to 1681, was returned to the Catholic Church. However, compared to the rest of France, Alsace enjoyed a climate of 8559: 8332: 7116: 583: 1283:

next to Germany and Switzerland. In January 2021, it had a population of 1,919,745. Alsatian culture is characterized by a blend of German and French influences.

7460: 2303:, the largest Alsatian town south of Mulhouse, remained French. Unlike other member states of the German federation, which had governments of their own, the new 6119:

Gap, it has been suggested that Alsace needs to open up and get closer to France in terms of its rail links. Developments already under way or planned include:

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Alsace–Lorraine was occupied by Germany in 1940 during the Second World War. Although it was never formally annexed, Alsace–Lorraine was incorporated into the

7421: 4620:). Controversy erupts periodically on the appropriateness of that legal disposition, as well as on the exclusion of other religions from the arrangement. 8944: 5426:

word is still in use in the 21st century among the English and Australian judiciaries to describe a place where the law cannot reach: "In setting up the

5036: 4578: 797: 7935: 4783:; Red and White are commonly found on the coat of arms of Alsatian cities (Strasbourg, Mulhouse, Sélestat...) and of many Swiss cities, especially in 9476: 8954: 4582: 822: 8100: 7891: 5089:

The traditional habitat of the Alsatian lowland, like in other regions of Germany and Northern Europe, consists of houses constructed with walls in

7677: 2372: 4911:. It was in Strasbourg that German was first used for the liturgy. It was also in Strasbourg that the first German Bible was published in 1466. 7968: 7599: 4943: 2491:

for "Association for Bilingualism in the Classroom from Kindergarten onwards", Zweisprachigkeit -> German for "Bilingualism"). However, the

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population of Alsace was approximately 22,500, about 3% of the provincial population. They were highly segregated and subject to long-standing

1498:, a Celtic tribe allied to Rome, appealed to the Roman Senate and Julius Caesar for aid. In 58 BCE, after negotiations with Ariovistus failed, 2469:

Today, the territory is in certain areas subject to some laws that are significantly different from the rest of France, which is known as the

1478:, had begun to intrude into areas along the upper Rhine and Danube long settled by Celtic Gauls. Alsace itself had come to be occupied by the 9522: 6990: 8029: 2229:

for a representative of the Jewish Consistory of Alsace–Lorraine (besides two seats respectively for the two main Christian denominations).

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This situation has spurred a movement to preserve the Alsatian language, which is perceived as endangered, a situation paralleled in other

1539:. The Alemanni were agricultural people, and their Germanic language formed the basis of modern-day dialects spoken along the Upper Rhine ( 8014: 5066:

The survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France, making it the second most-spoken regional language in the country (after

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The following is a selection of people born in Alsace who have been particularly influential or successful in their respective fields.

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is also mainly varietal, but not normally identified as such), typically from grapes also used in Germany. The most notable example is

7394: 3439:. Demographic growth picked up again in the 1990s and 2000s, but by the 2010s Alsace entered a new period of slow demographic growth. 7171: 1037: 8589: 8450: 9672: 8900: 8782: 8200: 1104: 752: 685: 8063: 2057:), which later became the anthem of France. "La Marseillaise" was played for the first time in April of that year in front of the 8581: 7879: 6218:

Strasbourg is also two hours away by road from one of the largest European airports, Frankfurt Main, and 2 hours 30 minutes from

8698: 3393: 967: 8643: 3346: 3256:; it is the second driest city in France, with an annual precipitation of around 700 mm (28 in), making it ideal for 2481:

and schools. There is a growing network of schools proposing full immersion in Alsatian dialect and in Standard German, called

923: 5479:), Alsace had a gross domestic product of 44.3 billion euros in 2002. With a GDP per capita of €24,804, it is the second 9725: 8303: 7431: 1819: 1313:. Territorial reform passed by the French Parliament in 2014 resulted in the merger of the Alsace administrative region with 9514: 8658: 8094: 4888:

in France, neither Alsatian nor the Frankish dialects have any form of official status, although both are now recognized as

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Some settled in Texas and Illinois, many to farm or to seek success in commercial ventures: for example, the sailing ships

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Alsace has many international ties and 35% of firms are foreign companies (notably German, Swiss, American, Japanese, and

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region where some older inhabitants cannot speak French, and where Alsatian is still used as the mother tongue. A related

1979: 1684:, a non-noble class of civil servants. The idea was that such men would be more tractable and less likely to alienate the 6211: 4849:

Although German dialects were spoken in Alsace for most of its history, the dominant language in Alsace today is French.

2437:. During the war, 130,000 young men from Alsace and Lorraine were conscripted into the German armies against their will ( 1360: 8325: 7480: 6278: 5529:

harvesting and brewing (half of French beer is produced in Alsace, especially in the vicinity of Strasbourg, notably in

2445:., although they were outnumbered by conscripts of the 1926–1927 classes. Thirty of said Waffen SS were involved in the 2323:. Only in 1911 was Alsace–Lorraine granted some measure of autonomy, which was manifested also in a flag and an anthem ( 8708: 3408: 3155: 2062: 1937: 977: 7464: 7082: 5266:

sausages, or a selection of other pork products. Served alongside are often roasted or steamed potatoes or dumplings.

9306: 8406: 8391: 8373: 8288: 8259: 8240: 8226: 7636: 7547: 7404: 7269: 7242: 7218: 2276: 1881: 1818:, and when those borders were reached, aiming for the Rhine. In 1299 the French proposed a marriage alliance between 1634:

At about this time, the surrounding areas experienced recurring fragmentation and reincorporations among a number of

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This situation prevailed until 1639, when most of Alsace was conquered by France to keep it out of the hands of the

9342: 9296: 9265: 5826: 5630: 2173:, to take advantage of the new opportunities offered there: Austria had conquered lands in Eastern Europe from the 1699: 79: 9316: 8513: 5273:

made in the region since the 17th century. Additionally, Alsace is known for its fruit juices and mineral waters.

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Bostock, John Knight; Kenneth Charles King; D. R. McLintock (1976). Kenneth Charles King, D. R. McLintock (ed.).

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In contrast to the rest of France, the Jews in Alsace had not been expelled during the Middle Ages. By 1790, the

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in the 16th century, Strasbourg was a prosperous community, and its inhabitants accepted Protestantism in 1523.

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The festivities of the year's end involve the production of a great variety of biscuits and small cakes called

1873: 1249: 1067: 784: 770: 758: 565: 64: 8807: 6925: 6072:. Thus, a proportion of the HGVs travelling from north Germany to Switzerland or southern Alsace bypasses the 3913:

At the 2018 census, 69.9% of the inhabitants of Alsace were natives of Alsace, 16.0% were born in the rest of

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The year 1789 brought the French Revolution and with it the first division of Alsace into the départements of

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Alsace is generally seen as the most religious of all the French regions. Most of the Alsatian population is

2449:(29 conscripts, one volunteer). A third of the malgré-nous perished on the Eastern front. In July 1944, 1500 2350:

During the First World War, to avoid ground fights between brothers, many Alsatians served as sailors in the

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territory (mostly in Upper Alsace) to France in 1646, which had occupied it, for the sum of 1.2 million

1757: 1032: 9029: 5831: 2082: 9034: 8831: 8663: 8505: 8001:

www.epsilon.insee.fr/jspui/bitstream/1/2294/1/cpar12_1.pdf, L'alsacien, deuxième langue régionale de France

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This reform is still largely the basis of German teaching (but not Alsatian) in elementary schools today.

704: 8991: 8574: 8458: 7899: 7576: 6325: 6007: 5430:, the state has set out to create an Alsatia – a region of executive action free of judicial oversight," 5400: 4997:

culture. Few young people speak Alsatian today, although there do still exist one or two enclaves in the

2405: 2041:. Alsatians played an active role in the French Revolution. On 21 July 1789, after receiving news of the 1532: 1463:

The presence of hominids in Alsace can be traced back 600,000 years. By 4000 BCE farming, in the form of

883: 878: 730: 9019: 7772:"IMG1B - Population immigrée par sexe, âge et pays de naissance en 2018 - Département du Haut-Rhin (68)" 5368:

are becoming less common and the consumption of traditional, strong, alcoholic beverages is decreasing.

4907:, the towns of Alsace were the first to adopt the German language as their official language instead of 4797: 4577:(a Lutheran church) is France's second largest Protestant church, also forming an administrative union ( 2166: 93: 9214: 8825: 8703: 8693: 8648: 8422: 7739:"IMG1B - Population immigrée par sexe, âge et pays de naissance en 2018 - Département du Bas-Rhin (67)" 6872: 5933: 5877: 5607: 5511: 4779:

There is controversy around the recognition of the Alsatian flag. The authentic historical flag is the

3403: 3388: 3351: 2881: 2446: 2296: 2132: 999: 972: 962: 928: 9260: 8777: 8170: 5864: 5839: 2324: 1867: 1714:. Strasbourg began to grow to become the most populous and commercially important town in the region. 1531:

In 357 CE, Germanic tribes attempted to conquer Alsace but they were rebuffed by the Romans. With the

680: 299: 9481: 8653: 8093: 6845: 6669: 6400: 6282: 6219: 5407:(About Easter eggs) in 1682 referring to an Alsace tradition of an Easter Hare bringing Easter eggs. 4928: 4881: 4686:

imposed military conscription without religious exception, most emigrated to the American continent.

4633: 3356: 3316: 3127:, which reaches a height of 1,424 m (4,672 ft). It contains many forests, primarily in the 2123: 1999: 1799: 1513:. As a border province, the Romans built fortifications and military camps, many of which, including 1236: 933: 159: 9507: 6290: 3888: 9088: 8089: 7628: 6930: 6501: 3288: 2091:(a city in southern Alsace), which had been part of Switzerland since 1466, joined France in 1798. 2042: 1957: 1272: 1259: 354: 75: 6998: 6474: 6169: 5851: 5846:(above Saverne), Saint-Ulrich (above Ribeauvillé), Lichtenberg, Wangenbourg, the three Castles of 5715: 4791:

uses a flag similar to the Rot-un-Wiss. As it underlines the Germanic roots of the region, it was

247: 9039: 8037: 7855:"D_FD_IMG2 – Base France par départements – Lieux de naissance à l'étranger selon la nationalité" 7093: 6310: 5043:

A 1999 INSEE survey, included in the 1999 Census, the majority of the population in Alsace speak

2251: 1776:. Jews were subsequently forbidden to settle in the town. An additional natural disaster was the 1090: 60: 53: 20: 9255: 7705: 7612:

However, propaganda for elections was allowed to go with a German translation from 1919 to 2008.

7036: 6528: 6157: 4542: 2078: 2074: 1563:

successors the inhabitants were Christianized. Alsace remained under Frankish control until the

1290:, which formed its southernmost part. From 1982 to 2016, Alsace was the smallest administrative 9170: 8767: 8729: 8722: 8567: 7983:"Charte européenne des langues régionales : Hollande nourrit la guerre contre le français" 7829:"IMG1B - Population immigrée par sexe, âge et pays de naissance en 2013 - Région d'Alsace (42)" 6796: 6770: 5349: 4904: 4675: 4624: 2524: 2492: 2295:

in 1871. France ceded more than 90% of Alsace and one-fourth of Lorraine, as stipulated in the

2284: 2107: 1961: 1892: 1690: 1464: 1433: 1422: 670: 336: 284: 7623: 7139: 6188:) was abandoned in 1998 for reasons of expense and land erosion, notably in the Doubs valley. 5855: 4963: 4643: 1509:

to the early fifth century AD, the area of Alsace was incorporated into the Roman province of

279: 8906: 7535: 7210: 7144: 6684: 6674: 6464: 6197: 5923: 5793: 5649: 5455: 4547: 3308: 3139: 3077: 2986: 2865:

Carolingian Empire breaks up into five Kingdoms, Magyars and Vikings periodically raid Alsace

2483: 1843: 1643: 1444: 1310: 1287: 378: 366: 8522: 9362: 9164: 9044: 8999: 8977: 8488: 6706: 6365: 5534: 4979: 4746: 4655: 2980: 2918: 2914: 2717: 2391: 2149: 2137: 2065:. Some of the most famous generals of the French Revolution also came from Alsace, notably 1991: 1969: 1949: 1711: 1703: 1418: 1348: 1223: 834: 619: 9500: 6065: 5123: 4418:

France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.

1717:

In 1262, after a long struggle with the ruling bishops, its citizens gained the status of

8: 9692: 9648: 9618: 9270: 9176: 7111: 6747: 6582: 6577: 6555: 6370: 5971: 5945: 5731: 5446: 5431: 4889: 4877: 4617: 4537: 3952: 3914: 3238: 3191: 3060: 2957: 2934: 2540: 2410: 2335:: Incident de Saverne) showed the limits of this new tolerance of the Alsatian identity. 2272: 2238: 1973: 1929: 1885: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1568: 1429: 1299: 1062: 625: 31: 6425: 5605:

Alsace is furthermore famous for its vineyards (especially along the 170 km of the

5203: 1594:, or Lorraine, was given to Lothar's son. The rest was shared between Lothar's brothers 267: 9642: 9598: 9387: 9382: 9301: 9119: 9053: 8848: 8792: 8152: 8085: 7962: 7921: 7585: 7509: 6945: 6533: 6430: 6329: 6314: 6286: 5963: 5949: 5578: 5570: 4801: 4707:

and architecture, whereas modern institutions are totally dominated by French culture.

4566: 3324: 3063:. It is almost four times longer than it is wide, corresponding to a plain between the 2899: 2885: 2868: 2788: 2458: 2351: 2280: 2255: 2103: 2095: 1862: 1834:), with Alsace to be the dowry; however, the deal never came off. In 1307, the town of 1718: 1707: 1619: 1590:

Lothar died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts. The part known as

1413:

In prehistoric times, Alsace was inhabited by nomadic hunters. Part of the province of

1389: 1344: 1057: 1010: 992: 571: 8281:

Die Kehrseite der Emanzipation in Frankreich: Judenfeindschaft im Elsass 1778 bis 1848

3003: 2010: 9638: 9548: 9534: 9525: 9352: 9237: 9158: 9073: 8402: 8387: 8369: 8318: 8299: 8284: 8255: 8251: 8236: 8222: 8144: 7632: 7543: 7427: 7400: 7265: 7238: 7214: 7203: 6659: 6607: 6410: 6306: 6173: 5739: 5152: 4967: 4885: 4873: 4857: 4731: 4593: 3431: 3320: 3054: 2949:(Alsatian and German tolerated and spoken by an estimated 85%-90% of the population) 2890: 2610: 2556: 2387: 2288: 2154: 2099: 2098:

and sympathetic to the restoration of the monarchy pursued by the invading forces of

1995: 1921: 1773: 1639: 1615: 1552: 1510: 1414: 1408: 1314: 1293: 1227: 613: 531: 235: 8451:

Rhine Online – life in southern Alsace and neighbouring Basel and Baden Wuerrtemburg

8359:

Das Elsaß und seine Geschichte, eine Kulturlandschaft im Spannungsfeld zweier Völker

8311:

Politics and Power in Early Medieval Europe: Alsace and the Frankish Realm, 600–1000

6711: 6469: 6131: 2371:, a self-proclaimed government of Alsace–Lorraine declared its independence as the " 1928:

in 1617 had gained a clear road to their valuable and rebellious possessions in the

1749:

also began to grow in economic importance and gained a kind of autonomy within the "

100: 9417: 9397: 9311: 9206: 8744: 6920: 6854: 6622: 6617: 6145: 6073: 6048: 6021:, which links Saint-Louis on the Swiss border to Lauterbourg on the German border. 5986: 5967: 5955: 5909: 5906:

Bibliothèque humaniste in Sélestat, one of the oldest public libraries in the world

5769: 5759: 5727: 5685: 5620: 5616: 5520: 5422: 5135: 5067: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5002: 4959: 4936: 4861: 4784: 4609: 4597: 3242: 3199: 3128: 3095: 3068: 2938: 2845: 2822: 2570: 2356: 2115: 1953: 1877: 1769: 1768:

of 1336 and 1339. In 1349, Jews of Alsace were accused of poisoning the wells with

1734: 1688:

from the crown out of their own greed. The province had a single provincial court (

1603: 1595: 1572: 1540: 1443:

the victorious Allies detached it from Germany and the province became part of the

1336: 1332: 1325:. On 1 January 2021, the departments of Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin merged into the new 1158: 1152: 1123: 690: 559: 198: 9357: 9291: 6971:"Elsässisches Fahnenlied [Anthem of Alsace][+English translation]" 6731: 6496: 6355: 5870: 5491:, and 25% are in industry, which makes Alsace one of France's most industrialised 5484: 5146: 4939:

was rendered a backward regional "Germanic" dialect not being attached to German.

4690: 3884: 3099: 1880:, Duke of Burgundy. Although Charles was the nominal landlord, taxes were paid to 1622:

in 880. Alsace was united with the other Alemanni east of the Rhine into the stem

223: 9764: 9713: 9286: 9146: 9107: 9009: 8892: 8749: 8478: 8462: 8438: 8426: 8350: 8336: 8274:

Alsace to the Alsatians? Visions and Divisions of Alsatian Regionalism, 1870–1939

8114: 7484: 6726: 6664: 6639: 6602: 6572: 6486: 5928: 5460: 5442: 5337: 5259: 5244: 5243:, same as in other southwestern German dialects, and means "sour cabbage" as its 5052: 5044: 5025: 4955: 4951: 4821: 3965: 3918: 3436: 3426: 3259: 3234: 3195: 2903: 2895: 2812: 2368: 2191: 2170: 2070: 2050: 1623: 1607: 1599: 1526: 1376: 1359:, which sits on the present German international border. The city is the seat of 1239: 1210: 747: 601: 553: 488: 308: 6360: 1925: 1670: 9407: 9377: 9004: 8772: 6721: 6701: 6654: 6649: 6612: 6513: 6459: 6385: 6243: 6112: 5488: 5317: 5090: 4971: 4758: 4562: 3210: 2831: 2746: 2620: 2379: 2338: 2328: 2316: 2174: 2158: 2128: 2058: 1642:. Alsace experienced great prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under 1580: 1564: 1340: 1262: 1025: 675: 511: 272: 9688: 9402: 9014: 8603: 7448:

The Duke of Wellington and the British army of occupation in France, 1815–1818

6970: 5703: 5263: 4763: 2450: 2438: 2131:

in 1803–4 and again in 1808. A poignant retelling of this event based on what

1960:, which continued to draw students from other German-speaking lands. The 1685 1905: 1901: 1839: 1706:

to administer Alsace, but the authority of the bishop was challenged by Count

9758: 9740: 9727: 9544: 9425: 9024: 8936: 8473: 8148: 7580: 7477: 7337:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. pp. 46-87 (lines 31-54). 7149: 6899: 6863: 6597: 6592: 6441: 6415: 6077: 6033: 6018: 6003: 5982: 5976: 5813: 5785: 5328:

Alsace is also the main beer-producing region of France, thanks primarily to

5313: 5217: 4647: 3169: 2966: 2961: 2634: 2343: 2292: 1681: 1499: 1436: 793: 205: 8633: 7957:. Vol. Band III: 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Berlin/New York. p. 165. 3372: 1795: 1741:, it became the political and economic center of the region. Cities such as 916: 9139: 9134: 9125: 9083: 8379: 6808: 6679: 6567: 6436: 6420: 6025: 5959: 5919: 5781: 5751: 5653: 5566: 5530: 5396: 5365: 5158: 5128: 5047:

as their first language, 39.0% (or 500,000 people) of the population speak

4975: 4932: 4869: 4865: 4816: 4719: 4638:

accepted without discrimination Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and

4628: 3330: 3253: 3203: 3165: 3120: 3008: 2999: 2851: 2751: 2711: 2656: 2650: 2615: 2478: 2434: 2418: 2145: 1933: 1896: 1514: 1452: 1448: 1396: 1352: 594: 589: 577: 255: 8683: 7200: 7097: 6088: 5341: 3923: 3043: 2495:

still requires that French be the only official language of the Republic.

1968:, was not applied in Alsace. France did endeavour to promote Catholicism. 1610:

realm). The Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however, becoming the

955: 504: 27: 9622: 9592: 9578: 8431: 6858: 6781: 6716: 6696: 6587: 6405: 6394: 5892: 5805: 5763: 5711: 5707: 5590: 5506: 5357: 5345: 5301: 5281: 5209: 4667: 4639: 4403: 2784: 2320: 2213: 1789: 1761: 1738: 1661:("seal of Albert of Habsburg, Count of Habsburg and Landgrave of Alsace") 1591: 1576: 1560: 1440: 803: 9698: 9652: 9588: 9530: 9152: 8156: 8132: 7803:"IMG1B - Population immigrée par sexe, âge et pays de naissance en 2008" 6813: 5669: 5364:

is also traditionally made in Alsace, but it is in decline because home

3175:

Alsace is the part of the plain of the Rhine located at the west of the

1842:. During the next century, France was to be militarily shattered by the 1750: 607: 9435: 9430: 8627: 7678:"Statistiques locales - Population municipale (historique depuis 1876)" 7513: 7497: 6825: 6819: 6758: 6634: 6490: 6185: 6096: 6029: 6011: 5883: 5859: 5817: 5789: 5719: 5673: 5661: 5626: 5612: 5516: 5333: 5304:) are mostly white. Alsace produces some of the world's most noted dry 5234: 5230: 5140: 4880:

are also spoken in "Alsace Bossue" and in the extreme north of Alsace.

4771: 4742: 4736: 4570: 4506: 4491: 2667: 2367:, proclaimed the forfeiture of the German Empire and the advent of the 1851: 1803: 1777: 1611: 1491: 1475: 1356: 906: 840: 371: 243: 187: 9445: 8060:"Jardins de la ferme bleue – SehenswĂźrdigkeiten in Uttenhoffen, Elsa" 6028:

toll road (towards Paris) begins 20 km (12 mi) northwest of

5636: 3883:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

1551:

defeated the Alemanni during the 5th century AD, culminating with the

9608: 9602: 9568: 9337: 9281: 9194: 9182: 9101: 8836: 8673: 7352:(seventh ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 38–39. 7031: 6538: 6269: 6265: 6181: 6057: 5940: 5847: 5843: 5809: 5747: 5743: 5699: 5450: 5270: 5213: 5188: 5021: 4950:) on the teaching of local languages and dialects made provision for 4820:

Spatial distribution of dialects in Alsace prior to the expansion of

4679: 4671: 4605: 4551: 3381: 3188: 3124: 3083: 2693: 2586: 2442: 2422: 2034: 1983: 1676: 1635: 1556: 1322: 1307: 950: 816: 643: 631: 547: 397: 251: 9628: 7540:

Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution

7322:(third ed.). London: Macmillan Education Ltd. pp. 259–261. 6301: 6076:

on the Alsace-Baden-Württemberg border and uses the untolled French

5376: 5253:. To make it, the cabbage is finely shredded, layered with salt and 4893: 3928:(at the 1968, 1975, 1982, 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2018 censuses) 2005: 1649: 1379: 42: 9662: 9572: 9372: 9367: 9347: 9095: 8950:

Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine

8918: 8910: 8880: 8623: 8539: 8531: 7652: 7450:, pp. 20–21. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, United States. 7027: 6790: 6764: 6517: 6390: 6340: 6258: 6247: 6235: 6205: 6069: 6064:

To add to the buildup of traffic, the neighbouring German state of

6037: 5915:

Departmental Centre of the History of Families (CDHF) in Guebwiller

5900: 5896:" (leisure park about the environment, closed since September 2012) 5821: 5755: 5735: 5723: 5691: 5556: 5552: 5361: 5309: 5305: 5017: 4805: 4683: 4601: 4590: 4555: 4476: 3339: 3250: 3218: 3214: 3132: 3103: 3087: 2826: 2560: 2430: 2088: 2038: 1965: 1785: 1695: 1584: 1544: 1536: 1506: 1318: 1303: 911: 852: 810:

Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine

780: 762: 738: 541: 473: 391: 212: 9658: 6053: 6036:

toll road towards Lyon, begins 10 km (6.2 mi) west from

5078: 3429:. High population growth during the post-WW2 economic boom of the 1811: 9632: 9612: 9440: 9392: 9276: 8549: 7706:"Données harmonisées des recensements de la population 1968–2018" 6975: 6890: 6867: 6849: 6802: 6776: 6454: 6214:, which is the seventh largest French airport in terms of traffic 6124: 6116: 5777: 5695: 5681: 5677: 5644: 5560: 5542: 5538: 5438: 5416: 5329: 5254: 5196: 5173: 5163: 4998: 4704: 4659: 4437: 4433: 4429: 3276: 3222: 3160: 3098:). It borders Germany on the north and the east, Switzerland and 3091: 3027:

French; French and Alsatian German (declining minority language)

2488: 2454: 2300: 2217: 2187: 2111: 1941: 1835: 1746: 1479: 1388:, meaning "foreign domain". An alternative explanation is from a 831: 442: 3241:

at high altitude. There is fairly low precipitation because the

2165:

Alsatian community grew in numbers, with famous members such as

1908:

since 1397, remained a Protestant enclave in France until 1793.

9582: 9241: 8677: 8492: 8444: 7955:

Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart

7087: 6903: 6885: 6881: 6876: 6752: 6349: 6254: 6177: 5801: 5773: 5768:

Churches (as main sights in otherwise less remarkable places):

5665: 5582: 5389: 5247:

equivalent. This word was included into the French language as

5099: 5082: 4919:

fluently, and only 8% had some knowledge of it (Maugue, 1970).

4843: 4715: 3246: 3184: 3110: 2714:, causing a permanent division between Western and Eastern Rome 2606: 2582: 2308: 2209: 1945: 1765: 1742: 1730: 1726: 1548: 1425:

of 1685 that abolished their privileges in the rest of France.

1276: 1079: 845: 347: 239: 8455: 4931:, a campaign to suppress the use of German as part of a wider 4650:. Alsace became one of the French regions boasting a thriving 4614:

1905 law separating the French church and state was instituted

2857:

Frankish, Frankish and Alamannic varieties of Old High German

2837:

Frankish; Frankish and Alamannic varieties of Old High German

2581:

Celts/Gauls firmly secured in entire Gaul, Alsace; trade with

1780:

earthquake of 1356, one of Europe's worst which made ruins of

1659:

SIGILLUM ALBERTI (COMIS) DE HABESB(URG) ET LANGRAVII ALSACTIAE

1638:

secular and ecclesiastical lordships, a common process in the

1579:

divided the realm into three parts. Alsace formed part of the

1432:, Alsace was annexed by Germany and became a part of the 1871 176: 9702: 7850: 7824: 7798: 7767: 7734: 7673: 7648: 6894: 6135: 5985:: Parc naturel régional des Ballons des Vosges (south of the 5797: 5476: 5473:

Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques

5385: 5006: 4908: 4788: 4663: 4654:

and the only region with a noticeable Anabaptist population.

3902:

Sources: French and German censuses (1806-1871), (1876–2021),

3176: 3143: 3064: 2426: 2232: 2119: 1855: 1815: 1781: 1722: 1495: 1471: 1280: 8419: 8351:

Alsace and Lorraine: From Cæsar to Kaiser, 58 B.C.–1871 A.D.

5312:

wines identified by the names of the grapes used (wine from

5040:

official bilingual street signs in Strasbourg and Mulhouse.

3051:

Alsace has an area of 8,283 km, making it the smallest

6149: 6101: 5526: 5353: 5168: 4991:

Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace

3180: 2730: 2094:

At the same time, some Alsatians were in opposition to the

1911: 1847: 1685: 1173: 856: 7936:"Colmar : une statue de la Liberté en "Rot und Wiss"" 7313: 7311: 6742:

German original names in brackets if French names differ:

6047:

At present, plans are being considered for building a new

5623:

with their thick and green forests and picturesque lakes.

5184: 2342:

An Alsatian woman in traditional costume, photographed by

2263: 1772:, leading to the massacre of thousands of Jews during the 1733:

trade route, as well as a port on the Rhine route linking

8497: 8269:. München: Artemis-Cicerone Kunst- und Reiseführer, 1989. 8137:

Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur

6264:

the EuroVelo 15 (Véloroute Rhin / Rhine cycle route from

6223: 6044:

motorway traffic of the A35 was 170,000 per day in 2002.

4868:

spoken on both sides of the Rhine and closely related to

4600:, which provides public subsidies to the Roman Catholic, 2670:

divides the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern sectors

1753:" (or "Zehnstädtebund"), a federation of ten free towns. 1194: 1185: 1161: 1138: 1126: 8030:"Law Lords slam crime agency for freezing UMBS payments" 7367:. London: MacMillan Education Ltd. pp. 336 and 458. 7117:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

5421:"Alsatia", the Latin form of Alsace's name, entered the 5388:

is a main feature of Alsace and was the subject of many

2049:

composed in Strasbourg the Revolutionary marching song "

1451:, it was returned to France by the Allies at the end of 8248:

Das Elsass: Historische Landschaft im Wandel der Zeiten

7308: 7172:"Alsace: culturally not quite French, not quite German" 3213:, formed by slip (induced by the alpine uplift) of the 2283:

and other German states. The end of the war led to the

2169:– but also for more distant places like Russia and the 2135:

had personally witnessed can be found in his long poem

1904:

to the southwest of Alsace, belonging to the Counts of

6916:

2014 Alsace single territorial collectivity referendum

6156:

However, the abandoned Maurice-Lemaire tunnel towards

6068:

has imposed a tax on heavy-goods vehicles using their

5238: 3307:

The European Collectivity of Alsace is divided into 2

2941:, establishing full French sovereignty over the region 2696:

rebel, precursor to waves of German, and Hun invasions

2225:

of 1911 reserved one seat in the first chamber of the

2122:, in Switzerland, for baptisms and weddings. When the 1964:, by which the French king ordered the suppression of 1936:. Beset by enemies and seeking to gain a free hand in 1764:. These hardships were blamed on Jews, leading to the 1756:

Though little is known about the early history of the

1629: 1470:

By 100 BCE Germanic peoples, including eventually the

1286:

Until 1871, Alsace included the area now known as the

1231: 509: 151: 7624:

Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression

2926:

German; Alamannic and Franconian dialects (Alsatian)

2400:

1905 French law on the separation of Church and State

2279:

in July 1870, saw France defeated in May 1871 by the

1447:. Having been occupied and annexed by Germany during 1197: 1191: 1176: 1170: 1141: 1135: 9236: 7653:"Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui" 2873:

Frankish and Alamannic varieties of Old High German

2681:

Beginning of Germanic migrations to the Roman Empire

1517:(Strasbourg), evolved into modern towns and cities. 1188: 1164: 1129: 8945:

Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine

5308:and is the only region in France to produce mostly 5037:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1948:. When hostilities were concluded in 1648 with the 1657:(d.1239), inscribed in Latin (with abbreviations): 1182: 1167: 1132: 798:

Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine

67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7365:A History of Rome Down to the Reign of Constantine 7302:A History of Rome Down to the Reign of Constantine 7202: 5212:cakes) which are baked around Christmas time. The 4808:and Alsace, namely on Colmar's statue of liberty. 2811:Old Frankish; Frankish and Alamannic varieties of 1710:, who received his rights from Frederick II's son 8955:Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine 8330:. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2019. 8328:State Formation in Early Modern Alsace, 1648–1789 8197:"Les Accords de coopération entre l'Alsace et..." 7333:Caesar, Julius (2000). Henderson, Jeffrey (ed.). 7209:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 4646:villages appeared, particularly in the region of 2006:From French Revolution to the Franco-Prussian War 823:Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine 9770:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union 9756: 7892:"Unser LandBrève histoire d'un drapeau alsacien" 7320:A History of Rome Down to the Age of Constantine 7264:. Vol. 1. New York: Routledge. p. 79. 7026:Combined 2021 population of the departements of 6111:Because the Vosges are surmountable only by the 2453:were released from Soviet captivity and sent to 2291:annexed Alsace and northern Lorraine to the new 2216:regulations. They maintained their own customs, 1737:and Switzerland to the Netherlands, England and 1694:) and a central administration with its seat at 1520: 141:Place in European Collectivity of Alsace, France 26:"Elsaß" redirects here. For the battleship, see 8420:Official website of the Alsace regional council 7304:. London: MacMillan Education Ltd. p. 260. 7289:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 77. 5912:in Kaysersberg, Strasbourg, Mulhouse and Colmar 5903:, largest museum in Bas-Rhin outside Strasbourg 5410: 5237:. The word Sauerkraut in Alsatian has the form 5005:survives on the opposite bank of the Rhine, in 4402:Persons born abroad of French parents, such as 2077:, who led the armies of the French Republic in 8313:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 8062:. beLocal.de. 23 November 2011. Archived from 7037:"Populations légales des départements en 2021" 4682:tried in vain to drive them from Alsace. When 2727:Germanic invasions of the Western Roman Empire 2595:None; Gaulish variety of Celtic widely spoken 1535:, Alsace became the territory of the Germanic 1361:several international organizations and bodies 9508: 9222: 8612: 8575: 8316:Kaeppelin, Charles E. R, and Mary L. Hendee. 8078: 5453:. It is first known in print in the title of 4745:'s arms are the colours of the shield of the 3670: 3462: 3168:, southern face, seen from the valley of the 1571:of 842, was formally dissolved in 843 at the 1098: 898: 8235:. Frankfurt a. M.: Insel Verlag, 2001. 8233:Das Elsass: Ein literarischer Reisebegleiter 7793: 7791: 7789: 7362: 7317: 7299: 5248: 5224: 5201: 3257: 3114: 3075: 3052: 1888:in 1515, where it was to remain until 1798. 1291: 1253: 1243: 296: 8101:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography 8084: 8015:"Les Christstollen de la vallée de Munster" 7762: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7564:"Full text of "Alsace–Lorraine since 1870"" 7423:The Oxford History of the French Revolution 7169: 6253:the EuroVelo 6 (Véloroute des fleuves from 6204:the international airport of Strasbourg in 3302: 2906:; Alamannic and Franconian German dialects 1990:France consolidated its hold with the 1679 1482:, a Germanic tribe allied with Ariovistus. 1329:but remained part of the region Grand Est. 1266: 30:. For the region of the German Empire, see 9515: 9501: 9229: 9215: 8582: 8568: 8498:Alsace.net: Directory of Alsatian Websites 8386:. Straßburg: Édition La Nuée Bleue, 2004. 7967:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7952: 7696: 7694: 6841:between Alsace and the following regions: 6551:Henriette Louise de Waldner de Freundstein 5035:Although the French government signed the 2854:(German Kingdom of the Carolingian Empire) 2773:Totality of Alsace to the Frankish Kingdom 2233:Struggle between France and united Germany 1105: 1091: 8401:. Morstadt: Éditions Ouest-France, 2000. 7786: 7542:. Vol. 1. Abc-Clio. pp. 13–16. 7110: 5028:as a foreign language learned in school. 4842:An Alsatian dialect speaker, recorded in 4444: 2983:causes German cession of Alsace to France 2647:Rome reconquers the Gallic Empire, Alsace 1583:, which was ruled by the eldest grandson 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 8482:) is being considered for deletion. See 7753: 7720: 7495: 7284: 7205:A Handbook on Old High German Literature 6300: 6087: 6017:Most major car journeys are made on the 6002: 5643: 5635: 5625: 5502:of varied economic activity, including: 5375: 5280: 5183: 5122: 5077: 4827: 4815: 4770: 4762: 4730: 4714: 4536: 4388: 4368: 4348: 4328: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3986: 3371: 3329: 3275: 3159: 3042: 2404: 2337: 2262: 2017:Freiheit Gleichheit Brüderlichk. od. Tod 2009: 1986:receiving the keys of Strasbourg in 1681 1978: 1794: 1648: 753:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Strasbourg 320: 8116:La famille paternelle des Marx Brothers 8108: 8027: 7691: 7392: 7377: 7347: 7259: 7170:Leichtfried, Laura (23 February 2017). 4989:It was not until 9 June 1982, with the 4616:(for a more comprehensive history, see 4565:, but, largely because of the region's 4393: 2631:Postumus founds breakaway Gallic Empire 2055:Marching song for the Army of the Rhine 9757: 8644:Arrondissement of Haguenau-Wissembourg 8441:– Official French website (in English) 8171:"Birth certificate of Dreyfus, Alfred" 8130: 7426:. Oxford University Press. p. 7. 7332: 7262:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 6141:a tram-train system in Mulhouse (2011) 5487:, and 68% of Alsatian jobs are in the 4662:was born in Alsace. The schism of the 3347:Arrondissement of Haguenau-Wissembourg 3245:protect it from the west. The city of 2937:annexes the rest of Alsace during the 2917:annexes portions of Alsace during the 2441:). There were some volunteers for the 2019:(Liberty Equality Fraternity or Death) 1784:. Prosperity returned to Alsace under 924:Arrondissement of Haguenau-Wissembourg 9496: 9210: 9177:Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine 8563: 8541:The Alsatian Library of Mutual Credit 8133:"Wann wurde Sebastian Brant geboren?" 7533: 7419: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7182:from the original on 23 February 2017 7022: 7020: 7018: 7016: 5762:and the gardens of the blue house in 3925:Place of birth of residents of Alsace 3221:formations, goes through the area of 2797:Old Frankish; Frankish and Alamannic 2464: 2305:Imperial territory of Alsace–Lorraine 1838:was first chartered by the Counts of 1209: 626:Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine 416:8,280 km (3,200 sq mi) 8699:Arrondissement of Colmar-Ribeauvillé 8432:Alsace : at the heart of Europe 8397:Vogler, Bernard and Hermann Lersch. 8368:Strasbourg: Éditions Oberlin, 1989. 6839:accord de coopération internationale 6737: 6092:Place de l'Homme de Fer Tram Station 3869: 3394:Arrondissement of Colmar-Ribeauvillé 2762:Upper Alsace conquered by the Franks 2743:Lower Alsace conquered by the Franks 2307:was under the sole authority of the 1872:, Upper Alsace was sold by Archduke 1490:In response to the threat posted by 1439:as a formal "Emperor's Land". After 968:Arrondissement of Colmar-Ribeauvillé 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 9131:Landgraviate of Alsace (1186–1646) 8177:. Government of the French Republic 8095:"Bartholdi, Frederic Auguste" 6212:EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg 6144:an interconnection with the German 5216:is also popular in Alsace, and the 5162:. Southern Alsace, also called the 4775:The region's flag from 1949 to 2008 4406:and children of French expatriates. 2960:causes French cession of Alsace to 2421:, which had been restructured into 1630:Alsace within the Holy Roman Empire 1458: 1343:, although since World War II most 13: 8709:Arrondissement of Thann-Guebwiller 8659:Arrondissement of Sélestat-Erstein 8343:Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Elsaß 8211: 8003:. INSEE. December 2002. p. 3. 7248: 7013: 6229: 5581:(until the late 20th century) and 5269:Alsace is also well known for its 5059:(or 5.9%) and 27,600 people speak 5051:, 16.2% (or 208,000 people) speak 4581:) with the much smaller Calvinist 4573:community also exists: today, the 4422: 4410: 4395: 3665: 3457: 3409:Arrondissement of Thann-Guebwiller 3362:Arrondissement of Sélestat-Erstein 3156:Vosges and Jura coal mining basins 2787:begins reign, Charlemagne crowned 2114:made "pilgrimages" to places like 978:Arrondissement of Thann-Guebwiller 939:Arrondissement of Sélestat-Erstein 14: 9781: 8787: 8486:to help reach a consensus. › 8413: 8366:Le Syndrome Alsacien: d'Letschte? 8163: 7849: 7823: 7797: 7766: 7733: 7700: 7672: 7647: 7363:Cary, M.; Scullard, H.H. (1979). 7318:Cary, M.; Scullard, H.H. (1979). 7300:Cary, M.; Scullard, H.H. (1979). 6832: 6524:François Christophe de Kellermann 6296: 6226:service, stopping in Terminal 2. 6056:to the north of Strasbourg, with 5993: 5979:: Parc naturel des Vosges du Nord 5838:(above Sélestat), Hohlandsbourg, 4892:and can be chosen as subjects in 4627:, promoted by the local reformer 4585:. Unlike the rest of France, the 3013:German; Alsatian, French, German 2991:French; Alsatian, French, German 2655:Latin, Gallic, Germanic (only in 2085:, who also fought in the Vendée. 1882:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor 695: 9697: 9687: 9671: 9657: 9647: 9637: 9627: 9617: 9607: 9597: 9587: 9577: 9567: 9524: 8728: 8721: 8602: 8591: 8322:. Franklin, Pa: C. Miller, 1908. 7621:Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer. 7566:. New York, The Macmillan. 1919. 7498:"The Abbé Grégoire and the Jews" 6279:canal des houillères de la Sarre 4852:The traditional language of the 4767:Rot-un-Wiss, the historical flag 3874: 3445:(within the borders set in 1871) 3313:circonscriptions départementales 3297:collectivité européenne d'Alsace 2825:gives Alsace and Lotharingia to 2197: 2106:who sought to crush the nascent 1555:, and Alsace became part of the 1279:, on the west bank of the upper 1157: 1122: 1078: 503: 335: 278: 266: 222: 211: 204: 197: 186: 175: 41: 8843:European Collectivity of Alsace 8447:Official Alsace tourism website 8384:Elsass. Das offene Herz Europas 8345:. München: Droemer Knaur, 1984. 8189: 8124: 8052: 8021: 8007: 7993: 7975: 7946: 7928: 7914: 7884: 7873: 7843: 7817: 7666: 7641: 7615: 7606: 7592: 7570: 7556: 7527: 7489: 7471: 7453: 7440: 7413: 7399:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 74. 7386: 7371: 7356: 7341: 7326: 7293: 7278: 7227: 5952:on French territory during WWII 5073: 3443:Historical population of Alsace 3419: 3376:Administrative map of Haut-Rhin 3293:European Collectivity of Alsace 3282:European Collectivity of Alsace 2110:. Many of the residents of the 1668:set up Alsace as a province (a 1543:, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss). 1485: 1327:European Collectivity of Alsace 650:European Collectivity of Alsace 360:European Collectivity of Alsace 52:needs additional citations for 9114:Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg 8514:Churches and chapels of Alsace 7194: 7163: 7132: 7104: 7075: 7054: 6983: 6963: 6191: 5939:Mémorial d'Alsace–Lorraine in 5449:, which was for a long time a 5428:Serious Organised Crime Agency 4424: 4412: 4397: 3908: 3334:Administrative map of Bas-Rhin 3287:Since 2021, Alsace has been a 3002:conquers Alsace, establishing 2433:, to become part of a planned 2267:Traditional costumes of Alsace 2258:historian and politician, 1871 1068:Politics of the European Union 785:Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz 771:Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg 566:Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg 1: 8973:History of the Jews in Alsace 8859: 8471: 8028:Lashmar, Paul (27 May 2007). 7881:Géographie réligieuse: France 7538:. In Levy, Richard S. (ed.). 7120:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 7062:"EU regions by GDP, Eurostat" 6956: 6561: 6480: 6381:Master of the Drapery Studies 6138:and Mulhouse (opened in 2011) 5690:Smaller cities and villages: 5569:, as part of the trinational 5220:during the Christmas season. 4726: 3271: 3038: 2605:Alsace and Gaul conquered by 2359:, at this time deputy at the 2315:, many of them resettling in 2204:History of the Jews in Alsace 2063:Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich 1618:in Eastern Francia after the 1521:Alemannic and Frankish Alsace 1271:) is a cultural region and a 1033:European Parliament elections 722: 9065: 9035:Internationaux de Strasbourg 8832:Alsace independence movement 8759: 8664:Arrondissement of Strasbourg 7446:Veve, Thomas Dwight (1992). 6941:Alsace independence movement 6936:German place names in Alsace 6376:Philip James de Loutherbourg 6163: 6160:was rebuilt as a toll road. 5820:and the fortified church at 5223:A gastronomic symbol of the 5102:where the wood can be found. 4978:) or Alsatian in Alsace and 4710: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4093: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4013: 3971: 3958: 3945: 3938: 3933: 3399:Arrondissement of Guebwiller 3367:Arrondissement of Strasbourg 3317:departmental arrondissements 3179:, on its left bank. It is a 3033: 2848:gives Alsace to East Francia 2515:Official or common language 1916:within the Kingdom of France 1655:Albert IV, Count of Habsburg 1366: 1006:Alsace independence movement 944:Arrondissement of Strasbourg 663: 524: 516:, traditional flag of Alsace 7: 9159:County of Hanau-Lichtenberg 9122:(11th-century–14th-century) 8361:. Augsburg: Weltbild, 1996. 8199:(in French). Archived from 7857:(in French). Archived from 7380:Jewish Art and Civilization 7260:Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). 6991:"La géographie de l'Alsace" 6926:Musée alsacien (Strasbourg) 6909: 6628: 6544: 6507: 6447: 6326:Category:People from Alsace 6176:and Central Europe (Rhine, 5827:Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg 5631:Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg 5401:Georg Franck von Franckenau 5371: 4942:In 1951, Article 10 of the 4811: 4587:Local law in Alsace–Moselle 4451: 3309:departmental constituencies 3119:. Its highest point is the 2498: 2373:Republic of Alsace–Lorraine 2313:Reichsland Elsaß–Lothringen 1940:, the Habsburgs sold their 1533:decline of the Roman Empire 1339:dialect closely related to 1250:German spelling before 1996 884:Concordat in Alsace-Moselle 879:Local law in Alsace-Moselle 731:Concordat in Alsace-Moselle 614:County of Hanau-Lichtenberg 574:(11th-century–14th-century) 316:"Song of the Alsatian Flag" 10: 9786: 9317:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 9273:(Centre Region until 2015) 9030:Étoile Noire de Strasbourg 8826:Regional council of Alsace 8704:Arrondissement of Mulhouse 8694:Arrondissement of Altkirch 8649:Arrondissement of Molsheim 8523:Medieval castles of Alsace 8341:Mehling, Marianne (Hrsg.) 8319:Alsace Throughout the Ages 8298:. Norderstedt: BoD, 2007, 7953:von Polenz, Peter (1999). 7577:Remaking the Map of Europe 7496:Necheles, Ruth F. (1971). 7393:Sherman, Irwin W. (2006). 7378:Wigoder, Geoffrey (1972). 6346:Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi 6323: 6172:, intended to link up the 5596: 5466: 5414: 5118: 4756: 4697: 4284:from the rest of the world 4204:from the rest of the world 4124:from the rest of the world 4044:from the rest of the world 3448: 3414: 3404:Arrondissement of Mulhouse 3389:Arrondissement of Altkirch 3352:Arrondissement of Molsheim 3228: 3153: 3149: 2447:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre 2413:marked with "Elsaß" (1940) 2236: 2201: 1854:and launched an attack on 1788:administration during the 1524: 1406: 1402: 1000:Regional Council of Alsace 973:Arrondissement of Mulhouse 963:Arrondissement of Altkirch 929:Arrondissement of Molsheim 328:Instrumental version, 2023 25: 18: 9711: 9680: 9669: 9560: 9541: 9467:Ranked by area/population 9454: 9416: 9325: 9248: 9064: 8990: 8965: 8935: 8901:Archdiocese of Strasbourg 8891: 8858: 8818: 8758: 8737: 8719: 8672: 8654:Arrondissement of Saverne 8622: 8611: 8296:Straßburg Belagerung 1870 8283:. Essen: Klartext, 2006. 8131:Zeydel, Edwin H. (1966). 7348:Sheperd, William (1929). 6690: 6670:Wilhelm Philippe Schimper 6645:Charles Frédéric Gerhardt 6283:canal de la Marne au Rhin 6220:Charles de Gaulle Airport 6083: 5890:" (open-air museum) and " 5648:The main entrance of the 5459:, a 1688 play written by 5437:Derived from the above, " 5336:. These include those of 4634:cuius regio, eius religio 4528: 4520: 4515: 4505: 4500: 4490: 4485: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 3901: 3867: 3475:— 3357:Arrondissement of Saverne 3047:Topographic map of Alsace 2425:. Alsace was merged with 2361:Landrat Elsass–Lothringen 2327:). In 1913, however, the 2146:"hundred day" restoration 2124:French Revolutionary Army 2000:War of the Grand Alliance 1395:, meaning "seated on the 934:Arrondissement of Saverne 472: 464: 456: 451: 441: 433: 425: 420: 412: 407: 377: 365: 353: 343: 334: 315: 297: 294: 262: 168: 146: 9020:Sélestat Alsace Handball 8484:templates for discussion 8425:30 December 2015 at the 8272:Fischer, Christopher J. 8104:. New York: D. Appleton. 8036:. London. Archived from 7629:Harvard University Press 7285:Bellwood, Peter (2005). 6951: 6502:Gottfried von Strassburg 6393:, born as Simon Marx in 5998: 5360:and in northern Alsace. 5323: 5276: 4752: 4678:. The strongly Catholic 4569:heritage, a significant 3303:Administrative divisions 3289:territorial collectivity 2457:, where they joined the 2429:, and Lorraine with the 2378:Although U.S. President 2167:Georges-Eugène Haussmann 2043:Storming of the Bastille 1958:University of Strasbourg 1902:Mömpelgard (Montbéliard) 1273:territorial collectivity 899:Administrative divisions 355:Territorial collectivity 9261:Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 9040:Rallye de France Alsace 8437:5 February 2016 at the 8276:(Berghahn Books, 2010). 7922:"Genealogie-bisval.net" 7420:Doyle, William (1989). 7335:The Galllic War, Book 1 7237:, La Manufacture 1992, 7094:Oxford University Press 6773:(Illkirch-Grafenstaden) 6334: 5934:Route des Vins d'Alsace 5608:Route des Vins d'Alsace 5512:Route des Vins d'Alsace 5445:term for the area near 5399:was first mentioned in 5289:Alsace is an important 5239: 5179: 4589:still provides for the 2731:Roman Tributary of Gaul 2623:; Gallic widely spoken 2525:Linear Pottery cultures 2325:Elsässisches Fahnenlied 2252:Heinrich von Treitschke 2029:(Long live the Peoples) 1861:In 1469, following the 1474:and other tribes under 1380: 1232: 510: 465: • Per capita 437:230/km (600/sq mi) 300:Elsässisches Fahnenlied 152: 21:Alsace (disambiguation) 9238:Administrative regions 9171:Left Bank of the Rhine 8246:Erbe, Michael (Hrsg.) 8221:. Zürich: Rio Verlag. 6771:Illkirch-Graffenstaden 6318: 6291:canal du Rhône au Rhin 6198:international airports 6093: 6014: 5656: 5641: 5633: 5483:of France, after only 5381: 5350:Heineken International 5286: 5249: 5225: 5202: 5191: 5166:, is characterized by 5132: 5086: 5055:, 75,200 people speak 4846: 4825: 4776: 4768: 4739: 4723: 4676:Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines 4625:Protestant Reformation 4558: 3377: 3335: 3284: 3258: 3237:at low altitude and a 3194:, associated with its 3172: 3115: 3113:are also found in the 3076: 3053: 3048: 2493:Constitution of France 2414: 2382:had insisted that the 2347: 2285:unification of Germany 2268: 2261: 2108:revolutionary republic 2030: 1987: 1962:Edict of Fontainebleau 1893:Protestant Reformation 1806: 1662: 1465:Linear Pottery culture 1423:Edict of Fontainebleau 1399:", a river in Alsace. 1292: 1267: 1254: 1244: 584:Landgraviate of Alsace 460:€67.748 billion (2022) 329: 9089:Route Romane d'Alsace 8461:23 April 2013 at the 8364:Schwengler, Bernard. 7534:Caron, Vicki (2005). 7502:Jewish Social Studies 7145:CollinsDictionary.com 7090:UK English Dictionary 6931:Route Romane d'Alsace 6685:Charles-Adolphe Wurtz 6675:Charles Xavier Thomas 6475:Léopold Louis-Dreyfus 6465:Schlumberger brothers 6304: 6091: 6006: 5924:Ouvrage Schoenenbourg 5716:Neuwiller-lès-Saverne 5650:Ouvrage Schoenenbourg 5647: 5639: 5629: 5551:automobile industry ( 5456:The Squire of Alsatia 5441:" was historically a 5434:in UMBS v SOCA 2007. 5379: 5284: 5233:, a local variety of 5187: 5172:(that also exists in 5126: 5098:The proximity to the 5081: 4841: 4819: 4774: 4766: 4734: 4718: 4548:Jean-Baptiste Schacre 4540: 3978:countries with French 3375: 3333: 3280:Official logo of the 3279: 3163: 3090:(known previously as 3046: 2789:Emperor of the Romans 2702:Alamannic Incursions 2484:ABCM-Zweisprachigkeit 2408: 2341: 2266: 2242: 2013: 1982: 1798: 1652: 1644:Hohenstaufen emperors 1445:Third French Republic 1375:can be traced to the 1288:Territoire de Belfort 327: 248:Château de Hohenbourg 9363:Languedoc-Roussillon 9256:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 9249:Current (since 2016) 9165:Upper Rhenish Circle 9045:Rallye Alsace-Vosges 9000:RC Strasbourg Alsace 8551:The Alsatian Artists 8357:Schreiber, Hermann. 8335:12 June 2019 at the 8294:Herden, Ralf Bernd. 7483:23 July 2011 at the 7396:The power of plagues 7235:Le guide de l’Alsace 6529:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 6246:from London to Rome/ 6158:Saint-Dié-des-Vosges 6104:, and partly by the 5899:Musée historique in 5865:Cité de l'Automobile 5858:, Grand Geroldseck, 5548:forestry development 4935:campaign. The local 4787:. The German region 4747:Bishop of Strasbourg 4674:occurred in 1693 in 4656:Philipp Jakob Spener 4543:Temple Saint-Étienne 3982:citizenship at birth 3917:, 0.5% were born in 3067:in the east and the 2981:Treaty of Versailles 2834:(Carolingian Empire) 2805:Death of Charlemagne 2718:Western Roman Empire 2548:Proto-Celtic spoken 2541:Bell Beaker cultures 2419:Greater German Reich 2392:Treaty of Versailles 2150:Napoleon I of France 2138:Hermann and Dorothea 2014:Alsatian sign, 1792: 1992:Treaties of Nijmegen 1970:Strasbourg Cathedral 1966:French Protestantism 1950:Treaty of Westphalia 1874:Sigismund of Austria 1704:Bishop of Strasbourg 1557:Kingdom of Austrasia 1302:, consisting of the 1224:Low Alemannic German 620:Upper Rhenish Circle 434: • Density 61:improve this article 19:For other uses, see 9737: / 9271:Centre-Val de Loire 9149:(13th-century–1648) 8907:Immediately subject 8506:"Museums of Alsace" 7942:. 16 November 2014. 7233:Roland Kaltenbach: 7001:on 12 December 2015 6583:Herrad of Landsberg 6578:Charles de Foucauld 6556:Ludwig I of Bavaria 6453:Automobiles Ettore 6371:Jean-Jacques Henner 6222:through the direct 5972:Hartmannswillerkopf 5958:: Massif du Donon, 5946:Natzweiler-Struthof 5936:(Alsace Wine Route) 5640:Colmar petitevenise 5447:Whitefriars, London 5432:Lord Justice Sedley 5405:De ovis paschalibus 5016:of France, such as 4890:languages of France 4878:West Central German 4824:in the 20th century 4631:, the principle of 3953:Metropolitan France 3948:Born in the rest of 3930: 3915:Metropolitan France 3446: 3239:continental climate 3135:(Haguenau Forest). 3061:metropolitan France 2958:Franco-Prussian War 2754:, Latin; Alamannic 2487:(ABCM -> French 2365:mayor of Strasbourg 2297:treaty of Frankfurt 2273:Franco-Prussian War 2144:In response to the 1974:religious tolerance 1930:Spanish Netherlands 1891:By the time of the 1886:Swiss Confederation 1832:Albert I of Germany 1824:Philip IV of France 1575:; the grandsons of 1569:Oaths of Strasbourg 1430:Franco-Prussian War 1300:metropolitan France 1063:Politics of Germany 759:Immediately subject 604:(13th-century–1648) 9388:Nord-Pas-de-Calais 9326:Former (1982–2015) 9302:Nouvelle-Aquitaine 9120:County of Ferrette 9054:Alsace de Bagnolet 8849:Assembly of Alsace 8532:"Organs of Alsace" 8465:Tourism in Alsace 8326:Lazer, Stephen A. 8203:on 3 January 2011. 7902:on 27 January 2015 7861:on 12 October 2013 7586:The New York Times 6946:Castroville, Texas 6534:Jacques Paul Klein 6516:, who was born in 6489:, who was born in 6431:Jean-Jacques Waltz 6330:Alsatians (people) 6319: 6315:Unterlinden Museum 6311:Frédéric Bartholdi 6287:canal de la Bruche 6210:the international 6094: 6015: 5950:concentration camp 5948:, the only German 5880:museum in Mulhouse 5873:museum in Mulhouse 5867:museum in Mulhouse 5657: 5642: 5634: 5579:potassium chloride 5509:(mostly along the 5411:The term "Alsatia" 5382: 5287: 5192: 5133: 5087: 4886:regional languages 4847: 4826: 4802:Champagne-Ardennes 4798:Gérard de Lorraine 4777: 4769: 4740: 4724: 4666:under the lead of 4559: 4461:Religion in Alsace 3924: 3442: 3378: 3336: 3285: 3173: 3049: 2904:Modern High German 2900:Middle High German 2886:Holy Roman Emperor 2869:Kingdom of Germany 2808:Carolingian Empire 2791:on 25 December 800 2609:, provinciated to 2465:After World War II 2459:Free French Forces 2415: 2352:Kaiserliche Marine 2348: 2281:Kingdom of Prussia 2269: 2256:German nationalist 2182:(in May 1843) and 2031: 2024:(Death to Tyrants) 1988: 1863:Treaty of St. Omer 1844:Hundred Years' War 1807: 1719:free imperial city 1708:Rudolf of Habsburg 1663: 1620:Treaty of Ribemont 1428:After the 1870–71 1058:Politics of France 1011:Assembly of Alsace 572:County of Ferrette 457: • Total 426: • Total 413: • Total 330: 9720: 9719: 9549:Holy Roman Empire 9535:Holy Roman Empire 9490: 9489: 9482:Regional councils 9353:Champagne-Ardenne 9204: 9203: 9104:(3rd-century–911) 9074:Germania Superior 8986: 8985: 8913: 8885: 8717: 8716: 8304:978-3-8334-5147-8 8252:Kohlhammer Verlag 8040:on 1 October 2007 7433:978-0-19-880493-2 7100:on 17 March 2020. 6738:Major communities 6660:Erich Leo Lehmann 6608:Albert Schweitzer 6411:Martin Schongauer 6307:Martin Schongauer 6234:Crossed by three 6174:Mediterranean Sea 6170:Rhône–Rhine Canal 6066:Baden-Württemberg 5910:Christmas markets 5834:: Ortenbourg and 5471:According to the 4839: 4644:Multiconfessional 4594:Concordat of 1801 4533: 4532: 4449: 4448: 4440: 4419: 4407: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4286: 4277: 4269: 4259: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4206: 4197: 4189: 4179: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4126: 4117: 4109: 4099: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4046: 4037: 4029: 4019: 3929: 3906: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3863: 3862: 3655: 3654: 3432:Trente Glorieuses 3102:on the south and 3031: 3030: 2947:Officially French 2944:Kingdom of France 2923:Holy Roman Empire 2919:Thirty Years' War 2891:Holy Roman Empire 2611:Germania Superior 2557:Hallstatt culture 2409:German stamps of 2388:League of Nations 2363:and just elected 2289:Otto von Bismarck 1996:Treaty of Ryswick 1922:Spanish Habsburgs 1774:Strasbourg pogrom 1680:) to be ruled by 1640:Holy Roman Empire 1553:Battle of Tolbiac 1511:Germania Superior 1505:From the time of 1419:Thirty Years' War 1415:Germania Superior 1409:History of Alsace 1349:Thirty Years' War 1315:Champagne-Ardenne 1115: 1114: 766: 743: 550:(3rd-century–911) 532:Germania Superior 482: 481: 325: 137: 136: 129: 111: 9777: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9748: 9747: 9742: 9741:48.500°N 7.500°E 9738: 9735: 9734: 9733: 9730: 9701: 9691: 9675: 9661: 9651: 9641: 9631: 9621: 9611: 9601: 9591: 9581: 9571: 9555:region 1354-1679 9543:Alliance of ten 9529: 9528: 9517: 9510: 9503: 9494: 9493: 9455:Related articles 9418:Overseas regions 9398:Poitou-Charentes 9312:Pays de la Loire 9231: 9224: 9217: 9208: 9207: 8905: 8889: 8888: 8863: 8732: 8725: 8620: 8619: 8606: 8597: 8595: 8594: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8561: 8560: 8556: 8546: 8536: 8528: 8525:(pictures only) 8519: 8516:(pictures only) 8510: 8502: 8468: 8309:Hummer, Hans J. 8279:Gerson, Daniel. 8205: 8204: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8097: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8025: 8019: 8018: 8011: 8005: 8004: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7966: 7958: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7898:. Archived from 7888: 7882: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7795: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7764: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7731: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7698: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7645: 7639: 7619: 7613: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7596: 7590: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7493: 7487: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7463:. Archived from 7457: 7451: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7350:Historical Atlas 7345: 7339: 7338: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7315: 7306: 7305: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7257: 7246: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7208: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7096:. Archived from 7079: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7024: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6997:. Archived from 6987: 6981: 6980: 6979:. 14 April 2020. 6967: 6855:Gyeongsangbuk-do 6623:Mordecai Mokiach 6618:Jakob Wimpfeling 6426:Émile Waldteufel 6313:in front of the 6242:the EuroVelo 5 ( 6146:InterCityExpress 6049:dual carriageway 5962:, Petit Ballon, 5956:Famous mountains 5854:, Wasigenstein, 5760:Niedermorschwihr 5728:Soultz-Haut-Rhin 5621:Vosges mountains 5423:English language 5252: 5242: 5228: 5207: 5136:Alsatian cuisine 5003:Alemannic German 4840: 4735:Coat of arms of 4652:Jewish community 4610:Imperial Germany 4598:organic articles 4458: 4457: 4428: 4421: 4416: 4409: 4401: 4394: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4285: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4267: 4266:from the Maghreb 4263: 4258: 4255: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4187: 4186:from the Maghreb 4183: 4178: 4175: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4125: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4107: 4106:from the Maghreb 4103: 4098: 4095: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4026:from the Maghreb 4023: 4018: 4015: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3962: 3955: 3949: 3942: 3931: 3927: 3878: 3877: 3870: 3672: 3667: 3659: 3658: 3464: 3459: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3435:ended after the 3263: 3118: 3081: 3074:It includes the 3069:Vosges mountains 3058: 2939:Franco-Dutch War 2846:Treaty of Mersen 2823:Treaty of Verdun 2503: 2502: 2357:Jacques Peirotes 2259: 2116:Mariastein Abbey 2069:, the victor of 2027:Heil den Völkern 1954:Vosges mountains 1878:Charles the Bold 1871: 1735:southern Germany 1721:. A stop on the 1604:Louis the German 1596:Charles the Bald 1573:Treaty of Verdun 1567:, following the 1559:. Under Clovis' 1459:Pre-Roman Alsace 1383: 1297: 1270: 1257: 1247: 1235: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1156: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1107: 1100: 1093: 1082: 756: 735: 560:Treaty of Verdun 515: 507: 484: 483: 339: 326: 317: 312: 304: 303: 282: 270: 226: 215: 208: 201: 190: 179: 163: 160:Alemannic German 155: 144: 143: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 16:Region of France 9785: 9784: 9780: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9775: 9774: 9755: 9754: 9745: 9743: 9739: 9736: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9716: 9714:Category:Alsace 9707: 9676: 9667: 9561:Founding cities 9556: 9545:Imperial cities 9537: 9523: 9521: 9491: 9486: 9450: 9412: 9321: 9287:Hauts-de-France 9244: 9235: 9205: 9200: 9183:Gau Baden-Elsaß 9147:Further Austria 9110:(circa 630–699) 9108:Duchy of Alsace 9098:(circa 213–496) 9060: 9010:SC Schiltigheim 8982: 8961: 8931: 8923:Diocese of Metz 8893:Catholic Church 8877: 8873: 8869: 8862: 8854: 8814: 8754: 8733: 8727: 8726: 8713: 8668: 8614: 8607: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8554: 8544: 8534: 8526: 8517: 8508: 8500: 8487: 8466: 8463:Wayback Machine 8439:Wayback Machine 8427:Wayback Machine 8416: 8354:New York: 1915. 8337:Wayback Machine 8265:Faber, Gustav. 8219:Juden im Elsass 8214: 8212:Further reading 8209: 8208: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8180: 8178: 8175:culture.gouv.fr 8169: 8168: 8164: 8129: 8125: 8119: 8113: 8109: 8092:, eds. (1900). 8083: 8079: 8069: 8067: 8066:on 19 July 2012 8058: 8057: 8053: 8043: 8041: 8034:The Independent 8026: 8022: 8013: 8012: 8008: 7999: 7998: 7994: 7981: 7980: 7976: 7960: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7940:France 3 Alsace 7934: 7933: 7929: 7920: 7919: 7915: 7905: 7903: 7890: 7889: 7885: 7878: 7874: 7864: 7862: 7848: 7844: 7834: 7832: 7822: 7818: 7808: 7806: 7796: 7787: 7777: 7775: 7765: 7754: 7744: 7742: 7732: 7721: 7711: 7709: 7699: 7692: 7682: 7680: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7646: 7642: 7631:, 1999. p.323. 7620: 7616: 7611: 7607: 7600:"Archive video" 7598: 7597: 7593: 7575: 7571: 7562: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7532: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7508:(2/3): 120–40. 7494: 7490: 7485:Wayback Machine 7476: 7472: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7418: 7414: 7407: 7391: 7387: 7376: 7372: 7361: 7357: 7346: 7342: 7331: 7327: 7316: 7309: 7298: 7294: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7258: 7249: 7232: 7228: 7221: 7199: 7195: 7185: 7183: 7176:British Council 7168: 7164: 7154: 7152: 7138: 7137: 7133: 7123: 7121: 7109: 7105: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7045: 7043: 7035: 7025: 7014: 7004: 7002: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6912: 6835: 6830: 6786: 6740: 6727:Thomas Voeckler 6707:Valérien Ismaël 6693: 6665:Jean-Marie Lehn 6640:Charles Friedel 6631: 6603:Odile of Alsace 6573:Wolfgang Capito 6564: 6547: 6510: 6493:in 1457 or 1458 6487:Sebastian Brant 6483: 6450: 6366:Sébastien Érard 6337: 6332: 6299: 6232: 6230:Cycling network 6194: 6166: 6152:(expected 2016) 6086: 6001: 5996: 5964:Ballon d'Alsace 5929:Mount Ste Odile 5599: 5559:, home town of 5469: 5461:Thomas Shadwell 5419: 5413: 5374: 5326: 5291:wine-producing 5285:Riesling grapes 5279: 5245:Standard German 5182: 5121: 5076: 5026:standard German 4929:language policy 4905:Lutheran Reform 4882:As is customary 4828: 4822:standard French 4814: 4761: 4755: 4729: 4713: 4700: 4618:Alsace–Lorraine 4535: 4534: 4526: 4513: 4498: 4483: 4454: 4420: 4408: 4283: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4203: 4194: 4185: 4176: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4096: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4016: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3974:Born in foreign 3973: 3966:Overseas France 3964: 3963: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3947: 3940: 3926: 3919:Overseas France 3911: 3897: 3892: 3879: 3875: 3444: 3437:1973 oil crisis 3422: 3417: 3305: 3274: 3235:oceanic climate 3231: 3158: 3152: 3142:lies along the 3041: 3036: 3004:Gau Baden-Elsaß 2948: 2896:Old High German 2813:Old High German 2794:Frankish Empire 2776:Frankish Realm 2765:Frankish Realm 2601: 2501: 2467: 2369:French Republic 2260: 2250: 2241: 2239:Alsace–Lorraine 2235: 2206: 2200: 2192:Waterloo County 2171:Austrian Empire 2051:La Marseillaise 2047:Rouget de Lisle 2025: 2022:Tod den Tyranen 2020: 2015: 2008: 1998:that ended the 1918: 1865: 1702:designated the 1632: 1624:duchy of Swabia 1529: 1527:Duchy of Alsace 1523: 1488: 1461: 1411: 1405: 1377:Old High German 1369: 1215: 1214: 1211:[alzas] 1206: 1181: 1160: 1151: 1150: 1125: 1121: 1111: 1073: 1072: 1053: 1045: 1044: 1028: 1017: 1016: 995: 985: 984: 901: 891: 890: 874: 866: 865: 755: 748:Catholic Church 744: 734: 729: 725: 715: 714: 666: 656: 655: 632:Gau Baden-Elsaß 602:Further Austria 556:(circa 630–699) 554:Duchy of Alsace 544:(circa 213–496) 527: 517: 403: 388: 387: 321: 319: 313: 306: 290: 289: 288: 287: 276: 275: 258: 232: 231: 230: 229: 228: 227: 218: 217: 216: 209: 202: 193: 192: 191: 182: 181: 180: 164: 157: 149: 142: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 32:Alsace–Lorraine 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9783: 9773: 9772: 9767: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9705: 9695: 9684: 9682: 9678: 9677: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9665: 9655: 9645: 9635: 9625: 9615: 9605: 9595: 9585: 9575: 9564: 9562: 9558: 9557: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9520: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9497: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9458: 9456: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9422: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9410: 9408:Upper Normandy 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9378:Lower Normandy 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9329: 9327: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9245: 9234: 9233: 9226: 9219: 9211: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9143: 9142: 9137: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9078:Pagus Alsatiae 9070: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9058: 9049: 9048: 9047: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9005:SIG Strasbourg 9002: 8996: 8994: 8988: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8980: 8975: 8969: 8967: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8957: 8952: 8941: 8939: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8929: 8928: 8927: 8903: 8897: 8895: 8886: 8874:Alsace–Moselle 8856: 8855: 8853: 8852: 8846: 8840: 8834: 8829: 8822: 8820: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8805: 8798:Musée alsacien 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8764: 8762: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8752: 8747: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8734: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8690: 8688: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8640: 8638: 8617: 8613:Administrative 8609: 8608: 8587: 8586: 8579: 8572: 8564: 8558: 8557: 8547: 8537: 8529: 8520: 8511: 8503: 8495: 8469: 8453: 8448: 8442: 8429: 8415: 8414:External links 8412: 8411: 8410: 8395: 8377: 8362: 8355: 8348:Putnam, Ruth. 8346: 8339: 8323: 8314: 8307: 8292: 8277: 8270: 8263: 8244: 8230: 8217:Assall, Paul. 8213: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8188: 8162: 8143:(4): 319–320. 8123: 8107: 8077: 8051: 8020: 8006: 7992: 7989:. 5 June 2015. 7974: 7945: 7927: 7913: 7883: 7872: 7842: 7816: 7785: 7752: 7719: 7690: 7665: 7640: 7614: 7605: 7591: 7569: 7555: 7548: 7526: 7488: 7470: 7467:on 4 May 2006. 7452: 7439: 7432: 7412: 7405: 7385: 7370: 7355: 7340: 7325: 7307: 7292: 7277: 7270: 7247: 7226: 7219: 7193: 7162: 7131: 7103: 7074: 7053: 7012: 6982: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6897: 6888: 6879: 6870: 6861: 6852: 6834: 6833:Sister regions 6831: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6817: 6816:(Schlettstadt) 6811: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6722:Thierry Omeyer 6719: 6714: 6712:Sébastien Loeb 6709: 6704: 6702:Yann Ehrlacher 6699: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6655:Alfred Kastler 6652: 6650:Johann Hermann 6647: 6642: 6637: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6613:Philipp Spener 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6514:Alfred Dreyfus 6509: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6470:André Koechlin 6467: 6462: 6460:Thierry Mugler 6457: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6388: 6386:Marcel Marceau 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6343: 6336: 6333: 6298: 6297:Notable people 6295: 6293:) are tarred. 6274: 6273: 6262: 6251: 6244:Via Francigena 6231: 6228: 6216: 6215: 6208: 6196:There are two 6193: 6190: 6165: 6162: 6154: 6153: 6142: 6139: 6132:TGV Rhin-Rhône 6128: 6113:Col de Saverne 6085: 6082: 6008:Ponts Couverts 6000: 5997: 5995: 5994:Transportation 5992: 5991: 5990: 5980: 5974: 5953: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5926: 5916: 5913: 5907: 5904: 5897: 5881: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5829: 5824: 5766: 5688: 5598: 5595: 5587: 5586: 5576: 5573: 5564: 5549: 5546: 5524: 5468: 5465: 5415:Main article: 5412: 5409: 5380:Alsatian stork 5373: 5370: 5325: 5322: 5318:Gewurztraminer 5278: 5275: 5181: 5178: 5120: 5117: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5091:timber framing 5075: 5072: 4937:German dialect 4813: 4810: 4785:Basel's region 4759:Flag of Alsace 4757:Main article: 4754: 4751: 4728: 4725: 4712: 4709: 4699: 4696: 4623:Following the 4563:Roman Catholic 4531: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4445:Source: INSEE 4442: 4441: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4091: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4011: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3970: 3957: 3944: 3941:Born in Alsace 3937: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3882: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3304: 3301: 3273: 3270: 3233:Alsace has an 3230: 3227: 3211:Jura Mountains 3151: 3148: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3021:French control 3019: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3006: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2893: 2888: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2832:Middle Francia 2829: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2747:Frankish Realm 2744: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2639:Latin, Gallic 2637: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2618: 2613: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2564: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2523:Bandkeramiker/ 2521: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2500: 2497: 2466: 2463: 2380:Woodrow Wilson 2329:Saverne Affair 2317:French Algeria 2248: 2237:Main article: 2234: 2231: 2202:Main article: 2199: 2196: 2175:Ottoman Empire 2129:Russian Empire 2061:of Strasbourg 2007: 2004: 1917: 1910: 1758:Jews of Alsace 1631: 1628: 1606:(ruler of the 1598:(ruler of the 1581:Middle Francia 1565:Frankish realm 1525:Main article: 1522: 1519: 1487: 1484: 1460: 1457: 1407:Main article: 1404: 1401: 1368: 1365: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1095: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1052:Related topics 1051: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1029: 1026:European Union 1024:Alsace in the 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1003: 996: 991: 990: 987: 986: 983: 982: 981: 980: 975: 970: 965: 948: 947: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 909: 902: 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 888: 887: 886: 875: 872: 871: 868: 867: 864: 863: 862: 861: 848: 843: 829: 828: 827: 826: 825: 814: 813: 812: 791: 790: 789: 776: 775: 774: 727: 726: 721: 720: 717: 716: 713: 712: 701:Musée alsacien 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 667: 662: 661: 658: 657: 654: 653: 647: 641: 635: 629: 623: 617: 611: 605: 599: 598: 597: 592: 581: 575: 569: 563: 557: 551: 545: 539: 536:Pagus Alsatiae 528: 523: 522: 519: 518: 508: 500: 499: 493: 492: 480: 479: 476: 470: 469: 468:€35,800 (2022) 466: 462: 461: 458: 454: 453: 449: 448: 445: 439: 438: 435: 431: 430: 427: 423: 422: 418: 417: 414: 410: 409: 405: 404: 402: 401: 395: 385: 384: 383: 381: 375: 374: 369: 363: 362: 357: 351: 350: 345: 341: 340: 332: 331: 292: 291: 283: 277: 271: 265: 264: 263: 260: 259: 233: 221: 220: 219: 210: 203: 196: 195: 194: 185: 184: 183: 174: 173: 172: 171: 170: 169: 166: 165: 150: 147: 140: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9782: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9753: 9750: 9746:48.500; 7.500 9715: 9710: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9679: 9674: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9559: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9527: 9518: 9513: 9511: 9506: 9504: 9499: 9498: 9495: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9426:French Guiana 9424: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9415: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9383:Midi-Pyrénées 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9358:Franche-Comté 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9324: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9292:Île-de-France 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9232: 9227: 9225: 9220: 9218: 9213: 9212: 9209: 9196: 9193: 9190: 9187: 9184: 9181: 9178: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9166: 9163: 9160: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9145: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9124: 9121: 9118: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9106: 9103: 9100: 9097: 9094: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9075: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9025:FC Vendenheim 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8989: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8964: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8937:Protestantism 8934: 8926: 8924: 8920: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8883: 8882: 8875: 8867: 8861: 8857: 8850: 8847: 8844: 8841: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8817: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8757: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8736: 8731: 8724: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8585: 8580: 8578: 8573: 8571: 8566: 8565: 8562: 8553: 8552: 8548: 8543: 8542: 8538: 8533: 8530: 8524: 8521: 8515: 8512: 8507: 8504: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8490: 8485: 8481: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8408: 8407:3-88571-260-1 8404: 8400: 8396: 8393: 8392:2-7165-0618-3 8389: 8385: 8381: 8380:Ungerer, Tomi 8378: 8375: 8374:2-85369-096-2 8371: 8367: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8347: 8344: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8315: 8312: 8308: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8289:3-89861-408-5 8286: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8260:3-17-015771-X 8257: 8253: 8250:. Stuttgart: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8241:3-458-34446-2 8238: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8227:3-907668-00-6 8224: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8127: 8118: 8117: 8111: 8103: 8102: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8086:Wilson, J. G. 8081: 8065: 8061: 8055: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8024: 8016: 8010: 8002: 7996: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7970: 7964: 7956: 7949: 7941: 7937: 7931: 7923: 7917: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7880: 7876: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7846: 7830: 7826: 7820: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7773: 7769: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7740: 7736: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7695: 7679: 7675: 7669: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7637:0-674-07608-7 7634: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7618: 7609: 7601: 7595: 7589:, 30 May 1915 7588: 7587: 7582: 7578: 7573: 7565: 7559: 7551: 7549:9781851094394 7545: 7541: 7537: 7530: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7492: 7486: 7482: 7479: 7474: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7449: 7443: 7435: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7416: 7408: 7406:1-55581-356-9 7402: 7398: 7397: 7389: 7382:. p. 62. 7381: 7374: 7366: 7359: 7351: 7344: 7336: 7329: 7321: 7314: 7312: 7303: 7296: 7288: 7287:First Farmers 7281: 7273: 7271:1-57958-468-3 7267: 7263: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7244: 7243:2-7377-0308-5 7240: 7236: 7230: 7222: 7220:0-19-815392-9 7216: 7212: 7207: 7206: 7197: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7166: 7151: 7150:HarperCollins 7147: 7146: 7141: 7135: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7107: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7089: 7084: 7078: 7063: 7057: 7042: 7038: 7033: 7029: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7000: 6996: 6995:region.alsace 6992: 6986: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6966: 6962: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6921:Miel d'Alsace 6919: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6873:Lower Silesia 6871: 6869: 6865: 6864:Upper Austria 6862: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6733: 6732:Arsène Wenger 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6598:J. F. Oberlin 6596: 6594: 6593:Thomas Murner 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6497:August Stöber 6495: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6443: 6442:William Wyler 6440: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6416:Marie Tussaud 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6401:Charles Munch 6399: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6356:Théodore Deck 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6090: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6020: 6019:A35 autoroute 6013: 6009: 6005: 5988: 5984: 5983:Regional park 5981: 5978: 5977:National park 5975: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5871:Cité du train 5869: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5832:Other castles 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5814:Niederhaslach 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5786:Niederhaslach 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5660:Old towns of 5659: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5638: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5603: 5594: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5567:life sciences 5565: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5485:Île-de-France 5482: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5418: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5378: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5356:are grown in 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5298:Vins d'Alsace 5295: 5294: 5283: 5274: 5272: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5218:Christstollen 5215: 5211: 5206: 5205: 5204:pain d'épices 5199: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5071: 5069: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4823: 4818: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4773: 4765: 4760: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4733: 4721: 4717: 4708: 4706: 4695: 4692: 4689:In 1707, the 4687: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4648:Alsace bossue 4645: 4641: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4523: 4519: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4415: 4414: 4405: 4400: 4399: 4392: 4372: 4352: 4332: 4312: 4290: 4287: 4278: 4268: 4260: 4252: 4232: 4210: 4207: 4198: 4188: 4180: 4172: 4152: 4130: 4127: 4118: 4108: 4100: 4092: 4072: 4050: 4047: 4038: 4028: 4020: 4012: 3992: 3989: 3984: 3969: 3967: 3956: 3954: 3943: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3900: 3890: 3889:MediaWiki.org 3886: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3461: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3332: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3278: 3269: 3267: 3266:Alsatian wine 3262: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3217:cover on the 3216: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3106:on the west. 3105: 3101: 3100:Franche-Comté 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3079: 3072: 3071:in the west. 3070: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3045: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2967:German Empire 2965: 2963: 2962:German Empire 2959: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2684:Roman Empire 2683: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2673:Roman Empire 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2635:Gallic Empire 2633: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2563:(early Celts) 2562: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2479:kindergartens 2474: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2401: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2345: 2344:Adolphe Braun 2340: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:German Empire 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2198:Alsatian Jews 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2155:Mediterranean 2151: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2012: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1926:secret treaty 1923: 1915: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1801: 1800:Petite France 1797: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1682:ministeriales 1679: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1608:East Frankish 1605: 1601: 1600:West Frankish 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1528: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1500:Julius Caesar 1497: 1493: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1437:German Empire 1435: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1410: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1218: 1212: 1202: 1154: 1146: 1119: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1049: 1048: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 997: 994: 989: 988: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 960: 958: 957: 952: 949: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 921: 919: 918: 913: 910: 908: 904: 903: 900: 895: 894: 885: 882: 881: 880: 877: 876: 870: 869: 860: 858: 854: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 838: 836: 833: 830: 824: 821: 820: 818: 815: 811: 808: 807: 805: 802: 801: 799: 795: 794:Protestantism 792: 788: 786: 782: 777: 772: 768: 767: 764: 760: 754: 751: 750: 749: 746: 745: 742: 740: 732: 724: 719: 718: 710: 706: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 665: 660: 659: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 596: 593: 591: 588: 587: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 533: 530: 529: 526: 521: 520: 514: 513: 506: 502: 501: 498: 495: 494: 490: 486: 485: 477: 475: 474:ISO 3166 code 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 419: 415: 411: 406: 399: 396: 393: 390: 389: 382: 380: 376: 373: 370: 368: 364: 361: 358: 356: 352: 349: 346: 342: 338: 333: 310: 301: 293: 286: 281: 274: 269: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 225: 214: 207: 200: 189: 178: 167: 161: 154: 145: 139: 131: 128: 120: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 29: 22: 9722: 9681:Other cities 9552: 9332: 9188: 9140:Upper Alsace 9135:Lower Alsace 9084:Argentoratum 9077: 9052: 8978:consistories 8916: 8878: 8872:Concordat in 8851:(since 2021) 8845:(since 2021) 8839:(since 2016) 8797: 8788:Demographics 8768:Coat of arms 8681: 8631: 8598: 8550: 8540: 8477: 8456:Alsatourisme 8445:Visit Alsace 8398: 8383: 8365: 8358: 8349: 8342: 8327: 8317: 8310: 8295: 8280: 8273: 8266: 8247: 8232: 8218: 8201:the original 8191: 8179:. 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4933:Francization 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4902: 4898: 4876:dialects of 4870:Swiss German 4866:Upper German 4853: 4851: 4848: 4792: 4780: 4778: 4741: 4720:Coat of arms 4701: 4688: 4658:who founded 4632: 4629:Martin Bucer 4622: 4560: 4550:), the main 4541: 4423: 4411: 4396: 4281: 4272: 4264: 4254: 4201: 4192: 4184: 4174: 4121: 4112: 4104: 4094: 4041: 4032: 4024: 4014: 3987: 3972: 3959: 3946: 3939: 3934: 3912: 3430: 3423: 3420:Demographics 3380: 3379: 3338: 3337: 3312: 3306: 3296: 3286: 3265: 3260:vin d'Alsace 3254:microclimate 3232: 3208: 3204:Black Forest 3174: 3166:Grand Ballon 3137: 3121:Grand Ballon 3108: 3078:départements 3073: 3050: 3018:1945–present 3009:Nazi Germany 3000:Nazi Germany 2852:East Francia 2752:Old Frankish 2712:Theodosius I 2699:Roman Empire 2657:Argentoratum 2651:Roman Empire 2616:Roman Empire 2585:is evident ( 2520:5400–4500 BC 2482: 2475: 2468: 2416: 2396: 2383: 2377: 2360: 2349: 2346:in the 1870s 2332: 2312: 2304: 2270: 2244: 2243: 2226: 2222: 2207: 2183: 2179: 2163: 2143: 2136: 2093: 2087: 2054: 2032: 2026: 2021: 2016: 1989: 1934:Spanish Road 1919: 1913: 1897:Martin Bucer 1890: 1860: 1808: 1755: 1716: 1700:Frederick II 1689: 1675: 1669: 1664: 1658: 1633: 1589: 1530: 1515:Argentoratum 1504: 1489: 1486:Roman Alsace 1469: 1462: 1453:World War II 1449:World War II 1427: 1412: 1392: 1385: 1372: 1370: 1353:World War II 1331: 1285: 1117: 1116: 1038:Constituency 954: 915: 850: 835:consistories 778: 736: 728:according to 700: 696:Demographics 671:Coat of arms 637: 595:Upper Alsace 590:Lower Alsace 586:(1186–1646) 535: 496: 285:Coat of arms 256:Neuf-Brisach 138: 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 9744: / 9623:Kaysersberg 9593:Wissembourg 9403:Rhône-Alpes 9191:(1945–2016) 9185:(1940–1945) 9179:(1871–1918) 9173:(1814-1871) 9167:(1500-1679) 9161:(1456–1736) 9155:(1354–1679) 9128:(1165−1793) 9080:) (83–475) 9015:FC Sélestat 8828:(1982–2015) 8555:(in French) 8545:(in French) 8535:(in French) 8527:(in French) 8518:(in French) 8509:(in French) 8501:(in French) 8472:‹ The 8467:(in French) 8120:(in French) 7906:29 December 7835:10 February 7831:(in French) 7809:10 February 7805:(in French) 7778:10 February 7774:(in French) 7745:10 February 7741:(in French) 7712:11 February 7708:(in French) 7683:10 February 7658:10 February 7519:15 February 6859:South Korea 6822:(Straßburg) 6797:Saint-Louis 6793:(Mülhausen) 6782:Lingolsheim 6761:(Gebweiler) 6717:Yvan Muller 6697:Mehdi Baala 6588:Pope Leo IX 6433:(aka Hansi) 6406:Claude Rich 6395:Mertzwiller 6200:in Alsace: 6192:Air traffic 5806:Ottmarsheim 5764:Uttenhoffen 5712:Wissembourg 5708:Kaysersberg 5704:Ribeauvillé 5507:viticulture 5358:Kochersberg 5346:Kronenbourg 5264:Montbéliard 5210:gingerbread 5200:as well as 5169:carpe frite 5085:'s old town 4903:During the 4864:dialect of 4781:Rot-un-Wiss 4691:simultaneum 4668:Jacob Amman 4640:Anabaptists 4546:(architect 4521:Other faith 4507:No religion 4404:Pieds-Noirs 4275:from Turkey 4257:from Europe 4195:from Turkey 4177:from Europe 4115:from Turkey 4097:from Europe 4035:from Turkey 4017:from Europe 3909:Immigration 3885:Phabricator 3427:immigration 3291:called the 3187:, from the 2785:Charlemagne 2600:58 / 44 BC– 2592:Celts/Gauls 2537:2300–750 BC 2451:malgré-nous 2439:malgré-nous 2321:Pieds-Noirs 2214:antisemitic 1906:Württemberg 1866: [ 1840:Montbéliard 1822:(sister of 1790:Renaissance 1762:Black Death 1739:Scandinavia 1691:Landgericht 1666:Frederick I 1602:realm) and 1592:Lotharingia 1577:Charlemagne 1561:Merovingian 1441:World War I 1311:departments 1275:in eastern 1002:(1982–2015) 804:Lutheranism 737:(including 640:(1945–2016) 634:(1940–1945) 628:(1871–1918) 622:(1500–1679) 616:(1456–1736) 610:(1354–1679) 580:(1165−1793) 512:Rot un Wiss 379:Departments 117:August 2022 9759:Categories 9436:Martinique 9431:Guadeloupe 9116:(982–1803) 9051:See also: 8879:including 8808:Strasbourg 8634:Unterelsaß 8628:Strasbourg 8399:Das Elsass 7896:Unser Land 7581:Jean Finot 7046:16 January 7005:13 January 6957:References 6826:Wittenheim 6820:Strasbourg 6759:Guebwiller 6635:Hans Bethe 6491:Strasbourg 6481:Literature 6348:, born in 6324:See also: 6305:Statue of 6186:Baltic Sea 6097:TER Alsace 6070:Autobahnen 6030:Strasbourg 6012:Strasbourg 5884:Ungersheim 5860:Wasenbourg 5852:Pflixbourg 5818:Marmoutier 5794:Lautenbach 5790:Sigolsheim 5720:Marmoutier 5674:Guebwiller 5662:Strasbourg 5619:) and the 5613:Marlenheim 5535:Hochfelden 5517:Marlenheim 5366:distillers 5334:Strasbourg 5250:choucroute 5235:Sauerkraut 5231:Choucroute 5153:choucroute 5141:baeckeoffe 4743:Strasbourg 4737:Strasbourg 4727:Strasbourg 4672:Mennonites 4591:Napoleonic 4571:Protestant 4554:church of 4492:Protestant 3988:Immigrants 3323:, and 880 3272:Governance 3154:See also: 3039:Topography 2915:Louis XIII 2735:Alamannic 2678:around 300 2668:Diocletian 2569:None; Old 2553:750–450 BC 2423:Reichsgaue 2411:Hindenburg 2223:Reichsland 2190:, notably 2161:seaports. 2083:Westermann 2067:Kellermann 1852:Strasbourg 1804:Strasbourg 1778:Rhine rift 1671:procuratio 1612:stem duchy 1492:Ariovistus 1476:Ariovistus 1357:Strasbourg 917:Unterelsaß 907:Strasbourg 841:Strasbourg 709:Strasbourg 568:(982–1803) 538:) (83–475) 421:Population 372:Strasbourg 367:Prefecture 314:(English: 244:Strasbourg 87:newspapers 9603:Turckheim 9338:Aquitaine 9307:Occitania 9282:Grand Est 9195:Grand Est 9102:Alamannia 8866:according 8837:Grand Est 8684:Oberelsaß 8674:Haut-Rhin 8615:divisions 8149:0044-2518 8090:Fiske, J. 7987:Le Figaro 7963:cite book 7461:"Cox.net" 7245:, page 36 7186:25 August 7032:Haut-Rhin 6767:(Hagenau) 6748:Bischheim 6539:Jean Rapp 6270:Rotterdam 6266:Andermatt 6182:North Sea 6164:Waterways 6080:instead. 6058:Innenheim 5941:Schirmeck 5848:Eguisheim 5844:Haut-Barr 5810:Domfessel 5748:Eguisheim 5744:Turckheim 5700:Riquewihr 5652:from the 5571:BioValley 5451:sanctuary 5342:Karlsbräu 5330:breweries 5306:rieslings 5271:foie gras 5214:Kugelhupf 5189:Kugelhupf 5022:Occitania 4964:Provençal 4862:Alemannic 4722:of Alsace 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548:Alamannia 429:1,919,745 398:Haut-Rhin 252:Riquewihr 234:Views of 28:SMS Elsaß 9663:Mulhouse 9653:Sélestat 9573:Haguenau 9531:Décapole 9373:Lorraine 9368:Limousin 9348:Burgundy 9343:Auvergne 9297:Normandy 9266:Brittany 9153:Décapole 9096:Alemanni 8919:Lorraine 8911:Holy See 8881:Lorraine 8860:Religion 8819:Politics 8745:Alsatian 8738:Language 8624:Bas-Rhin 8474:template 8459:Archived 8435:Archived 8423:Archived 8333:Archived 8254:, 2002. 8157:20655345 8070:30 March 7536:"Alsace" 7481:Archived 7180:Archived 7140:"Alsace" 7112:"Alsace" 7083:"Alsace" 7028:Bas-Rhin 6910:See also 6814:Sélestat 6805:(Zabern) 6791:Mulhouse 6765:Haguenau 6755:(Kolmar) 6629:Sciences 6562:Religion 6545:Nobility 6518:Mulhouse 6508:Military 6448:Business 6391:Sam Marx 6341:Jean Arp 6317:, Colmar 6268:(CH) to 6261:(H)) and 6259:Budapest 6248:Brindisi 6236:EuroVelo 6206:Entzheim 6134:between 6115:and the 6108:Alsace. 6038:Mulhouse 6032:and the 5901:Haguenau 5893:Bioscope 5888:écomusée 5836:Ramstein 5822:Hunawihr 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