Religion in Malaysia

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have become more Islamic. At the time of independence women wore tight-fitting outfits, but now wear headscarves. Muslim prayers are played through the speaker systems of government buildings, and some feel Malaysia is becoming a more Islamic than secular state, with critics complaining that Islam is gaining greater influence in governance. The issue of how the Malay identity should be developed has increasingly come under debate. While the ruling government believes that attaining economic power will empower the Malay population, PAS sees that as an erosion of Islamic values. However, PAS is often seen as to not be able to relate Islamic beliefs to modern society, especially in multicultural Malaysia. The constitutional link between Islam and Malay identity has meant the issues of Malaysian supremacy within the country and the Islamic status of the country have become linked.

1607:, and Muslims can be fined for not fasting or refusing to pray. Women are increasingly pressured to wear head coverings. Non-Malays are more free to shift between religions. Attempts by Muslims to convert to other religions are punished by state governments, with punishments ranging from fines to imprisonment. The federal government does not intervene in legal disputes over conversion, leaving it to the courts. The secular courts of Malaysia have ruled they do not have the authority to decide these cases, referring them to the Syariah courts. These Islamic courts have unanimously ruled that all ethnic Malays must remain Muslims. Even non-Malays who have converted to Islam are not allowed to leave Islam, and children born to Muslim parents are considered to be Muslims. A non-Muslim who wishes to marry a Muslim must first convert to Islam. 1373: 1361: 1385: 1349: 2102: 84: 1611:

no power over them. A 1996 fatwa, allows only allow Sunni Islam to be practised. Converts taken for rehabilitation by Islamic authorities are forced to dress and act as Muslims. In at least one case, a professed Hindu, who was listed as a Muslim because her parents were even though she was raised by her grandmother as a Hindu, was forced to eat beef. Only one person is known to have had their conversion from Islam accepted, an 89-year-old woman who converted to Buddhism in 1936 and had her decision accepted after her death in 2006. In 2018, the Chief Minister of the state of

1498:(BN) and the opposition PAS party have attempted to deliver political messages using mosques in the states they govern. All civil servants must attend government-approved religion classes. BN has banned opposition-affiliated imams from mosques, enforced restrictions on sermons, replaced opposition sympathetic mosque leaders and governing committees, and closed down unauthorised mosques affiliated with the opposition. The state government of Selangor in August 2005 withheld visas from foreign imams to try to increase the number of local imams. PAS, which controls the state of 1677:. In February 2005 the Malaysian Bar Council organised the discussion of an interfaith commission, although several Islamic groups refused to participate claiming the commission would "weaken Islam". Several Muslim groups boycotted and condemned an interfaith council, claiming Islam should only be discussed by Muslims. The government states the commission was not necessary but encourages and promotes interfaith dialogue. Some non-Muslim interfaith organisations do exist, such as the MCCBCHS, the Malaysian Council of Churches, and the Christian Federation of Malaysia. 2187: 2255: 2384: 6947: 1708: 2475:(traditional or customary religions). The different religions are rather varied, with different names and concepts for their supreme god and other supernatural deities. Most of the beliefs are heavily influenced by the environment, with physical features such as mountains, trees, valleys, and rivers being sacred. A close relationship with nature is nurtured, and the relationship of humans and nature is a strong part of the religion, with everyday activities such as hunting and gathering having spiritual significance. 1917: 1580:

interpreted in ways that favour the furthering of state-sponsored Islam. When PAS was defeated in Terengganu, enforcement of female dress codes was reduced. The state PAS government in Kelantan bans traditional Malay dance theatres, banned advertisements depicting women who are not fully clothed, and enforced the wearing of headscarves, although they allowed gender segregated cinemas and concerts. Some government-controlled bodies pressure non-Muslims to also wear headscarves, and all students of the

1404: 1559:'s announcement that Malaysia was already an Islamic State. Mahathir sought to convince Islamic voters that UMNO believed in an Islamic state, while also stating non-Muslims could consider Malaysia to be secular. Also in 2001, a high court ruling explicitly contradicted previous rulings, stating that Malaysia was not a strictly secular state and asserting the constitutional status of Islam had broader implications than previously legally understood. In 2007 Prime Minister 6241: 6254: 6060: 1568:(MCA), a political group representing Malaysian Chinese, expressed reservations over this announcement. The MCA's position is that Malaysia is a fully secular state, and that the law transcends religion. The Prime Minister has asserted the continuing debate about secularism has been caused by opposition parties to advance their own political interests. PAS has sought to reinterpret the constitution to officially define the country as an Islamic state. 6070: 6261: 6248: 6954: 1937: 1810: 1535:. While this treaty placed most aspects of governance under British control, the Sultan of Perak retained authority over Malay religious and cultural affairs. This system was replicated elsewhere, and reinforced through further reforms. The 1957 Constitution enshrined this secular governance in practice. While the constitution avoids explicitly using the word secular, figures at the time such as 1548:

becoming a prominent political issue. Attempts to crack down on what was seen as Islamic extremism led the government to change the penal code to prosecute those who "abuse religious freedom" in the early 1980s. In June 1983, the Mahathir government stated that the administration would be guided by Islamic values, while in August of that year it supported the establishment of the

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supervision. The government also indirectly funds non-Islamic communities, although to a much smaller degree. The government generally does not interfere with the religious practices of non-Muslim communities. Public schools offer an Islamic religious instruction course which is compulsory for Muslim students, and non-Muslim students take a morals and ethics course.

1837:, which covers the head but leaves the face exposed, although there is no law requiring this. Islamic police monitor the Muslim population. Regulation of sexual activities among the Muslim population is strict, with laws prohibiting unmarried couples from occupying a secluded area or a confined space, to prevent suspicion of acts considered islamically immoral. 409:). Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 83.6% of Malaysia's ethnic Chinese identify as Buddhist, with significant numbers of adherents following Taoism (3.4%) and Christianity (11.1%). The percentage of practitioners of the Chinese folk religions may be higher, as many practise both Buddhism and folk religions. 2018:' architectural style. The Mahayana Buddhists conduct their services in Mandarin and in various other Chinese dialects, although some urban-area temples have been preaching in English. The practice among the majority ethnic Chinese who profess themselves as Buddhists is actually a syncretic combination of Buddhism and 1883:. Despite being the supreme courts of the land, the Civil Courts (including the Federal Court) do not hear matters related to Islamic practices. Cases concerning a Muslim and a non-Muslim are usually handled by the civil courts, although in cases such as child custody or property settlement the non-Muslim has no say. 2164:. The incident has been frowned upon Muslims in Malaysia. It has also become a hot topic in the social media. Following up at 28 August 2013, the controversial prayer room was demolished by the resort management within 21 days from the date of receipt of the notice after much protests by the residents of 2006:

The Sinhalese (Sri Lankan Buddhists) migrated to then Malaya a century ago when both Malaya and Ceylon were under British colonial rule. They brought with them Sinhalese Buddhism with its unique traditions that survive to this day in a few Sri Lankan Viharas (temples) dotting the country and the most

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As Islam is the state religion, the government provides financial support to Islamic establishments and enforces the Sunni form of Islam. State governments can impose Islamic law on Muslims, and the government will offer grants to private Muslim schools that allow a government-approved curriculum and

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Buddhism is currently the second largest religious denomination in Malaysia after Islam. There are approximately 5.4 million Buddhist adherents in the country, comprising 19.2% of the population of 28.3 million (January 2011 estimates). The majority of them are ethnic Chinese who follow the Mahayana

1746:, and the practice of any other form of Islam is heavily restricted. The government opposes what it calls "deviant" teachings, forcing those who are deemed to follow these teachings to undergo "rehabilitation". In June 2006, 56 deviant teachings had been identified by national authorities, including 1741:

by the 15th century, the tolerant form of Islam brought by the Sufi meant that many traditional practices were incorporated into Islamic traditions. Islam is generally practised liberally, although in the last 20 years strict adherence to Islamic practice has increased. The official code of Islam in

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However, some politicians allege that there is a creeping Islamisation of Malaysian society, and due to the links between race and religion it is thought the economic status of different races causes religious problems. The predominance of Islam and its slow spread into everyday life in Malaysia has

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Muslims who have attempted to convert from Islam have received death threats. Those who have converted lead a secret double life. The civil court claims that conversions are under the jurisdiction of the Syariah courts, but converts contend that, as they are no longer Muslim, the Syariah courts hold

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and towards a more Islamic society. Governments have reduced the power of civil courts over time, while the power of Sharia courts has expanded, leading to some judicial conflict. Legal changes outside of the constitution, including at state level, also further embedded perceived Islamic values into

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was restricted only to Christian viewers. In April 2005 two Christians were arrested for distributing Christian material in front of a mosque, although charges were later dropped. The restrictions of the dissemination of Malay-language Christian material is much less strict in East Malaysia than in

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In 607CE, a Chinese embassy of the Sui dynasty recorded the presence of the Buddhist kingdom of Che-tu (literally, "red-earth"). Located in the interiors of modern-day Kelantan, the kingdom supplied gold and jungle produce to Langkasuka and Champa (Southern Vietnam). Terracotta figurines of Buddhas

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teachings. However, the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia later clarified that Baháʼí Faith was erroneously declared a deviant offshoot of Islam by one of the state religious authorities as the 14th Muzakarah (Conference) of the Fatwa Committee of the National Council for Islamic Religious

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As modernisation has increased, it has brought along with it an increase in secularism. In urban areas, the switch to more western dress such as miniskirts and jeans is of concern to religious authorities. Nightclubs and bars thrive in the cities. However, in the time since independence other areas

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Religious laws are mostly a matter for state and territory governments. These often prevent criticism of state-sponsored Islam, and state religious institutions sometimes speak out against other religions. Such activity varies by state, however. In particular, states governed by PAS have seen laws

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Bibles banned due to the use of this word, and a government policy was established in 1986 forbidding the use of a small number of words by Christians, including "Allah". It was argued that as the Bibles could be used to spread religions other than Islam, they were against the constitution. Other

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Traders with links to Christianity from the Middle East arrived in what is now Malaysia in the 7th century. Catholicism was brought by the Portuguese in the 15th century, followed by Protestantism with the Dutch in 1641. As Portuguese influence declined Protestantism began to eclipse Catholicism.

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Kedah, lying half-way between China and the Middle-east, was an important entréport in the "Maritime Silk-route". The foundations of ancient stupas have been uncovered in Sungai Mas. The famous Chinese traveler-monk, Yi Jing, stopped over there on his sea voyage to Nalanda, India in 671 CE. Kedah

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The government believes the constitution provides a strong enough guarantee of religious freedom and should not be changed. Some restrictions are made on Malay texts from non-Islamic religions in Peninsular Malaysia, however, there are much less restrictions in East Malaysia. Some private schools

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announced the demolition of a Hindu temple, although the temple sought injunction and took it to court. State governments control mosques, appoint imams, and provide guidance for sermon content. The conflict between the federal and state governments over religious authority led to a slow pace of

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Holidays have been declared for holy days in numerous religions, although only Islam has more than one national holiday. Whether a religion obtains approval of the government is determined by the Registrar of Societies, part of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Only upon approval do they qualify for

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In 2006 a memorandum was presented to the prime minister by non-Muslim cabinet members asking for a review of constitutional provisions affecting the rights of non-Muslims. After protests by Muslim leaders in the governing coalition, this was withdrawn. It is forbidden for non-Muslims to try to

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The separate religious communities have a generally tolerant relationship . Festivals are held for all major religions, which are participated in by people from that religion and others in a Malaysian practise known as 'Open House'. Malaysia has a reputation for being a successful multicultural

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Historically, Malaysia was considered secular, with the first prime minister stating "this country is not an Islamic state as it is generally understood." However, political change, especially the desire among UMNO politicians to counter the appeal of PAS, has led to the question of secularity

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Despite the recognition of Islam as the state religion in the constitution, when created it was explicitly noted that the status was merely a symbolic one. It was not seen as something to be used as a basis of law, except by some Malay nationalists. Currently a dispute exists between those who

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in 1978, where four Muslims died in a series of attacks on Hindu temples, re-ignited fears of racial violence and led to political calls for religious tolerance. A Tamil newspaper was temporarily shut down in 1980 after being accused of insulting Islam. The destruction of Hindu temples by the

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Conflicting views regarding the conversion law have placed the government in a dilemma as academics and politicians intensely debate its relevance whilst causing considerable tension between non-Muslims who oppose the laws with Muslim groups who advocate for its preservation. It is illegal to

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is a national holiday. This shift to multi-deity temples occurred beginning in the 1980s, often alongside the rebuilding and expansion of existing temples. More complex worship rituals were developed to accommodate this shift. At the same time, there was a revival of more dedicated religious

2240:, a coalition of 50 Hindu-based NGOs, has accused the government of an unofficial policy of "temple cleansing", with much of the demolition focused around the capital city, Kuala Lumpur. An Indian minister in the cabinet even threatened to boycott Deepavali in response to these demolitions. 1684:

There is a divide within Muslims between those espousing more pluralist views and those seeking a more Islamic society. An increase in political Islam has led to instances of aggression towards non-Muslims, including attacks on churches. Prominent points of tensions include conversion, with

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for religious reasons. The government may demolish unregistered religious places of worship, and nongovernmental organisations have complained about the demolition of unregistered Hindu temples. These were often constructed on privately owned plantations prior to independence in 1957. After

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In June 2005 religious authorities reported that there were 22 "deviant" religious groups with around 2,820 followers in Malaysia. No statistics are given on rehabilitations, and the government actively monitors Shi'a groups. Restrictions have been imposed on Imams coming from overseas.

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Freedom of religion, despite being guaranteed in the constitution, faces many restrictions in Malaysia. Based on the Malaysian constitution, a Malay in Malaysia must be a Muslim, and Malays cannot convert to another religion. Islamic religious practices are determined by official

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pledged to amend Sarawak's laws to allow individuals to convert from Islam, following a court case where three women who had converted to Islam after marrying Muslims sought to be registered as Christians again following divorce from their spouse or their spouse's death.

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A small Baháʼí Faith community exists in Malaysia, with members from Chinese, Eurasian, Indian, Indigenous communities. It was introduced to Malaya by an Iranian couple in 1950, with the first National Spiritual Assembly being elected in 1964. A community of around 2500

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convert Muslims, although Muslims are allowed to convert others. Malay politicians have asked the Chinese and Indian communities not to question Malay rights, for fear of igniting ethnic violence, with harmony between the races and religions being seen as a necessity.

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first called Malaysia an Islamic state. Earlier that month he had made another statement, saying Malaysia was neither a theocratic or secular state. A similar statement was made by Prime Minister on 12 March 2009, where he stated Malaysia was a "negara Islam". The

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noted it would lead to a secular federation. The clause establishing Islam as the official religion was explicitly limited to not affecting the rest of the constitution, which included a provision for religious freedom, albeit with controls on Islamic affairs.

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include ethnic Chinese, Siamese (or Thais), and smaller numbers of Burmese, Sinhalese and Indians. The many ethnic groups of Theravadins usually establish temples in the style of their own traditions, and catering mainly to their own indigenous groups. The

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Day was officially declared a public holiday in 1962 throughout the newly independent Federation of Malaya. A Malaysian Buddhist Council has been created to promote the study and practice of Buddhism and promote solidarity among Malaysian Buddhists.

1833:. People of non-Muslim origins are required to convert to Islam if they marry a Muslim person. Public schools are required to offer Islamic religious instruction, although alternative ethics classes are provided for non-Muslims. Many women wear the 242:

Relations between Islam and the other religious groups in the country are generally quite tolerant, even though members of different religious groups do tend to have more homogeneous personal relations, particularly based on ethnicity and religion.

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Archaeological evidence, as well as official Chinese imperial records and Indian sources, confirm the existence of several Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in Malaysia from the 3rd to 13th century CE. The earliest of these Indianized kingdoms was probably

2233:. Those who convert to another religion may be ostracised by their family and the Indian community. Some gurus have emerged within the country, and have pushed for greater celebration of Hindu festivals and a rejection of social discrimination. 2439:

in Penang, established in 1932, was shut down in 1976. The last burial in Penang's Jewish cemetery took place in 1978. By the 1990s the community had disappeared, and it is now thought that there are only two Jews who hold Malaysian passports.

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to all races, ages, and genders. No Sikh holiday has been declared a national holiday, although there are 120,000 in the country. Sikhs have, like Christians, come under pressure not to use the word "Allah" for God in their religious texts.

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elite, who welcome the shared goals of industrial development. It is however opposed by Muslims who see it as an invasion of western culture and worldview. Support for a more Islamic society often comes from the more rural population of

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The government prohibits any publications that it feels will incite racial or religious disharmony, and has asked that religious matters not be discussed in public due to their sensitivity. It claims nobody has been arrested under the

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Political parties are usually closely linked to particular ethnicities, and thus in the case of Malay political parties, to Islam. Views on religion and its role in politics thus affects voting. This is particularly prominent for the

1780:. It is meant to encourage a balanced approach to life and encourages inclusivity, tolerance, and looking outwards. The qualities it values are knowledge, hard work, honesty, good administration, and efficiency. The Islamic party 1654: 1620:

disseminate any non-Islamic religious material to Muslims. The PAS party wishes that the death penalty be enacted for Muslims who attempt to convert, as part of their ultimate desire to turn Malaysia into an Islamic state.

1549: 2277:, also including some Malaysian Chinese and Malaysian Indian minorities. About half of Malaysian Christians are Catholic. Most Christians are found in East Malaysia, where Good Friday is a public holiday in the states of 1469:

reform and development of laws relating to Islam. Other religious groups, such as the Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism and Taoism (MCCBCHST), have supported political rallies.

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is prohibited for Muslims in Malaysia. As such, the actual number of atheists or converts in the country is hard to ascertain out of fear from being ostracised or prosecution. The state has come under criticism from

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converting away from Islam being effectively legally impossible, and language use, with the use of Malay for non-Muslim religious sermons and materials being controversial. Religious tolerance is more apparent in

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practice, with greater adherence to traditional practices and the phasing out of practices such as animal sacrifice. Interest in Tamil grew as a way to access religious texts that were not available in English.

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It is uncommon for any Malaysian Chinese to be an absolute follower of a particular belief. Many nominally claim membership in a certain belief, yet respect beliefs from multiple religions into their lives. The

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have been declared national holidays. Race, religion and politics are closely intertwined in Malaysia, and various groups have been set up to try to promote religious understanding among the different groups.

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Affairs Malaysia held on 22–23 October 1985 decided that the Baháʼí doctrine is not part of Islam and the religion is recognised by the Registration Department and national census as an independent religion.

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Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi in 2004 appeared at a Christian gathering to read from the Bible and called for religious unity despite differences. This was done at a time when Malaysia was head of the

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All of the world's major religions have substantial representation in Malaysia. The Population and Housing Censuses figures shows approximately these proportions of the population following these religions:

1829:. In practice, Muslims have a lot of difficulty in legally converting to another religion due to the Shari'a courts denying conversion claims, and if a Malay did convert they would lose their status as 1660:

country, with the only two serious occurrences of racial violence in modern history occurring in 1946 and 1969. Other countries have examined Malaysia as an example for handling Islamic fundamentalism.

207:) is heavily restricted by the government. The constitution guarantees freedom of religion while establishing Islam as the "religion of the Federation" to symbolise its importance to Malaysian society. 1968:

from the 7th to 11th century CE. The Maharajas of Srivijaya were Buddhists, and they were responsible for building many of the monuments in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and Java, including the famous

2626: 2491: 2435:, more Jews fled to Southeast Asia. However, the Jewish community declined, with many emigrating to countries such as Australia. Due to not having enough members to hold some Jewish rituals, the only 2202:

The majority of the Tamils who make up 9% of Malaysia's population practice Hinduism. Hinduism was influential prior to Islam, but current adherents are mostly descended from migrant communities from

4359: 2471:, the beliefs are not recognised by the state as a religion. Animistic beliefs are passed down through oral tradition due to the lack of a writing system in indigenous groups, who call their beliefs 2304:

has not allowed any churches to be built. Christians are not allowed to attempt the conversion of Muslims and their literature must have a note saying it is for non-Muslims only. Similarly, the film

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Many constitutional changes have favoured ethnic Malays and the official Shafi'i interpretation of Sunni Islam. This reflects a political culture that has shifted towards being more accommodating of

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Christianity has become restricted as Malaysia has become more Islamic. Restrictions have been placed on the construction of new churches, although existing ones are allowed to operate. The city of

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promote a secular interpretation of the federal constitution and those who believe Shariah courts and Islamic law should have supremacy. The movement towards a more Islamic society, known as

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Christianity spread further through missionaries who arrived during British rule in the 19th century and introduced Christianity to East Malaysia. Initial conversions focused mainly on the

1734:, commonly considered the first independent state in the peninsula, was founded. Led by a Muslim prince the influence of Malacca led to the spread of Islam throughout the Malay population. 3074: 1427:

is the official religion of the federation, as well as the legally presumed faith of all ethnic Malays. No ethnic Malay is allowed to leave Islam, while non-Malay Muslims seeking to

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There is growing anger in the Hindu community over what they believe is a government-backed drive to demolish Hindu temples under the guise that they are illegal structures. The

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has become a strong influence in life, and new sects have arisen trying to integrate different religious teachings. Beliefs in Malaysia have also often adopted influence from

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Urban temples are often dedicated to a single deity, while rural temples are often home to many different deities. Most were brought with immigrants. Most temples follow the

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restricts imams affiliated with BN from their mosques. It is thought that support for a moderate Islam led to the 2004 election victory of BN over PAS in the state of

2695: 6880: 5345: 3621: 1506:. Both parties became more Islamic in the 1980s and 1990s to try to obtain more of the Malay vote. Political problems are often portrayed as religious issues. 7031: 4554: 2633: 2498: 2098:. Although the religion is not as organised as others, a Malaysia Taoist Association was formed in 1995 and a Taoist Organisation League was formed in 1997. 1718:

Islam is the predominant religion of the country and is recognised as the state's official religion. It is practised by about 63 percent of Malaysians. Many

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and other religious services are supported by the government. Control of the mosques is usually done on a state rather than a federal level. The charitable

1645:, in 2023, the country scored 1 out of 4 for freedom of religion. In the same year, it was ranked as the 43rd worst country in the world to be a Christian. 7787: 7740: 4336: 4054: 2056:. Although Buddhism was influential prior to the arrival of Islam, the majority of the current Chinese population arrived during British rule of Malaya. 2743: 1879:, and custody among others. No other criminal or civil offences are under the jurisdiction of the Shariah courts, which have a similar hierarchy to the 7348: 4685: 1665: 4659: 2297:. When missionaries began to spread through the peninsula, they were discouraged from converting Malays, focusing on Chinese and Indian immigrants. 5009: 4632: 3892: 2970: 7945: 2079: 1443:

can practise by registering themselves under the Companies Act, although this means that technical violations of the act can result in a fine.

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The practice of secular government, separating religious matters from other aspects of governance, was first put into practice following the

3078: 4608:"High Court quashes govt's 1986 ban on 'Allah' use by Christians, affirms Sarawakian Bumiputera's right to religion and non-discrimination" 4111: 3721: 1581: 7382: 2858: 1822: 125: 2341:

due to the relative autonomy of the states there, a position confirmed by the Malaysian government in 2011. The Bible in the indigenous

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have been enacted. Nonetheless, PAS participates within the democratic system and has moderated at times to win votes, even making

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tried to enforce this, although some of his ministers argued the national language could be used for any purpose. In 2009 a court

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government for development purposes, and the difficulty of obtaining land and permission for new temples, has raised tensions.

2168:. At the time, Syed Ahmad Salim, the resort owner explained that he had allowed the group of Buddhists to use the surau for a 7305: 6866: 5269: 5061: 4969: 4875: 4199: 3330: 3126: 2534: 2258: 1911: 1730:. Islam is thought to have been brought to Malaysia around the 12th century by Indian traders. In the early 15th century the 1384: 1348: 3543: 7782: 7315: 7210: 5949: 5699: 5029: 5019: 4994: 3695: 2349:

overturned the 1986 ban, a ruling which was quickly appealed by the government following religious and political pressure.

7656: 7638: 7571: 6776: 6756: 6464: 4016: 3008: 2725: 2594: 2090:. Malaysia has over 150 Taoist temples served by 12,000 priests, with the Taoist communities sharing links with those in 1784:

desires a stricter interpretation of Islam and the promotion of Islamic law. Due to Islam being the state religion, many

1674: 2680: 7726: 7633: 7628: 7471: 6373: 6225: 5994: 5431: 5350: 5143: 4582:"High Court: Najib-era 10-point solution could have solved 'Allah' controversy in 2011 if 1986 ban had been retracted" 2206:

who came to Malaya to work on British rubber plantations. A small community of migrants from North India also exists.

7844: 7509: 7334: 7036: 6994: 6701: 6627: 6118: 5526: 5123: 4068: 3929: 3582: 3308: 3282: 3219: 3057: 2703: 2577: 2008: 2423:. Jews first came into contact with the Malay peninsula during the 11th century when Jewish traders traded with the 1689:, which has a greater incidence of interfaith marriages and less tension around language use. Muslim communities in 7797: 7777: 7697: 6310: 5096: 2566: 1460: 148:; and 2.7 percent other religion or gave no information. The remainder is accounted for by other faiths, including 5024: 7702: 7453: 7181: 6388: 6383: 5340: 5163: 4999: 4284: 2374: 1980:

and Bodhisattvas from the Mahayana School were found in the districts of Tanah Merah and Gua Musang in Kelantan.

1597: 4456:"Explainer: High Court's 96-page judgment on why Malaysia's 1986 'Allah' ban was quashed in Jill Ireland's case" 3309:"The Governance of Religious Diversity in Malaysia: Islam in a Secular State or Secularism in an Islamic State?" 1890:

was part of Malaysian Islamic practice, making it obligatory unless determined to be harmful to the individual.

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is celebrated as a national holiday. For many Chinese, religion is an essential part of their cultural life.

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was allowed, as that language has no alternate word besides "Allah" for God. In March 2021 the Kuala Lumpur

7772: 7603: 7504: 6837: 6824: 6693: 6472: 6328: 6287: 6220: 6170: 6165: 6111: 6030: 5394: 5056: 2152:. Malaysian police have arrested a resort owner after he allowed 13 Buddhists to use a Muslim prayer room ( 2065: 1973: 394: 216: 3377: 7598: 7593: 7481: 7435: 7218: 7112: 7088: 6847: 6786: 6675: 6576: 6421: 6411: 6368: 6200: 5989: 5894: 5571: 5488: 5380: 5249: 5128: 4503: 2101: 1781: 1474: 1408: 3024: 7897: 7802: 7767: 7486: 6591: 6520: 6510: 6487: 6403: 6210: 6185: 5274: 5199: 5153: 5111: 5086: 4086:"Malaysia moving forward in matters of Islam and women by Marina Mahathir - Common Ground News Service" 3864: 1899: 4711: 3896: 1519:, is often viewed as an effort to resist western influences. Secular values are often favoured by the 7823: 7560: 7120: 6766: 6711: 6650: 6637: 6566: 6553: 6269: 6180: 6147: 5999: 5322: 5310: 5133: 5101: 3799: 2974: 2432: 2306: 2237: 1887: 1751: 1711: 1419:

Malaysia is a multi-religious society, but while the Malaysian constitution theoretically guarantees

406: 4686:"Malaysian court's decision to allow use of 'Allah' by Christians heralds political, social tension" 189:, with some cabinet members saying that "the freedom of religion is not the freedom from religion". 7405: 7357: 6890: 6660: 6505: 6393: 6353: 5944: 5909: 5864: 5716: 5692: 5652: 5602: 5478: 5421: 5375: 5327: 5315: 5229: 5204: 5091: 4892: 3312: 2324: 2249: 121: 117: 4660:"Johor Sultan backs Putrajaya's appeal against ruling allowing Christians to use the word 'Allah'" 4405: 3816: 2862: 2523: 7104: 6736: 6683: 6318: 6160: 5834: 5829: 5724: 5463: 5305: 5081: 2358: 1798: 4734: 3442: 3239: 2659:"Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2010 (Updated: 05/08/2011)" 2121:

practised Islam yet retained Chinese culture and have unique traditions. Communities existed in

7792: 7608: 7067: 7023: 6946: 6909: 6781: 6741: 6538: 6495: 6449: 6444: 6358: 6205: 5954: 5929: 5844: 5824: 5774: 5744: 5734: 5612: 5441: 5416: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5234: 5219: 3788: 3322: 2378: 1585: 1532: 3408: 7226: 7136: 6936: 6791: 6771: 6761: 6665: 6571: 6528: 6477: 6040: 5919: 5914: 5794: 5493: 5458: 5426: 5370: 5239: 5209: 5071: 5044: 5004: 2346: 2274: 2045: 2019: 2003:, have resident Thai monks, and conduct their religious services in Pāli and Thai languages. 1921: 1830: 1777: 1560: 416:

community (46.5%) with an additional 40.4% identifying as Muslims. Many indigenous tribes of

6953: 6916: 4029: 3473: 7620: 7310: 7263: 7165: 7144: 6726: 6721: 6439: 6190: 6155: 5984: 5934: 5889: 5869: 5759: 5546: 5541: 5406: 5182: 5106: 4979: 4940: 2911: 2181: 1903: 1876: 1847:

courts in matters concerning their religion. The Islamic judges are expected to follow the

1826: 3991: 2186: 1792:

tax is collected by the government, and the government supports those wishing to make the

1755: 161: 8: 7648: 7242: 7173: 7046: 6858: 6604: 6543: 6434: 6363: 6295: 6014: 5959: 5874: 5854: 5739: 5729: 5685: 5645: 5638: 5513: 5473: 5365: 5293: 5194: 5148: 4927: 4919: 4804: 4139:"Female circumcision: Culture and religion in Malaysia see millions of girls undergo cut" 3118: 2362: 2294: 2069: 1987: 1690: 1420: 421: 132:. As of the 2020 Population and Housing Census, 63.5 percent of the population practices 3104: 7271: 6731: 6655: 6561: 6348: 6004: 5939: 5904: 5839: 5819: 5809: 5769: 5754: 5749: 5531: 5468: 5436: 4989: 4945: 4757: 4180: 3186: 2787: 2254: 1907: 1880: 1536: 1488: 92: 3946: 3673: 3147: 2383: 1859:

law. The jurisdiction of Shariah courts is limited only to Muslims in matters such as

1655:

Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism and Taoism

176:

have non-Muslim majorities. Numbers of self-described atheists in Malaysia are few as

7671: 7415: 6842: 6746: 6716: 6706: 6645: 6533: 6454: 6323: 6175: 6090: 6069: 6045: 5964: 5924: 5899: 5879: 5814: 5789: 5779: 5764: 5661: 5576: 5561: 5556: 5536: 5503: 5411: 5332: 4984: 4871: 4843: 4480: 4434: 4215: 4064: 3925: 3578: 3326: 3278: 3215: 3122: 3053: 2530: 2230: 2137:, was dispersed when they were evicted from their homes due to development projects. 2091: 2033: 1992: 1731: 1702: 390: 386: 208: 192: 177: 3622:"Concerns are growing that Malaysia is going backward in terms of religious freedom" 3277:(Illustrated ed.). University of South Carolina Press. pp. 17, 21, 24–25. 1339:

Below maps are distribution of religion in Malaysia by district, as of 2020 census.

7410: 7234: 7002: 5884: 5849: 5804: 5799: 5708: 5607: 5224: 4172: 3968: 3485: 3454: 3318: 3178: 3114: 2057: 1707: 1623:

In recent years, there have been some issues over non-Muslims eating during Muslim

1556: 1495: 382: 244: 228: 129: 4112:"Women NGOs urge govt to ban female genital mutilation - Nation | The Star Online" 420:

have converted to Christianity, although Christianity has made fewer inroads into

83: 7585: 6973: 6343: 6333: 5666: 5566: 5551: 5244: 5014: 4058: 3572: 3272: 3214:(4, illustrated ed.). C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 365, 380–381. 3209: 3047: 2424: 2333: 2318:

The use of the Malay word "Allah" for God has caused a dispute in Malaysia, with

2075: 1572: 1465: 674: 6103: 6084: 2229:

Practice of the Hindu religion is strongly linked with the cultural identity of

1916: 7519: 6819: 6581: 6429: 5355: 4960: 4955: 4258: 4202:. The Encyclopaedia of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013 3211:

Questioning the secular state: the worldwide resurgence of religion in politics

2400: 2388: 2319: 2126: 2106: 2095: 2015: 256: 109: 4259:"S'porean held in Malaysia after Buddhists use Muslim prayer room - 14Aug2013" 3458: 1722:

holy days are national holidays, including the end of Ramadan, the end of the

1550:

Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism and Sikhism

7934: 7365: 6809: 6063: 5592: 5521: 5076: 4974: 4950: 3599: 2366: 2342: 2338: 1844: 1768: 1686: 1642: 1525: 1520: 417: 236: 153: 7718: 3577:(illustrated ed.). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 3, 124, 126, 132. 1631:, and non-Muslim religious sites affected by intolerant Muslim authorities. 1403: 7749: 7326: 7292: 7128: 6983: 6622: 6277: 5618: 2315:

is also an official holiday in East Malaysia, although not a national one.

2262: 2049: 2000: 1766:

The Malaysian government promotes a moderate version of Sunni Islam called

1412: 1177: 402: 232: 182: 173: 141: 48: 2460:, who are thought to have arrived in Malacca in the 15th or 16th century. 1464:

independence plantations became government property. In 2006 the state of

7542: 7527: 7463: 7392: 6599: 6240: 6073: 4830:. Encyclopaedia of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 4633:"Malaysia govt challenges ruling letting Christians use the word 'Allah'" 4421:. Encyclopaedia of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 3314:

The Problem of Religious Diversity: European Challenges, Asian Approaches

2696:"Renouncing Islam in Malaysia Is Dangerous. We Spoke to Those Who Did It" 2370: 2312: 2165: 2157: 1864: 1852: 186: 6253: 4236: 3917: 7818: 7096: 4184: 4163:

Tan, Chee-Beng (1983). "Chinese Religion in Malaysia: A General View".

3270: 3190: 3169:

Lee, Raymod (April 1988), "Patterns of Religious Tension in Malaysia",

3045: 2464: 2428: 2270: 2203: 2191: 2169: 2118: 1957: 1945: 1747: 1604: 1503: 1440: 1435:

court, which is rarely granted. Religious beliefs follow ethnic lines.

1090: 204: 196: 68: 3989: 3108: 7496: 7445: 7374: 7189: 6260: 6247: 3306: 2744:"Putrajaya: Freedom of religion does not equal freedom from religion" 2457: 2436: 2301: 2286: 2222: 2218: 2145: 2122: 2083: 1969: 1965: 1635: 1627:

month, non-Muslims being allowed to use the word "Allah" to refer to

1281: 413: 260: 252: 203:

theology and the practice of any other form of the religion (such as

4884: 4333:"One year after surau controversy, normalcy returns to Johor resort" 4176: 3990:

Department of Islamic Development Malaysia, Government of Malaysia.

3745:"Religious violence in Malaysia escalates as more churches attacked" 3489: 3182: 7753: 7281: 6962: 6894: 6139: 6094: 5677: 5597: 4915: 4868:

Sacred Tensions: Modernity and Religious Transformation in Malaysia

3924:. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: MacMillan Press Ltd. pp. 52–53. 3514:"Malaysia: Prime Minister declares, "Yes, we ARE an Islamic state"" 3274:

Sacred tensions: modernity and religious transformation in Malaysia

2767:"Atheists face death in 13 countries, global discrimination: study" 2408: 2149: 2141: 2130: 2110: 2041: 2037: 1872: 1860: 1848: 1803: 1727: 1499: 1478: 1428: 1038: 570: 224: 212: 145: 137: 113: 88: 58: 38: 4406:

World Religions Database at the ARDA website, retrieved 2023-08-08

4060:

Islamic modern: religious courts and cultural politics in Malaysia

2681:"Malaysia Christians pray for peace, equality, freedom - UCA News" 2337:, however this was overturned in 2013. The ban was not applied to 1789: 7427: 7252: 7012: 4555:"10-point solution best way to resolve 'Allah' issue, says Najib" 3513: 2770: 2468: 2404: 2282: 2210: 2195: 1941: 1868: 1840: 1785: 1624: 1612: 1166:

Confucianism, Taoism and other traditional Chinese folk religion

986: 622: 455:

Confucianism, Taoism and other traditional Chinese folk religion

294:

Confucianism, Taoism and other traditional Chinese folk religion

165: 157: 149: 4712:"Stones thrown at Malaysian Sikh temple following religious row" 3722:"Non-Muslim pupils forced to eat in bathroom because of Ramadan" 2524:"Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020" 2133:

before the Second World War. The last established community, in

2014:

Most Mahayana Buddhist temples in Malaysia adopt the classical '

1477:(PAS), which seeks an officially Islamic state. In the state of 7077: 7056: 6135: 3052:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 57. 2420: 2148:

conducting religious ceremonies in a surau had become viral on

2134: 2087: 2053: 1949: 1936: 1925: 1856: 1834: 1809: 1738: 1719: 1432: 1229: 882: 778: 726: 398: 220: 169: 3075:"Religious council throws its weight behind all three rallies" 1806:, but it was subsequently banned by the Malaysian government. 1439:

government benefits. However, unrecognised groups such as the

7199: 7154: 6925: 3549:. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom 2449: 2278: 2214: 2161: 2153: 2025: 1929: 1814: 1743: 1483: 1448: 1424: 934: 830: 518: 466: 248: 200: 133: 105: 28: 4529:"Christians in Sabah and Sarawak can continue using 'Allah'" 4197: 3570: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2529:(in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. 1451:

identity card states whether the holder is a Muslim or not.

7680:

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Malaysia

4778: 2811: 2809: 2453: 2445: 2396: 1793: 1723: 1638:

minority can be considered Muslims has reached the courts.

1555:

In September 2001 debate was caused by then Prime Minister

6888: 2726:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Malaysia" 412:

Christianity is the predominant religion of the non-Malay

235:

has established itself in some communities, especially in

4063:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 84–85. 3307:

Ahmad Fauzi Abdul Hamid; Zawawi Ibrahim (1 August 2017).

2989: 2826:"Racism has poisoned Malaysian politics for far too long" 2632:. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. 82. Archived from 2497:. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. 82. Archived from 2456:

hosting the only Jain temple in Southeast Asia. Most are

2416: 1996: 1628: 6912:(either Chinese, Taiwanese branches) • 4781:. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Malaysia 2806: 2036:

practice a syncretic blend of various faiths, including

3865:"Malaysian leader tells church group regime is secular" 3352: 1588:

are required to wear headscarves in public ceremonies.

2782: 2780: 4385:"Hindu group protests 'temple cleansing' in Malaysia" 4360:"Understanding Indian Religious Practice in Malaysia" 3893:"Malaysia ethnic Indians in uphill fight on religion" 3474:"The Islamic State or the State of Islam in Malaysia" 3378:"Malaysia's secular vision vs. 'writing on the wall'" 3240:"Once Muslim, Now Christian and Caught in the Courts" 3110:

Secularism, Religion, and Democracy in Southeast Asia

3102: 2269:

In 2022, about 9% of the population of Malaysia were

3971:. United States Department of State. 28 January 2011 2431:. Many Jews in Malaysia came from Persia. After the 3647:"Marriage Procedures Between Muslim and Non-Muslim" 3098: 3096: 2777: 2554:"Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal" 1481:, which PAS has governed since 1990, laws based on 7708:National Evangelical Christian Fellowship Malaysia 4866:Lee, Raymond L. M.; Ackerman, Susan Ellen (1997). 4030:"Unmarried couples caught in Malaysia hotel raids" 3768:"Rise of Islam rankles Malaysia's minority faiths" 3443:"Hinduism in a Muslim state: The case of Malaysia" 3355:"Doing the Impossible: Quitting Islam in Malaysia" 2786: 2213:tradition from Southern India, for the worship of 2172:session as he was unaware that it was an offence. 6133: 6089: 4358:Gill, Savinder Kaur; Gopal, Nirmala Devi (2010), 3918:Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard Y. Andaya (1984). 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 1893: 120:. Meanwhile, other religions can be practised by 7932: 3696:"Sarawak could allow converts to renounce Islam" 3311:. In Anna Triandafyllidou; Tariq Modood (eds.). 3271:Raymond L. M. Lee, Susan Ellen Ackerman (1997). 3093: 3046:Virginia Matheson Hooker, Norani Othman (2003). 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 3804: 3107:. In Vidhu Verma; Aakash Singh Rathore (eds.). 2627:"Taburan Penduduk dan Ciri-ciri Asas Demografi" 2492:"Taburan Penduduk dan Ciri-ciri Asas Demografi" 2463:Traditional beliefs are still practised by the 2323:ministers opposed this discrimination. In 2005 2289:is a national holiday, although Easter is not. 1920:Inner hall of Ling San Temple, a temple of the 4017:Constitution of Malaysia:Article 160 (2)-1 3810: 3600:"Malaysia minorities fear Islamic law changes" 3423: 1447:have required Muslim girls to wear veils. The 7914:Sri Marathandavar Bala Dhandayuthapani Alayam 7748: 7734: 7342: 6874: 6119: 5693: 4900: 4825: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3406: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3072: 2877: 2758: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2548: 2546: 2448:lives in Malaysia, with the state capital of 2399:community exists in Malaysia, brought by the 1886:In 2009 the National Fatwa Committee decided 7356: 4027: 3998:. Department of Islamic Development Malaysia 3742: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3113:. Oxford University Press. pp. 88–110. 2764: 1796:. In 1985, Kassim Ahmed wrote a book called 1582:International Islamic University of Malaysia 6919:(either Burmese, Sri Lankan, Thai branches) 4865: 3890: 3789:Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08 3765: 3619: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3105:"Political Islam and Democracy in Malaysia" 2973:. Michigan State University. Archived from 2792:"PRESS STATEMENT: Malaysia a secular State" 1823:Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia 1489:political alliances with non-Muslim parties 7866:Arulmigu Maha Muthu Mariamman Thevasthanam 7741: 7727: 7349: 7335: 6881: 6867: 6126: 6112: 5700: 5686: 4907: 4893: 4732: 4657: 4416: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3566: 3564: 3528: 3440: 3207: 3196: 3103:Kamarulnizam Abdullah (27 February 2020). 2612: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2578:Constitution of Malaysia:Article 160-1 2543: 2484: 7401:Church of the Province of South East Asia 6301:Sultan Ismail Petra Silver Jubilee Mosque 4504:"In Malaysia, It's Two Words for One God" 4357: 4335:. Kosmo!. 23 October 2014. Archived from 3541: 3353:Imran Imtiaz Shah Yacob (27 April 2007). 3291: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3018: 3016: 1851:legal school of Islam, which is the main 267: 7383:Seventh-day Adventist Church in Malaysia 4710:Parry, Richard Lloyd (13 January 2010). 4285:"Surau in Kota Tinggi resort demolished" 4083: 3800:Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08 3471: 3339: 3323:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474419086.003.0008 3135: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2567:Constitution of Malaysia:Article 3-1 2382: 2253: 2185: 2100: 1935: 1915: 1808: 1776:was introduced by former Prime Minister 1706: 1664:caused worry for non-Muslim groups. The 1402: 164:and other belief systems. The states of 82: 7882:Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Glass Temple 7477:Evangelical Lutheran Church in Malaysia 4803:. Jain Heritage Centres. Archived from 4605: 4579: 4453: 4136: 3911: 3879: 3574:Freedom of religion, apostasy and Islam 3561: 3508: 3506: 3369: 3233: 3231: 3022: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2582: 1843:are obliged to follow the decisions of 1648: 99:Light green: Muslim plurality < 50% 7933: 7788:Sree Maha Mariamman Devasthanam Temple 4870:. University of South Carolina Press. 4755: 4088:. Commongroundnews.org. Archived from 4053: 3649:. Malaysian Government. Archived from 3402: 3400: 3398: 3375: 3257: 3237: 3013: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 1591: 1143: 427: 128:, one must be Muslim to be considered 7946:Religion in Southeast Asia by country 7722: 7330: 6862: 6107: 6088: 5681: 4914: 4888: 4709: 4419:"History of Christianity in Malaysia" 4234: 3571:Abdullah Saeed, Hassan Saeed (2004). 3049:Malaysia: Islam, society and politics 2844: 2516: 1912:Template:Buddhist temples in Malaysia 97:Dark green: Muslim majority > 50% 7211:Che Sui Khor Moral Uplifting Society 5707: 5346:States and municipalities by exports 5035:2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis 4501: 4228: 4198:Benny Liow Woon Khin; Ong Seng Hua. 3944: 3839:"Anger over Malaysia temple razings" 3671: 3542:Greenwalt, Patrick (November 2021). 3503: 3228: 3025:"Life as a secret Christian convert" 2693: 2661:. Department of Statistics, Malaysia 2040:Buddhism and other denominations of 1825:one must be Muslim to be considered 1737:Although most people in Malaya were 1509: 1334: 7657:Mar Thoma Syrian Church in Malaysia 7639:Russian Orthodox Church in Malaysia 7572:Evangelical Free Church of Malaysia 6777:Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque 6757:Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Jamek Mosque 4683: 4351: 4235:Bhatt, Himanshu (27 October 2011). 4162: 4137:Renaldi, Erwin (13 November 2018). 4084:Mahathir, Marina (17 August 2010). 4021: 3674:"Malaysia 'convert' claims cruelty" 3597: 3395: 3168: 3023:Pressly, Linda (15 November 2006). 2926: 2914:. United States Department of State 2419:community existed on the island of 1675:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 1398: 185:organisations for the government's 13: 7634:Coptic Orthodox Church in Malaysia 7629:Orthodox Syrian Church in Malaysia 7472:Basel Christian Church of Malaysia 6374:Saidina Abu Bakar As Siddiq Mosque 6226:Tunku Laksamana Abdul Jalil Mosque 4859: 4313:(in Malay). Kosmo!. 28 August 2013 3811:Anthony Spaeth (9 December 1996). 3447:Asian Journal of Political Science 3409:"MCA: Malaysia is a secular state" 3148:"Pressure on multi-faith Malaysia" 3119:10.1093/oso/9780199496693.003.0004 2861:. Tourism Malaysia. Archived from 2403:to form police units. They follow 2352: 2117:A Chinese population known as the 1415:, built to celebrate independence. 1172:Other religions or No information 101:Blue: Christian majority > 50% 87:Dominant religious confessions in 14: 7957: 7510:Free Methodist Church in Malaysia 6628:Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque 3598:Pak, Jennifer (27 October 2011). 3376:Fuller, Thomas (28 August 2006). 2599:United States Department of State 2078:mostly enshrine deities from the 1693:are generally more conservative. 124:of the country. In addition, per 7778:Jalan Baru Sri Muniswarar Temple 7698:Christian Federation of Malaysia 6952: 6945: 6259: 6252: 6246: 6239: 6068: 6059: 6058: 4995:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 4387:. Financial Express. 23 May 2006 4200:"Buddhism and Chinese Religions" 3743:Ian McKinnon (10 January 2010). 2765:Robert Evans (9 December 2013). 1855:of Malaysia. These courts apply 1383: 1371: 1359: 1347: 227:is practised by the majority of 7703:Council of Churches of Malaysia 7454:Presbyterian Church in Malaysia 6389:Sultan Abdul Samad Jamek Mosque 6384:Saidina Uthman Bin Affan Mosque 4819: 4793: 4771: 4756:Harris, Andrew (17 July 2009). 4749: 4726: 4703: 4677: 4651: 4625: 4599: 4573: 4547: 4521: 4495: 4473: 4447: 4410: 4399: 4377: 4325: 4303: 4277: 4251: 4191: 4156: 4130: 4104: 4077: 4047: 4028:Jennifer Pak (4 January 2010). 4010: 3992:"Ajaran Bahai (Bahai Doctrine)" 3983: 3961: 3945:Kent, Jonathan (3 March 2005). 3938: 3891:Jalil Hamid (8 November 2007). 3857: 3831: 3815:. Time magazine. Archived from 3793: 3782: 3759: 3736: 3714: 3688: 3665: 3639: 3620:AsiaNews.it (9 December 2018). 3613: 3591: 3544:"Religious Freedom in Malaysia" 3465: 3407:Gan Ping Sieu (17 March 2009). 3238:Perlez, Jane (24 August 2006). 3162: 3066: 3039: 2818: 2736: 2718: 2687: 2375:History of the Jews in Malaysia 2243: 2140:In 2013, a video of a group of 1997:'Wats' or Thai Buddhist temples 1598:Freedom of religion in Malaysia 385:people are Muslim by law. Most 187:discrimination against atheists 7829:Sri Sundararaja Perumal Temple 7567:Christian Brethren of Malaysia 6501:Mohamed Noah Foundation Mosque 6379:Saidina Umar Al Khattab Mosque 6026:British Indian Ocean Territory 4502:Hunt, Luke (17 October 2013). 3672:Kent, Jonathan (6 July 2007). 3516:. Malaysiakini. 27 August 2007 3317:. Edinburgh University Press. 2694:Chen, Heather (2 April 2021). 2673: 2651: 2571: 2560: 2467:people. Loosely classified as 2329:ruled that Allah could be used 2020:Chinese beliefs and traditions 1894:Buddhism and Chinese religions 1817:reading during a Malay wedding 461:No religion or No information 300:No religion or no information 1: 7533:Assemblies of God of Malaysia 6815:Al-Muktafi Billah Shah Mosque 6752:Raja Haji Fisabilillah Mosque 6231:Ungku Tun Aminah Jamek Mosque 6216:Tan Sri Ainuddin Wahid Mosque 6196:Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque 4966:Japanese occupation of Malaya 4684:Goh, Norman (15 March 2021). 4481:"No Bible in local languages" 4237:"The lost Muslims from China" 3867:. Taipei Times. 4 August 2004 3472:Martinez, Patricia A (2001). 3073:Tarani Palani (1 July 2011). 2478: 2433:communist revolution in China 1960:in northern Malay Peninsula. 1566:Malaysian Chinese Association 217:Chinese traditional religions 172:and the federal territory of 7783:Nattukkottai Chettiar Temple 7604:Archdiocese of Kota Kinabalu 7505:Methodist Church in Malaysia 6825:Tengku Tengah Zaharah Mosque 6473:Negeri Sembilan State Mosque 6329:Al-Bukhari Foundation Mosque 6221:Tun Hussein Onn Jamek Mosque 6166:Bandar Baru UDA Jamek Mosque 5280:State legislative assemblies 5000:Sarawak communist insurgency 4779:"Malaysian Baha'i Community" 4658:Amir Yusof (18 March 2021). 3947:"Chinese diaspora: Malaysia" 2066:Chinese traditional religion 1974:Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds 1634:The question of whether the 395:Chinese traditional religion 77: Other Religions (0.9%) 21:Religion in Malaysia (2020) 7: 7599:Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur 7594:Catholic Church in Malaysia 7482:Lutheran Church in Malaysia 7436:Malaysia Baptist Convention 7316:Buddhist temples by country 7089:Dhammikarama Burmese Temple 6787:Tengku Ampuan Jemaah Mosque 6577:Sultan Idris Shah II Mosque 6369:National Mosque of Malaysia 6201:Sultan Ibrahim Jamek Mosque 5499:Water supply and sanitation 5025:1997 Asian financial crisis 4311:"Surau kontroversi diroboh" 3766:Jalil Hamid (9 July 2007). 3724:. AsiaNews.it. 24 July 2013 3478:Contemporary Southeast Asia 2175: 1584:and female officers in the 1475:Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party 1409:National Mosque of Malaysia 10: 7962: 7898:Sri Poyatha Moorthi Temple 7803:Sri Sithi Vinayagar Temple 7768:Balathandayuthapani Temple 7487:Protestant Church in Sabah 6943: 6511:Tengku Ampuan Afzan Mosque 6237: 6211:Sultan Ismail Jamek Mosque 6186:Pasir Pelangi Royal Mosque 5062:Cities, towns and villages 5020:1988 constitutional crisis 3208:Westerlund, David (1996). 2356: 2247: 2179: 2156:) for their meditation at 1900:Malaysian Chinese religion 1897: 1700: 1652: 1595: 1431:require permission from a 116:, as per Article 3 of the 7906: 7890: 7874: 7858: 7837: 7824:Batu Caves Murugan Statue 7811: 7760: 7688: 7670: 7647: 7619: 7584: 7561:Borneo Evangelical Church 7551: 7538:Calvary Church (Malaysia) 7518: 7495: 7462: 7444: 7426: 7391: 7373: 7364: 7301: 7280: 7251: 7198: 7153: 7121:Nibbinda Forest Monastery 7076: 7055: 7011: 6982: 6961: 6924: 6901: 6833: 6800: 6767:Sultan Abdul Samad Mosque 6692: 6674: 6651:Kota Kinabalu City Mosque 6636: 6613: 6590: 6567:Paloh Street Mosque, Ipoh 6552: 6519: 6486: 6463: 6420: 6402: 6309: 6286: 6268: 6181:Pasir Gudang Jamek Mosque 6171:Dato' Bentara Luar Mosque 6146: 6101: 6054: 6013: 5973: 5715: 5632: 5585: 5512: 5402: 5393: 5301: 5292: 5190: 5181: 5052: 5043: 4926: 4848:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4758:"Life in Jewish Malaysia" 4606:Ida Lim (10 March 2021). 4580:Ida Lim (19 March 2021). 4483:. AsiaNews. 26 April 2005 4454:Ida Lim (24 March 2021). 4439:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4367:Journal of Social Science 4220:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3895:. Reuters. Archived from 3459:10.1080/02185379608434083 3009:US State Dept 2022 report 2815:Wu & Hickling, p. 35. 2307:The Passion of the Christ 2238:Hindu Rights Action Force 1964:later became a vassal of 1752:transcendental meditation 1712:Kota Kinabalu City Mosque 432: 211:practice various faiths: 7850:Sri Mahamariamman Temple 7798:Sri Mahamariamman Temple 7406:Diocese of West Malaysia 7358:Christianity in Malaysia 6661:Sandakan District Mosque 6506:Sultan Ahmad Shah Mosque 6394:Zaid bin Haritsah Mosque 6354:Federal Territory Mosque 5775:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5552:Malay ethnic nationalism 5010:Second Malayan Emergency 4690:South China Morning Post 2325:Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz 2250:Christianity in Malaysia 1696: 1576:the civil legal system. 7105:Goddess of Mercy Temple 6737:Klang Royal Town Mosque 6684:Petra Jaya State Mosque 6319:Abdul Rahman Auf Mosque 6161:An-Nur Kota Raya Mosque 6036:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3441:Ramanathan, K. (1996). 2359:Malaysian folk religion 2217:. The Hindu holiday of 1799:Hadith: A Re-evaluation 7793:Sri Kunj Bihari Temple 7609:Archdiocese of Kuching 7182:Sasanarakkha Sanctuary 7068:Chin Swee Caves Temple 7024:Cheng Hoon Teng Temple 6782:Sultan Sulaiman Mosque 6742:Puchong Perdana Mosque 6539:Penang Floating Mosque 6496:Abu Bakar Royal Mosque 6450:Malacca Straits Mosque 6445:Malacca Chinese Mosque 6359:Imam Al Ghazali Mosque 6206:Sultan Iskandar Mosque 5351:Science and technology 4165:Asian Folklore Studies 2730:US Department of State 2392: 2379:Irreligion in Malaysia 2266: 2199: 2194:have the tallest Lord 2114: 2046:Chinese folk religions 1995:for example establish 1952: 1933: 1818: 1726:, and the birthday of 1715: 1586:Royal Malaysian Police 1533:Pangkor Treaty of 1874 1416: 268:Religious distribution 195:is represented by the 102: 91:by state according to 7563:(Sidang Injil Borneo) 7227:Peak Nam Toong Temple 6937:Ching Giap See Temple 6792:Tun Abdul Aziz Mosque 6772:Sultan Ibrahim Mosque 6762:Subang Airport Mosque 6666:Sandakan Jamek Mosque 6572:Panglima Kinta Mosque 6529:Kapitan Keling Mosque 6478:Seremban Jamek Mosque 5005:Singapore in Malaysia 3921:A History of Malaysia 2971:"Malaysia - Religion" 2386: 2257: 2189: 2104: 1972:in Central Java) and 1939: 1922:Chinese folk religion 1919: 1812: 1778:Abdullah Ahmad Badawi 1710: 1561:Abdullah Ahmad Badawi 1461:Internal Security Act 1406: 86: 7941:Religion in Malaysia 7845:Sri Kandaswamy Kovil 7773:Karumariamman Temple 7621:Eastern Christianity 7446:Calvinist (Reformed) 7311:Buddhism in Malaysia 7264:Ching San Yen Temple 7219:Fo Guang Shan Temple 7166:Kek Look Seah Temple 7145:Wat Chayamangkalaram 6727:Ara Damansara Mosque 6722:Al Mujaheddin Mosque 6440:Kampung Kling Mosque 6191:Senai Airport Mosque 6156:Kota Iskandar Mosque 5950:United Arab Emirates 5381:World Bank Relations 5119:World Heritage Sites 5097:environmental issues 4980:Federation of Malaya 4828:"Indigenous Beliefs" 4735:"The Jews of Penang" 4273:– via YouTube. 2259:St. John's Cathedral 2198:statue in the world. 2182:Hinduism in Malaysia 2105:Reclining Buddha in 2009:Buddhist Maha Vihara 1904:Buddhism in Malaysia 1877:religious conversion 1649:Interfaith relations 7689:Interdenominational 7243:Puu Jih Shih Temple 7174:Sam Poh Tong Temple 7047:Xiang Lin Si Temple 7032:Poh Onn Kong Temple 6605:Perlis State Mosque 6544:Penang State Mosque 6435:Kampung Hulu Mosque 6412:An-Nur Jamek Mosque 6364:Kampung Baru Mosque 6296:Kampung Laut Mosque 5977:limited recognition 5149:Peninsular Malaysia 4826:Ghazali bin Basri. 4092:on 22 December 2010 2794:. The Malaysian Bar 2639:on 13 November 2013 2504:on 13 November 2013 2363:Sikhism in Malaysia 2295:Straits Settlements 2273:, mostly non-Malay 2144:practitioners from 1988:Theravada Buddhists 1888:female circumcision 1794:pilgrimage to Mecca 1691:Peninsular Malaysia 1592:Freedom of religion 1491:when advantageous. 1421:freedom of religion 1144:Federal territories 428:Religion by regions 422:Peninsular Malaysia 7416:Diocese of Kuching 7272:Jade Dragon Temple 7113:Mahindarama Temple 6995:Brickfields Temple 6848:Mosques by country 6732:Darul Ehsan Mosque 6656:Sabah State Mosque 6562:Muhammadiah Mosque 6349:As Syakirin Mosque 5469:Malaysian diaspora 5361:Telecommunications 4990:Malaysia Agreement 4946:Portuguese Malacca 4714:. The Sunday Times 4339:on 24 October 2014 4116:www.thestar.com.my 3996:www.e-fatwa.gov.my 3150:. BBC. 16 May 2011 2832:. 26 November 2018 2788:Ambiga Sreenevasan 2746:. 23 November 2017 2393: 2387:A Datuk shrine on 2267: 2200: 2115: 1953: 1934: 1908:Taoism in Malaysia 1819: 1716: 1537:Tunku Abdul Rahman 1417: 122:non-Malay citizens 103: 7928: 7927: 7922: 7921: 7838:Federal Territory 7716: 7715: 7661:Reformed Oriental 7580: 7579: 7553:Other Protestants 7324: 7323: 6856: 6855: 6843:Islam in Malaysia 6747:Raja Alang Mosque 6717:Al Hidayah Mosque 6707:Al-Amaniah Mosque 6646:Al-Kauthar Mosque 6534:Lebuh Aceh Mosque 6455:Tranquerah Mosque 6324:Amru Al-As Mosque 6176:Kolam Ayer Mosque 6091:Places of worship 6082: 6081: 6019:other territories 5709:Religion in Asia 5675: 5674: 5628: 5627: 5454:Income inequality 5449:Human trafficking 5389: 5388: 5288: 5287: 5270:Political parties 5215:Foreign relations 5177: 5176: 4985:Malayan Emergency 4877:978-1-57003-167-0 4807:on 2 October 2013 4664:Channel News Asia 4637:The Straits Times 4535:. 22 October 2013 4118:. 4 February 2019 3899:on 5 January 2016 3813:"Bound for Glory" 3700:The Straits Times 3332:978-1-4744-3529-1 3128:978-0-19-909877-4 2536:978-967-2000-85-3 2409:places of worship 2407:, and open their 2231:Malaysian Indians 2080:Chinese provinces 2034:Malaysian Chinese 2011:in Kuala Lumpur. 2007:prominent one is 1732:Malacca Sultanate 1703:Islam in Malaysia 1510:Secularism debate 1335:Distribution maps 1332: 1331: 1141: 1140: 391:Mahayana Buddhism 387:Malaysian Chinese 379: 378: 229:Malaysian Indians 213:Mahayana Buddhism 209:Malaysian Chinese 193:Islam in Malaysia 7953: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7720: 7719: 7411:Diocese of Sabah 7371: 7370: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7328: 7327: 7291: 7270: 7262: 7241: 7235:Pu Tuo Si Temple 7233: 7225: 7217: 7209: 7188: 7180: 7172: 7164: 7143: 7135: 7127: 7119: 7111: 7103: 7095: 7087: 7066: 7045: 7040: 7030: 7022: 7003:Thean Hou Temple 7001: 6993: 6972: 6956: 6949: 6935: 6915: 6908: 6891:Buddhist temples 6883: 6876: 6869: 6860: 6859: 6339:Al-Rahman Mosque 6263: 6256: 6250: 6243: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6105: 6104: 6086: 6085: 6072: 6062: 6061: 6031:Christmas Island 5717:Sovereign states 5702: 5695: 5688: 5679: 5678: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5400: 5399: 5336: 5299: 5298: 5188: 5187: 5050: 5049: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4854: 4853: 4847: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4733:Himanshu Bhatt. 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4438: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4417:Hermen Shastri. 4414: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4364: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4291:. 28 August 2013 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4265:. 14 August 2013 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4219: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4025: 4019: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3888: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3819:on 17 March 2009 3808: 3802: 3797: 3791: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3568: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3548: 3539: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3510: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3438: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3404: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3350: 3337: 3336: 3304: 3289: 3288: 3268: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3235: 3226: 3225: 3205: 3194: 3193: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3144: 3133: 3132: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3077:. 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The Sun Daily 4233: 4229: 4213: 4212: 4205: 4203: 4196: 4192: 4177:10.2307/1178483 4161: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4055:Peletz, Michael 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3952: 3950: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3889: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3747:. The Telegraph 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3653:on 22 July 2011 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3626:www.asianews.it 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3569: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3512: 3511: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3490:10.1355/CS23-3E 3470: 3466: 3439: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3411:. The Nut Graph 3405: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3357:. Asia Sentinel 3351: 3340: 3333: 3305: 3292: 3285: 3269: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3236: 3229: 3222: 3206: 3197: 3183:10.2307/2644735 3167: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3136: 3129: 3101: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3021: 3014: 3007: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2910: 2909: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2857: 2856: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2785: 2778: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2706:on 2 April 2021 2692: 2688: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2593: 2592: 2583: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2544: 2537: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2425:Kedah Sultanate 2381: 2355: 2353:Other religions 2252: 2246: 2184: 2178: 2076:Chinese temples 1970:Candi Borobudur 1914: 1896: 1802:which promoted 1705: 1699: 1657: 1651: 1600: 1594: 1573:Malay supremacy 1512: 1466:Negeri Sembilan 1401: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1379: 1376: 1367: 1364: 1355: 1352: 1337: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1311: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1276: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1259: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1146: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1120: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1085: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1068: 1067: 1061: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1033: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1016: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1002: 1001: 995: 994: 981: 980: 974: 973: 964: 963: 957: 956: 950: 949: 943: 942: 929: 928: 922: 921: 912: 911: 905: 904: 898: 897: 891: 890: 877: 876: 870: 869: 860: 859: 853: 852: 846: 845: 839: 838: 825: 824: 818: 817: 808: 807: 801: 800: 794: 793: 787: 786: 773: 772: 766: 765: 756: 755: 749: 748: 742: 741: 735: 734: 721: 720: 714: 713: 704: 703: 697: 696: 690: 689: 683: 682: 675:Negeri Sembilan 669: 668: 662: 661: 652: 651: 645: 644: 638: 637: 631: 630: 617: 616: 610: 609: 600: 599: 593: 592: 586: 585: 579: 578: 565: 564: 558: 557: 548: 547: 541: 540: 534: 533: 527: 526: 513: 512: 506: 505: 496: 495: 489: 488: 482: 481: 475: 474: 435: 430: 383:Malaysian Malay 270: 136:; 18.7 percent 100: 98: 96: 81: 80: 79: 78: 74: 72: 64: 62: 54: 52: 44: 42: 34: 32: 24: 12: 11: 5: 7959: 7949: 7948: 7943: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7868: 7862: 7860: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7746: 7745: 7738: 7731: 7723: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7694: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7676: 7674: 7672:Nontrinitarian 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7653: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7625: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7590: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7557: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7524: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7501: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7468: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7456: 7450: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7432: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7397: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7379: 7377: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7354: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7331: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7286: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7266: 7257: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7237: 7229: 7221: 7213: 7204: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7184: 7176: 7168: 7159: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7139: 7131: 7123: 7115: 7107: 7099: 7091: 7082: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7061: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7041: 7026: 7017: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7005: 6997: 6988: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6967: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6930: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6886: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6863: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6820:Crystal Mosque 6817: 6812: 6806: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6698: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6619: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6582:Ubudiah Mosque 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6525: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6492: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6469: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6430:Al Azim Mosque 6426: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6315: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6274: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6152: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6131: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6066: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6020: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5705: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5682: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5657: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5518: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5356:Stock exchange 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5330: 5328:Federal budget 5325: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5275:Prime Minister 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5200:Shadow Cabinet 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5144:National parks 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5087:climate change 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4963: 4961:British Borneo 4958: 4956:British Malaya 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4912: 4911: 4904: 4897: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4876: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4818: 4792: 4770: 4748: 4737:. Penang Story 4725: 4702: 4676: 4650: 4624: 4598: 4572: 4546: 4520: 4494: 4472: 4446: 4409: 4398: 4376: 4350: 4324: 4302: 4276: 4250: 4227: 4190: 4171:(2): 217–252. 4155: 4129: 4103: 4076: 4069: 4046: 4020: 4009: 3982: 3960: 3937: 3930: 3910: 3878: 3856: 3845:. 21 June 2006 3830: 3803: 3792: 3781: 3758: 3735: 3713: 3702:. 5 March 2018 3687: 3664: 3638: 3612: 3590: 3583: 3560: 3527: 3502: 3484:(3): 474–503. 3464: 3422: 3394: 3382:New York Times 3368: 3338: 3331: 3290: 3283: 3256: 3244:New York Times 3227: 3220: 3195: 3177:(4): 400–418, 3161: 3134: 3127: 3092: 3081:on 3 July 2011 3065: 3058: 3038: 3012: 2988: 2925: 2876: 2843: 2817: 2805: 2776: 2757: 2735: 2717: 2686: 2672: 2650: 2611: 2581: 2570: 2559: 2542: 2535: 2515: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2389:Pangkor Island 2354: 2351: 2320:Malay language 2248:Main article: 2245: 2242: 2180:Main article: 2177: 2174: 2127:Pangkor Island 2107:Wat Photivihan 2096:Mainland China 2016:Chinese temple 1993:Thai community 1895: 1892: 1701:Main article: 1698: 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983: 982: 978: 977: 975: 971: 970: 968: 965: 961: 960: 958: 954: 953: 951: 947: 946: 944: 940: 939: 937: 931: 930: 926: 925: 923: 919: 918: 916: 913: 909: 908: 906: 902: 901: 899: 895: 894: 892: 888: 887: 885: 879: 878: 874: 873: 871: 867: 866: 864: 861: 857: 856: 854: 850: 849: 847: 843: 842: 840: 836: 835: 833: 827: 826: 822: 821: 819: 815: 814: 812: 809: 805: 804: 802: 798: 797: 795: 791: 790: 788: 784: 783: 781: 775: 774: 770: 769: 767: 763: 762: 760: 757: 753: 752: 750: 746: 745: 743: 739: 738: 736: 732: 731: 729: 723: 722: 718: 717: 715: 711: 710: 708: 705: 701: 700: 698: 694: 693: 691: 687: 686: 684: 680: 679: 677: 671: 670: 666: 665: 663: 659: 658: 656: 653: 649: 648: 646: 642: 641: 639: 635: 634: 632: 628: 627: 625: 619: 618: 614: 613: 611: 607: 606: 604: 601: 597: 596: 594: 590: 589: 587: 583: 582: 580: 576: 575: 573: 567: 566: 562: 561: 559: 555: 554: 552: 549: 545: 544: 542: 538: 537: 535: 531: 530: 528: 524: 523: 521: 515: 514: 510: 509: 507: 503: 502: 500: 497: 493: 492: 490: 486: 485: 483: 479: 478: 476: 472: 471: 469: 463: 462: 459: 456: 453: 450: 447: 444: 441: 434: 431: 429: 426: 377: 376: 373: 370: 368: 365: 362: 359: 356: 352: 351: 348: 345: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 327: 326: 323: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 302: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 286: 283: 280: 269: 266: 257:Lunar New Year 144:; 6.1 percent 140:; 9.1 percent 110:state religion 73: 63: 53: 43: 33: 23: 19: 18: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7958: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7905: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7810: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7750:Hindu temples 7744: 7739: 7737: 7732: 7730: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691:organisations 7687: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7366:Protestantism 7363: 7359: 7352: 7347: 7345: 7340: 7338: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7222: 7220: 7214: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7183: 7177: 7175: 7169: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7138: 7137:Wat Buppharam 7132: 7130: 7124: 7122: 7116: 7114: 7108: 7106: 7100: 7098: 7092: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7038: 7033: 7027: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6955: 6948: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6918: 6911: 6905: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6884: 6879: 6877: 6872: 6870: 6865: 6864: 6861: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6810:Abidin Mosque 6808: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6620: 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6153: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6129: 6124: 6122: 6117: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6106: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6087: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6065: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6003: 6001: 6000:South Ossetia 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5698: 5696: 5691: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5432:Ethnic groups 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5341:States by GDP 5339: 5337: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5124:Hill stations 5122: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5102:deforestation 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5077:East Malaysia 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4975:Malayan Union 4973: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4951:Dutch Malacca 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4905: 4903: 4898: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4879: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4851: 4845: 4829: 4822: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4780: 4774: 4759: 4752: 4736: 4729: 4713: 4706: 4691: 4687: 4680: 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2618: 2616: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2568: 2563: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2538: 2532: 2525: 2519: 2500: 2493: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367:Datuk Keramat 2364: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2343:Iban language 2340: 2339:East Malaysia 2336: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2070:local animism 2067: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1931: 1927: 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1227: 1219: 1212: 1209: 1202: 1195: 1188: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1160:Christianity 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1132: 1125: 1122: 1115: 1108: 1101: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1080: 1073: 1070: 1063: 1056: 1049: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1028: 1021: 1018: 1011: 1004: 997: 990: 988: 985: 984: 976: 969: 966: 959: 952: 945: 938: 936: 933: 932: 924: 917: 914: 907: 900: 893: 886: 884: 881: 880: 872: 865: 862: 855: 848: 841: 834: 832: 829: 828: 820: 813: 810: 803: 796: 789: 782: 780: 777: 776: 768: 761: 758: 751: 744: 737: 730: 728: 725: 724: 716: 709: 706: 699: 692: 685: 678: 676: 673: 672: 664: 657: 654: 647: 640: 633: 626: 624: 621: 620: 612: 605: 602: 595: 588: 581: 574: 572: 569: 568: 560: 553: 550: 543: 536: 529: 522: 520: 517: 516: 508: 501: 498: 491: 484: 477: 470: 468: 465: 464: 460: 457: 454: 451: 449:Christianity 448: 445: 442: 439: 438: 425: 423: 419: 418:East Malaysia 415: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 374: 371: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 353: 349: 346: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 329: 328: 324: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 303: 299: 296: 293: 290: 288:Christianity 287: 284: 281: 278: 277: 274: 265: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 240: 238: 237:East Malaysia 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 188: 184: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 154:Folk religion 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 94: 90: 85: 70: 60: 50: 40: 30: 22: 16: 7293:Wat Chetawan 7129:Snake Temple 6984:Kuala Lumpur 6903: 6623:Putra Mosque 6311:Kuala Lumpur 6278:Zahir Mosque 6244: 6015:Dependencies 5945:Turkmenistan 5910:Saudi Arabia 5859: 5653:Bibliography 5619:Rukun Negara 5617: 5527:Architecture 5483: 5479:Prostitution 5422:Demographics 5316:Central bank 5230:Human rights 5205:Constitution 5092:conservation 5030:1MDB scandal 4867: 4832:. 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Retrieved 2499:the original 2486: 2472: 2462: 2442: 2414: 2394: 2332: 2317: 2305: 2299: 2291: 2268: 2263:Kuala Lumpur 2244:Christianity 2235: 2228: 2208: 2201: 2139: 2116: 2074: 2062: 2050:Confucianism 2031: 2024: 2013: 2005: 2001:Wat Chetawan 1986: 1982: 1978: 1976:in Sumatra. 1962: 1954: 1898:Main pages: 1885: 1881:civil courts 1839: 1820: 1797: 1773: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1756:Baháʼí Faith 1742:Malaysia is 1736: 1717: 1683: 1679: 1671: 1662: 1658: 1640: 1633: 1622: 1618: 1609: 1601: 1578: 1570: 1554: 1546: 1542: 1530: 1516: 1513: 1493: 1482: 1471: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1437: 1418: 1413:Kuala Lumpur 1338: 1178:Kuala Lumpur 1169:No religion 411: 403:Confucianism 380: 271: 241: 233:Christianity 191: 183:human rights 174:Kuala Lumpur 162:Baháʼí Faith 142:Christianity 118:Constitution 104: 49:Christianity 20: 15: 7543:Kingdomcity 7528:Acts Church 7520:Pentecostal 7035: [ 6600:Alwi Mosque 6074:Asia portal 5975:States with 5895:Philippines 5835:South Korea 5830:North Korea 5725:Afghanistan 5306:Agriculture 5164:Earthquakes 5082:Environment 4941:Prehistoric 4243:23 November 2371:Sky Kingdom 2313:Good Friday 2166:Kota Tinggi 2158:Kota Tinggi 1984:tradition. 1865:inheritance 397:(including 219:(including 199:version of 126:Article 160 93:2020 census 69:No Religion 7935:Categories 7819:Batu Caves 7097:Kek Lok Si 6889:Prominent 6802:Terengganu 6134:Prominent 5955:Uzbekistan 5930:Tajikistan 5845:Kyrgyzstan 5825:Kazakhstan 5745:Bangladesh 5735:Azerbaijan 5547:Literature 5442:Healthcare 5417:Corruption 5335:(currency) 5265:Parliament 5260:Monarchies 5235:Censorship 5220:Government 4801:"Malaysia" 4612:Malay Mail 4586:Malay Mail 4460:Malay Mail 4343:23 October 4039:15 January 4002:4 December 3969:"Malaysia" 3849:9 November 3553:4 November 2912:"Malaysia" 2859:"Religion" 2595:"Malaysia" 2479:References 2473:agama adat 2465:Orang Asal 2429:Langkasuka 2357:See also: 2347:high court 2311:the west. 2275:Bumiputera 2271:Christians 2204:Tamil Nadu 2192:Batu Caves 2170:meditation 2119:Hui people 1958:Langkasuka 1946:Kek Lok Si 1940:Statue of 1831:bumiputera 1653:See also: 1605:Sharia law 1504:Terengganu 1441:Falun Gong 1429:apostatise 1091:Terengganu 205:Shia Islam 7497:Methodist 7375:Adventist 7190:Sukhavana 6917:Theravāda 6904:Keynotes: 6615:Putrajaya 6041:Hong Kong 5995:Palestine 5920:Sri Lanka 5915:Singapore 5795:Indonesia 5494:Squatting 5459:Languages 5427:Education 5371:Transport 5240:Judiciary 5210:Elections 5169:Volcanoes 5139:Mountains 5072:Divisions 5067:Districts 5045:Geography 4317:28 August 4295:28 August 4269:14 August 3843:AlJazeera 3770:. 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