20:
394:
485:
283:
688:
169:
596:
716:
381:) and the main purpose of this is to preserve and develop reindeer husbandry based on its traditions. The agreement is a result of the Norwegian authorities’ views on reindeer herding and especially in relation to the support of the Sámi culture and reindeer husbandry as a Sámi industry. The agreement reflects the political objectives and guidelines for reindeer husbandry.
144:, and that reindeer herding originated in several places simultaneously. Reindeer herders have their own stories about how reindeer were domesticated, and about the relationship between wild and domestic reindeer. Whatever the debate, the very fact of domination of a reindeer led to a reindeer revolution that spread to the North, East, and West.
461:). The reindeer in the concession villages are owned by non-Sámi who also often own the land on which their reindeer graze. However, according to the Reindeer Husbandry Act, the actual reindeer herding in a concession village must be conducted by a Sámi. A reindeer owner in a concession village is not allowed to own more than 30 reindeer.
1011:
773:
continued to be under the care of their former owners and shepherds. Grazing of these deer is comparable to that of other peoples in the south of
Siberia: The small number of reindeer that were owned by the families were milked and used as a means of transport. Deer were highly valued and were not slaughtered for meat.
336:
Reindeer herding is regulated by the New
Norwegian Reindeer Herding Act of 2007. Only specified persons have the right to a reindeer earmark and to conduct reindeer husbandry in the Sámi reindeer herding area. Only a person who is a Sámi and themselves, their parents or their grandparents have or had
711:
collectivization, the nomads forcibly became sedentary, which resulted in the disintegration of social structures and cultural identity. Deer are used for riding and transporting loads and are grazed without dogs. Modern vehicles only partially replaced deer. Evenk reindeer herding serves as a model
471:
is a combination of one to many cuts in a reindeer's ears which all together tells who the reindeer owner is. There are around 20 different approved cuts and in addition some 30 different combinations of cuts, and all those cuts and combinations have their own name. All reindeer in the Sámi reindeer
767:
Reindeer husbandry in China is limited to the territory of one small area in the northeast of the country between 50° and 53° N. Currently 234 Evenk are employed in reindeer husbandry, distributed among 20 families, and about 1,000 deer grazing. These Evenk reindeer herders are what remained of the
586:
and 10% from aid. Only a small part comes from investments and other incomes. Numbers from the same years show that about 40% of the costs are related to herding activities, about 20% of costs to cross country traffic and the rest to damages caused by reindeer, administrative costs, office supplies
723:
Traditionally, the number of deer varied from several head to two or three dozen head per family. Relations with the deer were close, deer were saddled and milked, and the process of domestication continued through the use of millennial techniques, such as the use of salt, smoke to control insects
480:
reindeer are withdrawn from the herd, and before the calving starts, which is usually in May. For each Sámi village, the maximum number of reindeer is decided by the County
Administrative Board and the reindeer are counted each year by the reindeer herders themselves. On the individual level there
803:
people live in the remote, deep forest of northern
Mongolia. They are one of the few remaining tribes of their kind left as modern development makes its way into their remote area; their ancient traditions are now at risk of dying out. Nowadays, there is a little income in the Tsaatan communities
627:
In total, about 200 people are employed in Sámi reindeer herding, still mostly Komi by nationality. The remaining smaller part of reindeer herders are Sámi, Russians and
Ukrainians. Nowadays in Russia about 1,555,300 reindeer graze. The share of private property in reindeer husbandry in the last
455:) has reindeer herding rights, in other words, may engage in reindeer husbandry in the Sámi reindeer herding village to which she/he belongs. The only exception are concession villages, as they engage in reindeer husbandry with special permission from the County Administrative Board (in Swedish:
548:
In the beginning of the 20th century, the number of reindeer in
Finland was slightly over 100,000, and by 1959–1960 it had reached 140,000. During the 1970s and 1980s the number increased rapidly and reached over 250,000 reindeer at a maximum. The number of reindeer in Finland was about 207,000
219:
husbandry were divided by state borders between four states: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia, which led to the destabilization of traditional reindeer husbandry practices. The state borders (in 1852 between Norway and Russia and in 1889 between Sweden and
Finland, then owned by Russia) have
444:), the structural unit of Sámi reindeer herding in Sweden, is divided into 51 Sámi reindeer herding villages which are both economic associations and geographical areas. Of those are 33 mountain and 10 forest Sámi reindeer herding villages, and eight concession Sámi reindeer herding villages.
344:
starts in May, and it fluctuates around 200,000. In Norway, the reindeer numbers were 242,000 in 1990, 172,000 in 2000 and 241,000 in 2007. The most common reasons for these fluctuations include difficult climatic situations during several winters, increasing predation levels and poor pasture
772:
authorities moved these people deep into the country: first to
Alonsohn, then to Monkey, and finally to the settlement of Alougoya. The deer were collectivized in 1967. The state bought out all deer from the reindeer herders and began to pay the shepherds wages despite the fact that the deer
384:
The economic support for the years 2008–2009 amounted to 97 million NOK (10.1 M Euro). The financial support agreement includes activity supports, production bonuses, early slaughter supplements, calf slaughter payments, district support, special transition assistance and other payments.
768:
once large group of Evenk hunters who freely crossed the
Russian-Chinese border. When military operations broke out on the Soviet-Chinese border in the 1960s, this group found itself in the territory of China. Intending to put an end to free migration across the state border, the
555:) regulates the number of reindeer by confirming the largest permissible numbers of living reindeer for each district. If the number of reindeer in a district exceeds the permitted level, the district must reduce the number of its reindeer to below the largest permissible number.
679:. Their number is probably 50,000 people, most of whom live on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), a federal subject of the Russian Federation. Being traditional nomads, they practice traditional types of economy, including reindeer herding and hunting.
523:
Reindeer herding in
Finland is not the prerogative of only ethnic Sámi, and any European Union citizen can engage in this type of farm. However, there are some conditions. The owner of the reindeer must be approved as a member by a reindeer herding district (Finnish:
205:
is an ancient Sámi community system within a designated area but it can also be defined as a working partnership where the members had individual rights to resources but helped each other with the management of the herds, or when hunting and fishing. The
270:. The involvement of young people in Norway and Sweden is hindered by legislative acts, and the lack of pastures and economic opportunities hamper the growth of the industry. The total number of reindeer in the Sámi territory, with the exception of
475:
The number of reindeer in Sweden fluctuates and during the 1900s it has varied between 150,000 and 300,000 reindeer. In Sweden the reindeer numbers were 253,000 in 1995, 221,000 in 2000 and 220,000 in 2007. The number of reindeer is counted after
569:
The vast majority of reindeer owners in Finland practise reindeer husbandry as a supplement to agriculture and forestry. With regard to ethnic groups in Finland, reindeer herding is from the economic point of view the most important for
371:
More than 50% of the costs in the industry in all the six areas of reindeer husbandry are related to the costs of running and maintaining mechanical equipment. Other high costs are related to other equipment and constructions.
574:
people. The annual total revenue from reindeer husbandry in Finland is estimated to be 60 million Euro with the main product being meat. In 1999–2000, 93,000 reindeer were slaughtered, producing 2.1 million kilograms of meat.
619:
as the size of the herds increased. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, reindeer husbandry was neglected. Reindeer husbandry is managed by two state farms and reindeer herders are hired workers of these farms, as in the
472:
husbandry area are marked with the owner's registered earmark by 31 October in the year of its birth. Before an earmark is implemented, it must be approved by the earmark committee consisting of three to five members.
348:
The economic situation for reindeer herders in Norway varies greatly. Modern reindeer herders have to adapt to a wide variety of changes in the local, regional and national economy. Reindeer herding is in terms of
699:, while winter pastures are located in river basins. Hunting for wild deer has traditionally served as a by-catch for reindeer herders and was conducted seasonally by small groups of hunters in river crossings.
558:
The largest permissible number of reindeer owned by a reindeer husbandry entrepreneur is 300 animals in the southern region of the reindeer husbandry area and 500 animals in the northern parts of the area.
428:
Reindeer herding employs about 2,500 people in Sweden and the number of reindeer owners is a total of about 4,600 people. According to figures from 2005, 77% of the country's reindeer are owned by men.
1067:
743:
The industrial development of certain parts of Siberia had catastrophic consequences for some groups of Evenks, and recently this process is gaining momentum due to accelerated extraction of
740:, spread out on 7 million square kilometers. As a result, there are about 20 clearly defined Evenk subgroups, and reindeer herding has become an important indicator of the Evenk identity.
100:(collective farms). A person who conducts reindeer herding is called a reindeer herder and approximately 100,000 people are engaged in reindeer herding today around the circumpolar North.
1037:
Labba, Niklas; Granefjell, Svein Ole; Linder, Björn; Riseth, Jan Åge (2006). "Analyse av den samiske reindriftens økonomiske tilpasning. Reinen, inntektskilde eller kulturforankring?".
360:
Today, the income of individual reindeer herders consists of the production of meat and raw materials such as skins, bones and horns. Additional sources of income include financial
776:
Improving the health status and diversity of the herd, as well as the economic situation of reindeer herders, are the top priorities for this region. The production of
787:
market is the main source of income, and attempts are being made to develop small-scale tourism in the tribal communities located near the largest city in the region,
582:, as they are one of the main attractions for foreign tourists. Numbers from 1994 to 2000 show that 60-80% of reindeer herders' income is from meat and about 10% from
447:
Contemporary reindeer husbandry is regulated by the Swedish reindeer husbandry act. According to this Act, the right to pursue reindeer herding only belongs to the
566:. Instead the reindeer herding district serves as a joint company for the reindeer owners. The district reports all incomes and costs within the district.
1266:
611:
reindeer herders with their 600 deer. Reindeer herding on the basis of semi-grazing was transformed into large-scale farms with a focus on productivity.
108:
The domestication of the reindeer does not lend itself to a simple explanation. There is no doubt that when the glaciers retreated at the end of the
1145:
1075:
545:
In total, there are about 5,600 reindeer herders, most of whom are Finnish by nationality. The number of reindeer owners in Finland is about 6,700.
464:
Concession villages exist only in the Torne Valley (the area on the Swedish side of the river which marks the border between Sweden and Finland).
517:. 13 of the districts are so-called Sámi districts. The districts have strictly defined boundaries and they vary in size and number of reindeer.
950:
425:. The herding area stretches from the border with Finland to the province of Dalarna, covering an area of 226 000 km about 55% of Sweden.
274:, is privately owned, despite the fact that in many aspects the reindeer grazing is carried out collectively within the framework of the Siid.
19:
1304:
37:
are herded by people in a limited area. Currently, reindeer are the only semi-domesticated animal which naturally belong to the
1367:
1312:
520:
The total area of reindeer husbandry in Finland is approximately 33% of the surface of the country or about 122,936 km.
982:
375:
Norway has since 1976, an agreement for reindeer husbandry which is called the Reindeer Husbandry Agreement (Norwegian:
1297:
North and Northerners: The current situation of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of Russia
88:
Reindeer herding is conducted by individuals within some kind of cooperation, in forms such as families, districts,
156:
and mountains, which can only be accessed by helicopter. Reindeer became the preferred vehicle on the expanses of
1292:Север и северяне. Современное положение коренных малочисленных народов Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока России
578:
In addition to meat production, reindeer are also an extremely valuable resource for both summer and winter
112:, people followed reindeer to the North, using traps during the reindeer hunt. Modern archaeological data (
1122:
301:
in southern Norway in special concession areas. There, reindeer herding can also be practiced by non-Sámi
497:
In Finland, reindeer husbandry is practiced through a system of reindeer herding districts (in Finnish:
607:
Sámi in the northwest of Russia underwent a transformation in the 19th century with the arrival of 65
958:
246:
herding. In Norway and Sweden reindeer herding is characterized by large herds and a high degree of
393:
329:. 2936 reindeer herders graze about 240 thousands deer, most of which are based in the province of
305:. The reindeer graze on pastures with an area of approximately 146 thousand km in the provinces of
183:
82:
1044:
1201:
643:
speaking people and can be found in various regions of the Russian Federation: through the Lower
562:
In Finland, reindeer husbandry at the individual level in terms of taxation is not treated as a
484:
648:
583:
563:
365:
322:
1098:
Reindeer Herding, Traditional Knowledge, Adaptation to Climate Change and Loss of Grazing Land
199:(reindeer herding groups) and reindeer were used for transport, milk and meat production. The
468:
1346:
925:
353:
seen as a for-profit-business and for a reindeer herder a common tax form is as a private
8:
510:
109:
1290:
282:
712:
for small-scale reindeer herding where deer are used as vehicles for milk production.
1407:
1308:
1057:
Foreskrifter til Reindriftsavtalen 2008/2009 m.m., Reindriftsforvaltningen, Alta 2008
752:
1375:
418:
1402:
612:
514:
477:
354:
298:
1096:
Magga, Ole Henrik; Mathiesen, Svein D.; Corell, Robert W.; Anders, Anders (2009).
990:
759:
serves as a reminder that reindeer husbandry in these regions may come to an end.
687:
321:, which is 40% of the mainland part of Norway. Reindeer herding is managed by the
290:
In Norway, there are six pasture territories, divided into 77 pasture areas. Only
869:
784:
729:
696:
660:
542:) and must permanently reside in the municipality to which the district belongs.
509:). There are 56 districts in the reindeer husbandry area, 41 of which are in the
340:
The number of reindeer in Norway is calculated after slaughtering but before the
117:
406:
1275:
1173:
821:
401:
In Sweden, reindeer herding is practised almost everywhere in the provinces of
326:
263:
571:
190:
89:
1396:
865:
817:
341:
247:
23:
116:) suggest that domestication may have taken place for the first time in the
849:
837:
825:
608:
604:
549:
reindeer in 2004/2005. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Finnish:
422:
318:
297:
have the right to reindeer husbandry in these areas. The reindeer is also
168:
756:
656:
448:
294:
255:
239:
235:
172:
953:[World Reindeer Husbandry People, Distribution and Challenges].
410:
889:
652:
402:
337:
reindeer herding as their primary occupation qualifies for an earmark.
302:
267:
751:
industry complex. The fate of the Evenk reindeer herders in the Upper
595:
451:
people. Only a person who is member of Sámi reindeer herding village (
877:
736:, Czataans). On the reindeer Evenks traveled along the whole Eastern
616:
361:
58:
1039:
128:, possibly 2–3 thousand years ago. According to another theory, the
873:
744:
725:
715:
676:
664:
330:
314:
306:
243:
216:
149:
125:
113:
78:
66:
34:
1328:
1150:
901:
861:
853:
829:
800:
777:
737:
733:
668:
644:
579:
414:
157:
97:
46:
1014:[Resource accounts for the reindeer husbandry industry]
215:
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the traditional regions of Sámi
1206:
885:
881:
857:
841:
833:
813:
748:
708:
704:
640:
636:
621:
452:
291:
271:
153:
141:
133:
129:
121:
93:
74:
62:
54:
50:
42:
615:
in the 1930s continued the further transformation of reindeer
1114:
905:
893:
845:
788:
769:
700:
672:
310:
194:
137:
70:
38:
1329:"Эвенки - народ, история, традиции, культура, религия, язык"
397:
Reindeer calf marking, Gabna Sámi village in northern Sweden
1036:
897:
781:
259:
251:
145:
1231:
1095:
350:
250:
in all regions. The main product of reindeer herding is
1265:
Jernsletten, Johnny-Leo L.; Klokov, Konstantin (2002).
812:
Besides Sámi and Evenk reindeer herders there are also
728:. Evenk reindeer herding is closely connected with the
1202:"Uppdaterad lagstiftning: Renskötsellag 14.9.1990/848"
977:
975:
537:
504:
467:
Any reindeer has to be marked in the ears. A reindeer
433:
221:
207:
200:
1018:(in Norwegian). Reindriftsforvaltningen. January 2008
951:"Мировое оленеводство Люди, Распространение и Вызовы"
945:
943:
140:) independently domesticated reindeer to the east of
972:
747:, construction of pipelines and development of the
266:are important raw materials for making clothes and
212:could consist of several families and their herds.
41:. Reindeer herding is conducted in nine countries:
1234:[Reindeer Herders' Association, Finland].
940:
152:. The reindeer sleds made accessible areas of the
1264:
1226:
1224:
1394:
1109:
1107:
376:
1268:Sustainable Reindeer Husbandry: Summary Report
1221:
16:Practice of herding reindeer in a limited area
550:
531:
525:
498:
456:
439:
1288:
1104:
488:Basic ear marks for marking Finnish reindeer
323:Norwegian Reindeer Husbandry Administration
1305:Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography
807:
1012:"Ressursregnskap for reindriftsnæringen"
714:
686:
594:
483:
392:
281:
167:
18:
1196:
1194:
325:, which is directly subordinate to the
148:pulled by reindeer appeared later than
1395:
1362:
1360:
1289:Новикова, Н. И.; Функ, Д. А. (2012).
1140:
1138:
481:are no maximum numbers for reindeer.
193:people lived and worked in so-called
77:. A small herd is also maintained in
1191:
1368:"Evenki (Russia): Reindeer Herding"
1068:"Саамы - Россия ~ Reindeer Herding"
928:. The Cairngorm Reindeer Herd. 2018
587:and equipment and other utilities.
413:, and in parts of the provinces of
13:
1357:
1135:
14:
1419:
1255:The Encyclopedia of Saami Culture
691:Reindeer pulling a sleigh, Russia
327:Ministry of Agriculture of Norway
983:"Sámi: Norway, Reindeer Herding"
804:because of tourism in Mongolia.
628:decade has grown significantly.
513:and the remaining 15 are in the
103:
1347:"Китай - Национальность Эвенки"
1339:
1321:
1282:
1258:
1249:
1166:
695:Summer pastures are located on
639:are the most widespread of the
1089:
1060:
1051:
1030:
1004:
918:
229:
132:(the ancestors of the present
1:
911:
671:(Yakutia); they also live in
552:Maa- ja metsätalousministeriö
176:
1074:(in Russian). Archived from
957:(in Russian). Archived from
732:reindeer herding (Todzhans,
703:is of key importance to the
7:
794:
682:
10:
1424:
1146:"Rennäringslag (1971:437)"
492:
286:Reindeer herding in Norway
1123:Sámi Parliament of Sweden
631:
603:Reindeer breeding of the
590:
388:
277:
762:
719:Reindeer milking, Russia
707:culture. As a result of
432:The Sámi village (Sámi:
83:Cairngorms National Park
1232:"Paliskuntain yhdistys"
667:, North-West and South
538:
505:
434:
222:
208:
201:
163:
1303:(in Russian). Moscow:
808:Other reindeer herders
720:
692:
649:Evenk Autonomous Okrug
600:
551:
532:
526:
499:
489:
457:
440:
398:
377:
287:
186:
27:
780:for marketing on the
718:
690:
675:and a small group in
598:
487:
396:
285:
220:divided the reindeer
171:
65:(the United States),
22:
1178:www.lansstyrelsen.se
724:and protection from
1372:reindeerherding.org
1072:reindeerherding.org
987:reindeerherding.org
955:reindeerherding.org
647:valley through the
564:for-profit-business
511:Province of Lapland
721:
693:
601:
599:Archangel reindeer
490:
399:
288:
187:
28:
1314:978-5-4211-0071-3
753:Bureysky District
378:Reindriftsavtalen
1415:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1374:. Archived from
1364:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1302:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1151:Sveriges Riksdag
1142:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1100:. Ealat Project.
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1045:Sámi Instituhtta
1043:(in Norwegian).
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
989:. Archived from
979:
970:
969:
967:
966:
947:
938:
937:
935:
933:
922:
613:Collectivization
554:
541:
535:
529:
515:Province of Oulu
508:
502:
460:
443:
437:
380:
225:
211:
204:
181:
178:
31:Reindeer herding
1423:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1351:Wonderful China
1345:
1344:
1340:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1300:
1287:
1283:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1127:
1125:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1005:
996:
994:
981:
980:
973:
964:
962:
949:
948:
941:
931:
929:
924:
923:
919:
914:
810:
797:
785:pharmacological
765:
685:
661:Khabarovsk Krai
634:
593:
495:
391:
280:
242:are engaged in
232:
179:
166:
118:Sayan Mountains
106:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1389:
1388:
1356:
1338:
1320:
1313:
1281:
1276:Arctic Council
1257:
1248:
1236:paliskunnat.fi
1220:
1190:
1165:
1134:
1121:(in Swedish).
1103:
1088:
1059:
1050:
1029:
1003:
971:
939:
916:
915:
913:
910:
886:Inupiaq Eskimo
809:
806:
796:
793:
764:
761:
684:
681:
633:
630:
592:
589:
494:
491:
419:Västernorrland
390:
387:
279:
276:
238:, about 6,500
231:
228:
184:Wilhelm Peters
165:
162:
105:
102:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1420:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1378:on 2018-05-29
1377:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1353:(in Russian).
1352:
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1380:. Retrieved
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1333:nazaccent.ru
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1182:. Retrieved
1180:(in Swedish)
1177:
1174:"Norrbotten"
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1154:(in Swedish)
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1126:. Retrieved
1118:
1115:"Sametinget"
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1080:. Retrieved
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858:Tozha Tuvans
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345:conditions.
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188:
110:last Ice Age
107:
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30:
29:
932:19 February
878:Greenlandic
757:Amur Oblast
657:Amur Oblast
533:renbeteslag
530:, Swedish:
478:slaughtered
438:, Swedish:
268:handicrafts
254:. However,
236:Scandinavia
230:Scandinavia
180: 1900
175:in Norway,
173:Sámi people
142:Lake Baikal
1397:Categories
1382:2018-05-07
1242:2022-03-14
1214:2022-03-14
1184:2022-03-14
1128:2022-03-14
1119:Sametinget
1082:2018-05-29
997:2018-05-07
965:2018-05-07
912:References
890:Inuvialuit
697:watersheds
653:Irkutskaya
527:paliskunta
500:paliskunta
403:Norrbotten
303:Norwegians
926:"History"
880:herders,
726:predators
617:husbandry
423:Gävleborg
362:subsidies
319:Trøndelag
150:dog sleds
59:Greenland
26:in Russia
1408:Reindeer
1158:14 March
1022:14 March
874:Scottish
870:Nganasan
795:Mongolia
745:minerals
734:Tofalars
701:Nomadism
677:Mongolia
665:Buryatia
624:period.
536:, Sámi:
506:bálgosat
503:, Sámi:
411:Jämtland
351:taxation
331:Finnmark
315:Nordland
307:Finnmark
244:reindeer
217:reindeer
126:Mongolia
120:between
114:rock art
98:sovkhozy
79:Scotland
67:Mongolia
35:reindeer
33:is when
1403:Herding
902:Negidal
862:Tofalar
854:Yukagir
822:Chukchi
801:Tsaatan
778:antlers
770:Chinese
755:of the
738:Siberia
645:Yenisey
580:tourism
539:bálggos
493:Finland
469:earmark
415:Dalarna
342:calving
196:siiddat
158:Eurasia
47:Finland
1311:
1299:]
1207:Finlex
1040:Dieđut
894:Uil’ta
882:Chuvan
866:Selkup
842:Dolgan
834:Khanty
830:Koryak
818:Nenets
749:timber
709:Soviet
683:Russia
641:Tungus
637:Evenki
632:Evenki
622:Soviet
591:Russia
453:Sameby
441:Sameby
421:, and
409:, and
389:Sweden
292:ethnic
278:Norway
272:Russia
262:, and
154:tundra
134:Evenks
130:Tungus
122:Russia
75:Canada
63:Alaska
55:Russia
51:Sweden
43:Norway
1301:(PDF)
1295:[
1272:(PDF)
1016:(PDF)
906:Soyot
850:Enets
846:Dukha
838:Mansi
814:Yakut
789:Genhe
782:Asian
763:China
730:Sayan
705:Evenk
673:China
669:Sakha
435:siida
311:Troms
264:horns
260:bones
256:skins
223:siids
209:siida
202:siida
146:Sleds
138:Evens
94:Yakut
71:China
39:North
1309:ISBN
1160:2022
1024:2022
934:2018
904:and
898:Kets
876:and
826:Komi
799:The
655:and
609:Komi
605:Kola
572:Sámi
449:Sámi
364:and
317:and
299:bred
295:Sámi
252:meat
240:Sámi
191:Sámi
189:The
164:Sámi
136:and
124:and
92:and
90:Sámi
73:and
659:to
234:In
81:'s
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