Reichsautobahn - Knowledge

1307: 1331: 296: 1145:

treads of armored vehicles would severely damage the roadway. He also regarded the light-colored concrete that was to be used for the roadways as a guide for enemy aircraft (beginning in 1937, the surface was tinted black for this reason, which distressed Hitler) and the planned large viaducts as tempting targets, "like honey to wasps". Border segments that could have been useful at the start of the war had not been completed because of earlier fears that enemies would use them to invade, and weight testing was not performed until March 1939. The German military rarely used the autobahns for troop movements (one of the exceptions being transporting flak units); they were used much more extensively at war's end by the advancing Allies, who did indeed damage them in the process. In fact as the war continued, fuel shortages led the German military to make increasing use of horses rather than motorized transportation.

644: 1377: 22: 620: 1080: 632: 1498: 821: 1361: 1071:

factor). Numerous celebrations all over the Reich kept the project in the public eye. It was therefore logical from the point of view of the regime that the majority of funding came from the employment department. Todt had foreseen the creation of at least 600,000 jobs. However, autobahn employment peaked in 1936 at 124,483 directly employed in construction and a similar number in the supply chain, so that the autobahn never directly or indirectly employed more than 250,000 workers. Rearmament was responsible for a far greater share of unemployment reduction, and the peak years of autobahn employment came long after the first two years of Nazi rule, when the need for jobs was most urgent.

863: 402:. There after further speeches, Hitler was to inaugurate work on the autobahn system with the first ceremonial shoveling of dirt to form the base of an embankment. However, as Todt described the scene in an illustrated album published in 1935, "again and again his shovel plunged into the mound . This was no symbolic shoveling; this was real construction work!" Two of the workers "sprang ... to help him", and they worked "until the mound had been dealt with in an orderly fashion and ... the first drops of sweat were dripping from his brow onto the earth." The image of Hitler shoveling was used many times in propaganda, including superimposed on the workers' march in 890: 840: 525:

two hours' march from the camp, and had no access to food or water. The pressure on the workers was considerable, especially after Hitler publicly alluded in 1937 to the objective of completing 1,000 km (620 mi) a year. After mid-1936, workdays lasting 11 to 12 hours were the norm. There was a high incidence of back injuries to men who were unaccustomed to physical work after long unemployment and in many cases undernourished. Numerous accidents occurred, some fatal, due to the rapid pace of work, exhaustion, and unfamiliarity with heavy machinery; after the first five years, one worker died per 6 km (3.7 mi) completed.

414: 676:, celebrated on 23 September 1940, the seventh anniversary of Hitler's opening of the project. Work on approximately 3,000 km (1,900 mi) had begun but remained unfinished; of this, work had stopped on approximately 1,000 km (620 mi) in October 1940. Completion of the 4,000th kilometer was foreseen and a medallion designed to celebrate it, but that milestone was never reached. The engineers were put to work restoring bridges in the occupied territories and later, converting rail tracks in the USSR to 1182:, led to increasing dominance of the view that the autobahns should provide, as Emil Maier-Dorn put it in 1938, "not the shortest but, rather, the most sublime connection between two points". By 1939 and possibly earlier, sinuous forms predominated. Although Todt had hired Seifert and his landscapers in order to ensure the "German character" of the autobahn, he initially favored the railroad engineers' views on layout; the decisive factor was cost, namely the reduction in the number of embankments and bridges needed. 42: 100:") and presented as a major contribution to the reduction of unemployment. Other reasons for the project included enabling Germans to explore and appreciate their country, and there was a strong aesthetic element to the execution of the project under the Third Reich; military applications, although to a lesser extent than has often been thought; a permanent monument to the Third Reich, often compared to the pyramids; and general promotion of motoring as a modernization that in itself had military applications. 1199:(the beautiful road under construction and in use); the only criticism of the picture was that the contrast between the light-colored road and the landscape was too harsh, illustrating the strong desire for harmony between the highway and its surroundings. In fact this entire 125 km (78 mi) segment epitomizes planning to maximize aesthetic appreciation of the landscape. Todt, who was credited with choosing the route, described it as an orchestrated experience culminating in the surprise view of the 1041:(equivalent to €26 billion in 2021), of which 4.6 billion RM was still owed, almost 74% to the employment department. Costs were inflated by the aesthetic requirements, by shortages of raw materials, by the need to repair work that had been performed poorly under time pressure, and by the initial failure to include in the cost estimates connector roads between the autobahns and existing roads. In post-war Germany, opinions of the Reichsautobahn included recognizing that it had been a 965:), and diagonal connections between Berlin and Hamburg and Breslau. HAFRABA's main north–south route was truncated; it was only completed in 1962. However, in addition to the extension of plans into the former Austria, as territories were added to the Reich during the early phases of the war, Reichsautobahn planning was extended to include them. Autobahn engineers went into Poland before the invasion was complete, Hitler ordered the incorporation of a highway reaching from Aachen through 1203:, where "nyone who has a proper feel for this landscape ... turns off the motor and silently glides down the three-kilometer-long slope to the southern shore of the lake, where a bathing beach, parking places, or the invite you to stay and rest"; and according to Seifert, of the 13 possibilities for the continuation from the Chiemsee down to the Salzburg plain, the engineers had selected the only one that " the impossible possible" by "continu ... on another level". 1059: 660: 1088:

program as the third on his list of four means of realizing it. Weimar Germany was car-mad, and the number of private vehicles had increased from 130,346 in 1924 to 489,270 in 1932, but the percentage of car owners lagged behind that in other European countries, not to mention the U.S. This was still true in 1937; at best, most Germans could afford a motorbike, not a car, and the following year the highway commissioner of the State of

1239:, in the median. In fact the driver's experience of the forest, assigned symbolic importance in German Romanticism and particularly under the Nazis, was maximized by avoiding straightaways in forested areas so that the driver remained enclosed by the trees as long as possible. To some extent the autobahn landscapers were influenced in this emphasis on the natural environment by the American parkways; Todt had a 1934 1255:'s southern stretches. But the Reichsautobahn aimed for a more natural, less parklike view from the road, and although in both countries using natively occurring plants in highway landscaping was important, the Americans selectively emphasized those with an attractive appearance. Also, the autobahn was at the time presented, by Todt and others, as an improvement to the natural landscape; Todt refused to avoid the 1279:(road governance stations) at roughly 50 to 100 km (31 to 62 mi) intervals maintained the highway and assisted motorists in trouble. These were usually located near settlements, where they provided jobs for 15 to 20 people. The first filling stations were located in the triangle formed by the exit and access lanes, and were of simple, modern design, most of them built to a few standardized designs; the 529:

far superior pay and working conditions. The policy of minimizing the use of machinery was reversed and pay was increased, those unemployed who refused assignment to the autobahn were punished by suspension of benefits for up to 12 weeks, and after the annexation of Austria and of the Sudetenland, workers from there were almost immediately put to work on the autobahn, but increasingly the project used

1149:

Intelligence report noted that sections that would have been militarily useful were not completed and that some completed sections were not apparently used during the war. The project did, however, develop logistical skills and technology that were used for military purposes, notably in the building of the Westwall under Todt's supervision, and it disguised the development of those resources.

1521:, who was hired in 1934 to oversee bridge design on the Reichsautobahn, wrote a few months before that they should be as unnoticeable as possible, minimal in mass and in obstruction of view. Like the rest stops, they were also designed to reflect local building styles and materials. One exception that proved the rule was the bare steel bridges spanning the 508:. To avoid a recurrence of such problems, a policy was put in place of investigating men for political reliability before they were hired for work on the autobahn, access to the workers' camps was restricted, a surveillance network was instituted in which the Gestapo participated increasingly, and the few SA members among the workers were organized into 1330: 431:("work battle"), which also included construction of dams and residences and agricultural work. Autobahn work sites had been established at 22 locations, governed by 9 regional work divisions (which became 15 by mid-1934), distributed throughout the Reich for maximum public visibility, and work was ceremonially initiated at 15 of the sites. At 514:("construction storms") that provided both example and intimidation at work sites. There were nonetheless several further strikes in 1935, and increasing numbers of fires were ascribed to sabotage by disgruntled workers. Todt attempted to make worker housing into "worthy lodgings", and had camps specially built, beginning with a model camp at 486:). However, the emphasis on east–west connections and on attracting foreign tourists and promoting automobile touring meant that the completed sections did not constitute a useful network for freight transportation until 1937. In 1938, construction priorities shifted with the preparation for war. Todt was given responsibility for building the 466:(now Wrocław, Poland), five segments being opened to traffic that day. 2,000 km (1,200 mi) were completed by the end of 1937, and 3,000 km (1,900 mi) by the end of 1938, when the planned network was also extended from 7,000 km (4,300 mi) to 12,000 km (7,500 mi) after the annexation of Austria and the 1631:

city—often including the heraldic animal or complete coat of arms—imposing sculptures were planned for many such exits, usually involving eagles towering above the road, as in Bestelmeyer's sketch for the entrance to Heidelberg and Speer's 1936 design for a dramatic gateway at the border near Salzburg.

1418:(The Road), which opened in Munich in 1934 and in which the autobahns were presented in artworks as the culmination of the history of human roadbuilding. This exhibition was subsequently shown in Berlin and Breslau, and other exhibitions occurred later in, for example, Prague (1940) and Budapest (1942). 1760:

in 1938 of autobahn driving as overwhelmingly passive: "It is a mark of how passive we are, of how much the sweep of road affects our senses, that the relationship between driver and road seems to be reversed. The road takes the active role, moving toward us quickly and smoothly, ... sucking the

1553:

Subsequently, the preferred style for the large bridges evolved away from this modern form toward viaducts derived from Roman bridges, which had a more imposing mass, allowed the reflection of regional building styles in their use of stone and brick, and embodied the Nazi claim to be the heirs to the

1227:

arena below it. Similarly, bridges were to avoid the "inorganic architecture" of the 19th century associated with the Reichsbahn, and were not to obtrude into the motorist's view with high arches, so they were almost unnoticeable from the highway, and therefore viewing platforms were provided so that

1135:

Motorization clearly had a military application, providing trucks and drivers that could be used by the military. In addition, Todt's report cited troop transportation as a reason to develop highways: he stated that using 100,000 requisitioned vehicles, it would be possible to transport 300,000 shock

528:

As the economy improved and the rearmament effort accelerated, it became impossible to find enough workers; they were for a while brought in from the big cities where unemployment remained highest, primarily Hamburg and Berlin, but in 1937 full employment was achieved, and armaments factories offered

1733:

Foreign visitors reported generally favorably on the autobahns, particularly the foreign press in Germany for the 1936 Olympics; in October 1937 it was noted that an English visitor had remarked on the "real democracy" at an autobahn work site, and in September 1936 the former British Prime Minister

1409:

One aspect of this was the sheer size of the project, which was constantly presented to the public not only by ceremonies starting work on and opening segments, but by radio broadcasts (including at least two dramas as well as informational broadcasts and coverage of ceremonies), posters, postcards,

1405:

They were frequently classed as a wonder of the modern world and especially compared to the Egyptian pyramids. For example, Emil Maier-Dorn wrote: "The Reichsautobahn must become, like the Great Wall of China, like the Acropolis of the Athenians, like the pyramids of Egypt, a tower on the landscape

917:

The specifications for the autobahns were based on those developed by HAFRABA. They were designed as four-lane limited-access highways, with a central median, road surfaces in each direction normally 24 m (79 ft) wide (widened on some major segments immediately before the war), surfaced in

524:

entertainment, books, and propaganda movies were also provided from that point on. One worker wrote in 1975 of the camp where he had lived in 1937 that he would still describe the living conditions as "absolutely model". However, conditions remained very poor. Work sites were often remote, as far as

457:

Despite initial promises that the first segment would open in September 1934, to coincide with the one-year anniversary of the ground-breaking and with the 7th International Road Congress, this did not happen until 19 May 1935, when the 22 km (14 mi) stretch between Frankfurt and Darmstadt

1613:

by Bonatz. In addition to the self-image of modernity, another reason for this was the enormous cost of stone construction in man-hours and in material; so much masonry construction was carried out in the Third Reich that shortages occurred. Hence many of the viaducts were in simplified, modernized

1105:

car, for the Nazi recreation organization) was developed and marketed in association with the autobahn to promote car ownership; Hitler first publicly called for its development at the opening of the first Reichsautobahn segment. The war effort put an end to efforts at mass motorization, as savings

1020:

When construction was stopped, of the 3,870 km (2,400 mi) of completed highway segments, approximately 80% was surfaced in concrete, approximately 10% paved, and the remaining 10% surfaced with asphalt. This compared to approximately 565 km (351 mi) of concrete-surfaced roads in

499:

Working conditions were hard and the pay very low, because it was based on the lowest local wage and unlike unemployment payments did not include an allowance for living expenses. There was also no payment until winter 1938 for bad weather days when work could not take place. Workers were initially

358:

in 1924. They were to be "the Führer's roads", a myth promoted by Todt himself, who coined the phrase and warned close associates not to "in any way the impression arise that I built the autobahns. They are to be reckoned as simply and solely the Führer's roads." Hof, an enthusiastic party member,

274:

However, HAFRABA was never able to surmount the logistical problems of building a highway through many different jurisdictions, or the funding problems of such a large undertaking. Moreover, legislators condemned it as a luxury project that would benefit only the few wealthy enough to own cars; the

1630:

In addition, the Reichsautobahn was to have had a large amount of monumental sculpture. The viewing platforms from which travelers could admire the bridges often had obelisks or columns topped with eagles and swastikas. In addition to the large signs on the bridges immediately before the exit to a

1263:

was designed to be narrow and unobtrusive. Cost had the opposite effect with respect to plantings than it did with respect to curves: the Reichsautobahn landscapers had performed pioneering analyses of local ecosystems that led them to plant intensively in order to reconstruct what they determined

709:

A speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph) had been imposed in May 1939 to save fuel; during the war this was lowered to 80 km/h (50 mph), and private cars were allowed on the autobahns only in exceptional circumstances. (By 1943, traffic was so low that bicycles were permitted.) Other

671:

After the war began in September 1939, a further 560 km (350 mi) of autobahn were completed, bringing the total to 3,870 km (2,400 mi), before work ceased almost entirely in late 1941 with the worsening of the war situation in Russia. This included the connection of the Avus to

1087:

Another important reason for building highways was to motorize Germany. This accorded with the Nazis' self-presentation as modernizers. On 11 February 1933, at the Berlin Motor Show, Hitler had already presented promotion of motoring as an important objective, and named an extensive road-building

1397:

Probably most importantly, the autobahns were created as a monument to the Third Reich, both internally and internationally; in the words of historian Thomas Zeller, "to symbolize power and the conquest of space". Todt insisted that they always be referred to as the Reichsautobahns, never simply

1299:

Disney World". Seifert went so far as to write in 1941 that the rest stops should reflect their locations "not only in material and form, but also in their interiors, their dishware, their decorations ... right up to the check and the music". However, the Alpine style tended to predominate.

1206:

Both the hilltop rest stop at the Irschenberg and the rest stop at the Chiemsee were in accordance with general practice on the Reichsautobahn: the highway detoured from the direct route to provide access to cultural sights and views, and rest stops and filling stations were constructed at these

1512:

wrote in 1937, the autobahns, despite their magnitude, were "rather flat". Photomontages attempted to impress upon the public the sheer volume of earth moved and materials used to build them, but the primary means of demonstrating the monumentality of the achievement were bridges and sculpture.

1170:(Reich supervisor of landscape protection). Seifert called for architects, rural planners, plant sociology experts and ecologists to contribute to the effort, and maps were made of the native vegetation with the intention of preserving it and providing a "genuine" experience of the landscape. A 1148:

It was once common to consider military applications as having been the true main reason the Nazis constructed autobahns, but historians now generally agree that this was an exaggeration. Foreigners suggested a covert military purpose for the Reichsautobahns as early as 1934, but a 1946 British

1144:

and a Nazi Party member, wrote several pieces beginning in fall 1933 in which he contested Todt's report, with respect to strategic applications pointing out that road vehicles had less than a third of the weight capacity of railroad freight wagons, in addition to which the steel wheel-rims and

1070:

and Nazi reduction of unemployment in general and emphasized the project's role. This included misleading graphs and exaggerated statistics. For the first two years of construction, mechanization was avoided so far as possible in order to create more work (although lack of machinery was also a

571:

that housed recalcitrant workers on the autobahn as well as the Westwall; in all, 50 forced labor camps were established for Reichsautobahn workers, and transferred to regular SS use when construction stopped. In fall 1940, an internal report counted approximately 62,600 workers engaged on the

1706:, an unfinished pillar now serves as a climbing rock for alpinists. Although protected as a monument, apart from signs against damage to property, even today there is no memorial plaque commemorating the Reichsautobahn route, which ended as a ruin and was completely suppressed for many years. 445:

at Finowfurth near Berlin, for example. A monument in the highway median at Unterhaching later commemorated the event: it took the form of a cylinder inscribed with Hitler's command and the date and surmounted by shovels in the manner of weapons on a military monument. 15,000 workers were now

1270:

All advertising was banned on the Reichsautobahn. Instead of advertising signs, noticeboards to be used to alert drivers to telephone messages were placed on the median near exits. The Reichsautobahn and its innkeeping subsidiary retained all commercial rights in a strip extending 500 m

1177:

Nonetheless, the first completed segments were based on the HAFRABA plans and thus consisted of straightaways 4 to 5 km (2.5 to 3.1 mi) long joined by curves that were arcs of circles, as in railroads; the minimum radius of the curves was defined in planning documents (2,000 m

1194:

to the south. A rest stop was located there. (The Irschenberg autobahn segment was one of those that limited the usefulness of the highways for freight transport, and with the increase in traffic after the war it became a notorious bottleneck and accident site. Many such segments have been

1287:

designed two. Beginning in 1936–37, they were relocated to the side of the road where there was more space, and developed from purely utilitarian service stations into rest stops with overnight accommodation intended to be attractive to the driver. Both the rest stops and the less visible

250:, in addition to plans for networks totaling 15,000 km (9,300 mi) or 22,500 km (14,000 mi) in length. In 1930 the Ministry of Transportation became involved in trying to establish guidelines for the building of a highway network. Most notably, the organization known as 365:(in charge of construction) and of Todt's office (in charge of planning but also of all roads in the Reich) exemplified the growth of central authorities in the Third Reich and inevitably led to conflicts, but only on 1 January 1941 was the Gesellschaft Reichsautobahnen removed from the 1032:

The Reichsautobahn was initially to be financed by a road use tax, but in 1936 this was rejected and instead fuel taxes were raised and car owners taxed. In addition, the Reichsbahn and the national bank provided loans. However, approximately 60% of the financing came from the

1532:

The relatively few large bridges were major design statements; Todt wrote in 1937 that they "should not be for 1940, nor yet for 2000, but ... should extend their dominating presence, like the cathedrals of our past, into future millennia." The first of these was the

1306: 862: 2534: 1516:

Because it had no intersections, the autobahn required a huge number of bridges and underpasses. These were initially purely utilitarian in design, but after inspecting the first completed stretch, Todt sought to give them a more unified and aesthetic appearance.

1092:

observed, "Germany has the roads while we have the traffic." Car ownership was a "powerful public desire". Motoring and the use of the autobahn for outings were heavily promoted. German manufacturers produced touring buses for the non-car-owning public, and the

1702:. After the Second World War, a different route was chosen. There are almost a dozen unfinished structures on the old route, most of them in the forest. In Rupboden, a district road crosses under the overgrown route, which is still clearly visible today. Near 706:, president of the Interior Ministry, commented that the Germans' methods were "un-Christian and inhumane" and Slovakia would have to find another way. The visitors understood that Jews in Poland lived under conditions that would eventually cause mass death. 271:, who had been inspired by the Italian highways, and projected a north–south highway to be expanded into a network. Detailed engineering specifications were prepared, bound in 70 volumes, and this planning would form the basis of the Reichsautobahn network. 1360: 287:, the German national railroad, which feared highways would take some of its freight business. Even the association of German car manufacturers did not support highway projects; they were concerned that long-distance driving would overtax their vehicles. 1764:

After the war, with the exception of the parkway aesthetic, the Reichsautobahn became the model for highways in other countries, and the practical experience gained—in logistics, mechanized construction, and bridge-building—was also used by others.

1593:

and by rearmament and war; there was also a near failure of a continuously welded bridge, which had to be quietly reinforced and led to mistrust of steel construction. Many later bridges had a reinforced concrete core clad in stonework or brick.

1292:

were designed to reflect local architecture, to guard against the danger of the autobahn acting as a homogenizing influence. So, for example, the Chiemsee rest stop took the form of an Alpine chalet. The result has been described as "a kind of

496:. In addition, Hitler ordered important sections of the autobahns to be widened, from 24 m (79 ft) to 26.5 m (87 ft) and ultimately to 28.5 m (94 ft), which further diverted resources from building new sections. 359:

resigned on 22 December 1934; the editor of the HAFRABA magazine, Kurt Kaftan, had caused a political problem by presenting Hof as the originator of the idea, or jointly responsible for it with Hitler. The overlapping responsibilities of the

354:, the Mayor of Frankfurt, was Jewish, which provided the Nazis with a reason to take it over. The autobahn was presented to the German public as Hitler's idea: he was represented as having sketched out the future network of highways while in 1545:

that spanned the valley on two double pylons of reinforced concrete. Built in 1934–36, this served as the model for several subsequent autobahn bridges, and a model of one of the huge pylons dominated the Reichsautobahn exhibit at the

2856:

However, Shand, p. 191, states that by 1936 direct employment on Reichsautobahn construction was 130,000, plus 270,000 in ancillary occupations such as materials, and credits the project with significant contributions to alleviating

164:

using prisoners of war, but it was not completed and officially opened until 1921. This was originally intended as a race track and was used for testing vehicles and road surfaces, but it had many of the characteristics of the later

2911:, pp. 202–03. One analyst has suggested the underlying impetus behind the goal of motorization and the building of the autobahns was simply that Hitler preferred driving over flying and taking trains: Spotts, pp. 387–88. 701:

for Slovakia, invited Slovak government officials to tour several Reichsautobahn camps in Upper East Silesia. During the trip, the Reichsautobahn made inquiries about the use of Slovak Jews on its construction projects. However,

1271:(550 yd) in either direction from the highway; gasoline was bought in bulk and sold by the Reichsautobahn, so that there were no brand names on the filling stations, and station attendants trained at a special school at 1157:

A purpose for the project that increasingly came to the fore was to unify Germany, by enabling Germans to explore it and appreciate its beauty; including the new territories that had been added to the Reich under the Nazis;

820: 331:

on 11 February, Hitler presented it as a necessity and as the future measure of a people, as railroads had been in the past. A law establishing the Reichsautobahn project under that name was passed on 27 June 1933, and the

1174:(counsel for the landscape) was appointed in each construction district to ensure minimum harm, and in 1935 Hitler temporarily stopped work on the Berlin - Munich autobahn near Bayreuth because of harm to the landscape. 1646:

executed and exhibited in 1938–39 the model for a gigantic monument to Reichsautobahn workers, 17 m (56 ft) high, consisting of three naked workers straining to move a boulder up a slope in a manner recalling

1178:(2,200 yd), less in mountainous terrain, down to 400 m (440 yd)). A debate spearheaded by Seifert, who argued that straight stretches were "unnatural" and moreover would lead to accidents through 1264:

would have been naturally present at the site, but at the end of 1936, as a result of cost overruns as well as his personal philosophy, Todt severely curtailed plantings, calling for an emphasis on open views.

839: 1259:, a protected conservation area, arguing not only that the area should be opened up for visits but that the road would make it more beautiful. This was not the policy in the U.S., where, most famously, the 1215:(now Góra Świętej Anny, Poland), while the highway was kept a respectful distance away, a parking lot was provided from which motorists could make the ten-minute walk to the mausoleum of the members of the 1189:

on the autobahn from Munich to the Austrian border, where instead of passing through the valley, the highway was routed in a curving path up the hill to the summit, from which there was a full view of the

500:

housed in barracks, barns, industrial buildings, and tents, and complained about the work, the conditions, and the pay. On 18 October 1934, the workers on the Hamburg-Bremen segment of the autobahn at

889: 2567:

Another reason was the unacceptably high accident rate after the regime initially suspended all speed limits with the introduction of the unified Reich Highway Code in 1934: Bernhard Rieger,

1231:

Mitigating damage to the environment was a concern, as part of creating an authentic experience of the landscape, which was to unroll like a movie from the motorist's perspective. The

3945:

Der Kampf um die Autobahnen. Geschichte und Entwicklung des Autobahngedankens in Deutschland von 1907–1935 unter Berücksichtigung ähnlicher Pläne und Bestrebungen im übrigen Europa

563:, that foreign visitors would see the necessary armed guards and form a bad impression; previously they had been used only at remote locations such as quarries. In October 1939 an 215:, could be credited as having built an autobahn before Hitler. The "Opladen bypass" between Cologne and Düsseldorf was also built in 1931–33. Adenauer also began construction of a 4180: 726:

were bombed. As the war progressed, vehicles were at risk of strafing by Allied aircraft. However, most damage to the autobahns was caused late in the war by the retreating

572:

autobahn, of whom approximately 21,900 were contract workers, 300 women, 28,600 prisoners including prisoners of war, 1,100 Poles, 5,700 Czechs, and 4,700 other foreigners.

446:

engaged; however, at several of the work sites, the men were immediately sent home because mechanized excavations and other preparation had to be done first. According to a

1267:

From the 1950s through the 1970s there was a broad-based movement in West Germany to remove trees from beside the autobahns as a danger, greatly changing their appearance.

425:

Preparatory work at several sites was done over the following winter, but full-scale construction officially began on 21 March 1934, as the showpiece of the opening of the

2966:

Angela Schumacher, "'Vor uns die endlosen Straßen, vor uns die lockende, erregende Ferne ...': 'Vom Tanken und Rasten auf Entdeckerfahrt durch deutsche Lande'", in:

462:. Two further segments opened that year, a total of 108 km (67 mi). The celebration of the first 1,000 km (620 mi) took place on 27 September 1936 at 710:

than official traffic, which picked up toward the end of the war, the autobahns were used for some deliveries of tank parts and finished U-boats and motor-boats, and as

219:

encircling Cologne, which was more in accord with demand at the time. According to a 1936–37 traffic survey, the highest road traffic was still around the major cities.

619: 643: 3323:

Kurt H. Lang and Rainer Stommer, "'Deutsche Künstler—an die Front des Straßenbaues!': Fallstudie zur nationalsozialistischen Bildgattung 'Autobahnmalerei'", in

1667:. This route was based on the planning of the HaFraBa association. However, the route between Hamburg and Hanover was not continued after the war as planned between 470:. A second inaugural ceremony for the first autobahn construction on formerly Austrian soil took place on 7 April 1938, with Hitler shoveling dirt into a decorated 454:

and 700 on a 7 km (4.3 mi) stretch between Munich and the border were actually active. GEZUVOR presented its 788 volumes of plans to Todt on 1 June 1934.

1750:

described them as "needlessly grandiose but most impressive. Efficiently made and more efficiently managed, they somehow reduce the individual to insignificance."

1366:

Motorway exit signpost (traced). The hand-painted panels made of wood and plywood had the basic color of blue shade RAL 32 h. This corresponds to today's RAL 5002.

1195:

straightened and in some cases the highway has been relocated.) In 1936 Otto Illauer's view of this stretch of highway won first prize in the photography contest

1463:

from earlier in the same year includes chase scenes on the autobahn, and some 50 short films were made about the project, including both technical films such as

441:" ("Begin!") This was broadcast nationwide on the radio, after which his representatives opened work with the first shoveling of dirt at the other 14 locations: 559:

workers, and during the war increasing numbers of prisoners of war were used. The war also removed the main obstacle to using prison inmates and Jews from the

3233:

Thomas Zeller, "'The Landscape's Crown': Landscape, Perceptions, and Modernizing Effects of the German Autobahn System, 1934 to 1941", in David E. Nye, ed.,

1895: 798:, on the inner German border, was not replaced until the 1960s. The debris of the destroyed bridges still lies below the rebuilt series of viaducts at the 1902:, ed. Hans-Liudger Dienel and Hans-Ulrich Schiedt, Beiträge zur Historischen Verkehrsforschung des Deutschen Museums 11, Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2010, 107:, and work officially began simultaneously at multiple sites throughout the Reich the following spring. The first finished stretch, between Frankfurt and 1721:

in September 1941. Some crossing bridges are still in use today. In the 1950s, this motorway was completed and has been part of the European Route 47 (

609:

in 1938 resulted in an extension of the previously Vienna-centered road system and major planning and construction efforts in the Alpine regions. The

183:

and the northern Italian lakes, the first true motorway in the world. In 1929–32, a highway some 20 km (12 mi) long that also resembled the

1571: 759: 1555: 1426: 1251:

to study them, about the same time that the Westchester County Parks Commission (WCPC) was partly overseeing the construction of what is today the

1066:

Reduction of unemployment was presented as the main reason for the Reichsautobahn project, and propaganda both used the autobahn to represent the

4285: 4002:

Erhard Schütz. "'Verankert fest im Kern des Bluts': Die Reichsautobahn—mediale Visionen einer organischen Moderne im 'Dritten Reich'". In:

1771:

realized the benefits of the Reichsautobahn during his time as an officer in the US Army, and as president, used those ideas to bring about the

922:

as much as possible, to no more than 8%, and curves were to fall within a range of 600 m (660 yd) and 1,800 m (2,000 yd) in

344:(Inspector-General for the German Road System) on 30 June. HAFRABA and other organizations were folded into the planning arm, known as GEZUVOR ( 295: 80:, and two had been constructed, but work had yet to start on long-distance highways. After previously opposing plans for a highway network, the 631: 747: 703: 541:

were used as autobahn workers, mostly doing simple hard labor, in November 1937, women and school-age children were put to work at a site in

4167:"'Jene blaßgrauen Bänder' oder 'Anmut, Härte und Zielstrebigkeit'. Die Reichsautobahn in Literatur und anderen Medien des 'Dritten Reiches'" 1896:"Vorauseilende Angebotsplanung und Raumerschließung: Die Vor- und Frühgeschichte der österreichischen Autobahnen im internationalen Kontext" 1597:

However, with the bridges the shift was never as complete as it was in other aspects of Reichsautobahn architecture: in 1940–41, along the

613:

between Vienna and Salzburg was started within weeks with much publicity, but only a few kilometers around Salzburg were finished by 1942.

1421:

The Reichsautobahn was also prominently represented in the 1937 exhibition celebrating the first four years of the regime's achievements,

338:(Reichsautobahns Association) was founded on 25 August as a subsidiary of the Reichsbahn, thereby removing its objections. Todt was named 407: 261: 1738:

visited Hitler partly to discuss the autobahns, and returned home calling him a "great man". But they were also regarded as inhumane.

3804: 2789:

In 1936 the tax on a liter of gasoline was 40 pfennigs, approximately half the hourly wage of a skilled worker - Matzke, p. 52.

1642:

7.5 m (25 ft) high by Kurt Lehmann depicting a "worker of the fist" and a "worker of the brow" on the Hedemünden bridge.

421:

project: to negotiate the steep terrain with minimum disturbance, the two directions were routed on different sides of the mountain

299:

Hitler shoveling dirt at the ceremonial inauguration of Reichsautobahn construction on 23 September 1933; behind him on the right

1376: 1240: 1742:

described their version of the parkway design as "a horrid clash of nature and technics." In his critical book on Nazi Germany,

1489:(newsreel) formed part of theater programs. The autobahns also gave rise to several novels and a considerable amount of poetry. 4014:. pp. 231–66. Slightly modified as "Faszination der blaßgrauen Bänder. Zur 'organischen' Technik der Reichsautobahn". In: 378:("We are Building a Road"), was broadcast throughout the Reich. On 23 September 1933, the first 720 unemployed marched to the 3398: 2542: 1966: 1651:; this was to have been placed in the median on the site of the sod-breaking for the extension of the highway into Austria. 1235:

was therefore relatively narrow; trees were retained close to the highway and sometimes, for example in the oak forest near

4265: 3977:

Hansjoachim Henning. "Kraftfahrzeugindustrie und Autobahnbau in der Wirtschaftspolitik des Nationalsozialismus 1933–1936".

3279:, pp. 736-7 (in German), quoted in Schütz and Gruber, p. 101; quoted in translation in Schivelbusch, p. 175. 260:- Association for the preparation of the motorway Hamburg – Frankfurt – Basel), was founded in 1926 at the instigation of 21: 3089: 1816: 1079: 1140:

also stressed military uses. The military disagreed. Georg Halter, professor of road construction and railroads at the

504:

went on strike; the 141 who could not be talked into resuming work were transported to Berlin for interrogation by the

2467:"Rasse, Siedlung, deutsches Blut": Das Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt der SS und die rassenpolitische Neuordnung Europas 774:. Others were no longer useful because of the altered borders, including the occupation zone boundary that became the 4058: 4041: 4023: 4011: 3996: 3536: 3242: 3182: 3085: 2954: 2908: 2750: 2576: 2474: 2453: 1907: 1841: 923: 1009:

were all being planned in 1940–41. Ground was broken by Todt himself on 14 September 1941, for the autobahn between

1497: 1021:

the Reich in 1933. Some stretches were only completed in one direction; in some low-traffic areas, particularly in

403: 3933:

Max K. Schwarz. "Tankstellen, Straßenmeistereien und Raststätten—Betriebsorganismen an der Reichsautobahn".

111:, opened on 19 May 1935, and the first 1,000 km (620 mi) were completed on 23 September 1936. After the 1776: 587:

in the conquered territories; along with a trio of eastward and southward extensions of the extreme broad-gauge

1141: 957:), two north–south (between the Hanseatic cities and Basel via Frankfurt and between Königsberg and Munich via 742:

After the war, the Reichsautobahns were declared national property of the various post-war states (for example

382:, where they were ceremonially invested with shovels as Reichsautobahn workers, then from there accompanied by 2628: 4280: 4198: 1083:

Autobahn view with two Volkswagens: propaganda photo celebrating 10 years of Nazi achievements, January 1943

3574:

Maier-Dorn, "Die kulturelle Bedeutung der Reichsautobahn", p. 736, quoted in Schütz and Gruber, p. 94.

2535:

Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933-1945

1425:(Give Me Four Years, a slogan of Hitler's). In addition, Todt commissioned official artists, particularly 4261: 3896: 3177:, ed. Brigitta Villaronga-Walker, Denkanstöße 1, Mainz: Stiftung Natur und Umwelt Rheinland-Pfalz, 2004, 1610: 1062:

Workers employed directly in Reichsautobahn construction per quarter, December 1933 through December 1936

3613:

Rainer Stommer, "Triumph der Technik: Autobahnbrücken zwischen Ingenieuraufgabe und Kulturdenkmal", in:

3393:, ed. Christof Mauch and Thomas Zeller, Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press / Stuttgart: Steiner, 2008, 790:. Most of the destroyed bridges were either reconstructed or rebuilt in a different style, although the 450:

report in April–May 1934, only 6,000 workers on a 67 km (42 mi) stretch between Frankfurt and

4245:

and following pages: history of Reichsautobahn construction, with period illustrations and photographs

2947:

Three New Deals: Reflections on Roosevelt's America, Mussolini's Italy, and Hitler's Germany, 1933–1939

1162:

stated that the autobahns were uniform in design to express the unity of the Reich. In 1933 Todt hired

779: 568: 515: 276: 160:

starting in 1913. The corporation to build it was organized in 1909, and construction continued during

146:

Two controlled-access highways had been built prior to the Nazi era. The 10 km (6.2 mi) long

4232:

Zur Geschichte der Autobahn: Die Rolle der Autobahn—Ansichten und Einsichten: gestern und heute

3846: 1945:

in his memoirs concerning the Nazi government "taking the plans that we had prepared out of drawer".

1772: 1739: 1672: 1634:

Bridges sometimes constituted dramatic gateways in themselves, such as the "Gateway of Thuringia" at

1252: 413: 69: 3157: 2064:

Schütz and Gruber, particularly pp. 36–37, quoting Kurt Kaftan saying exactly that in 1935; Zeller,

533:

of various kinds. Several times, up to 1,400 youths fulfilling their obligation to work through the

1284: 927: 730:, which blew up numerous bridges in an effort to slow the Allied advance; on 19 March 1945, Hitler 560: 379: 4217: 4112: 3078:

Motorisierung und "Volksgemeinschaft": Das Nationalsozialistische Kraftfahrkorps (NSKK), 1931–1945

2529:

Barbara Hutzelmann, "Einführung: Slowakei", in: Barbara Hutzelmann and Mariana Hausleitner, eds.,

1108: 918:

concrete. There were no shoulders. In addition to having no intersections, the route was to limit

1710: 1347:) at the Chiemsee rest stop on September 15, 1938, returning from his meeting with Hitler at the 1113: 1037:, the government employment department. At the end of the war, total costs were 6.5 billion 881: 684:, who succeeded Todt after his death, folded the Reichsautobahn completely into the war-oriented 2666: 350:, Society for the Preparation of the Reichsautobahn). The Chairman of the Board of HAFRABA, Dr. 4254:, Third Reich in Ruins: views of Reichsautobahn bridges, unfinished work, and a service station 4242: 1614:

form, for example the series at the Drackensteiner Hang by Paul Bonatz and the bridge over the

1344: 850: 4183:, Working Papers in the History of Mobility 3/2001, revised 15 February 2008, archived at the 3899:, US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, retrieved 12 December 2013. 2478: 1834:

Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs. Analysen zur Ästhetik eines unbewältigten Mythos

3849:, "Roadside Plantings on Hitler's Highways: An Inquiry from Germany and an American Answer", 3211:, pp. 129–31, and Fig. 6.1 showing an aerial view of the Frankfurt - Darmstadt autobahn. 2942: 1747: 1563: 1437: 1321: 1317: 1136:

troops the width of the Reich in two nights. A second memorandum written six months later by

795: 2893:

On the importance Hitler assigned to motorization, including a July 1933 interview with the

1166:, a landscape architect, as his deputy on the Reichsautobahn project and gave him the title 4208: 2713: 1768: 1635: 1589:. Another factor in this change in style was the shortage of steel caused by the policy of 1102: 811: 755: 715: 3170: 2709: 307:

After the Nazis came to power at the end of January 1933, their position changed rapidly.

8: 4145: 3645:"The Will to Motorization: Cinema, Highways, and Modernity: For Wolf Donner, in Memoriam" 1756: 1619: 1340: 1336: 827: 799: 775: 553:—the "work-shy", Social Democrats and Communists—constituted the majority of 536: 418: 1942: 2341: 1735: 1576: 1542: 1467:(From the Forest to the Road Surface, 1937) and shorts for popular consumption such as 1260: 1248: 1220: 904: 900: 520: 3918:

Arbeitsschlacht: fünf Jahre Malfahrten auf den Bauplätzen der "Strassen Adolf Hitlers"

4231: 4116: 4094: 4078: 4054: 4037: 4019: 4007: 3992: 3965: 3948: 3921: 3871: 3532: 3394: 3391:

The World Beyond the Windshield: Roads and Landscapes in the United States and Europe

3272: 3238: 3178: 3081: 2950: 2904: 2746: 2632: 2572: 2538: 2470: 2449: 1962: 1903: 1837: 1812: 1472: 1452: 1431: 1129: 1094: 787: 685: 596: 459: 393: 328: 4218:"Vom Bau der Reichsautobahn München - Landesgrenze, heutige A8, Inbetriebnahme 1938" 4194: 1483:(cultural films), which were shown at Party and club meetings and together with the 442: 4184: 4166: 1688: 1680: 1455:) were never made; however, work on the autobahns is the setting of Stemmle's 1939 1352: 1179: 826:

Debris from the original Drachenloch Bridge below the reconstructed bridge, at the

751: 692: 355: 30: 3987:

Richard J. Overy. "Cars, Roads, and Economic Recovery in Germany, 1932–1938". In:

1713:, earthworks for a Reichsautobahn "Route 145" were started from the ferry port of 1525:

high-speed section, which expressed its high-tech purpose and also alluded to the

4257: 4251: 4006:. Ed. Hartmut Eggert, Erhard Schütz, and Peter Sprengel. Munich: Iudicium, 1995. 3527: 1788: 1534: 1501: 1208: 1137: 351: 212: 172: 103:

Hitler performed the first ceremonial shoveling of dirt on 23 September 1933, at

93: 85: 77: 734:

of "all military, transportation, news, industrial, and provisions facilities".

595:

rail system, the highways were intended to provide the main connections for the

275:

Nazi Party was against public spending on highways for this reason, as were the

222:

Corporations were also formed and plans drawn up for motorized highways between

41: 2895: 1809:

Mythos Reichsautobahn: Bau und Inszenierung der 'Straßen des Führers' 1933–1941

1042: 807: 783: 677: 387: 383: 239: 4136: 3793:

Karte 1:100.000 Sheet N.4 HANNOVER, British War Office and Air Ministry, 1955.

2708:

Schütz and Gruber, p. 58. According to Michael Matzke's M. Phil. thesis,

581:

network as it was ultimately conceived was to extend into most of the planned

4274: 4181:"Die Autobahn als Infrastruktur und die Autobahnbau 1933–1943 in Deutschland" 3897:

Why President Dwight D. Eisenhower Understood We Needed the Interstate System

1411: 1256: 1207:

points to facilitate leaving the car to appreciate them. For example, at the

1163: 919: 711: 673: 664: 610: 590: 564: 243: 4051:

Raum-Maschine Reichsautobahn: zur Dynamik eines bekannt/unbekannten Bauwerks

1900:

Die moderne Straße: Planung, Bau und Verkehr vom 18. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert

1703: 1586: 930:

of roughly 10 km in length was designed for speed record attempts (the

763: 3149: 1751: 1718: 1668: 1643: 1606: 1381: 1348: 1232: 1159: 1117: 877: 831: 803: 697: 681: 550: 530: 432: 399: 266: 216: 190: 130: 89: 65: 37:, photographed in 1939. The oaks were intentionally retained in the median. 4120: 4082: 2657:

Photographs of incomplete bridge and unused stone, Mayer-Gürr, pp. 150–51.

1836:, ed. Rainer Stommer with Claudia Gabriele Philipp, Marburg: Jonas, 1982, 1714: 1406:

of history, must stand like a duke in the parade of human achievements."

1275:

on the Berlin ring road so that they would correctly embody the autobahn.

4098: 3952: 3276: 1638:, by Hermann Rukwied, and sometimes included sculpture, such as the 1937 1602: 1518: 1509: 1485: 1186: 1058: 767: 731: 475: 467: 161: 3969: 3925: 3875: 1699: 1295: 3687: 3522: 2670: 1639: 1554:

great builders of ancient times. These included the Holledau Bridge by

1272: 1224: 1038: 1014: 723: 583: 451: 374:

On 5 August 1933, a radio play by Peter Hagen and Hans Jürgen Nierenz,

308: 300: 282: 227: 202: 176: 3644: 2328: 1832:

Thomas Kunze and Rainer Stommer, "Geschichte der Reichsautobahn", in:

806:. Elsewhere, unfinished autobahn construction was left abandoned; the 750:

in 1949) and became the foundation of the modern autobahn networks in

4004:

Faszination des Organischen: Konjunkturen einer Kategorie der Moderne

3528:

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

2493:

According to Schütz and Gruber, p. 91, 3,819 km (2,373 mi).

1676: 1216: 1125: 1121: 1022: 1006: 990: 986: 962: 942: 845:

Bridge abutments for Hamburg - Berlin autobahn left incomplete, near

727: 659: 606: 601: 482:

for a projected "transit autobahn" from Breslau to Vienna via Brünn (

112: 108: 104: 16:

Initial phase of the German Autobahn (limited access highway) network

4157: 1010: 873: 4171:

Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur

3964:. Forschungen zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte 6. Berlin: Akademie, 1975. 3389:

Timothy Davis, "The Rise and Decline of the American Parkway", in:

2729: 2721: 1648: 1385: 1200: 1089: 966: 869: 771: 719: 487: 471: 223: 126: 61: 2323:

James D. Shand, "The Reichsautobahn: Symbol for the Third Reich",

4018:. Ed. Wolfgang Emmerich and Carl Wege. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1995. 2108:

Schütz and Gruber, p. 43; full passage, Kunze and Stommer, p. 44.

1684: 1664: 1660: 1590: 1526: 1280: 1212: 1035:

Reichsanstalt für Arbeitsvermittlung und Arbeitslosenversicherung

1026: 958: 954: 937:

The network as planned had three east–west highways (between the

846: 546: 542: 518:

on the Berlin-Stettin autobahn that was opened in December 1934.

505: 463: 410:. The location was marked with a park and a commemorative stone. 251: 235: 194: 73: 3267:

Emil Maier-Dorn, "Die kulturelle Bedeutung der Reichsautobahn",

1959:

Driving Germany: The Landscape of the German Autobahn, 1930–1970

1106:

and production cability for the KdF-Wagen instead went into the

810:, also on the inner German border, was completed in 1993, after 3694:

4.21, 1937, 1–3, p. 3, quoted in Schütz and Gruber, p. 93.

2725: 2629:"Wiederaufbau der zerstörten Autobahnbrücke bei Sachsenvorwerk" 2571:, Cambridge, Massachusetts / London: Harvard University, 2013, 1941:

Schütz and Gruber. pp. 29-31, 35; also pp. 14–15, quoting

1538: 1440:, to depict the construction of the autobahns in heroic terms. 1236: 970: 950: 946: 896: 714:, including in one case for final assembly and test flights of 490:, and in 1939 only 237 km (147 mi) were added to the 447: 247: 231: 157: 34: 3962:

Autobahnbau in Deutschland 1933 bis 1945: zu den Hintergründen

1414:

issues, calendars, board games, etc., and a major exhibition,

1185:

The showpiece aesthetic stretch of the Reichsautobahn was the

406:'s poster urging Germans to ratify the Nazi government in the 257:

Verein zur Vorbereitung der Autostraße Hamburg–Frankfurt–Basel

1754:

may also have intended veiled criticism when he wrote in the

1695: 1598: 1582: 1559: 1313: 978: 974: 941:

and Berlin via Hanover, between the Southwest and Munich via

791: 605:

communities to be located in conquered Soviet territory. The

501: 180: 1247:

reprinted for his planners' use, and Nazi designers visited

4173:

18.2, 1993, pp. 76–120, online at IASL online archive

3853:

30, July 1940, pp. 179–82, and "The Nazi Autobahnen",

3080:, Studien zur Zeitgeschichte 68, Munich: Oldenbourg, 2005, 2569:

The People's Car: A Global History of the Volkswagen Beetle

1989: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1791:

near Prague, meant to be part of a Reichsautobahn to Prague

1615: 1567: 1447:(Vehicles and Roads Throughout Time; scripted in 1934) and 1398:"autobahns", and sought to eliminate use of the rival term 1191: 1002: 998: 994: 982: 938: 880:) in 2006; this segment has since been upgraded as part of 483: 479: 198: 147: 81: 2710:"'Die Straßen Adolf Hitlers' - Reichsautobahnen 1933–1941" 2146:"Denkmäler an der Autobahn—die Autobahn als Denkmal" 3991:. Oxford: Clarendon / New York: Oxford University, 1994. 3630:

Schütz and Gruber, pp. 112-16; see also Lang and Stommer.

3001:

On the motorization objective, see also Rieger, pp.48–50.

1074: 912: 854: 3979:

Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte

3857:

35, July 1945, p. 157, quoted in Davis, p. 43.

3784:

Schütz and Gruber, p. 63, describing it as four figures.

1984: 1972: 311:

produced a report arguing for the building of highways,

205:

of Cologne and chairman of the provincial committee for

133:, 3,819.7 km (2,373.5 mi) had been completed. 4243:

Autobahnbau in Deutschland: Vorgeschichte und Baubeginn

4053:. Kaleidogramme 2. Berlin: Kulturverlag Kadmos, 2005. 899:

in Denmark, now part of Sydmotorvejen (European Routes

435:, Hitler made a short speech ending with the command, " 201:

using unemployed labor; on the basis of this, the then

92:'s own idea. They were termed "Adolf Hitler's roads" (" 2340:

Schütz and Gruber, pp. 68-69, quoting a report by the

2152:, pp. 154–92, pp. 154, with photograph, 159. 2615:

Photograph, Dieter Mayer-Gürr, "Autobahnruinen", in:

1479:(Four Hundred Build a Bridge, 1937). These last were 156:– automobile traffic and practice road) was built in 129:

on 7 April 1938. When work ceased in 1941 because of

121:", and a second soil-breaking ceremony for the first 3237:, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999, 3235:

Technologies of Landscape: From Reaping to Recycling

1492: 762:, notably the unfinished highway between Berlin and 4195:"Reichsautobahn—Ästhetik und Zweckbestimmung" 3878:, p. 240, quoted in Schivelbusch, p. 181. 2903:, Stanford, California: Stanford University, 2004, 2720:, there were to have been three diagonals: between 1687:, but instead was routed eastwards past Hanover as 1529:aircraft company that was headquartered in Dessau. 115:, the planned network was expanded to include the " 3639:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 103, 109, 118–20; Zeller, 2391:, 1936, quoted fully at Kunze and Stommer, p. 34. 4272: 1581:designed a huge imitation Roman viaduct for the 961:—now Szczecin in Poland—Berlin, and 625:Reichsautobahn work site near Berlin, April 1936 347:Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung der Reichsautobahn 2537:13, Munich: Institut für Zeitgeschichte, 2018, 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2217: 2215: 1856: 1854: 1679:in a south-south-westerly direction to today's 125:on formerly Austrian territory took place near 3301:Zeller, "The Landscape's Crown", pp. 224, 226. 2469:, Moderne Zeit 2, Göttingen: Wallstein, 2003, 758:. Several stretches were no longer within the 667:warplanes concealed along the autobahn in 1945 341:Generalinspektor für das deutsche Straßenwesen 3651:73, Summer 1995, pp. 90–137, p. 99. 3609: 3607: 2387:Schütz and Gruber, p. 71; cited excerpt from 1324:, with viewing platform visible in foreground 1228:travelers could stop to see and admire them. 1112:, the military version for all the branches ( 748:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 4258:Documents and clippings about Reichsautobahn 3615:Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs 3592:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 105,108–09, 112, 114. 3325:Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs 2968:Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs 2695: 2693: 2617:Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs 2347: 2237: 2212: 2150:Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs 1851: 746:, federal property, under Article 90 of the 588: 576: 554: 534: 509: 491: 436: 426: 391: 366: 360: 345: 339: 333: 318: 312: 290: 280: 255: 206: 184: 166: 151: 116: 54: 4149:, Dresden: Meinhold-Mittelbach-Karten, 1938 2683: 2681: 2679: 2178: 2176: 2042: 2040: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1953: 1951: 1872: 1601:, a stone bridge was under construction at 4137:Fritz Todt, "Zum Bau der Reichsautobahnen" 3604: 1451:(The Great Road; to have been directed by 1445:Fahrzeuge und Straßen im Wandel der Zeiten 1197:Die schöne Straße in Bau und unter Verkehr 4034:Reichsautobahn: Schönheit, Natur, Technik 2690: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 770:, Russia), now known unofficially as the 545:, and soon after, 17 and 18-year-olds in 4016:Der Technikdiskurs der Hitler-Stalin-Ära 3419:Zeller, "The Landscape's Crown", p. 229. 3032:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 12, 20-21, 88-90. 2676: 2372: 2259: 2203: 2173: 2037: 1996: 1948: 1496: 1375: 1078: 1057: 658: 412: 294: 40: 20: 934:) and had six lanes in each direction. 474:near Salzburg, and on 1 December 1938, 4286:Science and technology in Nazi Germany 4273: 3905: 3805:"Die vergessene Autobahn bei Hannover" 1881: 1392: 1380:Model of autobahn gateway designed by 1371: 1075:Motorization and military applications 913:Technical specifications and financing 460:a three-axle Mercedes-Benz touring car 458:was opened. Hitler rewarded Todt with 3802: 2949:, New York: Holt-Metropolitan, 2006, 2899:, see Eric Michaud, tr. Janet Lloyd, 2161:Photograph, Schütz and Gruber, p. 48. 1128:armed forces. Mass production of the 778:between the Federal Republic and the 303:, on the left two workers helping him 2648:Photographs, Mayer-Gürr, pp. 144–45. 1654: 1219:who had fallen there in 1921 at the 872:" Berlin - Königsberg autobahn near 153:Automobil-Verkehrs- und Übungsstraße 68:. There had been previous plans for 3171:"Welche Natur wollen wir schützen?" 3140:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 62, 99, 134. 1961:, New York/Oxford: Berghahn, 2007, 1558:(1937–38) and the bridges over the 786:became the access road to the U.S. 13: 3989:War and Economy in the Third Reich 3010:Schütz and Gruber, p. 12; Zeller, 2983:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 54, 143–45. 2743:Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics 2446:The Establishment of the New Order 2409:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 58, 81, 84. 2292:Kunze and Stommer, p. 35, quoting 2274:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 68, 70, 72. 1957:Thomas Zeller, tr. Thomas Dunlap, 1807:Erhard Schütz and Eckhard Gruber, 1622:, by Bonatz and Gottwalt Schaper. 1436:, and photographers, particularly 732:ordered the destruction in retreat 14: 4297: 4130: 3643:, p. 63; Edward Dimendberg, 3401:, pp. 35–58, pp. 42–43. 3113:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 82, 89–90. 2970:, pp. 77–90, pp. 86–87 2732:(now Gliwice, Poland) and Aachen. 2431:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 84, 86–87. 2400:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 50–51, 52. 2135:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 11, 46–48. 1493:Bridges, the autobahn's monuments 4222:Straßenbauer und Straßenbenutzer 3920:. Berlin: Zeitgeschichte, 1938. 3890: 3881: 3860: 3840: 3831: 3822: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3681: 3672: 3663: 3654: 3633: 3624: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3555: 3542: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3489: 3480: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3383: 3374: 3365: 3356: 3343: 3334: 3317: 3304: 3295: 3282: 3261: 3248: 3227: 3214: 3201: 3192: 3163: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3098: 3070: 3061: 3048: 2531:Slowakei, Rumänien und Bulgarien 1459:(Man for Man), Harald Paulsen's 1359: 1329: 1305: 928:One segment just south of Dessau 888: 861: 838: 819: 649:Bunk room in workers' camp, 1934 642: 630: 618: 607:addition of Austria to the Reich 408:November 1933 Reichstag election 371:and placed directly under Todt. 314:Straßenbau und Straßenverwaltung 60:system was the beginning of the 3803:Grube, Michael (19 June 2007). 3712:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 95, 103. 3690:, "Der Sinn des neuen Bauens", 3678:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 99, 101. 3327:, pp. 91–110, p. 117 3245:, pp. 218–38, p. 224. 3035: 3026: 3017: 3004: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2960: 2936: 2923: 2914: 2901:The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany 2887: 2878: 2869: 2860: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2735: 2702: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2622: 2619:, pp. 135–53, p. 137. 2609: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2561: 2552: 2523: 2514: 2505: 2496: 2487: 2459: 2434: 2425: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2381: 2363: 2334: 2325:Journal of Contemporary History 2317: 2308: 2299: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2224: 2194: 2185: 2164: 2155: 2138: 2129: 2120: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2080: 2071: 2058: 2049: 2028: 2019: 2010: 1777:Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 1384:for the Austrian frontier near 654: 567:re-education camp was built at 317:, known as the "Brown Report" ( 3828:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 59, 60. 3660:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 109–12. 3380:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 130-32. 3340:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 115–17. 1935: 1926: 1917: 1863: 1826: 1801: 1725:, Vogelfluglinie) since 1963. 1611:ultra-modern suspension bridge 1541:, a girder bridge designed by 1142:Technical University of Munich 1: 4199:Humboldt University of Berlin 3703:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 97–98. 3617:, pp. 49–76, p. 61 2933:, p. 52, note 15, p. 73. 2866:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 38–39. 2838:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 58–60. 2820:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 56-58. 2762:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 86–87. 2549:, pp. 18–45, p. 30. 2520:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 90–91. 2305:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 76–77. 2283:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 74–76. 2191:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 49–51. 2170:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 48-49. 2117:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 43–44. 2034:Kunze and Stommer, pp. 25–26. 2025:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 16–17. 2016:Kunze and Stommer, pp. 26–27. 1932:Kunze and Stommer, pp. 24–25. 1923:Kunze and Stommer, pp. 23–24. 1860:Schütz and Gruber, pp. 32–33. 1844:, pp. 22–47, p. 22 1795: 1761:car inexorably into itself." 1625: 1477:Vierhundert bauen eine Brücke 1322:Rudolphstein, Upper Franconia 1152: 1053: 1048: 549:. Eventually, the inmates of 398:of Hesse, to the bank of the 386:men, marched behind Todt and 362:Gesellschaft Reichsautobahnen 335:Gesellschaft Reichsautobahnen 141: 88:and presented the project as 3531:, New York: Penguin, 2008, 3410:Schivelbusch, pp. 176, 178. 2745:, London: Hutchinson, 2002, 2716:, October 2008, p. 55, 1728: 1711:German occupation of Denmark 876:in Poland (formerly Elbing, 782:. A stretch of highway near 7: 4262:20th Century Press Archives 4220:, text by Friedrich Doll, 4139:, 1933 filmed presentation 4091:Highways to the Third Reich 3868:The House That Hitler Built 3067:Schivelbusch, pp. 171, 176. 3058:, p. 56 and note 25, p. 74. 1782: 1744:The House That Hitler Built 1504:in 1936, the year it opened 895:Reichsautobahn bridge near 737: 254:or HAFRABA (an acronym for 10: 4302: 4077:. Germany, 1985. 92 mins. 3947:. Berlin: Wigankow, 1955. 3870:, New York: Harper, 1938, 3757:Schütz and Gruber, p. 100. 3513:Schütz and Gruber, p. 134. 3441:Schütz and Gruber, p. 105. 3175:Welche Natur schützen wir? 2920:Schütz and Gruber, p. 142. 2699:Schütz and Gruber, p. 101. 2448:, New York: Norton, 1974, 1443:Full-length movies called 780:German Democratic Republic 712:runways for fighter planes 327:), and in a speech at the 246:, and between Cologne and 171:and served as a model for 136: 70:controlled-access highways 4224:(1935). 19 February 2005 4151:, at Landkartenarchiv.de 3887:Schivelbusch, pp. 179–82. 3847:Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. 3669:Schütz and Gruber, p. 95. 3583:See also Michaud, p. 213. 3504:Schütz and Gruber, p. 99. 2884:Schütz and Gruber, p. 14. 2875:Schütz and Gruber, p. 57. 2847:Kunze and Stommer, p. 28. 2829:Schütz and Gruber, p. 67. 2771:Matzke, p. 57 and n. 111. 2687:Schütz and Gruber, p. 97. 2606:Schütz and Gruber, p. 93. 2597:Schütz and Gruber, p. 92. 2588:Schütz and Gruber, p. 91. 2511:Schütz and Gruber, p. 65. 2502:Schütz and Gruber, p. 64. 2378:Schütz and Gruber, p. 81. 2369:Schütz and Gruber, p. 80. 2360:Kunze and Stommer, p. 29. 2314:Schütz and Gruber, p. 78. 2265:Schütz and Gruber, p. 82. 2256:Kunze and Stommer, p. 31. 2221:Kunze and Stommer, p. 30. 2209:Schütz and Gruber, p. 12. 2200:Schütz and Gruber, p. 61. 2182:Schütz and Gruber, p. 56. 2126:Schütz and Gruber, p. 45. 2099:Schütz and Gruber, p. 40. 2077:Schütz and Gruber, p. 18. 2055:Schütz and Gruber, p. 33. 2046:Schütz and Gruber, p. 37. 2007:Schütz and Gruber, p. 11. 1993:Schütz and Gruber, p. 34. 1981:Kunze and Stommer, p. 25. 1878:Kunze and Stommer, p. 24. 1869:Schütz and Gruber, p. 51. 1773:Interstate Highway System 1740:Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. 1465:Vom Wald zur Straßendecke 1132:started only after 1945. 291:Planning and construction 189:except for the lack of a 3910: 3601:Lang and Stommer, p. 97. 3539:, pp. 45–46, 59–60. 2728:and between Hamburg and 1775:in the U.S. through the 1605:and at the same time at 1548:Gebt mir vier Jahre Zeit 1423:Gebt mir vier Jahre Zeit 1285:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 981:via Luxembourg, between 973:, and autobahns between 380:Frankfurt Stock Exchange 4067: 3866:Stephen Henry Roberts, 2945:, tr. Jefferson Chase, 1811:, Berlin: Links, 1996, 1168:Reichslandschaftsanwalt 989:in Norway, and between 949:region and Breslau via 945:, and between the Main- 718:after the factories in 674:ring road around Berlin 4187:13 August 2011 (pdf), 4109:Tatsachen und Legenden 4089:Subtitled in English, 3855:Landscape Architecture 3851:Landscape Architecture 3495:Schumacher, pp. 80–83. 3477:Schumacher, pp. 78–80. 3450:Schumacher, pp. 88–89. 3314:, p. 138 and Fig. 6.2. 3156:13, quoted in Spotts, 3154:Neue deutsche Baukunst 3076:Dorothee Hochstetter, 2558:Hutzelmann, pp. 30–31. 1709:Route 145. During the 1505: 1389: 1345:Joachim von Ribbentrop 1084: 1063: 851:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 760:redrawn German borders 668: 589: 577: 555: 535: 510: 492: 437: 427: 422: 392: 367: 361: 346: 340: 334: 319: 313: 304: 281: 256: 242:, between Leipzig and 207: 185: 167: 152: 117: 97: 55: 49: 38: 4252:Miscellaneous sites 2 4158:Autobahngeschichte.de 4113:Süddeutscher Rundfunk 4049:Benjamin Steininger. 4036:. Kiel: Arndt, 2001. 3486:Spotts, pp. 319, 392. 3122:Michaud, pp. 17, 203. 2992:Schivelbusch, p. 172. 2943:Wolfgang Schivelbusch 1748:Stephen Henry Roberts 1564:Hirschberg, Thuringia 1500: 1438:Erna Lendvai-Dircksen 1379: 1318:Hirschberg, Thuringia 1253:Taconic State Parkway 1082: 1061: 716:Messerschmitt Me 262s 662: 416: 376:Wir bauen eine Straße 298: 238:, between Munich and 113:annexation of Austria 98:Straßen Adolf Hitlers 44: 24: 4281:Autobahns in Germany 4238:: then and now views 4209:Die Reichsautobahnen 4179:Richard Vahrenkamp, 2714:University of Vienna 1769:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1523:Dessauer Rennstrecke 1461:Stimme aus dem Äther 1245:Roadside Improvement 1103:Strength Through Joy 1029:, this was planned. 932:Dessauer Rennstrecke 812:German reunification 599:of German immigrant 597:"settlement strings" 84:embraced them after 4147:Reichsautobahnatlas 4103:Hermann G. Abmayr. 3906:Further information 3809:geschichtsspuren.de 3775:Lurz, pp. 161, 162. 3748:Lurz, pp. 163, 164. 3739:Stommer, pp. 70–71. 3023:Spotts, pp. 394–95. 1910:, pp. 194–202 1757:Frankfurter Zeitung 1717:to Majbølle on the 1393:Autobahn propaganda 1372:Monumental function 1341:Herbert von Dirksen 1337:Neville Chamberlain 828:Drackensteiner Hang 800:Drackensteiner Hang 776:inner German border 561:concentration camps 537:Reichsarbeitsdienst 419:Drackensteiner Hang 4193:Grigorios Petsos, 4073:Hartmut Bitomsky. 4026:. pp. 123–45 3459:Schumacher, p. 88. 3362:Schumacher, p. 83. 3104:Shand, pp. 196–97. 2465:Isabel Heinemann, 2342:German Labor Front 2327:19.2 (April 1984) 1736:David Lloyd George 1543:German Bestelmeyer 1506: 1390: 1290:Straßenmeistereien 1277:Straßenmeistereien 1261:Blue Ridge Parkway 1249:Westchester County 1221:Battle of Annaberg 1124:) of the combined 1085: 1064: 669: 637:A workers' barrack 551:re-education camps 521:Kraft durch Freude 423: 320:Braune Denkschrift 305: 193:was built between 50: 39: 4216:Volker Wichmann, 4207:Volker Wichmann, 4197:, seminar paper, 4032:Arend Vosselman. 3981:65 (1978) 217–42 3399:978-0-8214-1767-6 3371:Lurz, pp. 169–70. 3185:, pp. 52–65 3169:Hansjörg Küster, 2741:Frederic Spotts, 2633:Bundesgrenzschutz 2579:, pp. 51–56. 2543:978-3-11-036500-9 2442:Hitler's War Aims 1967:978-1-84545-309-1 1681:Bundesautobahn A2 1675:, eastwards past 1655:Unfinished routes 1453:Robert A. Stemmle 1339:(center, between 1172:Landschaftsanwalt 1097:(then called the 788:Ramstein Air Base 686:Organisation Todt 404:Heinrich Hoffmann 394:Reichsstatthalter 329:Berlin Motor Show 4293: 4248: 4237: 4230:Walter Brummer, 4227: 4213: 4204: 4190: 4185:Internet Archive 4176: 4162: 4154: 4142: 4126: 4093:. Big Sky Film. 4088: 4063: 4046: 4029: 3999:. pp. 68–89 3984: 3974: 3957: 3940: 3937:6 (1939) 660– . 3930: 3916:Ernst Vollbehr. 3900: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3864: 3858: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3767: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3652: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3559: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3402: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3354: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3332: 3330: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3286: 3280: 3265: 3259: 3252: 3246: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3212: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3188: 3167: 3161: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3094: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3052: 3046: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3015: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2973: 2964: 2958: 2940: 2934: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2912: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2739: 2733: 2719: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2688: 2685: 2674: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2638: 2626: 2620: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2548: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2485: 2483: 2463: 2457: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2423: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2345: 2338: 2332: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2290: 2284: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2235: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2210: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2142: 2136: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2069: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2047: 2044: 2035: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1994: 1991: 1982: 1979: 1970: 1955: 1946: 1943:Heinrich Brüning 1939: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1892: 1879: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1849: 1847: 1830: 1824: 1822: 1805: 1689:Bundesautobahn 7 1580: 1471:(Open Road) and 1449:Die große Straße 1435: 1363: 1353:Munich Agreement 1351:that led to the 1333: 1312:Bridge over the 1309: 1180:highway hypnosis 892: 868:Stretch of the " 865: 853:, in the former 842: 823: 794:River Bridge at 693:Dieter Wisliceny 646: 634: 622: 594: 580: 558: 540: 513: 495: 478:broke ground at 440: 430: 397: 370: 364: 356:Landsberg Prison 349: 343: 337: 322: 316: 286: 270: 259: 210: 188: 170: 155: 120: 62:German autobahns 58: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4271: 4270: 4246: 4235: 4225: 4211: 4202: 4188: 4174: 4165:Erhard Schütz, 4160: 4152: 4140: 4133: 4124: 4115:1998. 43 mins. 4105:Mythos Autobahn 4086: 4070: 4061: 4044: 4027: 3982: 3972: 3955: 3938: 3928: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3865: 3861: 3845: 3841: 3837:Spotts, p. 386. 3836: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3730:Stommer, p. 63. 3729: 3725: 3721:Stommer, p. 73. 3720: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3641:Driving Germany 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3612: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3563:Driving Germany 3560: 3556: 3550:Driving Germany 3547: 3543: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3468:Matzke, p. 105. 3467: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3430:Driving Germany 3427: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3357: 3351:Driving Germany 3348: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3312:Driving Germany 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3290:Driving Germany 3287: 3283: 3266: 3262: 3256:Driving Germany 3253: 3249: 3232: 3228: 3222:Driving Germany 3219: 3215: 3209:Driving Germany 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3168: 3164: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3056:Driving Germany 3053: 3049: 3043:Driving Germany 3040: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3012:Driving Germany 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2961: 2941: 2937: 2931:Driving Germany 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2809:Driving Germany 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2740: 2736: 2717: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2677: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2627: 2623: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2464: 2460: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2420:Driving Germany 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2348: 2339: 2335: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2238: 2232:Driving Germany 2229: 2225: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2144:Meinhold Lurz, 2143: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2088:Driving Germany 2085: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2066:Driving Germany 2063: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2006: 1997: 1992: 1985: 1980: 1973: 1956: 1949: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1911: 1894:Bernd Kreuzer, 1893: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1817:978-386153117-3 1806: 1802: 1798: 1789:Borovsko Bridge 1785: 1731: 1723:Europastraße 47 1657: 1628: 1609:in Cologne, an 1574: 1572:Friedrich Tamms 1535:Mangfall Bridge 1502:Mangfall Bridge 1495: 1429: 1402:(motor route). 1395: 1374: 1367: 1364: 1355: 1334: 1325: 1310: 1155: 1138:Gottfried Feder 1077: 1068:Arbeitsschlacht 1056: 1051: 915: 908: 893: 884: 866: 857: 843: 834: 824: 740: 657: 650: 647: 638: 635: 626: 623: 428:Arbeitsschlacht 352:Ludwig Landmann 325:Brauner Bericht 293: 264: 234:and Berlin via 213:Konrad Adenauer 173:Piero Puricelli 144: 139: 86:coming to power 78:Weimar Republic 33:, southeast of 17: 12: 11: 5: 4299: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4269: 4268: 4255: 4249: 4241:Thomas Noßke, 4239: 4234:, 3 June 2004 4228: 4214: 4205: 4191: 4177: 4163: 4155: 4143: 4132: 4131:External links 4129: 4128: 4127: 4101: 4075:Reichsautobahn 4069: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4047: 4030: 4000: 3985: 3975: 3958: 3941: 3931: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3889: 3880: 3859: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3732: 3723: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3680: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3632: 3623: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3554: 3541: 3515: 3506: 3497: 3488: 3479: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3382: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3342: 3333: 3316: 3303: 3294: 3281: 3260: 3247: 3226: 3213: 3200: 3198:Shand, p. 196. 3191: 3162: 3142: 3133: 3131:Shand, p. 195. 3124: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3069: 3060: 3047: 3034: 3025: 3016: 3003: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2959: 2957:, p. 170. 2935: 2922: 2913: 2896:New York Times 2886: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2849: 2840: 2831: 2822: 2813: 2800: 2798:Matzke, p. 53. 2791: 2782: 2780:Matzke, p. 58. 2773: 2764: 2755: 2753:, p. 395. 2734: 2701: 2689: 2675: 2667:Wommen Viaduct 2659: 2650: 2641: 2621: 2608: 2599: 2590: 2581: 2560: 2551: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2458: 2456:, p. 356. 2433: 2424: 2411: 2402: 2393: 2380: 2371: 2362: 2346: 2333: 2331:, p. 193. 2316: 2307: 2298: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2236: 2223: 2211: 2202: 2193: 2184: 2172: 2163: 2154: 2137: 2128: 2119: 2110: 2101: 2092: 2079: 2070: 2057: 2048: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2009: 1995: 1983: 1971: 1947: 1934: 1925: 1916: 1880: 1871: 1862: 1850: 1825: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1784: 1781: 1730: 1727: 1656: 1653: 1627: 1624: 1556:Georg Gsaenger 1494: 1491: 1427:Ernst Vollbehr 1394: 1391: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1358: 1356: 1335: 1328: 1326: 1311: 1304: 1154: 1151: 1114:Wehrmacht Heer 1076: 1073: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1043:white elephant 1005:, Latvia, and 914: 911: 910: 909: 894: 887: 885: 882:Expressway S22 867: 860: 858: 844: 837: 835: 825: 818: 808:Wommen Viaduct 784:Kaiserslautern 744:Bundesvermögen 739: 736: 691:In July 1941, 678:standard gauge 656: 653: 652: 651: 648: 641: 639: 636: 629: 627: 624: 617: 578:Reichsautobahn 556:Reichsautobahn 493:Reichsautobahn 443:Hermann Göring 417:Layout of the 388:Jakob Sprenger 292: 289: 240:Lake Starnberg 186:Reichsautobahn 168:Reichsautobahn 143: 140: 138: 135: 123:Reichsautobahn 56:Reichsautobahn 46:Reichsautobahn 27:Reichsautobahn 25:Berlin–Munich 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4298: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4060: 4059:9783865990020 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4042:9783887410445 4039: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4024:9783476013071 4021: 4017: 4013: 4012:9783891292280 4009: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3997:9780198202905 3994: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3960:Karl Lärmer. 3959: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3943:Kurt Kaftan. 3942: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3898: 3893: 3884: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3766:Lurz, p. 162. 3763: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3627: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3571: 3564: 3558: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3537:9780143113201 3534: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3432:, pp. 218–23. 3431: 3425: 3416: 3407: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3359: 3353:, pp. 138–40. 3352: 3346: 3337: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3278: 3274: 3271:5.23 (1938), 3270: 3264: 3258:, pp. 133–34. 3257: 3251: 3244: 3243:9780585342467 3240: 3236: 3230: 3223: 3217: 3210: 3204: 3195: 3184: 3183:9783000130731 3180: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3091: 3087: 3086:9783486575705 3083: 3079: 3073: 3064: 3057: 3051: 3044: 3038: 3029: 3020: 3014:, pp. 54, 56. 3013: 3007: 2998: 2989: 2980: 2969: 2963: 2956: 2955:9780805074529 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2926: 2917: 2910: 2909:9780804743266 2906: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2857:unemployment. 2853: 2844: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2810: 2804: 2795: 2786: 2777: 2768: 2759: 2752: 2751:9780091793944 2748: 2744: 2738: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2696: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2618: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2578: 2577:9780674050914 2574: 2570: 2564: 2555: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2490: 2480: 2476: 2475:9783892446231 2472: 2468: 2462: 2455: 2454:9780393055092 2451: 2447: 2443: 2440:Norman Rich, 2437: 2428: 2421: 2415: 2406: 2397: 2390: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2343: 2337: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2295: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2227: 2218: 2216: 2206: 2197: 2188: 2179: 2177: 2167: 2158: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2132: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2096: 2089: 2083: 2074: 2068:, p. 63. 2067: 2061: 2052: 2043: 2041: 2031: 2022: 2013: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1969:, p. 49. 1968: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1944: 1938: 1929: 1920: 1909: 1908:9783593391571 1905: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1875: 1866: 1857: 1855: 1843: 1842:9783922561125 1839: 1835: 1829: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1800: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1503: 1499: 1490: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1457:Mann für Mann 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1400:Kraftfahrbahn 1387: 1383: 1378: 1362: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1308: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1257:Siebengebirge 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164:Alwin Seifert 1161: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1081: 1072: 1069: 1060: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 906: 902: 898: 891: 886: 883: 879: 875: 871: 864: 859: 856: 852: 848: 841: 836: 833: 829: 822: 817: 816: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 707: 705: 700: 699: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 666: 661: 645: 640: 633: 628: 621: 616: 615: 614: 612: 611:West Autobahn 608: 604: 603: 598: 593: 592: 591:Breitspurbahn 586: 585: 579: 573: 570: 566: 562: 557: 552: 548: 544: 539: 538: 532: 526: 523: 522: 517: 512: 507: 503: 497: 494: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 455: 453: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 420: 415: 411: 409: 405: 401: 396: 395: 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 369: 363: 357: 353: 348: 342: 336: 330: 326: 321: 315: 310: 302: 297: 288: 285: 284: 278: 272: 268: 263: 258: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 220: 218: 214: 209: 204: 200: 196: 192: 187: 182: 178: 174: 169: 163: 159: 154: 149: 134: 132: 128: 124: 119: 114: 110: 106: 101: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 57: 47: 43: 36: 32: 28: 23: 19: 4221: 4170: 4146: 4108: 4104: 4090: 4074: 4050: 4033: 4015: 4003: 3988: 3978: 3961: 3944: 3934: 3917: 3892: 3883: 3867: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3812:. Retrieved 3808: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3735: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3691: 3683: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3648: 3640: 3635: 3626: 3614: 3597: 3588: 3579: 3570: 3562: 3557: 3549: 3544: 3526: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3429: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3390: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3358: 3350: 3345: 3336: 3324: 3319: 3311: 3306: 3297: 3289: 3284: 3268: 3263: 3255: 3250: 3234: 3229: 3221: 3216: 3208: 3203: 3194: 3174: 3165: 3153: 3150:Albert Speer 3145: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3109: 3100: 3077: 3072: 3063: 3055: 3050: 3042: 3037: 3028: 3019: 3011: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2967: 2962: 2946: 2938: 2930: 2925: 2916: 2900: 2894: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2852: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2808: 2803: 2794: 2785: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2742: 2737: 2704: 2662: 2653: 2644: 2624: 2616: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2568: 2563: 2554: 2530: 2525: 2516: 2507: 2498: 2489: 2466: 2461: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2427: 2419: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2388: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2336: 2324: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2293: 2288: 2279: 2270: 2261: 2231: 2226: 2205: 2196: 2187: 2166: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2131: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2090:, pp. 55–57. 2087: 2082: 2073: 2065: 2060: 2051: 2030: 2021: 2012: 1958: 1937: 1928: 1919: 1899: 1874: 1865: 1833: 1828: 1819:, pp. 31-32 1808: 1803: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1752:Walter Dirks 1746:, historian 1743: 1732: 1722: 1719:Guldborgsund 1708: 1693: 1669:Schwarmstedt 1658: 1644:Josef Thorak 1633: 1629: 1607:Rodenkirchen 1596: 1552: 1550:exhibition. 1547: 1531: 1522: 1515: 1507: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1422: 1420: 1415: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1396: 1382:Albert Speer 1349:Obersalzberg 1294: 1289: 1276: 1269: 1266: 1244: 1243:bulletin on 1233:median strip 1230: 1205: 1196: 1184: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1160:Albert Speer 1156: 1147: 1134: 1118:Kriegsmarine 1107: 1098: 1086: 1067: 1065: 1034: 1031: 1019: 936: 931: 916: 878:East Prussia 832:Swabian Alps 804:Swabian Alps 796:Rudolphstein 743: 741: 708: 698:Judenberater 696: 690: 682:Albert Speer 670: 655:World War II 600: 582: 574: 531:forced labor 527: 519: 498: 456: 433:Unterhaching 424: 375: 373: 324: 306: 273: 221: 191:median strip 145: 131:World War II 122: 102: 66:Nazi Germany 53: 51: 45: 26: 18: 4247:(in German) 4236:(in German) 4226:(in German) 4212:(in German) 4203:(in German) 4189:(in German) 4175:(in German) 4161:(in German) 4153:(in German) 4141:(in German) 4125:(in German) 4111:. Germany, 4087:(in German) 4062:(in German) 4045:(in German) 4028:(in German) 3983:(in German) 3973:(in German) 3956:(in German) 3939:(in German) 3929:(in German) 3619:(in German) 3329:(in German) 3187:(in German) 3093:(in German) 2972:(in German) 2718:(in German) 2637:(in German) 2635:1963 (pdf) 2547:(in German) 2482:(in German) 2479:p. 418 1912:(in German) 1846:(in German) 1821:(in German) 1603:Frankenthal 1575: [ 1519:Paul Bonatz 1510:Ernst Bloch 1486:Wochenschau 1481:Kulturfilme 1430: [ 1223:and to the 1187:Irschenberg 1039:Reichsmarks 768:Kaliningrad 704:Izidor Koso 476:Rudolf Hess 468:Sudetenland 265: [ 208:autostraßen 162:World War I 150:(short for 4275:Categories 4201:, 1995/96 3935:Die Straße 3692:Die Straße 3688:Fritz Todt 3523:Adam Tooze 3269:Die Straße 3158:p. 99 2671:Structurae 2389:Die Straße 2294:Die Straße 1796:References 1704:Gräfendorf 1640:bas relief 1626:Sculptures 1618:valley at 1587:Hedemünden 1585:valley at 1570:; in 1938 1469:Bahn Frei! 1416:Die Straße 1283:architect 1273:Michendorf 1225:Thingspiel 1153:Aesthetics 1109:Kübelwagen 1095:Volkswagen 1054:Employment 1049:Objectives 1015:Copenhagen 764:Königsberg 724:Regensburg 680:. In 1942 584:Lebensraum 452:Heidelberg 438:Fanget an! 368:Reichsbahn 309:Fritz Todt 301:Fritz Todt 283:Reichsbahn 277:Communists 230:, between 228:Heidelberg 203:Lord Mayor 177:autostrada 142:Background 76:under the 48:car plaque 29:, today's 4121:312979930 4083:312133763 3292:, p. 135. 3224:, p. 134. 3090:p. 8 2811:, p. 238. 2444:Volume 2 1729:Influence 1715:Rødbyhavn 1694:Route 46 1677:Negenborn 1659:Route 24 1636:Eisenberg 1217:Freikorps 1126:Wehrmacht 1122:Luftwaffe 1099:KdF-Wagen 1023:Thuringia 1007:Leningrad 991:Yaroslavl 987:Trondheim 963:Nuremberg 943:Stuttgart 728:Wehrmacht 602:Wehrbauer 516:Werbellin 511:Baustürme 262:Willy Hof 217:ring road 109:Darmstadt 105:Frankfurt 4099:48078430 3953:19828379 3565:, p. 55. 3561:Zeller, 3552:, p. 62. 3548:Zeller, 3428:Zeller, 3349:Zeller, 3310:Zeller, 3288:Zeller, 3277:72237939 3254:Zeller, 3220:Zeller, 3207:Zeller, 3054:Zeller, 3045:, p. 56. 3041:Zeller, 2929:Zeller, 2807:Zeller, 2730:Gleiwitz 2722:Duisburg 2422:, p. 61. 2418:Zeller, 2234:, p. 59. 2230:Zeller, 2086:Zeller, 1783:See also 1700:Würzburg 1673:Buchholz 1649:Sisyphus 1386:Salzburg 1316:between 1296:völkisch 1209:Annaberg 1201:Chiemsee 1130:"Beetle" 1090:Michigan 967:Brussels 870:Berlinka 772:Berlinka 738:Post-war 720:Augsburg 488:Westwall 472:dumpster 279:and the 224:Mannheim 179:between 175:'s 1924 127:Salzburg 4264:of the 4260:in the 3970:2492185 3926:3931593 3876:2494201 3649:October 2329:189–200 2296:, 1937. 1685:Garbsen 1665:Hanover 1661:Hamburg 1620:Limburg 1591:autarky 1527:Junkers 1281:Bauhaus 1213:Silesia 1027:Silesia 997:in the 959:Stettin 955:Leipzig 847:Hagenow 830:in the 802:in the 756:Austria 752:Germany 663:German 569:Hinzert 547:Hanover 543:Silesia 506:Gestapo 464:Breslau 252:HaFraBa 236:Leipzig 195:Cologne 137:History 118:Ostmark 74:Germany 4119: 4097: 4081: 4057: 4040: 4022: 4010: 3995: 3968: 3951: 3924: 3874: 3814:4 June 3535: 3397: 3275: 3241: 3181: 3084: 2953: 2907: 2749: 2726:Passau 2575: 2541: 2473: 2452: 2148:, in: 1965: 1906: 1898:, in: 1840: 1815: 1566:, and 1539:Weyarn 1388:(1936) 1237:Dessau 1011:Lübeck 971:Calais 951:Erfurt 947:Neckar 924:radius 920:grades 897:Maribo 874:Elbląg 695:, the 448:Sopade 390:, the 248:Aachen 232:Munich 158:Berlin 94:German 90:Hitler 64:under 35:Dessau 3911:Print 1696:Fulda 1683:near 1599:Rhine 1583:Werra 1579:] 1560:Saale 1434:] 1412:stamp 1314:Saale 979:Paris 975:Trier 792:Saale 766:(now 665:Ju 88 502:Gyhum 269:] 244:Halle 181:Milan 82:Nazis 4117:OCLC 4095:OCLC 4079:OCLC 4068:Film 4055:ISBN 4038:ISBN 4020:ISBN 4008:ISBN 3993:ISBN 3966:OCLC 3949:OCLC 3922:OCLC 3872:OCLC 3816:2022 3533:ISBN 3395:ISBN 3273:OCLC 3239:ISBN 3179:ISBN 3082:ISBN 2951:ISBN 2905:ISBN 2747:ISBN 2724:and 2573:ISBN 2539:ISBN 2471:ISBN 2450:ISBN 1963:ISBN 1904:ISBN 1838:ISBN 1813:ISBN 1671:and 1616:Lahn 1568:Jena 1343:and 1320:and 1241:USDA 1192:Alps 1120:and 1025:and 1013:and 1003:Riga 1001:and 999:USSR 995:Kiev 993:and 985:and 983:Oslo 977:and 953:and 939:Ruhr 903:and 754:and 722:and 672:the 575:The 484:Brno 480:Eger 400:Main 226:and 199:Bonn 197:and 148:AVUS 52:The 4266:ZBW 3173:in 3152:in 1562:at 1537:at 1508:As 1475:'s 1473:UFA 1211:in 969:to 905:E55 901:E47 855:GDR 323:or 72:in 4277:: 4169:, 4123:. 4107:. 4085:. 3807:. 3647:, 3606:^ 3525:, 3088:, 2712:, 2692:^ 2678:^ 2669:, 2631:, 2545:, 2533:, 2477:, 2349:^ 2239:^ 2214:^ 2175:^ 2039:^ 1998:^ 1986:^ 1974:^ 1950:^ 1883:^ 1853:^ 1779:. 1698:- 1691:. 1663:- 1577:de 1432:de 1116:, 1101:, 1045:. 1017:. 926:. 849:, 814:. 688:. 565:SS 384:SA 267:de 211:, 96:: 31:A9 3818:. 3621:. 3331:. 3189:. 3160:. 3095:. 2974:. 2673:. 2639:. 2484:. 2344:. 1914:. 1848:. 1823:. 907:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index