Chinese economic reform

3446: 3621: 2576:, regarded by some as the second most powerful person in China after Deng with more conservative ideology of the reforms. Though Deng Xiaoping is credited as the architect of modern China's economic reforms, Chen was more directly involved in the details of its planning and construction, and led a force that opposed many of the reforms from Deng's side. The two sides struggled over the general direction of the reforms until Chen died in 1995. A key feature of Chen's ideas was to use the market to allocate resources, within the scope of an overall plan. Some reforms of the early 1980s were, in effect, the implementation of a program that Chen had outlined in the mid-1950s. Chen called this the "birdcage economy (鸟笼经济/鳥籠經濟)". According to Chen, "the cage is the plan, and it may be large or small. But within the cage the bird is free to fly as he wishes." Chen and some other conservative leaders including 213: 3394: 2381: 878: 2790: 3075:(TFP) was the most important factor, with productivity accounting for 40.1% of the GDP increase, compared with a decline of 13.2% for the period 1957 to 1978—the height of Maoist policies. For the period 1978–2005, Chinese GDP per capita increased from 2.7% to 15.7% of U.S. GDP per capita, and from 53.7% to 188.5% of Indian GDP per capita. Per capita incomes grew at 6.6% a year. Average wages rose sixfold between 1978 and 2005, while absolute poverty declined from 41% of the population to 5% from 1978 to 2001. Some scholars believed that China's economic growth has been understated, due to large sectors of the economy not being counted. 3308: 2518: 2603: 9178: 2037: 814: 2894:

privatization, and adopted a loose monetary policy, which led to the formation of a U.S.-style property bubble in which property prices tripled. The privileged state sector was the primary recipient of government investment, which, under the new administration, promoted the rise of large "national champions" which could compete with large foreign corporations. Nevertheless, the share of SOEs in the total number of companies have continued to fall, dropping to 5%, though their share of total output remained at 26%. Exchange rates for the yuan were also liberalized and the peg to the

3099: 3365:. As the state sector fell in importance and profitability, government revenues, especially that of the central government in Beijing, fell substantially and the government relied on a confused system of inventory taxes. Government revenues fell from 35% of GDP to 11% of GDP in the mid-1990s, excluding revenue from state-owned enterprises, with the central government's budget at just 3% of GDP. The tax system was reformed in 1994 when inventory taxes were unified into a single VAT of 17% on all manufacturing, repair, and assembly activities and an 2708: 3574: 3274:

and import quotas. Even during the early reform era, protectionist policies were often circumvented by smuggling. When China joined the WTO, it agreed to considerably harsher conditions than other developing countries. Trade has increased from under 10% of GDP to 64% of GDP over the same period. China is considered the most open large country; by 2005, China's average statutory tariff on industrial products was 8.9%. The average was 30.9% for Argentina, 27.0% for Brazil, 32.4% for India, and 36.9% for Indonesia.

3328:, is the largest bank in the world. The financial sector is widely seen as a drag on the economy due to the inefficient state management. Non-performing loans, mostly made to local governments and unprofitable state-owned enterprises for political purposes, especially the political goal of keeping unemployment low, are a big drain on the financial system and economy, reaching over 22% of GDP by 2000, with a drop to 6.3% by 2006 due to government recapitalization of these banks. In 2006, the total amount of 2774: 3594:. The Eastern bloc economies saw declines varying from 13% to 65% in GDP at the beginning of reforms, while Chinese growth has been very strong since the beginning of reform. China also managed to avoid the hyperinflation of 200 to 1,000% that Eastern Europe experienced. This success is attributed to the gradualist and decentralized approach of the Chinese government, which allowed market institutions to develop to the point where they could replace state planning. This contrasts with the 9202: 2049: 2025: 2704:

steel (although its price was both important had carried symbolic weight) as well as partial tax and financial reform. Radical price reform again became a focus in 1988, and this time led to spiraling inflation (the first time it had done so since the 1940s) as well as a backlash that included local protests, bank runs, and panic buying. The Chinese leadership halted these price liberalization plans in fall 1988 and instead focused on austerity, price reform, and retrenchment.

3640: 3195:. Chinese steel output quadrupled between 1980 and 2000, and from 2000 to 2006 rose from 128.5 million tons to 418.8 million tons, one-third of global production. Labor productivity at some Chinese steel firms exceeds Western productivity. From 1975 to 1992, China's automobile production rose from 139,800 to 1.1 million, rising to 9.35 million in 2008. Light industries such as textiles saw an even greater increase, due to reduced government interference. 3188:, owned by local government and often de facto private firms, competed successfully with state-owned enterprises. By the 1990s, large-scale privatizations reduced the market share of both the Township and Village Enterprises and state-owned enterprises and increased the private sector's market share. The state sector's share of industrial output dropped from 81% in 1980 to 15% in 2005. Foreign capital controls much of Chinese industry and plays an important role. 9226: 3298: 10777: 10131: 9744: 9511: 3226: 3261: 3701:. However, scholars believe that public health issues are unlikely to become major obstacles to the growth of China's economy during the coming decades, and studies have shown that air quality and other environmental measures in China are better than those in developed countries, such as the United States and Japan, at the same level of development. Air pollution reached its peak in the early 2010s, and has declined significantly since then. 9190: 10787: 9156: 3141: 3013: 9214: 3663:, that over the years that the GDP figures and other economic data from local Chinese governments may be inflated or manipulated otherwise. Officials from central government have said that local government officials sometimes falsify economic data to meet the economic growth targets or for personal promotions. 3289:(SEZs) were created in the early 1980s to attract foreign capital by exempting them from taxes and regulations. This experiment was successful and SEZs were expanded to cover the whole Chinese coast. Although FDI fell briefly after the 1989 student protests, it increased again to 160 billion by 2004. 3175:

however, increases in agricultural productivity allowed workers to be released for work in industry and services, while simultaneously increasing agricultural production. Trade in agriculture was also liberalized and China became an exporter of food, a great contrast to its previous famines and shortages.

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Some scholars assert that China has maintained a high degree of openness that is unusual among the other large and populous nations, with competition from foreign goods in almost every sector of the economy. Foreign investment helped to greatly increase quality, knowledge and standards, especially in

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In the beginning, Chen supported Deng, carried out and implemented many of the influential reforms that made a generation of Chinese richer. But later, Chen realized that the state still needed an active iron hand involvement in the market to prevent the private sector from becoming untamable. Chen's

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and the leadership ultimately rejected shock price reform. Zhao had accepted the argument that the basic concern in economic reform was energizing enterprises. By late summer, what started under the rubric of "coordinated comprehensive package reform" had been diluted to an adjustment in the price of

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Due to the weakness of the banks, firms raise most of their capital through an informal, nonstandard financial sector developed during the 1980s and 1990s, consisting largely of underground businesses and private banks. Internal finance is the most important method successful firms use to fund their

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China's trade surplus is considered by some in the United States as threatening American jobs. In the 2000s, the Bush administration pursued protectionist policies such as tariffs and quotas to limit the import of Chinese goods. Some scholars argue that China's growing trade surplus is the result of

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into private plots. Under the new policy, peasants were able to exercise formal control of their land as long as they sold a contracted portion of their crops to the government. This move increased agricultural production by 25 percent between 1975 and 1985, setting a precedent for privatizing other

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and central planning. From 1950 to 1973, Chinese real GDP per capita grew at a rate of 2.9% per year on average, albeit with major fluctuations. This placed it near the middle of the Asian nations during the same period, with neighboring countries such as Japan, South Korea, Singapore and then rival

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showed that the population growth rate dropped to low levels. Due to the financial pressure and other factors, many young couples increasingly choose to delay or even abandon the plan of raising a second child even after the Chinese government largely relaxed the one-child policy in late 2015. This

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The collapse of the Soviet Bloc and centrally planned economies in 1989 provided renewed impetus for China to further reform its economy through different policies to avoid a similar fate. China also wanted to avoid the Russian ad-hoc experiments with market capitalism under Boris Yeltsin resulting

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took a more conservative approach towards reforms, and began to reverse some of Deng Xiaoping's reforms in 2005. Observers note that the government adopted more egalitarian and populist policies. It increased subsidies and control over the health care sector, increased funding for education, halted

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of the Maoist era. Moreover, the adoption of Industrial Responsibility System 1980s further promote the development of state-owned enterprise by allowing individuals or groups to manage the enterprise by contract. Private businesses were allowed to operate for the first time since the CCP takeover,

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Scholars have proposed a number of theories to explain China's successful transition from a planned to a socialist market economy. This occurred despite unfavorable factors such as the troublesome legacies of socialism, considerable erosion of the work ethic, decades of anti-market propaganda, and

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greatly increases wealth for poor countries. Throughout the reform period, the government reduced tariffs and other trade barriers, with the overall tariff rate falling from 56% to 15%. By 2001, less than 40% of imports were subject to tariffs and only 9 percent of import were subject to licensing

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China is widely seen as an engine of world and regional growth. Surges in Chinese demand account for 50, 44 and 66 percent of export growth of the Hong Kong SAR of China, Japan and Taiwan respectively, and China's trade deficit with the rest of East Asia helped to revive the economies of Japan and

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One notable theory is that decentralization of state authority allowed local leaders to experiment with various ways to privatize the state sector and energize the economy. Although Deng was not the originator of many of the reforms, he approved them. Another theory focuses on internal incentives

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wrote in his memoirs that in the years following the household contracting system, "the energy that was unleashed … was magical, beyond what anyone could have imagined. A problem thought to be unsolvable had worked itself out in just a few years time … y 1984, farmers actually had more grain than

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to use state power to provide boundaries for the operation of the market, and to mediate the damage that capitalism can do to those who find it difficult to benefit from the free market. Chen's notion of the CPC as a "ruling party" was central to the redefinition of the role of the Party in Jiang

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had a profound effect on the CCP leadership in China. Leaders in China made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping, to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship, and subtle suppression of dissent. Over the years, more than 22,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to

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instead of just growing rice and grain. Vegetable and meat production increased to the point that Chinese agricultural production was adding the equivalent of California's vegetable industry every two years. Growth in the sector slowed after 1984, with agriculture falling from 40% of GDP to 16%;

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The government retains monopolies in several sectors, such as petroleum and banking. The recent reversal of some reforms have left some observers dubbing 2008 the "third anniversary of the end of reforms". Nevertheless, observers believe that China's economy can continue growing at rates of 6–8

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In contrast to the neoliberal view which emphasizes benefits from decentralization, increased privatization, and globalization, Professor Lin Chun concludes that studies have demonstrated pre-reform period factors that are at least as compelling factors in China's success. Those factors include

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In the pre-reform period, industry was largely stagnant and the socialist system presented few incentives for improvements in quality and productivity. With the introduction of the dual-price system and greater autonomy for enterprise managers, productivity increased greatly in the early 1980s.

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in August 2013, seen as part of the reforms. He has additionally voiced support for SOEs, and under him, at least 288 firms have revised their corporate charters by 2017 to allow the CCP greater influence in corporate management, and to reflect the party line. This trend also includes Hong Kong

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China's economic growth has been compared with other developing countries, such as Brazil, Mexico, and India. GDP growth in China outstrips all other developing countries, with only India after 1990 coming close to China's experience. Scholars believe that high rates of investments, especially

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rather than holistic development, which led to environmental degradation, inequality, and other social problems. Still they undoubtedly kicked China's growth machine into gear by making the bureaucracy results oriented, fiercely competitive, and responsive to business needs, qualities that are

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Reforms were also implemented in urban industry to increase productivity. A dual-price system was introduced, in which (State-owned enterprise reform 1979) state-owned industries were allowed to sell any production above the plan quota, and commodities were sold at both plan and market prices,

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Generally, reforms in this period started with local experiments that were adopted and expanded elsewhere once their success had been demonstrated. Officials generally faced few penalties for experimenting and failing and those who developed successful programs received nation-wide praise and

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After three decades of reform, China's economy experienced one of the world's biggest booms. Agriculture and light industry have largely been privatized, while the state still retains control over some heavy industries. Despite the dominance of state ownership in finance, telecommunications,

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In July 1979, China adopted its first Law on Joint Venture Using Chinese and Foreign Investment. This law was effective in helping to attract and absorb foreign technology and capital from advanced countries like the United States, facilitated China's exports to such countries, and thereby

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Corruption and increased inflation increased discontent, contributing to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre and a conservative backlash after that event which ousted several key reformers and threatened to reverse many of Deng's reforms. The events of 1988 and 1989 led to the

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normally associated with democracies." But this only applies to the Deng era. Ang notes that since 2012, when Xi Jinping took over, the new leader has reversed Deng's political reforms and limits to power, "just as political freedoms have become imperative for continued economic growth."

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This increase in production is largely the result of the removal of barriers to entry and increased competition; the number of industrial firms rose from 377,300 in 1980 to nearly 8 million in 1990 and 1996; the 2004 economic census, which excluded enterprises with annual sales below RMB

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called to strike a balance between too much laissez-faire market economy and retaining state control over key areas of the economy. Chen Yun helped preserve the economy by preventing policies that would have damaged the interests of special interest groups in the government bureaucracy.

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in December 1978. By the time Deng took power, there was widespread support among the elite for economic reforms. From 1978 to 1992, Deng described reform and opening up as a "large scale experiment" requiring thorough "experimentation in practice" instead of textbook knowledge. As the

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increases in capital invested per worker, have contributed to China's superior economic performance. China's relatively free economy, with less government intervention and regulation, is cited by scholars as an important factor in China's superior performance compared to other

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occurred, in which all state enterprises, except a few large monopolies, were liquidated and their assets sold to private investors. Between 2001 and 2004, the number of state-owned enterprises decreased by 48 percent. During the same period, Jiang and Zhu also reduced

2817:, the state is no more than an investor and controller of stock and assets. Pursuant to the Corporation Law, private and foreign investment in such enterprises must be below 49%. The law also permitted state firms to declare bankruptcy in the event of business failure. 3548:, the Cultural Revolution attacked the very administrators and managers on which Chinese economy depended, and the immediate result was instability and administrative chaos in short run. A longer-run result was that there were not nearly as many well-entrenched 2987:

In September 2020, the CCP announced that it would strengthen United Front work in the private sector by establishing more party committees in the regional federations of industry and commerce (FIC), and by arranging a special liaison between FIC and the CCP.

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faction. Despite rapid economic growth which has virtually eliminated poverty in urban China and reduced it greatly in rural regions and the fact that living standards for everyone in China have drastically increased in comparison to the pre-reform era, the

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Major reforms (including rural decollectivization, SOE reform, and rural health care reform) almost always began first as decentralized local experiments subject to intervention from high level Communist Party officials before they were more widely adopted.

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Some analysts have also added that the reform era has been scaled down significantly during the leadership of Xi when the reformists lost power, citing that Xi has reasserted state control over different aspects of Chinese society, including the economy.

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economies and differences in social welfare and other institutions. Another argument is that, in the Eastern European economies, political change is sometimes seen to have made gradualist reforms impossible, so the shocks and inflation were unavoidable.

3321:(WTO), the service sector was considerably liberalized and foreign investment was allowed; restrictions on retail, wholesale and distribution ended. Banking, financial services, insurance and telecommunications were also opened up to foreign investment. 3598:

of Eastern Europe, where the state-owned sector was rapidly privatized with employee buyouts, but retained much of the earlier, inefficient management. Other factors thought to account for the differences are the greater urbanization of the

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By the 1980s much emphasis was placed on the role of advertising in meeting the modernization goals being promoted by Deng. Lip service was still paid to old Maoist ideals of egalitarianism, but it did not inhibit the growth of consumerism.

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was estimated at $ 160 billion. Observers recommend privatization of the banking system to solve this problem, a move that was partially carried out when the four banks were floated on the stock market. China's financial markets, the

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within the Chinese government, in which officials presiding over areas of high economic growth were more likely to be promoted. This made local and provincial governments "hungry for investment," who competed to reduce regulations and

2834:. In 2005, on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of Chen's birth, the Party press published, over the course of several weeks, the proceedings of a symposium discussing Chen's contributions to CCP history, theory and practice. 3560:

and the other pragmatists take power, there were few interest groups whose lobbying could undermine Deng's market-oriented reforms, because the Cultural Revolution had destroyed the narrowly entrenched interests with a stake in the

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to a socialist market economy has often been compared with economies in Eastern Europe that are undergoing a similar transition. China's performance has been praised for avoiding the major shocks and inflation that plagued the

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system in China and differences between coastal and interior provinces, the latter being burdened by a larger state sector. Some Western scholars have suggested that reviving the welfare state and instituting a re-distributive

2489:, for foreign investment that were relatively free of the bureaucratic regulations and interventions that hampered economic growth. These regions became engines of growth for the national economy. On January 31, 1979, the 2924:

listed firms, who have traditionally downplayed their party links, but are now "redrafting bylaws to formally establish party committees that previously existed only at the group level." In other dimensions, according to

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communities improve livelihoods, promote sustainable development and environmental conservation, and preserve cultural traditions...also supports targeted programs that strengthen cooperation on combatting the spread of

2995:", a term which he defined as an "essential requirement of socialism", described as affluence for all and said entailed reasonable adjustments to excess incomes. Common prosperity has been used as the justification for 3211:

reporting more firms than the nationwide total for 1980. Compared to other East Asian industrial growth spurts, China's industrial performance exceeded Japan's but remained behind South Korea and Taiwan's economies.

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The success of China's economic policies and the manner of their implementation resulted in immense changes in Chinese society in the last 40 years, including greatly decreased poverty while both average incomes and

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was broken, leading the yuan to rise by 31% against the dollar from 2005 to 2012. China's economic growth has averaged around 10% under Hu, while the economy surpassed the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan.

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increased. Heavy losses had to be made up by state revenues and acted as a drain upon the economy. Inflation became problematic in 1985, 1988 and 1992. Privatizations began to accelerate after 1992, and the

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Moatsos, M., 2021. Global extreme poverty: present and past since 1820. In: OECD, ed. How was life? Vol. II: new perspectives on well-being and global inequality since 1820. Paris: OECD Publishing, 186–212.

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on 11 items, with the VAT becoming the main income source, accounting for half of government revenue. The 1994 reform also increased the central government's share of revenues, increasing it to 9% of GDP.

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grew as a percentage of GDP. China's government slowly expanded recognition of the private economy, first as a "complement" to the state sector (1988) and then as an "important component" (1999) of the

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in 1992. The reforms led to significant economic growth for China within the successive decades; this phenomenon has since been seen as an "economic miracle". In 2010, China overtook Japan as the

2862:; reformed the banking system; dismantled much of the Mao-era social welfare system; forced the Chinese army (PLA) to divest itself of military-run businesses; reduced inflation; and joined the 3282:(VAT) for exports and undervaluation of the currency since 2002, has resulted in an overdeveloped export sector and distortion of the economy overall, a result that could hamper future growth. 2958:

with the U.S in 2018. This is alongside more aggressive pursuit of trade policies, in line with an outlook that sees China move towards taking a more active role in writing the rules of trade.

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Although the economic reforms has caused significant economic growth in China, it has also caused increased inequality, resulting in backlash and an attempt at pushing back the reforms by the

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system is needed to relieve inequality, while some Chinese economists have suggested that privatizing state monopolies and distributing the proceeds to the population can reduce inequality.

2206:, and permission for entrepreneurs to start businesses. However, a large percentage of industries remained state-owned. The second stage of reform, in the late 1980s and 1990s, involved the 2821:

criticism of Deng's later economic reforms was widely influential within the CCP and was reflected in the policies of China's leaders after Deng. Chen's theories supported the efforts of

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Xi has increased the power of CCP bodies in economic decision-making, decreasing the influence of the State Council and the premier. His administration made it easier for banks to issue

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and China Standards 2035, which have sought to scale up and displace US dominance in various high-tech sectors, though publicly China de-emphasized these plans due to the outbreak of a

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petroleum and other important sectors of the economy, private entrepreneurs continue to expand into sectors formerly reserved for public enterprise. Prices have also been liberalized.

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acknowledged that a planned economy was not the only way to develop socialism and that prior policies restricting the commodity economy had hindered socialist development. After the

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strong "human capital" accumulated through decades of state investments in basic needs including health care and public education, state and rural collective ownership of land, the

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Huang, Jikun; et al. (2008), "Agriculture in China's Development: Past Disappointments, Recent Successes, and Future Challenges", in Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (eds.),

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datasets, the proportion of Chinese people unable to afford a "subsistence basket" (basic needs) has increased since the increasing pace of reforms in the late 1980s and 1990s.

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Some scholars have also contested the claims that the reform has led to as dramatic reduction in poverty as reported. The dramatic reduction reported relies on the use of the

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that political reforms took place with economic reforms under Deng, except the former did not take Western forms. She writes, "To be sure, Deng's reforms emphasized brute

2947:. His administration has also pursued a debt-deleveraging campaign, seeking to slow and cut the unsustainable amount of debt China has accrued during its economic growth. 469: 350: 222: 7931: 2928:, the Xi era has also been marked by economic opening, greater market-oriented decision-making and discontinuation of support for poorly managed state-owned enterprises. 10201: 6521: 2980:", meaning reorienting the economy towards domestic consumption while remaining open to foreign trade and investment. Since 2021, his administration has formulated the " 2845:, who were ardent reformers who also abided by Chen Yun advice to keep the reforms steady and keep the state still in charge of key areas. In 1997 and 1998, large-scale 2474: 2429: 761: 4940: 212: 10549: 835: 6251: 10337: 4680: 10342: 10092: 3709: 2298:'s Republic of China (ROC) outstripping mainland China's rate of growth. Starting in 1970, the economy entered into a period of stagnation, and after the death of 8536: 6677: 5354: 10725: 8498: 7844: 5599: 10322: 10011: 2079: 3670:

for increasing inequality and allowing private entrepreneurs to purchase state assets at reduced prices. These accusations were especially intense during the

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From virtually an industrial backwater in 1978, China is now the world's biggest producer of concrete, steel, ships and textiles, and has the world's largest

2334:. Hua made national economic development a matter of the highest priority and emphasized the need to achieve "liberation of productive forces." He "combined 9894: 3791: 3728: 3492:. Foreign aids to China, including those from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, also played an important role. Since the beginning of opening, China has received 3445: 2916: 2375: 2179: 828: 8387: 4995: 10651: 10352: 9102:

Zhao, Xin; Russell W. Belk (August 2008). "Politicizing Consumer Culture: Advertising's Appropriation of Political Ideology in China's Social Transition".

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A significant economic debate during this period concerned the approach to price liberalization and whether China should adopt an approach consistent with

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to investment to boost both economic growth and their careers. Such reforms were possible because Deng cultivated pro-market followers in the government.

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years) effectively guaranteed the vast majority of China's population with access to food. Using China's "Basic Needs Poverty Line", calculated based on

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industries in more developed Asian countries moving to China, and not a new phenomenon. China's trade policy, which allows producers to avoid paying the

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in 1992 with slogans of "Insist reform and opening-up", an alternative rendering of insisting Chinese economic reform which was well underway at the time

2258: 3946: 2510:, which then widely spread to other parts of China. In January 1984, Deng Xiaoping made his first inspection tour to Shenzhen and Zhuhai, praising the " 10539: 9657: 6612: 5164: 3152:

During the pre-reform period, Chinese agricultural performance was extremely poor and food shortages were common. After Deng Xiaoping implemented the

2657:, firms nominally owned by local governments but effectively private, began to gain market share at the expense of the state sector. With the help of 10186: 8414: 8242: 6645: 4394: 3744: 2432:. By the late 1970s, food supplies and production had become so deficient that government officials were warning that China was about to repeat the " 1505: 1133: 239: 6901: 3620: 3037:

and the Soviet Union; as well as to the growth of other developing economies. Additionally, these series of reforms have led to China's status as a

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imprisonment or exile of many reformist officials. However, Deng stood by his reforms and in 1992, he affirmed the need to continue reforms in his

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and they gradually began to make up a greater percentage of industrial output. Price flexibility was also increased, expanding the service sector.

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Haggard, Stevens; et al. (2008), "The political economy of private-sector development in China", in Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (eds.),

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Xin Zhao and Russell W. Belk, "Politicizing Consumer Culture: Advertising's Appropriation of Political Ideology in China's Social Transition,"

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of China is estimated to be above 0.45, comparable to some Latin American countries such as Argentina and Mexico as well as the United States.

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when the reformists lost power, citing that Xi has reasserted state control over different aspects of Chinese society, including the economy.

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China's banking sector is dominated by four large state-owned banks, which are largely inefficient and monopolistic. China's largest bank,

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Benjamin, Dwayne; et al. (2008), "Income inequality during China's Economic Transition", in Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (eds.),

8271: 6930: 6701: 3156:, agricultural output increased by 8.2% a year, compared with 2.7% in the pre-reform period, despite a decrease in the area of land used. 10636: 10564: 9581: 9244: 5613: 4701: 3732: 2641:

Controls on private businesses and government intervention continued to decrease, notably in the agrifood sector which saw relaxation of

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took a more conservative approach towards reforms, regulated and controlled the economy more heavily after 2005, reversing some reforms.

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Allen, Franklin; et al. (2008), "China's Financial system: Past, present and future", in Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (eds.),

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of state control, leaving local provincial leaders to experiment with ways to increase economic growth and privatize the state sector.

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The domestic private sector first exceeded 50% of GDP in 2005 and has further expanded since. Also in 1999, China was able to surpass

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Wong, P.W. Christine; et al. (2008), "China's Fiscal system: a work in progress", in Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (eds.),

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Other criticisms focus on the effects of rapid industrialization on public health and the environment. For instance, China is the

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adopted some New Left policies, such as halting privatizations and increasing the state sector's importance in the economy, and

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as of 2018. On the other hand, the assistance from the U.S. reached a total of US$ 556 million as of 2012, and has "helped

1767: 10397: 10357: 10327: 9652: 7912: 3660: 2866:. These moves invoked discontent among some groups, especially laid-off workers of state enterprises that had been privatized. 2246: 2127: 1907: 591: 546: 9056:

Svejnar, Jan; et al. (2008), "China in light of other transition economies", in Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (eds.),

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exports increased from 4.6% of world exports in 1980 to 24.1% in 2005. Textile output increased 18-fold over the same period.

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has led to the aging of the Chinese population, which economists have said could potentially harm the economy in the future.

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Cai, Fang; et al. (2008), "The Chinese labor market in the reform era", in Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (eds.),

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percent until 2025, though a reduction in state intervention is considered by some to be necessary for sustained growth.

2589: 1626: 738: 446: 332: 5577: 4097: 2649:, and there was small-scale privatization of state enterprises which had become unviable. A notable development was the 2198:(CCP) carried out the market reforms in two stages. The first stage, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, involved the de- 10821: 10228: 9555: 9433: 9038:

Perkins, Dwight; et al. (2008), "Forecasting China's growth to 2025", in Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (eds.),

8019: 6669: 4976: 4462: 3600: 3473: 2950:

Xi's administration has also reoriented the economy to increase self-reliance, and accordingly launched two campaigns;

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Branstetter, Lee; et al. (2008), "China's embrace of globalization", in Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (eds.),

8514: 10684: 10646: 10626: 10579: 10332: 10196: 9587: 9047:

Rawski, G. Thomas; et al. (2008), "China's Industrial Development", in Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (eds.),

8918: 6800: 5660: 4873: 4835: 4323: 4111: 3529:'s retaining of strategic industries, government sponsorship of trade and technology transfers, and public spending. 3238: 2955: 2712: 2506: 2231: 1927: 1603: 1550: 711: 556: 451: 384: 5089: 10836: 10816: 10718: 10387: 10275: 10003: 9774: 9575: 8879: 3185: 2729: 2654: 2597: 2425:

in the Soviet Union, is considered an important factor contributing to the success of China's economic transition.

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has become a major environmental issue in China resulting from the economic development. (The picture shows thick

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Heston, Alan; et al. (2008), "China and Development economics", in Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (eds.),

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recognition. The bottom-up approach of the reforms promoted by Deng, in contrast to the top-down approach of the

2389: 2339: 2289:, resulting in stagnation, inefficiency, and poverty. Prior to the reforms, the Chinese economy was dominated by 1128: 1068: 716: 701: 377: 5553: 5481: 3393: 2261:(GDP) by 2005. From 1978 until 2013, unprecedented growth occurred, with the economy increasing by 9.5% a year. 10554: 10191: 10176: 10107: 9759: 9484: 8218: 7959: 2919:

announcing that "market forces" would begin to play a "decisive" role in allocating resources. Xi launched the

2171: 1674: 859: 419: 145: 55: 2349:" period, especially after Deng and his reformist allies rose to power with Deng replacing Hua Guofeng as the 10181: 9707: 9388: 2810: 2405: 2105: 1694: 1575: 1006: 434: 41: 6596: 6331:"China's economic development history and Xi Jinping's "China dream:" an overview with personal reflections" 2330:. Hua's break with Cultural Revolution era economic policies were consistent with the 1975 reform agenda of 10747: 10730: 10689: 10616: 10292: 10233: 10208: 10134: 10016: 9822: 9807: 9787: 9783: 9727: 9642: 5428:"Assault on the Reforms: Conservative Criticism of Political and Economic Liberalization in China, 1985–86" 3816: 3477: 3192: 2806: 1715: 1641: 317: 259: 229: 6637: 4380: 3595: 2540:

Besides Deng Xiaoping himself, important high-ranking reformists who helped carry out the reforms include

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in the 1980s, supported by Deng Xiaoping. However, many of the planned political reforms ended after the

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in the rise of powerful oligarchs, corruption, and the loss of state revenue which exacerbated economic

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Before Deng Xiaoping's reforms, China's economy suffered due to centrally planned policies, such as the

2182:

were launched by Deng and his allies in the 1980s, but eventually ended in 1989 due to the crackdown on

10679: 10621: 10569: 10425: 10367: 9842: 9832: 9682: 9612: 9545: 9168: 8745: 4245: 3102:

Gini-coefficient of national income distribution around the world (dark green: <0.25, red: >0.60)

3046: 3022: 2789: 1555: 892: 631: 6167: 5301:"Differing Visions of China's Post-Mao Economy: The Ideas of Chen Yun, Deng Xiaoping, and Zhao Ziyang" 3750:

Since the late 1970s, Deng and other senior leaders including Chen Yun and Li Xiannian supported the "

3708:

poverty line of $ 1.90 per day, which some have argued is an inaccurate means of measuring poverty in

2630:, marking a major shift in the thinking of Chinese policymakers with regard to market mechanisms. The 2465:, to open the door to foreign businesses that wanted to set up in China. For the first time since the 10780: 10534: 10304: 10241: 10149: 10121: 10117: 9987: 9972: 9874: 9827: 9817: 9717: 9477: 9317: 8346: 7783: 6879: 5056: 3796: 3679: 3196: 3167:

they could sell. The state grain storehouses were stacked full from the annual procurement program."

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such as the United States, Japan, Germany, France and the United Kingdom. For instance, through its

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the "lost generation" whose education disintegrated amid the disruption of the Cultural Revolution.

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China's nominal GDP trend from 1952 to 2015. Note the rapid increase since reform in the late 1970s.

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towards the perceived "excesses" of several sectors, most prominently tech and tutoring industries.

10846: 10511: 10476: 10455: 10166: 10161: 10097: 10066: 9932: 9747: 9692: 9677: 9570: 9540: 9332: 9312: 9292: 6307: 6110: 6087: 5743:"China Adjusts to the World Economy: The Political Economy of China's Coastal Development Strategy" 5652: 3666:

Despite reducing poverty and increasing China's wealth, Deng's reforms have been criticized by the

3318: 2920: 2863: 2762: 2250: 2131: 2009: 2004: 1848: 1827: 1720: 1535: 1226: 1028: 914: 902: 686: 661: 636: 496: 429: 307: 279: 7572:"The Cultural Revolution and the Democracy Movement of 1989: Complexity in Historical Connections" 6837: 6770: 6467: 6303:"Chinese President Xi Jinping's show of support for state-owned firms 'no surprise', analysts say" 5219: 3084:

Southeast Asia. Asian leaders view China's economic growth as an "engine of growth for all Asia".

3049:. Some analysts have also added that the reform era has been scaled down significantly during the 10826: 10584: 10524: 10410: 10280: 10270: 10258: 9999: 9960: 9922: 9847: 9647: 9592: 6805: 6200: 5355:"Chen Yun, a Chinese Communist Patriarch Who Helped Slow Reforms, Is Dead at 89 (Published 1995)" 4128: 4103: 3509: 3358: 3338: 3334: 3311: 3301: 3093: 3071:. Since the beginning of Deng Xiaoping's reforms, China's GDP has risen tenfold. The increase in 2874: 2737: 2733: 2638:, reform focused on building a socialist planned commodity economy with Chinese characteristics. 2195: 2147: 1867: 1491: 671: 601: 476: 6143: 10713: 10251: 10154: 9967: 9940: 9917: 9907: 9837: 9764: 9302: 7685: 4345: 4277: 2944: 2877:(PPP) values. However, some state monopolies still remained, such as in petroleum and banking. 2814: 2801:

In the 1990s, Deng allowed many radical reforms to be carried out. Deng also elevated reformer

2517: 1967: 1737: 1684: 1570: 1176: 1143: 946: 907: 536: 372: 284: 8874: 8449:"Capitalist reforms and extreme poverty in China: Unprecedented progress or income deflation?" 7571: 5621: 5275: 5250: 4711: 4454: 4313: 10708: 10611: 10440: 9879: 9451: 9140: 7879: 7710: 6935: 6246: 4589: 3998: 3716:

existed in China which kept prices low, and a food rationing system which (except during the

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with an opening up to the capitalist world" and under his leadership, China opened its first

1631: 1608: 1593: 1138: 1043: 721: 501: 6501: 5052:

The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy

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accused entrepreneur Gu Sujung of usurping state assets, after which Gu was imprisoned. The

3422:

was playing a "similar but more spectacular role in the modernization of East Asia than the

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Although the economy grew quickly during this period, economic troubles in the inefficient

2669: 2433: 2413: 2123: 1987: 1917: 1727: 1636: 951: 748: 611: 302: 234: 7823: 7749: 7126: 2935:, increased foreign participation in the bond market, and increased the national currency 389: 8: 10674: 10420: 10263: 9977: 9862: 9857: 9737: 9565: 9428: 9418: 9413: 9393: 8900: 6570: 6279: 5913: 5394: 4581: 3951: 3759: 3736: 3683: 3671: 3541: 3534: 3497: 3329: 3098: 2662: 2602: 2445: 2397: 2385: 2327: 2286: 2029: 1999: 1882: 1877: 1834: 1757: 1073: 1021: 1016: 919: 771: 481: 401: 396: 327: 322: 9025:

Naughton, Barry; et al. (2008), "A Political Economy of China's Economic Transition

8904: 8437:

Drèze, J., and Sen, A., 1989. Hunger and Public Action, p. 209. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

3480:. In 2001, China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). As of 2006, over 400 of the 3243:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2504:, the "Shekou model" of development was gradually formed, embodied in its famous slogan 2306:

and turn to market-oriented reforms to salvage the stagnant economy. In September 1976,

10529: 10496: 10450: 10445: 10021: 9955: 9560: 8696: 8663: 8644: 8636: 8470: 7981: 7787: 7579: 6508: 6360: 5967: 5941: 5770: 5617: 5463: 5455: 5328: 4640: 4619: 4611: 4224: 4075: 3865: 3624: 3030: 2951: 2437: 2282: 2199: 1932: 1902: 1689: 1113: 1058: 797: 792: 766: 297: 269: 181: 173: 9458: 8552: 6379:"Chinese enterprises write Communist Party's role into charters – Nikkei Asian Review" 5114:"Jan 24–29,1984: Deng Xiaoping visits Shenzhen and Zhuhai – China – Chinadaily.com.cn" 4415: 3449: 10481: 10471: 10087: 9778: 9732: 9722: 9620: 9368: 9352: 9327: 9307: 9297: 9287: 9236: 9194: 9119: 9079: 9004: 8914: 8808: 8701: 8683: 8679: 8648: 8628: 8583: 8556: 8506: 8474: 8015: 7893: 7883: 7583: 7197: 7187: 6810: 6604: 6513: 6408:"Commentary: Why Chinese state companies are getting the Communist party's attention" 6364: 6352: 6036: 6026: 5945: 5933: 5862: 5852: 5818: 5808: 5762: 5717: 5656: 5527: 5467: 5447: 5399: 5362: 5320: 5144: 5070: 5060: 4972: 4887: 4879: 4869: 4831: 4807: 4753: 4652: 4623: 4601: 4563: 4553: 4468: 4458: 4447: 4319: 4285: 4212: 4202: 4168: 4136: 4107: 4065: 4003: 3956: 3921: 3857: 3776: 3469: 3068: 2992: 2673: 2493:

of Shenzhen was founded, becoming the first experimental area in China to "open up".

2134:" in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that began in the late 20th century, after 1545: 802: 513: 506: 129: 121: 5190:"Zhao Ziyang: The forgotten architect of China's economic reforms | DW | 14.01.2015" 3573: 3504:(ODA), Japan had offered China various forms of assistance worth 3.65 trillion 2707: 10790: 10486: 10415: 10139: 10041: 10036: 9869: 9500: 9373: 9267: 9218: 9206: 9111: 8691: 8675: 8620: 8548: 8460: 7973: 6872:"Opinions on Strengthening the United Front Work of Private Economy in the New Era" 6549: 6342: 5925: 5754: 5519: 5439: 5312: 4745: 4593: 4192: 4093: 3751: 3667: 3341:, are relatively ineffective at raising capital, as they comprise only 11% of GDP. 3112: 3107: 3026: 2977: 2870: 2831: 2716: 2650: 2462: 2350: 2235: 2227: 2053: 1992: 1982: 1922: 1912: 1887: 1377: 974: 941: 934: 787: 696: 626: 86: 8465: 8448: 8332: 7664: 6347: 6330: 9712: 9337: 9322: 9230: 9073: 8998: 8908: 8721:"A look inside the struggles and benefits of China's 'little emperor' generation" 8191: 7964: 7133: 6843: 6473: 6174: 6150: 5488: 5276:"Hu Qili Urged People Throughout Country to Help Change China With AM-China, Bjt" 5224: 4895: 4385: 3801: 3586: 3279: 2981: 2665: 2346: 2295: 2290: 2211: 2151: 2142:, who is often credited as the "General Architect", the reforms were launched by 1977: 1897: 1458: 1387: 1118: 986: 929: 924: 676: 541: 362: 8415:"China has Quickly and Sharply Reduced Pollution Since Enacting Strict Policies" 3264:

Global distribution of Chinese exports in 2006 as a percentage of the top market

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Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions

5193: 4539: 3713: 3644: 3549: 3485: 3411: 2855: 2837:

Although Deng died in 1997, reforms continued under his handpicked successors,

2757: 2720: 2642: 2511: 2254: 2219: 1892: 1841: 1820: 1407: 1397: 1362: 1231: 1161: 1103: 1079: 491: 406: 274: 107: 8624: 8609:"Missile Science, Population Science: The Origins of China's One-Child Policy" 7201: 6902:"Full Text: Xi Jinping's Speech on Boosting Common Prosperity – Caixin Global" 5866: 5822: 5443: 5074: 4891: 4749: 4567: 4216: 2580:

never visited Shenzhen, the leading special economic zone championed by Deng.

10810: 10736: 10491: 9945: 9884: 9662: 9271: 9123: 8812: 8687: 8632: 8587: 8560: 8510: 8012:

Power and prosperity : outgrowing communist and capitalist dictatorships

7955: 6906: 6814: 6608: 6517: 6356: 6222: 5937: 5766: 5721: 5451: 5403: 5366: 5324: 4757: 4289: 4172: 4140: 3979: 3960: 3925: 3887: 3861: 3811: 3786: 3687: 3557: 3526: 3489: 3430: 3270: 3119: 2932: 2846: 2331: 2319: 2223: 2207: 2139: 1791: 1468: 1430: 1412: 1309: 1304: 1264: 1196: 1181: 991: 681: 8936:

Brandt, Loren; et al. (2008), Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (eds.),

7897: 6195: 6040: 5523: 4733: 4615: 4472: 4079: 4059: 3067:

China's economic growth since the reform has been very rapid, exceeding the

2773: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9383: 9342: 9182: 9029:

China's Great Transformation", in Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (eds.),

8705: 8388:"China Reduced Air Pollution in 7 Years as Much as US Did in Three Decades" 7845:"Japan to discontinue development assistance projects for China: Taro Kono" 7177: 5842: 5798: 5554:"Inside China's Silicon Valley: From copycats to innovation | CNN Business" 5050: 4899: 4543: 4250: 4198:

The United States vs. China : the quest for global economic leadership

4196: 3591: 3553: 3545: 3505: 3419: 3362: 3317:

In the 1990s, the financial sector was liberalized. After China joined the

3034: 2752: 2409: 2323: 1798: 1402: 1254: 1216: 1048: 818: 666: 357: 93: 7277: 5511: 3888:"China anniversary: How the country became the world's 'economic miracle'" 10213: 9423: 7873: 6735:"China sparked an economic miracle — now there's a fight over its legacy" 6566:"As China settles in for trade war, leader Xi emphasizes 'self reliance'" 6020: 5025: 4597: 3914:"DENG XIAOPING IS DEAD AT 92; ARCHITECT OF MODERN CHINA (Published 1997)" 3772: 3639: 3518: 3457: 3415: 3388: 3163: 3157: 3045:

interests towards China, especially in matters relating to the ambiguous

3042: 3038: 3025:

have increased, leading to a backlash led by the more ideologically pure

2859: 2838: 2822: 2805:

from Party secretary of Shanghai to Vice Premier in 1991, and later into

2700: 2619: 2577: 2557: 2549: 2529: 2422: 2315: 2311: 2167: 1762: 1510: 1453: 1440: 1417: 1392: 1372: 1352: 1342: 1337: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1274: 1221: 1211: 1206: 1186: 1063: 1033: 981: 691: 606: 441: 289: 9225: 8640: 8608: 7985: 7576:

The Chinese cultural revolution reconsidered: beyond purge and holocaust

4734:"Xiao-kang: Deng Xiaoping's socio-economic development target for China" 3488:, while at the same time a considerable number of Chinese companies had 3297: 2984:" policy that aimed to deleverage the heavily indebted property sector. 2514:" of development as well as the success of the special economics zones. 9441: 6869: 5929: 5774: 5742: 5332: 5300: 5165:"Hu Yaobang: an icon of China's reform – and of how little has changed" 3869: 3845: 3712:, as during the Mao era and the decade after its end, an effective and 3705: 3366: 3124: 3057: 2908: 2890: 2842: 2802: 2610:

and the "Silicon Valley of China". Notable high-tech companies such as

2561: 2541: 2521: 2466: 2307: 2299: 2266: 2135: 1382: 1367: 1319: 1314: 1299: 1201: 1191: 1038: 897: 581: 244: 5459: 5427: 3260: 10702: 10631: 7977: 7569: 7183: 5848: 5804: 4706: 4549: 3690:, who advocate a policy of deregulation, tax cuts and privatization. 3171: 2925: 2886: 2826: 2681: 2658: 2528:, played an important role in implementing the reforms together with 2501: 2461:

At the same time, in December 1978, Deng announced a new policy, the

2454: 2440:. Deng responded by decollectivizing agriculture and emphasizing the 2262: 2175: 2143: 1435: 1357: 1347: 1332: 1269: 969: 616: 138: 6959:"China stock pickers reshape portfolios on Xi's 'common prosperity'" 6771:"Xi Jinping's turn away from the market puts Chinese growth at risk" 5758: 5510:

Coase, Ronald; Wang, Ning (2012), Coase, Ronald; Wang, Ning (eds.),

5316: 4312:

Longworth, John William; Brown, Colin G.; Waldron, Scott A. (2001).

3947:"Analysis | What we really know about China's Reform and Opening Up" 3203:

5 million, counted 1.33 million manufacturing firms, with

3118:

Increased inequality is attributed to the gradual withdrawal of the

2915:, the CCP has sought numerous reforms, with the Third Plenum of the 2680:. In May 1984, fourteen coastal cities in China including Shanghai, 10223: 9469: 9115: 8833:"Could China's population crisis be reaching a point of no return?" 6545:"China's debt-reduction campaign is making progress, but at a cost" 6275:"Creeping reforms as China gives Shanghai Free Trade Zone go-ahead" 4968:

The China-Hong Kong Connection: The Key to China's Open Door Policy

4799: 3632: 3514: 3472:

strategy used successfully by the Four Asian Tigers beginning with

3208: 3170:

A fundamental transformation was the economy's growing adoption of

3140: 2936: 2778: 2744: 2736:

was reopened after being closed by Mao 40 years earlier, while the

2573: 2478: 2401: 1259: 1171: 1166: 159: 8576:"The $ 52 Trillion Bubble: China Grapples With Epic Property Boom" 8243:"China's GDP Growth Pace Was Inflated for Nine Years, Study Finds" 5964:

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Kenya

4883: 4099:

The Geopolitics of Globalization: The Consequences for Development

3029:. Scholars have debated the reason for the success of the Chinese 3012: 2376:

History of the People's Republic of China § Political reforms

2362:

but were extremely successful in increasing the country's wealth.

10742: 9189: 9155: 7754: 6963: 4030:"The inside story of the propaganda fightback for Deng's reforms" 3739:. Additionally, China's economic growth has led to the rise of a 3727:

The economic reforms were initially accompanied with a series of

3544:

contributed to China's economic growth in long run. According to

3461: 3204: 2851: 2794: 2685: 2569: 2342:

and launched major efforts to attract foreign direct investment.

1805: 1463: 1279: 1053: 1011: 8664:"China's New Demographic Reality: Learning from the 2010 Census" 5914:"Was Deng Xiaoping Right? An Overview of China's Equity Markets" 2743:

In contrast to the approach of Deng, conservative elders led by

9213: 8327:[The Lang-Gu debate: a debate that has not yet ended]. 7715: 7179:

How China escaped shock therapy : the market reform debate

6990: 5844:

How China escaped shock therapy : the market reform debate

5800:

How China escaped shock therapy : the market reform debate

4645:

Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise

4545:

How China escaped shock therapy : the market reform debate

4064:(Revised ed.). The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. 3285:

Foreign investment was also liberalized upon Deng's ascension.

3269:

heavy industry. China's experience supports the assertion that

2782: 2677: 2611: 2565: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2303: 2113: 10545:

Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement

6838:"Half of China's top developers crossed Beijing's 'red lines'" 4996:"Unsung hero of China's opening up is star of Shenzhen museum" 4702:"Commentary: Sprinting toward a moderately prosperous society" 3033:, and have compared it to attempts to reform socialism in the 9141:

Never Turn Back: China and the Forbidden History of the 1980s

7913:"Economic Development and Freedom: The Legacy of Peter Bauer" 4001:[Details regarding the name of "General Architect"]. 3686:

that have been criticized by some Chinese economists such as

3357:

In the pre-reform era, government was funded by profits from

2154:" period. The reforms briefly went into stagnation after the 621: 10373:

State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission

8298:"Chinese province admits falsifying economic data for years" 8187:"Study Suggests That Local Chinese Officials Manipulate GDP" 6242:"Xi Jinping's Ambitious Agenda for Economic Reform in China" 5878: 5876: 5600:"A $ 30 Billion Fortune Is Hiding in China's Silicon Valley" 4830:, University of California, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993. 2785:, Shanghai, the financial and commercial hub of modern China 2672:, and the first joint-stock insurance company in China, the 10202:

National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation

6702:"Chinese state tightens grip 40 years after Deng's reforms" 4061:

The China Miracle: Development Strategy and Economic Reform

3721: 3628: 3568: 1001: 10550:

Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement

8386:

Jayaram, Kripa; Kay, Chris; Murtaugh, Dan (14 June 2022).

7261: 7259: 6835:

Lin, Andy; Hale, Thomas; Hudson, Hudson (8 October 2021).

5021:"Shekou Industrial Zone — firsts in reform and opening-up" 4586:

Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise

4381:"Deng Undone: The Costs of Halting Market Reform in China" 3886:

Harrison, Virginia; Palumbo, Daniele (30 September 2019).

2813:

adopted the landmark Corporation Law. It provides that in

8746:"How China's Demographic Time Bomb Threatens its Economy" 8447:

Sullivan, Dylan; Moatsos, Michail; Hickel, Jason (2023).

8272:"Why China's dramatic economic recovery might not add up" 6739: 6223:"China overtakes Japan as world's second-biggest economy" 6079: 5873: 5557: 4161:"China overtakes Japan as world's second-largest economy" 3145: 2615: 2497:

contributed to China's subsequent rapid economic growth.

2257:

grew remarkably, accounting for as much as 70 percent of

178: 164: 150: 4315:

Beef in China: Agribusiness Opportunities and Challenges

4096:(December 2007). "Chapter 10 China's Economic Miracle". 2436:", the famines which killed tens of millions during the 7256: 4804:

The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism

10323:

China Council for the Promotion of International Trade

9266: 6503:"China and Economic Reform: Xi Jinping's Track Record" 5614:"Xinhua Headlines: The rise of China's Silicon Valley" 5220:"Xi versus Deng, the family feud over China's reforms" 3735:. Lack of political reform contributed to the serious 3397:

Discussion of "China's Next Global Agenda" during the

9166: 9019:

China in the Era of Deng Xiaoping: A Decade of Reform

8799:

Myers, Steven Lee; Wu, Jin; Fu, Claire (2019-01-17).

8446: 4515: 4503: 4479: 4311: 2170:, before overtaking the United States in 2016 as the 126: 112: 98: 6957:

Shen, Samuel; Ranganathan, Vidya (3 November 2021).

6670:"China: Deng Xiaoping era ends with start of Xi era" 5960:"An old man's ups and downs in China's stock market" 3846:"The Chinese Economic Miracle: Lessons to Be Learnt" 3517:

and other pandemic and emerging diseases as well as

2732:. Thanks to his encouragement, in November 1990 the 9101: 7070: 7068: 7055: 7053: 6894: 5512:"A Bird in the Cage: Market Reform under Socialism" 4491: 3615: 2556:. Other leaders who favored Deng's reforms include 1516:

Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress

10832:Economic history of the People's Republic of China 8776:"Cost of child rearing in China hinders baby boom" 8385: 6836: 6466: 6144:"China's New Healthcare could cover millions more" 5518:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 68–103, 5090:"Shenzhen – from village to city of opportunities" 4780: 3160:fell nearly 50%, while agricultural incomes rose. 10187:China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund 8162:"China's economic census uncovers more fake data" 4449:The Chinese economy : transitions and growth 3144:Production of wheat from 1961 to 2004. Data from 2226:policies and regulations soon followed, although 10808: 8895:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press 8801:"China's Looming Crisis: A Shrinking Population" 8537:"Corruption and anti-corruption in reform China" 8351:] Emissions | Union of Concerned Scientists" 7570:Calhoun, Craig; Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N. (2003), 7278:"China poised to be world’s largest auto market" 7121: 7119: 7065: 7050: 6931:"Assessing China's "common prosperity" campaign" 6301:Wang, Orange; Leng, Sidney (28 September 2018). 5579:The rise of China's 'Silicon Valley' – CNN Video 4773:"In Lee Kuan Yew, China Saw a Leader to Emulate" 2972:2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree 10348:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology 10172:China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation 6956: 6025:. Durham : Duke University Press. p. 259. 5895: 5893: 5891: 5710:"China's Coastal Cities Seek Foreign Investors" 4828:The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China 4318:. University of Queensland Press. p. 248. 3885: 3215: 2396:In 1979, Deng Xiaoping emphasized the goal of " 8899: 8574:Bird, Stella Yifan Xie and Mike (2020-07-17). 6733:Westcott, Ben; Lee, Lily (December 17, 2018). 6111:"China names key industries for state control" 5674: 5672: 4307: 4305: 4129:"China Passes Japan as Second-Largest Economy" 4058:Lin, Justin Yifu; Cai, Fang; Li, Zhou (2003). 3148:, year 2005. Y-axis: Production in metric ton. 3130: 2345:Economic reforms began in earnest during the " 204:History of the People's Republic of China 10313:All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce 9485: 9252: 9066:Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China 8499:"Analysis | How has Tiananmen changed China?" 8105: 8103: 7504: 7502: 7159: 7157: 7144: 7142: 7116: 6870:General Office of the CCP Central Committee. 6834: 6196:"Charting China's Economy: 10 Years Under Hu" 5691: 5689: 5687: 5251:"Chinese reform politician Wan Li dies at 98" 4964: 4868:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 355. 4276:Mitter, Rana; Johnson, Elsbeth (2021-05-01). 4275: 3985:Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China 2628:Decision on the Reform of the Economic System 2073: 1670:Hong Kong Alliance of Chinese and Expatriates 836: 60: 46: 10353:National Financial Regulatory Administration 8964:Deng Xiaoping: The Man Who Made Modern China 8854: 7300: 7298: 7244: 6801:"China's Xi Speeds Up Inward Economic Shift" 5888: 4332: 2546:General Secretary of Chinese Communist Party 2186:, halting further political liberalization. 10565:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 9582:Grasping the large, letting go of the small 9078:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 9000:World Economic Development: 1979 And Beyond 8944: 7651:Sharma, Shalendra D. (Winter–Spring 2007). 7421: 7409: 7388: 7376: 7364: 7340: 7328: 7074: 7059: 6997:China has socialist market economy in place 6732: 6077: 5669: 4923: 4921: 4580: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4302: 3733:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 2594:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 2572:and others. Another influential leader was 2156:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 1099:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 457:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 250:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 10786: 10540:Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area 10378:State Administration for Market Regulation 10363:National Development and Reform Commission 9492: 9478: 9259: 9245: 8606: 8219:"Fake figures cloud China's economic data" 8100: 7499: 7463: 7154: 7139: 6322: 5684: 4865:The World Transformed: 1945 to the Present 4534: 4532: 4530: 4229:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2622:were all founded in Shenzhen in the 1980s. 2080: 2066: 843: 829: 10247:National Equities Exchange and Quotations 8798: 8695: 8464: 7709:Zhang, Jianping; Liu, Huan (2019-03-09). 7295: 6638:"Carl Minzner on China's Post-Reform Era" 6346: 5509: 5140:Studies on China's Special Economic Zones 4649:The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press 3078: 3002: 2554:Premier of the People's Republic of China 2189: 1973:Chinese Canadian Conservative Association 1526:Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers 10383:State Administration of Foreign Exchange 9024: 8926: 8094: 7948: 7708: 7634:"Autocracy With Chinese Characteristics" 7110: 7098: 7086: 6499: 6468:"Xi's China: The rise of party politics" 6464: 6300: 6131: 6053: 5899: 5882: 5425: 4918: 4794: 4792: 4639: 4453:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. pp. 4444: 4378: 4365: 4338: 4191: 4057: 3638: 3619: 3572: 3569:Comparison to other developing economies 3456:, met with China's Minister of Commerce 3444: 3392: 3306: 3296: 3259: 3139: 3097: 3011: 2788: 2772: 2706: 2601: 2516: 2379: 2302:, the CCP leadership decided to abandon 2150:(CCP) on December 18, 1978, during the " 1561:New Territories Association of Societies 9097:, Cambridge: Cambridge university press 9060:, Cambridge: Cambridge university press 9055: 9051:, Cambridge: Cambridge university press 9042:, Cambridge: Cambridge university press 9037: 9033:, Cambridge: Cambridge university press 8992:, Cambridge: Cambridge university press 8983:, Cambridge: Cambridge university press 8974:, Cambridge: Cambridge university press 8969: 8958:, Cambridge: Cambridge university press 8949:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 8940:, Cambridge: Cambridge university press 8931:, Cambridge: Cambridge university press 8740: 8738: 8373: 8156: 8154: 8145: 8133: 8082: 8070: 8058: 8046: 8034: 7954: 7875:The transformation of Chinese socialism 7867: 7865: 7644: 7445: 7250: 7044: 6563: 6240:Kroeber, Arthur R. (17 November 2013). 6239: 6022:The transformation of Chinese socialism 5298: 4857: 4855: 4770: 4527: 4126: 3714:far-reaching system of public provision 3659:It has been reported, including by the 3087: 3007: 2626:In October 1984, the Party adopted its 2336:Soviet-style big push industrialization 2222:was a major reform, and the lifting of 1621:Republic of China (Taiwan, pro-Beijing) 1448:Republic of China (Taiwan, pro-Beijing) 265:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence 14: 10809: 10358:National Bureau of Statistics of China 10328:China Securities Regulatory Commission 9071: 9046: 8978: 8935: 8347:"Each Country's Share of CO2 [ 8121: 8109: 7904: 7810: 7808: 7778: 7776: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7650: 7607: 7352: 7316: 7304: 7289: 7265: 7238: 7032: 7008: 6984: 6765: 6763: 6696: 6694: 6664: 6662: 6635: 6631: 6629: 6601:Foreign Affairs: America and the World 6594: 6590: 6588: 6272: 6233: 6189: 6187: 6065: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5999: 5987: 5911: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5695: 5678: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5551: 5421: 5419: 5384: 5382: 5352: 5217: 5087: 5044: 5042: 4990: 4988: 4927: 4912: 4846: 4635: 4633: 4521: 4509: 4497: 4485: 4416:"Политика реформ и открытости в Китае" 4278:"What the West Gets Wrong About China" 4246:"Why China's Political Reforms Failed" 3911: 3378: 3352: 2997:large-scale crackdowns and regulations 2991:Since 2021, Xi has promoted the term " 2128:socialism with Chinese characteristics 1908:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 1768:Triad § Chinese government connections 180: 128: 9473: 9240: 8987: 8938:China's Great Economic Transformation 8890: 8723:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 8216: 8009: 7508: 7493: 7481: 7469: 7457: 7433: 7226: 7214: 7175: 7163: 7148: 6851:from the original on 11 December 2022 6728: 6726: 6481:from the original on 11 December 2022 6430: 6428: 6328: 6193: 6121:from the original on 11 October 2017. 6078:Schoenleber, H. (23 September 2006). 5840: 5796: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 4789: 4538: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4092: 3881: 3879: 3839: 3837: 3490:opened their markets outside of China 3184:Foreign enterprises and newly formed 2645:in 1985 and the establishment of the 2042:People's Republic of China portal 10575:Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone 10520:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 10318:All-China Federation of Trade Unions 9499: 9092: 8996: 8825: 8735: 8718: 8573: 8541:Communist and Post-Communist Studies 8295: 8210: 8179: 8151: 7910: 7862: 7619: 7557: 7545: 7533: 6928: 6748:from the original on January 2, 2019 6542: 6108: 5918:Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 5740: 5136: 5048: 4861: 4852: 4731: 4673:"Meet "moderately prosperous" China" 3944: 3219: 2400:" and further proposed the idea of " 1531:Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions 1521:Federation of Public Housing Estates 1109:2020 Hong Kong national security law 732:2020 Hong Kong national security law 425:Campaign against spiritual pollution 10052:Hong Kong Trade Development Council 8953: 8773: 8661: 8567: 8320: 7871: 7805: 7773: 7734: 7631: 7020: 6798: 6760: 6691: 6659: 6626: 6585: 6400: 6184: 6090:from the original on 31 August 2010 6071: 6018: 6005: 5829: 5781: 5707: 5646: 5635: 5416: 5379: 5039: 4985: 4933: 4798: 4630: 4341:"China Is a Private-Sector Economy" 3843: 3468:China's success is also due to the 3373: 2976:Xi has circulated a policy called " 2939:'s global role, helping it to join 2740:was also founded in December 1990. 2590:1986 Chinese student demonstrations 2360:opposition from party conservatives 2202:, the opening up of the country to 2180:a parallel set of political reforms 1627:Chinese Unification Promotion Party 1506:Business and Professionals Alliance 447:1986 Chinese student demonstrations 24: 9556:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns 9132: 8913:(in Spanish), Barcelona: Crítica, 8534: 7686:"WTO | China – Member information" 7400:Haggard, Stevens et al (2008), 339 6723: 6425: 6371: 6329:Whyte, Martin K. (15 March 2021). 6109:Zhao, Huanxin (19 December 2006). 6080:"China's Private Economy Grows Up" 5912:Walter, Carl E. (September 2014). 5602:. Bloomberg L.P. October 18, 2021. 5498: 5339: 4433: 4339:Engardio, Peter (21 August 2005). 4243: 3876: 3834: 3792:China's political reforms in 1980s 3577:Development trends of Chinese and 2873:as the largest economy in Asia by 2214:of much state-owned industry. The 592:South–North Water Transfer Project 519:US bombing of the Belgrade embassy 415:Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign 255:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns 25: 10868: 10580:Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone 10333:General Administration of Customs 10197:China Reform Holdings Corporation 9588:Scientific Outlook on Development 9148: 8668:Population and Development Review 7653:"China's Economic Transformation" 6564:Fifield, Anna (2 November 2018). 6524:from the original on 5 March 2017 6434: 6254:from the original on 27 July 2014 4965:Yun-Wing Sung (16 January 1992). 4379:Scissors, Derek (May–June 2009). 2713:Time is Money, Efficiency is Life 2507:Time is Money, Efficiency is Life 2412:to create an economic success in 2232:commanding heights of the economy 1928:Scientific Outlook on Development 557:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 552:Forum on China–Africa Cooperation 452:Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration 10857:21st century in economic history 10852:20th century in economic history 10785: 10776: 10775: 10627:2008–2009 economic stimulus plan 10388:State Administration of Taxation 10276:Stock Exchange Executive Council 10130: 10129: 9743: 9742: 9510: 9509: 9224: 9212: 9200: 9188: 9176: 9154: 8792: 8767: 8712: 8680:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00608.x 8655: 8600: 8528: 8496: 8490: 8481: 8440: 8431: 8407: 8379: 8367: 8339: 8314: 8289: 8264: 8235: 8139: 8127: 8115: 8088: 8076: 8064: 8052: 8040: 8028: 8003: 7837: 7747: 7702: 7678: 7632:Ang, Yuen Yuen (May–June 2018). 7625: 7613: 7601: 7563: 7551: 7539: 7527: 7514: 7487: 7475: 7451: 7439: 7427: 7415: 7403: 7394: 7382: 7370: 7358: 7346: 7334: 7322: 7310: 7283: 7271: 7232: 7220: 7208: 7169: 7104: 7092: 7080: 7038: 7026: 7014: 7002: 6978: 6950: 6922: 6863: 6828: 6799:Wei, Lingling (12 August 2020). 6792: 6500:Bradsher, Keith (4 March 2017). 6273:Denyer, Simon (25 August 2013). 6166:Chovanec, Patrick (2009-06-08). 4167:. Associated Press. 2010-08-16. 3616:Criticism and development issues 3224: 3186:Township and Village Enterprises 2655:Township and village enterprises 2444:, which divided the land of the 2047: 2035: 2023: 876: 812: 368:1978 Truth Criterion Controversy 313:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference 211: 10637:2015–16 stock market turbulence 10560:Pearl River Delta Economic Zone 8756:from the original on 2018-08-21 8253:from the original on 2019-03-08 8199:from the original on 2020-04-03 7992:from the original on 2014-04-14 7937:from the original on 2014-10-06 7816:"China | ForeignAssistance.gov" 7794:from the original on 2021-01-08 7762:from the original on 2021-01-03 7723:from the original on 2021-01-03 6929:Hass, Ryan (9 September 2021). 6781:from the original on 2019-08-23 6712:from the original on 2019-08-24 6680:from the original on 2019-08-19 6648:from the original on 2019-08-19 6615:from the original on 2019-08-19 6557: 6536: 6493: 6458: 6414:from the original on 2017-08-18 6294: 6266: 6215: 6194:Orlik, Tom (16 November 2012). 6160: 6137: 6125: 6102: 6059: 6047: 5993: 5981: 5952: 5905: 5734: 5701: 5606: 5592: 5570: 5545: 5474: 5292: 5268: 5243: 5232:from the original on 2018-11-18 5211: 5200:from the original on 2015-08-20 5182: 5157: 5130: 5106: 5081: 5013: 4958: 4947:from the original on 2017-07-25 4906: 4840: 4820: 4764: 4725: 4694: 4683:from the original on 2020-06-04 4665: 4574: 4408: 4397:from the original on 2015-04-21 4269: 4258:from the original on 2023-04-13 4237: 4185: 4153: 4120: 4040:from the original on 2018-11-13 4011:from the original on 2020-07-12 3552:as in the Soviet Union and the 3502:Official Development Assistance 3154:household responsibility system 2965: 2647:household responsibility system 2608:special economic zones of China 2469:era, the country was opened to 2453:allowing citizens to avoid the 2442:household-responsibility system 2200:collectivization of agriculture 1129:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 1069:Three Stricts and Three Honests 717:China International Import Expo 179: 165: 151: 10555:Northeast China Revitalization 10192:China Internet Investment Fund 10177:China Government Guidance Fund 8966:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014). 7127:"Completely bury Keynesianism" 6999:(People's Daily Online, 2005). 6636:Tiezzi, Shannon (2018-04-04). 6465:Mitchell, Tom (25 July 2016). 5426:Sullivan, Lawrence R. (1988). 4971:. Cambridge University Press. 4771:Buckley, C. (March 23, 2015). 4584:; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022-11-15). 4086: 4051: 4022: 3991: 3973: 3938: 3905: 3478:newly industrialized countries 3135: 2384:The image of Deng Xiaoping in 2358:leader, Deng's policies faced 2259:China's gross domestic product 2164:world's second-largest economy 2118: 2109: 1675:Hong Kong Progressive Alliance 420:Sino-British Joint Declaration 127: 113: 99: 61: 47: 13: 1: 10647:China–United States trade war 10512:Regional economic initiatives 10465:National economic initiatives 10182:China-Africa Development Fund 9576:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour 8910:La silenciosa conquista china 8553:10.1016/S0967-067X(00)00006-4 8466:10.1080/13563467.2023.2217087 8321:Wàn, Jìng (30 October 2008). 8296:Pham, Sherisse (2017-01-18). 6348:10.1080/21620555.2020.1833321 5353:Wudunn, Sheryl (1995-04-11). 5088:Cheong, Danson (2018-12-07). 4738:Journal of Contemporary China 4127:Barboza, David (2010-08-15). 3850:Economic and Political Weekly 3822: 3674:, in which New Left academic 3661:National Bureau of Statistics 3239:China–United States trade war 3041:and a shift of international 2598:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour 2406:moderately prosperous society 2160:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour 2100:, also known domestically as 1695:Progressive Hong Kong Society 1680:Liberal Democratic Federation 1007:Eight Honors and Eight Shames 712:China–United States trade war 385:China–United States relations 10748:List of Chinese by net worth 10731:China Compulsory Certificate 10642:Protein export contamination 10293:Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange 10209:China Investment Corporation 9673:Business process outsourcing 9104:Journal of Consumer Research 9095:China's Great Transformation 9058:China's Great Transformation 9049:China's Great Transformation 9040:China's Great Transformation 9031:China's Great Transformation 8997:Kahn, Herman (24 May 1979). 8990:China's Great Transformation 8981:China's Great Transformation 8972:China's Great Transformation 8956:China's Great Transformation 8947:China's Great Transformation 8929:China's Great Transformation 8893:China's Great Transformation 8880:Resources in other libraries 8774:Pak, Jennifer (2020-10-09). 8331:(in Chinese). Archived from 8217:Watts, Gordon (2019-10-18). 7911:Dorn, James A. (Fall 2002). 7522:Journal of Consumer Research 6878:(in Chinese). Archived from 6597:"The End of Reform in China" 6543:Tran, Hung (14 March 2023). 6168:"China's Real Estate Riddle" 4710:. 2019-03-04. Archived from 3827: 3216:Trade and foreign investment 2907:Under CCP general secretary 2902: 2880: 2807:Politburo Standing Committee 2768: 2583: 2369: 2138:'s death in 1976. Guided by 1665:Federation for the Stability 1642:Patriot Alliance Association 869:Neoauthoritarianism in China 727:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 318:Socialist Education Movement 7: 10062:Water supply and sanitation 6335:Chinese Sociological Review 5552:Rivers, Matt (2018-11-23). 5516:How China Became Capitalist 5218:Hornby, Lucy (2018-11-15). 5137:Yuan, Yiming (2017-03-15). 4826:Cited by Susan L. Shirk in 3912:Faison, Seth (1997-02-20). 3766: 3651:emissions by country (2015) 3494:a significant amount of aid 3292: 3178: 3131:Reforms in specific sectors 2676:, were both established in 2606:Shenzhen, one of the first 2473:. Deng created a series of 2253:(WTO). Not long after, the 1604:United Citizens Association 1599:New Macau Development Union 10: 10873: 10842:People's Republic of China 10570:Rise of Central China Plan 10368:National Energy Commission 9072:Walder, Andrew G. (2015). 8607:Greenhalgh, Susan (2005). 8535:He, Zengke (1 June 2000). 6181:. Retrieved 13 March 2010. 5647:Liu, Zongyuan Zoe (2023). 4422:(in Russian). 12 July 2023 4007:(in Chinese). 2016-06-30. 3585:China's transition from a 3382: 3091: 3047:political status of Taiwan 2969: 2811:National People's Congress 2587: 2373: 2122:), refers to a variety of 893:Authoritarian conservatism 10822:Cold War history of China 10766: 10660: 10603:2005–2011 property bubble 10593: 10535:China Western Development 10510: 10464: 10396: 10303: 10242:Dalian Commodity Exchange 10116: 10080: 9998: 9931: 9893: 9611: 9521: 9507: 9361: 9278: 8875:Resources in your library 8855:General and cited sources 8625:10.1017/S0305741005000184 8014:. New York: Basic Books. 7958:(January–February 1997). 7820:www.foreignassistance.gov 7574:, in Law, Kam-yee (ed.), 6437:"Principles by Ray Dalio" 5708:Lee, Dinah (1984-11-25). 5444:10.1017/S030574100002676X 5057:Stanford University Press 4862:Hunt, Michael H. (2004). 4750:10.1080/10670569808724309 4732:Wong, John (1998-03-01). 4201:. Cambridge. p. 86. 3797:Japanese economic miracle 3737:corruption issue in China 3233:This section needs to be 3073:total factor productivity 2392:approved by Deng in 1979 2276: 2184:Tiananmen Square protests 2158:, but were revived after 1873:Conservatism in Hong Kong 1566:Politihk Social Strategic 707:Xinjiang internment camps 682:Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou 532:China Western Development 524:Persecution of Falun Gong 193: 172: 158: 144: 137: 120: 106: 92: 85: 80: 76: 68: 54: 40: 36: 31: 10477:Belt and Road Initiative 10456:Rural credit cooperative 10229:Foreign exchange reserve 10162:Beijing Financial Street 9571:Socialist market economy 8837:South China Morning Post 8662:Cai, Yong (2013-09-01). 8323: 8166:South China Morning Post 7176:Weber, Isabella (2021). 6308:South China Morning Post 6179:Far East Economic Review 5841:Weber, Isabella (2021). 5797:Weber, Isabella (2021). 5653:Harvard University Press 5169:South China Morning Post 5055:. Stanford, California: 5000:South China Morning Post 4445:Naughton, Barry (2007). 4034:South China Morning Post 3743:from 2005 to 2011 and a 3474:Japan in the 1960s–1970s 3319:World Trade Organization 2921:Shanghai Free-Trade Zone 2864:World Trade Organization 2763:socialist market economy 2526:General Secretary of CCP 2500:Under the leadership of 2326:, putting an end to the 2251:World Trade Organization 2132:socialist market economy 2098:Chinese economic miracle 2010:Socialist market economy 2005:One country, two systems 1828:Hong Kong Economic Times 1536:Kowloon West New Dynamic 687:2016 G20 Hangzhou summit 662:Belt and Road Initiative 657:Anti-corruption campaign 497:One country, two systems 430:Bourgeois liberalization 308:Two Bombs, One Satellite 280:Hundred Flowers Campaign 56:Traditional Chinese 10837:Economic liberalization 10817:Chinese economic policy 10719:Globalization and women 10585:Zhongyuan Economic Zone 10525:Beibu Gulf Economic Rim 10305:Government institutions 10281:Shenzhen Stock Exchange 10271:Shanghai Metal Exchange 10259:Shanghai Stock Exchange 9923:Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park 9908:Megalopolises in China 9161:Chinese economic reform 9138:Gewirtz, Julian. 2022. 8866:Chinese economic reform 8719:Zhou, C. (3 Feb 2018). 8580:The Wall Street Journal 7280:. NBC News. 2009-02-04. 6806:The Wall Street Journal 6201:The Wall Street Journal 5651:. The Belknap Press of 5524:10.1057/9781137019370_4 5299:Bachman, David (1986). 5049:Zhao, Suisheng (2023). 4282:Harvard Business Review 4104:Oxford University Press 3454:Director-General of WTO 3359:state-owned enterprises 3339:Shenzhen Stock Exchange 3335:Shanghai Stock Exchange 3312:Shenzhen Stock Exchange 3302:Shanghai Stock Exchange 3237:. The reason given is: 3094:Social welfare in China 2875:purchasing power parity 2815:state owned enterprises 2738:Shenzhen Stock Exchange 2734:Shanghai Stock Exchange 2408:". The achievements of 2196:Chinese Communist Party 2172:world's largest economy 2148:Chinese Communist Party 2094:Chinese economic reform 2030:Conservatism portal 1963:Anti-Japanese sentiment 1868:Authoritarian socialism 1814:Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) 1659:Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) 1500:Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) 1492:Chinese Communist Party 1327:Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) 1124:Chinese economic reform 607:Three Links with Taiwan 602:2008 Sichuan earthquake 577:2002–2004 SARS outbreak 477:Shanghai Stock Exchange 72:"Reform and Opening-Up" 42:Simplified Chinese 32:Chinese economic reform 10758:Science and technology 10652:2020–2021 reform spree 10406:International rankings 10252:Beijing Stock Exchange 9918:Suzhou Industrial Park 9913:Special Economic Zones 9159:Quotations related to 8010:Olson, Mancur (2000). 7524:(2008) 35#2 pp 231–244 5741:Yang, Dali L. (1991). 4346:Bloomberg Businessweek 4244:Wu, Wei (2015-06-04). 3745:property sector crisis 3652: 3636: 3582: 3465: 3402: 3314: 3304: 3287:Special Economic Zones 3265: 3149: 3103: 3079:Impact on world growth 3017: 3003:Effects of the reforms 2917:18th Central Committee 2885:CCP general secretary 2809:in 1992. In 1993, the 2798: 2786: 2781:financial district of 2724: 2623: 2537: 2491:Shekou Industrial Zone 2475:Special Economic Zones 2449:parts of the economy. 2393: 2390:special economic zones 2310:died, and in October, 2190:History of the reforms 1968:Anti-Tibetan sentiment 1878:Conservative socialism 1685:New Hong Kong Alliance 1144:Wolf warrior diplomacy 744:2020–2021 reform spree 702:Persecution of Uyghurs 632:West–East Gas Pipeline 537:Hainan Island incident 378:Special economic zones 373:Reforms and Opening Up 285:Anti-Rightist Campaign 10108:Intellectual property 9603:1949–1976 wage reform 9546:Industrial Revolution 9438:United Arab Emirates 9003:. Avalon Publishing. 8453:New Political Economy 7880:Duke University Press 7711:"改革开放40年："引进来"与"走出去"" 7663:(1–2). Archived from 7136:, (February 17, 2009) 6936:Brookings Institution 6742:International Edition 6595:Youwei (2019-06-04). 6247:Brookings Institution 5482:"Bird Cage Economics" 4590:Yale University Press 3756:overpopulation crisis 3680:Hu–Wen Administration 3676:Larry Hsien Ping Lang 3642: 3635:of Shanghai in 2011.) 3623: 3576: 3482:Fortune 500 companies 3448: 3396: 3310: 3300: 3263: 3143: 3101: 3055:CCP General Secretary 3015: 2945:special drawing right 2792: 2776: 2710: 2605: 2520: 2383: 2340:Special Economic Zone 2178:. On the other hand, 2102:reform and opening-up 1978:Conservatism in China 1632:For Public Good Party 1609:Union for Development 1594:Macau-Guangdong Union 1139:Sinicization of Tibet 1044:Revisionism (Marxism) 997:Democratic centralism 915:Cultural conservatism 597:Qinghai–Tibet railway 502:Handover of Hong Kong 166:Goi2-gaak3 hoi1-fong3 10796:Economy of East Asia 10502:Youth Business China 10338:Ministry of Commerce 10286:SZSE Component Index 9903:Dalian Software Park 8901:Cardenal, Juan Pablo 8195:. 11 February 2020. 7960:"Can Russia Change?" 6410:. Channel NewsAsia. 6229:. February 14, 2011. 5624:on December 19, 2019 4806:. New York: Viking. 4679:. 21 November 2019. 4598:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k 4582:Marquis, Christopher 4106:. pp. 181–216. 3782:Deng Xiaoping Theory 3718:Great Chinese Famine 3699:emitter in the world 3610:developing countries 3439:capital accumulation 3399:World Economic Forum 3385:Foreign aid to China 3330:non-performing loans 3088:Effect on inequality 3031:"dual-track" economy 3008:Economic performance 2719:, representing the " 2670:China Merchants Bank 2430:began in agriculture 2054:Communism portal 1918:Deng Xiaoping Theory 1898:Carl Schmitt Thought 749:2022 Winter Olympics 650:2012–present: Xi era 612:2008 Summer Olympics 547:Accession to the WTO 487:Deng's southern tour 470:1989–2002: Jiang era 303:Great Chinese Famine 260:First five-year plan 235:Land Reform Movement 10343:Ministry of Finance 10264:SSE Composite Index 10234:Hedge fund industry 10081:Law and regulations 9788:academic publishing 9566:Four Modernizations 9068:(Harvard UP, 2011). 9017:Kau, Michael Y. M. 8613:The China Quarterly 8503:The Washington Post 6777:. 15 January 2019. 6706:Nikkei Asian Review 6571:The Washington Post 6280:The Washington Post 5714:The Washington Post 5432:The China Quarterly 5395:The Washington Post 4641:Heilmann, Sebastian 3999:"关于"总设计师"称谓提法的来龙去脉" 3952:The Washington Post 3807:Neoauthoritarianism 3754:" to cope with the 3596:"big bang" approach 3542:Cultural Revolution 3498:developed countries 3426:played in Europe". 3379:Reasons for success 3353:Government finances 2690:Open Coastal Cities 2417:study its methods. 2398:Four Modernizations 2388:, one of the first 2386:Shenzhen, Guangdong 2328:Cultural Revolution 2287:Cultural Revolution 2000:New Economic Policy 1883:Hui pan-nationalism 1835:Oriental Daily News 1758:Confucius Institute 1614:Women's Association 1589:Alliance for Change 1583:Macau (pro-Beijing) 1425:Macau (pro-Beijing) 947:Social conservatism 920:Chinese nationalism 482:Pudong New District 402:Sino-Vietnamese War 397:Four Modernizations 351:1976–1989: Deng era 338:Richard Nixon visit 328:Cultural Revolution 10753:Chinese economists 10726:National Standards 10622:2007 slave scandal 10530:Bohai Economic Rim 10497:Made in China 2025 10446:Internal migration 10431:Standard of living 10219:Financial services 10093:Labor contract law 10047:Illegal drug trade 10017:World Trade Center 9853:Telecommunications 9801:equipment industry 9633:Advanced materials 9598:Population history 9561:Great Leap Forward 9515:Companies of China 9021:(Routledge, 2016). 8805:The New York Times 8376:, pp. 870–871 7872:Lin, Chun (2006). 7788:Phoenix Television 7784:"中国还需要发达国家的政府援助吗？" 7580:Palgrave Macmillan 7424:, pp. 658–659 7391:, pp. 640–642 7331:, pp. 635–638 7217:, pp. 481–482 7182:. Abingdon, Oxon: 7132:2011-05-11 at the 7101:, pp. 730–731 6882:on 19 October 2020 6509:The New York Times 6173:2009-06-14 at the 6149:2013-08-26 at the 6019:Lin, Chun (2006). 5930:10.1111/jacf.12075 5847:. Abingdon, Oxon: 5803:. Abingdon, Oxon: 5618:Xinhua News Agency 5582:, 19 November 2018 5487:2022-12-08 at the 5359:The New York Times 5059:. pp. 54–55. 4941:"Open Door Policy" 4785:on March 24, 2015. 4777:The New York Times 4548:. Abingdon, Oxon: 4353:on 29 January 2014 4133:The New York Times 3945:Eisenman, Joshua. 3918:The New York Times 3844:Ray, Alok (2002). 3741:real estate bubble 3684:Keynesian policies 3653: 3637: 3583: 3466: 3403: 3315: 3305: 3266: 3150: 3104: 3018: 2952:Made in China 2025 2799: 2787: 2725: 2624: 2538: 2471:foreign investment 2438:Great Leap Forward 2428:The first reforms 2394: 2283:Great Leap Forward 2204:foreign investment 2146:within the ruling 1933:Xi Jinping Thought 1903:Social imperialism 1862:Related ideologies 1690:Professional Forum 1654:Historical parties 1551:New People's Party 1114:Anti-Secession Law 1059:Syncretic politics 587:Visit of Lien Chan 298:Great Leap Forward 270:Bandung Conference 223:1949–1976: Mao era 18:Reform and opening 10804: 10803: 10617:2007 stock bubble 10482:Common prosperity 10472:Beijing Consensus 10426:Income inequality 9895:Development Zones 9467: 9466: 9280:Post-World War II 9085:978-0-674-05815-6 9010:978-0-89158-392-9 8962:Dillon, Michael. 8905:Araújo, Heriberto 8861:Library resources 7889:978-0-8223-3785-0 7589:978-0-333-73835-1 7193:978-0-429-49012-5 6910:. 19 October 2021 6032:978-0-8223-3785-0 5858:978-0-429-49012-5 5814:978-0-429-49012-5 5533:978-1-137-01937-0 5150:978-981-10-3704-7 5094:The Straits Times 5066:978-1-5036-3415-2 4813:978-1-9848-7828-1 4658:978-962-996-827-4 4607:978-0-300-26883-6 4559:978-0-429-49012-5 4208:978-1-5095-4735-7 4193:Bergsten, C. Fred 4094:Nayar, Baldev Raj 4071:978-962-201-985-0 3856:(37): 3835–3848. 3777:Beijing Consensus 3729:political reforms 3470:export-led growth 3258: 3257: 3193:automobile market 3069:East Asian Tigers 3023:income inequality 2993:common prosperity 2674:Ping An Insurance 2446:People's communes 2090: 2089: 1712:Pro-Beijing camp 1546:New Century Forum 952:Ultraconservatism 853: 852: 739:COVID-19 pandemic 570:2002–2012: Hu era 507:Handover of Macau 390:Three Communiqués 333:UN representation 197: 196: 189: 188: 146:Yale Romanization 87:Standard Mandarin 16:(Redirected from 10864: 10791:Outline of China 10789: 10788: 10779: 10778: 10612:pet food recalls 10487:Dual circulation 10238:Stock Exchanges 10167:Financial system 10133: 10132: 10072:Trading partners 9818:Renewable energy 9746: 9745: 9513: 9512: 9501:Economy of China 9494: 9487: 9480: 9471: 9470: 9268:Economic miracle 9261: 9254: 9247: 9238: 9237: 9229: 9228: 9217: 9216: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9193: 9192: 9181: 9180: 9179: 9172: 9158: 9144:. Belknap Press. 9127: 9098: 9089: 9061: 9052: 9043: 9034: 9014: 8993: 8984: 8975: 8959: 8950: 8941: 8932: 8923: 8896: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8829: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8786: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8761: 8750:Wharton Business 8742: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8716: 8710: 8709: 8699: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8619:(182): 253–276. 8604: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8594: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8513:. Archived from 8494: 8488: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8468: 8444: 8438: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8425: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8335:on 23 July 2011. 8318: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8308: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8249:. 8 March 2019. 8239: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8158: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8113: 8107: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8073:, pp. 69–70 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8026: 8025: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7978:10.2307/20047908 7952: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7942: 7936: 7917: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7869: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7831: 7822:. Archived from 7812: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7780: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7767: 7745: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7611: 7610:, pp. 18–19 7605: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7422:Branstetter 2008 7419: 7413: 7410:Branstetter 2008 7407: 7401: 7398: 7392: 7389:Branstetter 2008 7386: 7380: 7377:Branstetter 2008 7374: 7368: 7365:Branstetter 2008 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7341:Branstetter 2008 7338: 7332: 7329:Branstetter 2008 7326: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7152: 7146: 7137: 7123: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7075:Branstetter 2008 7072: 7063: 7060:Branstetter 2008 7057: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6840: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6767: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6730: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6698: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6666: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6633: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6592: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6550:Atlantic Council 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6505: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6470: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6443:. Archived from 6432: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6385:. Archived from 6375: 6369: 6368: 6350: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6191: 6182: 6164: 6158: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6016: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5966:. Archived from 5956: 5950: 5949: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5886: 5880: 5871: 5870: 5838: 5827: 5826: 5794: 5779: 5778: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5682: 5681:, pp. 17–18 5676: 5667: 5666: 5644: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5620:. Archived from 5610: 5604: 5603: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5507: 5496: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5438:(114): 198–222. 5423: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5350: 5337: 5336: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5046: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 4992: 4983: 4982: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4859: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4796: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4779:. Archived from 4768: 4762: 4761: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4637: 4628: 4627: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4536: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4452: 4442: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4376: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4349:. Archived from 4336: 4330: 4329: 4309: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4263: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4228: 4220: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 3995: 3989: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3841: 3760:2010 census data 3752:one-child policy 3710:pre-reform China 3668:Chinese New Left 3484:had entered the 3429:Taken together, 3424:Protestant ethic 3374:Academic studies 3361:, much like the 3253: 3250: 3244: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3113:Gini coefficient 3108:Chinese New Left 2978:dual circulation 2832:Three Represents 2717:Shekou, Shenzhen 2651:decentralization 2534:Premier of China 2463:Open Door Policy 2434:disaster of 1959 2351:paramount leader 2228:state monopolies 2124:economic reforms 2120: 2111: 2082: 2075: 2068: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2028: 2027: 2026: 1983:Economy of China 1953:Anti-Americanism 1923:Three Represents 1913:State capitalism 1888:Market socialism 1408:Tsang (Yok-sing) 975:Authoritarianism 942:New Confucianism 880: 870: 855: 854: 845: 838: 831: 819:China portal 817: 816: 815: 697:9th BRICS summit 627:Three Gorges Dam 215: 206: 199: 198: 185: 184: 183: 168: 167: 154: 153: 133: 132: 131: 116: 115: 114:Kai-ko k'ai-fang 102: 101: 78: 77: 64: 63: 50: 49: 29: 28: 21: 10872: 10871: 10867: 10866: 10865: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10847:Reform in China 10807: 10806: 10805: 10800: 10762: 10656: 10589: 10506: 10460: 10392: 10299: 10112: 10098:Labor relations 10076: 9994: 9927: 9889: 9775:Pharmaceuticals 9607: 9541:Five-year plans 9517: 9503: 9498: 9468: 9463: 9357: 9274: 9265: 9235: 9223: 9211: 9201: 9199: 9187: 9177: 9175: 9167: 9151: 9135: 9133:Further reading 9130: 9086: 9075:China Under Mao 9064:Vogel, Ezra F. 9011: 8921: 8886: 8885: 8884: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8857: 8852: 8851: 8842: 8840: 8831: 8830: 8826: 8817: 8815: 8797: 8793: 8784: 8782: 8772: 8768: 8759: 8757: 8744: 8743: 8736: 8726: 8724: 8717: 8713: 8660: 8656: 8605: 8601: 8592: 8590: 8572: 8568: 8533: 8529: 8520: 8518: 8495: 8491: 8486: 8482: 8445: 8441: 8436: 8432: 8423: 8421: 8413: 8412: 8408: 8398: 8396: 8384: 8380: 8372: 8368: 8359: 8357: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8325: 8324:郎顾之争：一场远没有结束的论战 8319: 8315: 8306: 8304: 8294: 8290: 8281: 8279: 8270: 8269: 8265: 8256: 8254: 8241: 8240: 8236: 8227: 8225: 8215: 8211: 8202: 8200: 8192:Yale University 8185: 8184: 8180: 8171: 8169: 8160: 8159: 8152: 8144: 8140: 8132: 8128: 8120: 8116: 8108: 8101: 8093: 8089: 8081: 8077: 8069: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8045: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8022: 8008: 8004: 7995: 7993: 7965:Foreign Affairs 7953: 7949: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7915: 7909: 7905: 7890: 7870: 7863: 7854: 7852: 7849:The Japan Times 7843: 7842: 7838: 7829: 7827: 7814: 7813: 7806: 7797: 7795: 7782: 7781: 7774: 7765: 7763: 7750:"发达国家对华援助"不手软"" 7748:Yuan, Xiaobin. 7746: 7735: 7726: 7724: 7707: 7703: 7694: 7692: 7684: 7683: 7679: 7670: 7668: 7657:Global Dialogue 7649: 7645: 7638:Foreign Affairs 7630: 7626: 7618: 7614: 7606: 7602: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7582:, p. 247, 7568: 7564: 7556: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7519: 7515: 7507: 7500: 7492: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7456: 7452: 7444: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7420: 7416: 7408: 7404: 7399: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7339: 7335: 7327: 7323: 7315: 7311: 7303: 7296: 7288: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7264: 7257: 7249: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7194: 7186:. p. 164. 7174: 7170: 7162: 7155: 7147: 7140: 7134:Wayback Machine 7125:Weiyin, Zhang, 7124: 7117: 7109: 7105: 7097: 7093: 7085: 7081: 7073: 7066: 7058: 7051: 7043: 7039: 7031: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6969: 6967: 6955: 6951: 6941: 6939: 6927: 6923: 6913: 6911: 6900: 6899: 6895: 6885: 6883: 6868: 6864: 6854: 6852: 6844:Financial Times 6833: 6829: 6819: 6817: 6797: 6793: 6784: 6782: 6775:Financial Times 6769: 6768: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6731: 6724: 6715: 6713: 6700: 6699: 6692: 6683: 6681: 6668: 6667: 6660: 6651: 6649: 6634: 6627: 6618: 6616: 6593: 6586: 6576: 6574: 6562: 6558: 6541: 6537: 6527: 6525: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6474:Financial Times 6463: 6459: 6450: 6448: 6433: 6426: 6417: 6415: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6392: 6390: 6383:asia.nikkei.com 6377: 6376: 6372: 6327: 6323: 6313: 6311: 6299: 6295: 6285: 6283: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6255: 6238: 6234: 6221: 6220: 6216: 6206: 6204: 6192: 6185: 6175:Wayback Machine 6165: 6161: 6151:Wayback Machine 6142: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6091: 6076: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6033: 6017: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5973: 5971: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5910: 5906: 5898: 5889: 5881: 5874: 5859: 5851:. p. 240. 5839: 5830: 5815: 5807:. p. 220. 5795: 5782: 5759:10.2307/2760362 5747:Pacific Affairs 5739: 5735: 5726: 5724: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5685: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5645: 5636: 5627: 5625: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5583: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5562: 5560: 5550: 5546: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5508: 5499: 5489:Wayback Machine 5479: 5475: 5424: 5417: 5408: 5406: 5390:"CHEN YUN DIES" 5388: 5387: 5380: 5371: 5369: 5351: 5340: 5317:10.2307/2644194 5297: 5293: 5284: 5282: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5260: 5258: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5235: 5233: 5225:Financial Times 5216: 5212: 5203: 5201: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5135: 5131: 5122: 5120: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5098: 5096: 5086: 5082: 5067: 5047: 5040: 5031: 5029: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5005: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4963: 4959: 4950: 4948: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4876: 4860: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4797: 4790: 4769: 4765: 4744:(17): 141–152. 4730: 4726: 4717: 4715: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4686: 4684: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4638: 4631: 4608: 4579: 4575: 4560: 4552:. p. 106. 4540:Weber, Isabella 4537: 4528: 4524:, pp. 7–8. 4520: 4516: 4512:, pp. 322. 4508: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4488:, pp. 321. 4484: 4480: 4465: 4443: 4434: 4425: 4423: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4400: 4398: 4386:Foreign Affairs 4377: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4310: 4303: 4294: 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However, the 3698: 3672:Lang–Gu dispute 3648: 3618: 3587:planned economy 3571: 3550:interest groups 3450:Roberto Azevêdo 3435:Foreign Affairs 3420:Confucian ethic 3391: 3381: 3376: 3355: 3295: 3280:Value Added Tax 3254: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3197:Chinese textile 3181: 3138: 3133: 3096: 3090: 3081: 3010: 3005: 2982:three red lines 2974: 2968: 2905: 2883: 2771: 2666:commercial bank 2600: 2586: 2560:(the father of 2378: 2372: 2347:Boluan Fanzheng 2296:Chiang Kai-shek 2291:state ownership 2279: 2212:contracting out 2192: 2152:Boluan Fanzheng 2086: 2048: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2015: 2014: 1958:Anti-Falun Gong 1948: 1940: 1939: 1863: 1855: 1854: 1811: 1781: 1773: 1772: 1753: 1745: 1744: 1708: 1700: 1699: 1655: 1647: 1646: 1618: 1580: 1576:Silent Majority 1497: 1482: 1474: 1473: 1445: 1422: 1324: 1245: 1237: 1236: 1182:Jiang (Shigong) 1157: 1149: 1148: 1119:Boluan Fanzheng 1094: 1086: 1085: 987:Chinese culture 965: 957: 956: 888: 868: 849: 813: 811: 754: 753: 677:APEC China 2014 652: 642: 641: 637:High-speed rail 572: 562: 561: 542:APEC China 2001 528: 472: 462: 461: 411: 363:Boluan Fanzheng 353: 343: 342: 294: 225: 202: 152:Góigaak hōifong 69:Literal meaning 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10870: 10860: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10827:Economic booms 10824: 10819: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10798: 10793: 10783: 10767: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10722: 10721: 10711: 10706: 10699: 10698: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10677: 10672: 10666: 10664: 10662:Related topics 10658: 10657: 10655: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10605: 10599: 10597: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10516: 10514: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10468: 10466: 10462: 10461: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10411:Social welfare 10408: 10402: 10400: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10309: 10307: 10301: 10300: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10295: 10290: 10289: 10288: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10267: 10266: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10244: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10158: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10137: 10126: 10124: 10114: 10113: 10111: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10084: 10082: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10032:Postal history 10029: 10027:Communications 10024: 10019: 10014: 10008: 10006: 10004:infrastructure 9996: 9995: 9993: 9992: 9991: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9970: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9961:Oil refineries 9958: 9948: 9943: 9937: 9935: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9899: 9897: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9866: 9865: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9804: 9803: 9795: 9790: 9781: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9756: 9755: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9703:Electric power 9700: 9698:Electric motor 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9629: 9628: 9617: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9593:Historical GDP 9590: 9585: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9551:Iron rice bowl 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9527: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9497: 9496: 9489: 9482: 9474: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9461: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9448:United States 9446: 9445: 9444: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9365: 9363: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9284: 9282: 9276: 9275: 9264: 9263: 9256: 9249: 9241: 9234: 9233: 9221: 9209: 9197: 9185: 9165: 9164: 9150: 9149:External links 9147: 9146: 9145: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9116:10.1086/588747 9110:(2): 231–244. 9099: 9090: 9084: 9069: 9062: 9053: 9044: 9035: 9022: 9015: 9009: 8994: 8985: 8976: 8967: 8960: 8951: 8942: 8933: 8924: 8919: 8897: 8887: 8883: 8882: 8877: 8871: 8870: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8824: 8791: 8766: 8734: 8711: 8674:(3): 371–396. 8654: 8599: 8566: 8547:(2): 243–270. 8527: 8517:on 4 June 2019 8489: 8480: 8439: 8430: 8406: 8393:Bloomberg News 8378: 8366: 8355:www.ucsusa.org 8338: 8313: 8288: 8263: 8234: 8209: 8178: 8150: 8138: 8126: 8114: 8099: 8087: 8075: 8063: 8051: 8039: 8027: 8021:978-0465051960 8020: 8002: 7956:Remnick, David 7947: 7928:Cato Institute 7903: 7888: 7861: 7836: 7804: 7790:. 2009-11-17. 7786:(in Chinese). 7772: 7758:(in Chinese). 7733: 7719:(in Chinese). 7701: 7677: 7643: 7624: 7622:, pp. 455 7612: 7600: 7588: 7562: 7550: 7538: 7526: 7513: 7498: 7486: 7474: 7462: 7450: 7438: 7426: 7414: 7402: 7393: 7381: 7369: 7357: 7355:, pp. 1–3 7345: 7333: 7321: 7309: 7294: 7282: 7270: 7255: 7243: 7231: 7219: 7207: 7192: 7168: 7153: 7138: 7115: 7103: 7091: 7079: 7064: 7049: 7037: 7025: 7013: 7001: 6989: 6977: 6949: 6921: 6893: 6862: 6827: 6791: 6759: 6722: 6690: 6676:. 2018-09-06. 6658: 6625: 6584: 6556: 6535: 6492: 6457: 6441:principles.com 6424: 6399: 6370: 6341:(2): 115–134. 6321: 6293: 6265: 6232: 6214: 6183: 6159: 6136: 6124: 6101: 6070: 6058: 6046: 6031: 6004: 5992: 5980: 5951: 5904: 5887: 5872: 5857: 5828: 5813: 5780: 5733: 5700: 5683: 5668: 5661: 5634: 5605: 5591: 5569: 5544: 5532: 5497: 5473: 5415: 5378: 5338: 5311:(3): 292–321. 5291: 5267: 5257:. 16 July 2015 5242: 5210: 5196:. 2015-01-14. 5194:Deutsche Welle 5181: 5156: 5149: 5129: 5105: 5080: 5065: 5038: 5012: 4984: 4978:978-0521382458 4977: 4957: 4932: 4917: 4905: 4874: 4851: 4839: 4819: 4812: 4788: 4763: 4724: 4693: 4664: 4657: 4629: 4606: 4573: 4558: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4478: 4464:978-0262640640 4463: 4432: 4407: 4364: 4331: 4324: 4301: 4268: 4236: 4207: 4184: 4152: 4119: 4112: 4085: 4070: 4050: 4036:. 2018-11-14. 4021: 3990: 3972: 3937: 3904: 3875: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3768: 3765: 3696: 3646: 3617: 3614: 3570: 3567: 3486:Chinese market 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3354: 3351: 3294: 3291: 3256: 3255: 3232: 3230: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3180: 3177: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2970:Main article: 2967: 2964: 2913:administration 2904: 2901: 2882: 2879: 2856:trade barriers 2770: 2767: 2758:private sector 2721:Shenzhen speed 2668:in China, the 2643:price controls 2585: 2582: 2512:Shenzhen speed 2371: 2368: 2314:together with 2278: 2275: 2271:administration 2255:private sector 2220:price controls 2191: 2188: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2077: 2070: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2044: 2032: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1949: 1947:Related topics 1946: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1893:Post-communism 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1845: 1842:Sing Tao Daily 1838: 1831: 1824: 1821:Headline Daily 1810: 1809: 1802: 1795: 1785:Mainland China 1782: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1496: 1495: 1486:Mainland China 1483: 1481:Extant parties 1480: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1403:Tsang (Donald) 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1255:Chen (Kuiyuan) 1249:Mainland China 1246: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1104:1992 Consensus 1101: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1080:Zhonghua minzu 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 978: 977: 966: 963: 962: 959: 958: 955: 954: 949: 944: 939: 938: 937: 932: 927: 917: 912: 911: 910: 905: 895: 889: 886: 885: 882: 881: 873: 872: 864: 863: 851: 850: 848: 847: 840: 833: 825: 822: 821: 808: 807: 806: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 777: 776: 775: 774: 769: 764: 756: 755: 752: 751: 746: 741: 736: 735: 734: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 672:Supercomputing 669: 664: 659: 653: 648: 647: 644: 643: 640: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 573: 568: 567: 564: 563: 560: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 527: 526: 521: 516: 511: 510: 509: 504: 494: 492:1992 consensus 489: 484: 479: 473: 468: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 438: 437: 427: 422: 417: 410: 409: 407:Beijing Spring 404: 399: 394: 393: 392: 382: 381: 380: 370: 365: 360: 354: 349: 348: 345: 344: 341: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 293: 292: 287: 282: 277: 275:Sufan movement 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 226: 221: 220: 217: 216: 208: 207: 195: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 176: 170: 169: 162: 156: 155: 148: 142: 141: 139:Yue: Cantonese 135: 134: 124: 118: 117: 110: 104: 103: 96: 90: 89: 83: 82: 81:Transcriptions 74: 73: 70: 66: 65: 58: 52: 51: 44: 38: 37: 34: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10869: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10784: 10782: 10774: 10773: 10769: 10768: 10765: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10738: 10737:Made in China 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10720: 10717: 10716: 10715: 10714:Globalization 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10659: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10596: 10592: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10509: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10492:Go Out policy 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10463: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10399: 10395: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10302: 10294: 10291: 10287: 10284: 10283: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10265: 10262: 10261: 10260: 10257: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10142: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10079: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10012:Trade history 10010: 10009: 10007: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9975: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9953: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9941:Energy policy 9939: 9938: 9936: 9934: 9930: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9896: 9892: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9770:Pearl farming 9768: 9766: 9765:Online gaming 9763: 9761: 9758: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9749: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9668:Biotechnology 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9610: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9583: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9506: 9502: 9495: 9490: 9488: 9483: 9481: 9476: 9475: 9472: 9460: 9457: 9453: 9452:Massachusetts 9450: 9449: 9447: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9360: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9272:tiger economy 9269: 9262: 9257: 9255: 9250: 9248: 9243: 9242: 9239: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9208: 9198: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9184: 9174: 9173: 9170: 9162: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9143: 9142: 9137: 9136: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9100: 9096: 9091: 9087: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9070: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9054: 9050: 9045: 9041: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9023: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9006: 9002: 9001: 8995: 8991: 8986: 8982: 8977: 8973: 8968: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8952: 8948: 8943: 8939: 8934: 8930: 8925: 8922: 8920:9788498922578 8916: 8912: 8911: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8889: 8888: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8838: 8834: 8828: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8795: 8781: 8777: 8770: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8739: 8722: 8715: 8707: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8658: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8603: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8570: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8531: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8497:Wang, Yuhua. 8493: 8484: 8476: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8443: 8434: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8395: 8394: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8370: 8356: 8352: 8350: 8342: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8317: 8303: 8299: 8292: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8252: 8248: 8247:Bloomberg.com 8244: 8238: 8224: 8220: 8213: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8182: 8167: 8163: 8157: 8155: 8148:, p. 865 8147: 8142: 8136:, p. 879 8135: 8130: 8123: 8118: 8111: 8106: 8104: 8096: 8095:Naughton 2008 8091: 8084: 8079: 8072: 8067: 8060: 8055: 8048: 8043: 8036: 8031: 8023: 8017: 8013: 8006: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7907: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7882:. p. 2. 7881: 7877: 7876: 7868: 7866: 7850: 7846: 7840: 7826:on 2020-06-20 7825: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7779: 7777: 7761: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7722: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7705: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7667:on 2013-05-13 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7647: 7639: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7616: 7609: 7604: 7591: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7566: 7560:, p. 434 7559: 7554: 7548:, p. 440 7547: 7542: 7536:, p. 431 7535: 7530: 7523: 7517: 7511:, p. 556 7510: 7505: 7503: 7496:, p. 514 7495: 7490: 7484:, p. 530 7483: 7478: 7472:, p. 528 7471: 7466: 7460:, p. 523 7459: 7454: 7448:, p. 866 7447: 7442: 7436:, p. 522 7435: 7430: 7423: 7418: 7412:, p. 657 7411: 7406: 7397: 7390: 7385: 7379:, p. 676 7378: 7373: 7367:, p. 656 7366: 7361: 7354: 7349: 7343:, p. 655 7342: 7337: 7330: 7325: 7319:, p. 570 7318: 7313: 7306: 7301: 7299: 7292:, p. 588 7291: 7286: 7279: 7274: 7268:, p. 593 7267: 7262: 7260: 7253:, p. 862 7252: 7247: 7241:, p. 572 7240: 7235: 7229:, p. 483 7228: 7223: 7216: 7211: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7172: 7166:, p. 480 7165: 7160: 7158: 7151:, p. 478 7150: 7145: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7113:, p. 774 7112: 7111:Benjamin 2008 7107: 7100: 7099:Benjamin 2008 7095: 7089:, p. 730 7088: 7087:Benjamin 2008 7083: 7077:, p. 669 7076: 7071: 7069: 7062:, p. 668 7061: 7056: 7054: 7047:, p. 834 7046: 7041: 7034: 7029: 7023:, p. 184 7022: 7017: 7010: 7005: 6998: 6993: 6986: 6981: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6953: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6925: 6909: 6908: 6907:Caixin Global 6903: 6897: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6839: 6831: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6795: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6764: 6747: 6743: 6741: 6736: 6729: 6727: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6695: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6663: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6630: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6589: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6560: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6539: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6510: 6504: 6496: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6469: 6461: 6447:on 2021-01-06 6446: 6442: 6438: 6431: 6429: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6389:on 2017-08-18 6388: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6325: 6310: 6309: 6304: 6297: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6269: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6236: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6190: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6163: 6156: 6155:Time magazine 6152: 6148: 6145: 6140: 6134:, p. 129 6133: 6132:Naughton 2008 6128: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6074: 6068:, p. 128 6067: 6062: 6056:, p. 116 6055: 6054:Naughton 2008 6050: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6001: 5996: 5989: 5984: 5970:on 2020-06-04 5969: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5902:, p. 114 5901: 5900:Naughton 2008 5896: 5894: 5892: 5885:, p. 105 5884: 5883:Naughton 2008 5879: 5877: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5698:, p. 573 5697: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5664: 5662:9780674271913 5658: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5601: 5595: 5581: 5580: 5573: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5535: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5420: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5214: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5152: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5133: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5045: 5043: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5016: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4989: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4961: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4922: 4914: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4875:9780312245832 4871: 4867: 4866: 4858: 4856: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4836:0-520-07706-7 4833: 4829: 4823: 4815: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4714:on 2019-03-04 4713: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4697: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4660: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4634: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4523: 4518: 4511: 4506: 4499: 4494: 4487: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4450: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4335: 4327: 4325:9780702232312 4321: 4317: 4316: 4308: 4306: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4240: 4232: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4194: 4188: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4115: 4113:9780195672022 4109: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4054: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3994: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3980:Ezra F. Vogel 3976: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3880: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3838: 3833: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3812:Tiger economy 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3787:Go Out policy 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3700: 3691: 3689: 3688:Zhang Weiying 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3657: 3650: 3641: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3625:Air pollution 3622: 3613: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3580: 3575: 3566: 3564: 3559: 3558:Deng Xiaoping 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3530: 3528: 3527:public sector 3522: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3431:Yuen Yuen Ang 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3299: 3290: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3271:globalization 3262: 3252: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3176: 3173: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3142: 3128: 3126: 3121: 3120:welfare state 3116: 3114: 3109: 3100: 3095: 3085: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2847:privatization 2844: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2791: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2766: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2730:southern tour 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2697:shock therapy 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2367: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2332:Deng Xiaoping 2329: 2325: 2322:arrested the 2321: 2320:Wang Dongxing 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224:protectionist 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2208:privatization 2205: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2140:Deng Xiaoping 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2119:Gǎigé kāifàng 2115: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1792:Beijing Daily 1789: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1777: 1776: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1752:Organisations 1749: 1748: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1651: 1650: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1541:Liberal Party 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1478: 1477: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1441:Ho (Iat Seng) 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1373:Lee (Dominic) 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1353:Ip (Kwok-him) 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1338:Chan (Joephy) 1336: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1295:Wang (Qishan) 1293: 1291: 1290:Wang (Huning) 1288: 1286: 1285:Li (Xiannian) 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1241: 1240: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1156:Intellectuals 1153: 1152: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1029:Law and order 1027: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 992:Chinese Dream 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 976: 973: 972: 971: 968: 967: 961: 960: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 922: 921: 918: 916: 913: 909: 906: 904: 903:Authoritarian 901: 900: 899: 896: 894: 891: 890: 884: 883: 879: 875: 874: 871: 866: 865: 861: 857: 856: 846: 841: 839: 834: 832: 827: 826: 824: 823: 820: 810: 809: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 780: 779: 778: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 758: 757: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 733: 730: 729: 728: 725: 723: 722:Space program 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 654: 651: 646: 645: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 571: 566: 565: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 529: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 471: 466: 465: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 436: 433: 432: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 391: 388: 387: 386: 383: 379: 376: 375: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 352: 347: 346: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 295: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 224: 219: 218: 214: 210: 209: 205: 201: 200: 192: 182: 177: 175: 171: 163: 161: 157: 149: 147: 143: 140: 136: 130: 125: 123: 119: 111: 109: 105: 100:Gǎigé kāifàng 97: 95: 91: 88: 84: 79: 75: 71: 67: 59: 57: 53: 45: 43: 39: 35: 30: 27: 19: 10771: 10770: 10735: 10709:Demographics 10701: 10695:Largest SOEs 10441:Urbanization 10150:Central bank 9880:Video gaming 9760:Mobile phone 9535: 9378: 9353:West Germany 9163:at Wikiquote 9139: 9107: 9103: 9094: 9074: 9065: 9057: 9048: 9039: 9030: 9026: 9018: 8999: 8989: 8980: 8971: 8963: 8955: 8946: 8937: 8928: 8909: 8892: 8865: 8841:. Retrieved 8839:. 2021-03-25 8836: 8827: 8816:. Retrieved 8804: 8794: 8783:. Retrieved 8779: 8769: 8758:. Retrieved 8749: 8725:. Retrieved 8714: 8671: 8667: 8657: 8616: 8612: 8602: 8591:. Retrieved 8579: 8569: 8544: 8540: 8530: 8519:. Retrieved 8515:the original 8502: 8492: 8483: 8456: 8452: 8442: 8433: 8422:. Retrieved 8418: 8409: 8397:. Retrieved 8391: 8381: 8374:Perkins 2008 8369: 8358:. Retrieved 8354: 8348: 8341: 8333:the original 8328: 8316: 8305:. Retrieved 8301: 8291: 8280:. Retrieved 8278:. 2020-10-25 8276:The Guardian 8275: 8266: 8255:. Retrieved 8246: 8237: 8226:. Retrieved 8222: 8212: 8201:. Retrieved 8190: 8181: 8170:. Retrieved 8168:. 2019-06-20 8165: 8146:Perkins 2008 8141: 8134:Perkins 2008 8129: 8124:, p. 46 8117: 8112:, p. 37 8097:, p. 96 8090: 8085:, p. 72 8083:Svejnar 2008 8078: 8071:Svejnar 2008 8066: 8061:, p. 76 8059:Svejnar 2008 8054: 8049:, p. 74 8047:Svejnar 2008 8042: 8037:, p. 68 8035:Svejnar 2008 8030: 8011: 8005: 7994:. Retrieved 7972:(1): 35–49. 7969: 7963: 7950: 7939:. Retrieved 7923: 7920:Cato Journal 7919: 7906: 7874: 7853:. Retrieved 7851:. 2018-10-23 7848: 7839: 7828:. Retrieved 7824:the original 7819: 7796:. Retrieved 7764:. Retrieved 7753: 7725:. Retrieved 7714: 7704: 7693:. Retrieved 7689: 7680: 7669:. Retrieved 7665:the original 7660: 7656: 7646: 7637: 7627: 7615: 7603: 7593:, retrieved 7575: 7565: 7553: 7541: 7529: 7521: 7516: 7489: 7477: 7465: 7453: 7446:Perkins 2008 7441: 7429: 7417: 7405: 7396: 7384: 7372: 7360: 7348: 7336: 7324: 7312: 7307:, p. 13 7285: 7273: 7251:Perkins 2008 7246: 7234: 7222: 7210: 7178: 7171: 7106: 7094: 7082: 7045:Perkins 2008 7040: 7028: 7016: 7011:, p. 28 7004: 6996: 6992: 6980: 6968:. Retrieved 6962: 6952: 6940:. Retrieved 6934: 6924: 6912:. Retrieved 6905: 6896: 6886:15 September 6884:. Retrieved 6880:the original 6875: 6865: 6853:. Retrieved 6842: 6830: 6818:. Retrieved 6804: 6794: 6783:. Retrieved 6774: 6750:. Retrieved 6738: 6714:. Retrieved 6705: 6682:. Retrieved 6673: 6650:. Retrieved 6642:The Diplomat 6641: 6617:. Retrieved 6600: 6575:. Retrieved 6569: 6559: 6548: 6538: 6526:. Retrieved 6507: 6495: 6483:. Retrieved 6472: 6460: 6449:. Retrieved 6445:the original 6440: 6435:Dalio, Ray. 6416:. Retrieved 6402: 6391:. Retrieved 6387:the original 6382: 6373: 6338: 6334: 6324: 6312:. Retrieved 6306: 6296: 6284:. Retrieved 6278: 6268: 6256:. Retrieved 6245: 6235: 6226: 6217: 6205:. Retrieved 6199: 6178: 6162: 6154: 6139: 6127: 6114: 6104: 6092:. Retrieved 6083: 6073: 6061: 6049: 6021: 6002:, p. 19 5995: 5990:, p. 22 5983: 5972:. Retrieved 5968:the original 5963: 5954: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5843: 5799: 5753:(1): 42–64. 5750: 5746: 5736: 5725:. Retrieved 5713: 5703: 5648: 5626:. Retrieved 5622:the original 5608: 5594: 5584:, retrieved 5578: 5572: 5561:. Retrieved 5547: 5537:, retrieved 5515: 5492: 5476: 5435: 5431: 5407:. Retrieved 5393: 5370:. Retrieved 5358: 5308: 5305:Asian Survey 5304: 5294: 5283:. Retrieved 5279: 5270: 5259:. 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