367:, which with only seven voters, all controlled by the local squire, was still sending two members to Parliament. This act not only re-apportioned representation in Parliament, thus making that body more accurately represent the citizens of the country, but also gave the power of voting to those lower in the social and economic scale, for the act extended the right to vote (in the boroughs) to any long-term holders of tenements of at least £10 annual value, adding 217,000 voters to an electorate of 435,000. Annual value here refers to the income that the land could be expected to earn if let, in a year. As many as one man in five, though by some estimates still only one in seven, now had the right to vote.
167:
178:, before 1832, fewer than one adult male in ten was eligible to vote in parliamentary elections. Moreover, the franchise varied a great deal between England (which included Wales), where it was wider, and Scotland and Ireland, where it was narrower. A few boroughs gave the vote to all male householders, but many parliamentary seats were under the control of a small group or sometimes a single rich aristocrat. Reforms had been proposed in the 18th century, both by radicals such as
466:
A further Reform Bill was introduced in 1882 by the
Liberals. It was passed by the Conservatives in 1884 becoming the Third Reform Act. It was the first electoral reform act to apply to the United Kingdom as a whole. Only with this Act did a majority of adult males gain the right to vote in
429:. The 1867/8 Acts for England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland extended the right to vote still further down the class ladder. In England and Wales, the reforms added just short of a million voters, including many workingmen, which doubled the electorate to almost two million.
370:
The agitation preceding and following the First Reform Act made many people consider fundamental issues of society and politics. The bill allowed the middle classes to share power with the upper classes; for many
205:. Sources refer to up to six "Reform Acts", although the earlier three in 1832, 1867/68 and 1884, are better known by this name. Some other acts related to electoral matters also became known as Reform Acts.
215:(often called the "Great Reform Act" or "First Reform Act"), which applied to England and Wales and gave representation to previously underrepresented urban areas and extended the qualifications for voting.
1986:
1981:
311:, by which name the 1918, 1928 and other acts in the 20th century are better known. The title Representation of the People Act was adopted in other countries of, or formerly part of, the
749:
1854:
846:
545:
political party, have called for a new "Great Reform Act" to introduce electoral changes they favour. These would include lowering the minimum voting age to 16 and introducing
357:. The Acts reapportioned Parliament in a way fairer to the cities of the old industrial north, which had experienced tremendous growth. The Act also did away with most of the
421:
campaigned from 1838 for a wider reform. The movement petered out in the 1850s, but achieved most of its demands in the longer run. Legislative bills were introduced by the
324:
151:
1489:'Votes at 18' was the last major extension of the UK franchise and is therefore an important element of the history of UK democracy from the 1832 Great Reform Act onwards.
2233:
587:
448:
349:
The 1832 Reform Act for
England and Wales was the most controversial of the electoral reform acts passed by the Parliament. Similar Acts were passed the same year
501:, the Fourth Reform Act, which enfranchised all men aged over 21 and women over 30. This last piece of gender discrimination was eliminated 10 years later by the
2079:
1936:
480:
1576:
489:
By the end of the 19th century and in they early 20th century, voting was coming to be regarded as a right rather than the property of the privileged but the
267:(also called the "Third Reform Act"), which allowed people in counties to vote on the same basis as those in towns. Home ownership was the only qualification.
2274:
2130:
279:(also called the "Fourth Reform Act"), which abolished property qualifications for men and introduced limited female suffrage, for women over the age of 30.
1847:
1502:
1231:
2069:
2064:
96:
which enjoyed undue representation and increased that of the large towns, at the same time extending the franchise. It was put through
Parliament by the
1460:
Our starting point is placement of the 1969 Act within the context of previous reforms of the age of enfranchisement since the Great Reform Act of 1832.
2279:
2145:
2110:
577:
258:
2264:
1908:
467:
parliamentary elections. Along with the 1885 Redistribution Act, this tripled the electorate again, giving the vote to most agricultural laborers.
238:
2284:
2208:
2059:
1913:
1898:
1840:
1278:
774:
244:
1543:
2150:
1660:
1655:
Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson. "Why did the West extend the franchise? Democracy, inequality, and growth in historical perspective."
108:, while that of 1882 was introduced by the Liberals and passed in 1884. These latter two bills provided for a more democratic representation.
432:
Like the Great Reform Act before it, the Second Reform Act also created major shock waves in contemporary
British culture. In works such as
2259:
2269:
2044:
175:
2120:
2054:
1719:
The
Emergence of British Parliamentary Democracy in the Nineteenth Century: The Passing of the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, and 1884-1885
1665:
Aidt, Toke S., and Raphaël Franck. "How to get the snowball rolling and extend the franchise: voting on the Great Reform Act of 1832."
2191:
2125:
2021:
1473:
602:
2031:
304:
363:
58:
1794:
1675:
Berlinski, Samuel, and Torun Dewan. "The political consequences of franchise extension: Evidence from the second reform act."
197:
Eventually, the parliamentary franchise was expanded and made more uniform through a series of Reform Acts beginning with the
2223:
2084:
2074:
1991:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1918:
1265:
1211:
1115:
1071:
1044:
1024:
1014:
994:
967:
940:
913:
877:
799:
535:
498:
484:
476:
461:
136:
85:
452:, contemporary authors debated whether the shift of power would create democracy that would, in turn, destroy high culture.
2115:
1364:
1201:
2254:
562:
422:
101:
273:(sometimes called the "Reform Act 1885"), which split most multi-member constituencies into multiple single-member ones.
135:
of 21. In 1969, the United
Kingdom became the first major democratic country to lower its age of franchise to 18 in the
2201:
1344:
1317:
2135:
2039:
819:
375:, this was revolutionary. Some historians argue that this transfer of power achieved in Britain and Ireland what the
235:(also called the "Second Reform Act"), which widened the franchise and adjusted representation to be more equitable.
2100:
2049:
1869:
550:
320:
316:
270:
70:
62:
2213:
2140:
2016:
354:
97:
1602:
1184:
88:, to increase the electorate for the House of Commons and remove certain inequalities in representation. The
397:) is set in the 1830s and mentions the struggle over the Reform Bills, though not as a major topic. Eliot's
2196:
191:
678:
520:, making Britain the first major democratic nation to extend voting rights to all adults aged 18 or over.
2176:
546:
285:(also called the "Fifth Reform Act"), which widened suffrage by giving women electoral equality with men.
123:
unanimity. It enfranchised all men over the age of 21 and women over the age of 30. Ten years later, the
1761:
1701:
1061:
597:
2181:
17:
1722:
1503:"'The last milestone' on the journey to full adult suffrage? 50 years of debates about the voting age"
1423:
1169:
The
Parliamentary Electoral System, the Fourth Reform Act and the Rise of Labour in England and Wales
376:
328:
170:
Percentage of the population of the United
Kingdom registered to vote at general elections, 1832–2010
155:
2289:
2228:
1893:
1528:
582:
572:
502:
350:
344:
218:
202:
183:
529:
2186:
399:
1424:"A coming of age: how and why the UK became the first democracy to allow votes for 18-year-olds"
1640:
542:
1690:
1670:
1334:
930:
789:
1799:
1305:
1248:
984:
957:
903:
308:
224:
1711:
1680:
1634:
1261:
1183:
Albjerg, Victor
Lincoln; Albjerg, Esther Marguerite Hall; Albjerg, Marguerite Hall (1951).
8:
1832:
1474:"Lowering the voting age: three lessons from the 1969 Representation of the People's Act"
438:
291:(also called the "Sixth Reform Act"), which lowered the minimum voting age from 21 to 18.
166:
31:
1827:
2155:
1782:
1771:
1751:
1451:
1148:
1131:
Dawson, Michael (25 March 2010). "Money and the real impact of the Fourth Reform Act".
730:
718:
426:
186:. However, there was strong opposition to reform, especially after the outbreak of the
147:
128:
105:
1810:
1397:
2218:
1551:
1455:
1443:
1372:
1340:
1313:
1207:
1152:
1111:
1067:
1020:
990:
963:
936:
909:
795:
768:
722:
567:
513:
385:
observed these events at first hand as a shorthand
Parliamentary reporter. The novel
187:
140:
261:(sometimes called the "Reform Act 1883"), which introduced campaign spending limits.
1739:
Himmelfarb, Gertrude. "The politics of democracy: the English Reform Act of 1867."
1435:
1140:
714:
534:
The periodic redrawing of constituency boundaries is now dealt with by a permanent
517:
300:
296:
198:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1804:
1439:
592:
2105:
1903:
1888:
1758:
Politics and the people : a study in English political culture, c. 1815-1867
1726:
1167:
1105:
1088:
490:
412:
382:
340:
288:
282:
276:
264:
252:
232:
212:
124:
116:
112:
81:
77:
1577:"A new Great Reform Act is needed to limit the absurdities of our constitution"
433:
358:
312:
50:
1144:
493:
delayed further reforms. After the War, women were granted voting rights with
2248:
1627:
1555:
1447:
1376:
726:
494:
255:(sometimes called the "Reform Act 1872"), which introduced the secret ballot.
120:
2011:
393:
372:
443:
387:
179:
66:
54:
46:
1633:
1306:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000"
1279:"How the Westminster parliamentary system was exported around the world"
734:
702:
703:"The Franchise And Electoral Politics in England And Ireland 1832-1885"
509:
132:
89:
1472:
Loughran, Thomas; Mycock, Andrew; Tonge, Jonathan (3 November 2021).
1268:, read with the definition of the Registration Acts in section 8(2).
2171:
418:
1422:
Loughran, Thomas; Mycock, Andrew; Tonge, Jonathan (3 April 2021).
831:
Create one of the following charts for each of the six Reform Acts
403:, set in 1832, is a novel explicitly about the Great Reform Act.
93:
1603:"Electoral Reform: Is Proportional Representation The Solution?"
905:
Protest, Agitation and Parliamentary Reform in Britain 1780–1928
1544:"Giving 16-year-olds the vote can be Labour's Great Reform Act"
621:
Various sources, books and texts commonly use this description.
538:
in each part of the United Kingdom, rather than a Reform Act.
146:
Internationally, the Parliament of the United Kingdom and its
1626:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1247:. 10th ed. Routledge. Taylor & Francis e-Library. 2006.
208:
The following Acts of Parliament are known as Reform Acts:
1862:
1721:. (Major Issues in History). (John Wiley and Sons. 1971)
630:
For the narrative history see Llewellan Woodward (1961),
201:
in 1832. These acts extended voting rights to previously
1748:
The evolution of the British electoral system, 1832-1987
303:
in the United Kingdom. Such legislation typically used "
2080:
Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011
588:
Parliamentary franchise in the United Kingdom 1885–1918
481:
Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
353:, and Ireland. They were put through Parliament by the
327:
on the spread of democracy, thus it is often known as "
190:(1789–1799). The cause was continued after 1792 by the
154:
on the spread of democracy, thus it is often known as "
57:
new groups of voters and to redistribute seats in the
2131:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
1529:"Constituency boundary reviews and the number of MPs"
1182:
647:
See the information box at the bottom of the article.
505:, the Fifth Reform Act, passed by the Conservatives.
2126:
European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999 (repealed)
932:
Speeches that Changed Britain: Oratory in Birmingham
2070:
House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949
2065:
House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1944
1471:
1421:
541:Some people in Britain, mostly associated with the
2146:Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013
1333:Johnston, Douglas M.; Reisman, W. Michael (2008).
1107:The Background and Passage of the Third Reform Act
959:Changing life in Scotland and Britain: 1830s–1930s
470:
69:were introduced for these acts, they were usually
27:United Kingdom laws reforming the electoral system
2111:Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883
750:"Franchise reform in nineteenth century Scotland"
578:History of the constitution of the United Kingdom
259:Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883
2246:
890:Act of 1969 (also known as the Sixth Reform Act)
239:Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1868
2209:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum
2116:European Assembly Elections Act 1978 (repealed)
1332:
1086:
245:Representation of the People (Ireland) Act 1868
2151:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
1310:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction
1848:
1734:Parliamentary reform in Britain, c. 1770-1918
1698:England in The Age of Improvement, 1783-1867
901:
748:History, Scottish; read, Archaeology 10 min.
182:and by more conservative politicians such as
2275:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
1687:Church and State in Modern Britain 1700-1850
955:
2045:Parliamentary Boundaries (Ireland) Act 1832
986:Understanding A/S Level Government Politics
902:Scott-Baumann, Michael (22 February 2016).
820:"Political Reform: Lesson Plan 6: Overview"
773:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
176:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
127:, passed by the Conservatives, resulted in
2141:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (repealed)
2121:Registration of Political Parties Act 1998
2055:Redistribution of Seats (Ireland) Act 1918
1879:
1855:
1841:
680:The History of the Parliamentary Franchise
2280:Constitutional laws of the United Kingdom
1795:" Citizenship" from The National Archives
1768:The Extension of the franchise, 1832-1931
1365:"It's time for the next Great Reform Act"
1339:. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 571.
1336:The Historical Foundations of World Order
1303:
1203:British Working Class Politics, 1832-1914
563:Elections in the United Kingdom § History
1526:
787:
676:
241:, a similar reform applying to Scotland.
221:, a similar reform applying to Scotland.
165:
2265:Political history of the United Kingdom
1541:
1500:
983:Wilson, Christopher (5 December 2003).
847:"1969 Representation of the People Act"
747:
247:, a similar reform applying to Ireland.
227:, a similar reform applying to Ireland.
14:
2285:Electoral reform in the United Kingdom
2247:
1863:Electoral reform in the United Kingdom
1685:Brown, Richard. "The Reform Acts". in
1677:Quarterly Journal of Political Science
1165:
1130:
1124:
1012:
982:
928:
700:
603:Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
530:Electoral reform § United Kingdom
2085:Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020
2075:Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986
1836:
1743:6.1 (1966): 97–138. doi:10.1086/38552
1631:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1266:Representation of the People Act 1884
1228:Constitutional and Administrative Law
1103:
1059:
1038:
1036:
1008:
1006:
791:A Social History of England 1851–1990
598:Universal suffrage § Dates by country
485:Representation of the People Act 1969
477:Representation of the People Act 1918
462:Representation of the People Act 1884
100:. The bill of 1867 was passed by the
1260:See, for example, the definition in
1199:
1090:The Making of the Second Reform Bill
1042:
956:Doogan, John; Girvan, Edith (2004).
929:Reekes, Andrew (19 September 2015).
872:
870:
841:
839:
817:
813:
811:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
2260:Legal history of the United Kingdom
2234:Parliamentary franchise (1885–1918)
1760:(Cambridge University Press, 1993)
1710:(Cambridge University Press, 1973)
788:Bedarida, Francois (17 June 2013).
24:
2270:Constitution of the United Kingdom
1649:
1542:Toynbee, Polly (31 January 2014).
1527:Johnston, Neil (1 February 2021).
1478:British Politics and Policy at LSE
1353:
1200:Cole, G. D. H. (7 December 2018).
1060:Evans, Eric J. (28 January 2008).
1033:
1003:
878:"Members of Parliament Chadderton"
719:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1985.tb01434.x
549:, which are also supported by the
455:
406:
334:
30:For the Canadian legislation, see
25:
2301:
2136:Electoral Administration Act 2006
2040:Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832
1788:
1632:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
1230:. 11th ed. Palgrave Law Masters.
1087:Barrymore Smith, Francis (1966).
867:
836:
808:
661:
2101:Parliamentary Elections Act 1868
2050:Redistribution of Seats Act 1885
1607:Green Party of England and Wales
1501:Bingham, Adrian (25 June 2019).
1308:. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.).
1245:The British System of Government
1046:We must fight it out! – And why?
636:The Age of Improvement 1783–1867
551:Green Party of England and Wales
321:Parliament of the United Kingdom
317:Westminster parliamentary system
305:Representation of the People Act
271:Redistribution of Seats Act 1885
71:Representation of the People Act
63:Parliament of the United Kingdom
53:in the 19th and 20th century to
2214:Elections in the United Kingdom
1828:Parliamentary reform in general
1750:(Historical Association, 1988)
1595:
1569:
1535:
1520:
1494:
1465:
1415:
1390:
1326:
1297:
1271:
1254:
1237:
1220:
1193:
1186:Europe from 1914 to the Present
1176:
1159:
1097:
1080:
1053:
989:. Manchester University Press.
976:
949:
880:. Chadderton Historical Society
641:
624:
615:
523:
471:1918, 1928 and 1969 Reform Acts
379:eventually achieved in France.
45:, before they were passed) are
2060:Government of Ireland Act 1920
1708:Parliamentary Reform 1640-1832
1657:Quarterly Journal of Economics
1016:Democracy and Reform 1815–1885
922:
895:
781:
741:
694:
634:, 2nd ed.; Asa Briggs (1959),
359:"rotten" and "pocket" boroughs
323:played a "vanguard role" with
150:played a "vanguard role" with
13:
1:
1440:10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589
1093:. Cambridge University Press.
654:
161:
1816:Spartacus School Net on 1832
1800:The Electoral Reform Society
1779:The Age of Reform, 1815–1870
1428:Contemporary British History
1363:Stone, Greg (30 July 2009).
1063:The Great Reform Act of 1832
701:Hoppen, K. Theodore (1985).
632:The Age of Reform, 1815–1870
192:London Corresponding Society
7:
2177:Unreformed House of Commons
1189:. McGraw-Hill. p. 257.
556:
547:proportional representation
512:was lowered in 1969 by the
92:of 1832 disfranchised many
10:
2306:
2255:Laws in the United Kingdom
2182:Rotten and pocket boroughs
1741:Journal of British Studies
1104:Hayes, William A. (1982).
683:, House of Commons Library
527:
474:
459:
410:
338:
315:through the spread of the
29:
2164:
2093:
2030:
2004:
1927:
1868:
1689:(Routledge. 1991). Pages
1659:115.4 (2000): 1167–1199.
1312:. Brill. pp. 92–94.
1226:Alder and Syrett (2017).
1145:10.1017/S0018246X0002584X
935:. History West Midlands.
827:The History of Parliament
754:National Museums Scotland
593:Suffrage § United Kingdom
377:French Revolution of 1848
329:the mother of parliaments
156:The mother of parliaments
2229:Parliament in the Making
1398:"The Reform Act of 1832"
608:
583:Parliament in the Making
573:Electoral Reform Society
503:Equal Franchise Act 1928
425:under the urging of the
345:Scottish Reform Act 1832
219:Scottish Reform Act 1832
203:disenfranchised citizens
184:William Pitt the Younger
104:under the urging of the
2187:University constituency
2017:England and Wales, 1835
1904:England and Wales, 1867
1889:England and Wales, 1832
1283:University of Cambridge
1166:Tanner, Duncan (1983).
677:Johnston, Neil (2013),
449:The Crown of Wild Olive
400:Felix Holt, the Radical
1679:6.34 (2011): 329–376.
1641:Encyclopedia Americana
1133:The Historical Journal
1013:Wright, D. G. (2014).
299:Acts that changed the
171:
1805:The Reform Act Crisis
1777:Woodward, Llewellan.
1669:155 (2013): 229–250.
1402:www.historyhome.co.uk
1043:Reid, Andrew (1887).
862:1969-sixth-reform-act
528:Further information:
391:, by Mary Ann Evans (
295:There are many other
225:Irish Reform Act 1832
169:
76:These began with the
2224:Boundary commissions
1811:Text of the 1832 Act
1807:on the Victorian Web
1635:"Reform Bills"
1507:History & Policy
908:. Hodder Education.
2032:Constituency reform
536:Boundary Commission
439:Culture and Anarchy
325:worldwide influence
152:worldwide influence
78:Reform Acts of 1832
32:Reform Act (Canada)
2156:Elections Act 2022
2094:Other related Acts
1770:(Heinemann, 2001)
1304:Julian Go (2007).
516:government in the
172:
148:Westminster system
129:universal suffrage
2242:
2241:
2219:Corrupt practices
2000:
1999:
1870:Representation of
1609:. 3 February 2023
1285:. 2 December 2013
1213:978-0-429-82018-2
1117:978-0-8240-5156-3
1073:978-1-134-81603-3
1049:. pp. 16–17.
1026:978-1-317-88325-8
996:978-0-7190-6081-6
969:978-0-435-32692-0
942:978-1-905036-26-4
915:978-1-4718-3848-4
851:www.parliament.uk
818:Kitching, Paula.
801:978-1-136-09732-4
568:Corrupt practices
543:Liberal Democrats
497:unanimity in the
188:French Revolution
119:was enacted with
16:(Redirected from
2297:
2192:Women's suffrage
2005:Municipal Reform
1877:
1876:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1766:Whitfield, Bob.
1645:
1637:
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745:
739:
738:
713:(229): 202–217.
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674:
648:
645:
639:
628:
622:
619:
518:Sixth Reform Act
301:electoral system
297:electoral reform
199:Great Reform Act
59:House of Commons
21:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2294:
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1756:Vernon, James.
1736:(Longman, 1999)
1732:Evans, Eric J.
1700:(2nd ed. 1979)
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1650:Further reading
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1583:. 6 May 2015
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1548:The Guardian
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1369:The Guardian
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143:government.
110:
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67:short titles
43:Reform Bills
42:
38:
36:
1881:Reform Acts
1512:31 December
1483:31 December
1289:30 December
499:Act of 1918
495:cross-party
444:John Ruskin
388:Middlemarch
309:short title
180:John Wilkes
121:cross-party
55:enfranchise
47:legislation
39:Reform Acts
2249:Categories
1717:Conacher.
1407:19 January
655:References
510:voting age
162:Background
133:voting age
18:Reform Act
1587:2 January
1561:2 January
1556:0261-3077
1456:233956982
1448:1361-9462
1382:2 January
1377:0261-3077
1153:155070834
884:2 January
856:2 January
759:1 January
727:0018-2648
419:Chartists
364:Old Sarum
307:" as the
2172:Chartism
1725:also at
1613:29 April
769:cite web
735:24416034
687:16 March
557:See also
427:Liberals
361:such as
106:Liberals
94:boroughs
1693:to 227.
1630::
1264:of the
707:History
174:In the
131:with a
65:. When
61:of the
1826:, and
1783:online
1772:online
1762:online
1752:online
1723:online
1712:online
1702:online
1681:online
1671:online
1661:online
1554:
1454:
1446:
1375:
1343:
1316:
1232:p. 294
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993:
966:
939:
912:
798:
733:
725:
514:Labour
483:, and
319:. The
141:Labour
115:, the
84:, and
2197:Wales
1452:S2CID
1249:p. 17
1149:S2CID
823:(PDF)
731:JSTOR
609:Notes
355:Whigs
98:Whigs
1992:2000
1987:1993
1982:1991
1977:1990
1972:1989
1967:1985
1962:1983
1957:1981
1952:1969
1947:1949
1942:1948
1937:1928
1932:1918
1919:1884
1824:1884
1820:1867
1615:2023
1589:2021
1563:2021
1552:ISSN
1514:2022
1485:2022
1444:ISSN
1409:2024
1384:2021
1373:ISSN
1341:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1291:2022
1208:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1021:ISBN
991:ISBN
964:ISBN
937:ISBN
910:ISBN
886:2021
858:2021
796:ISBN
775:link
761:2023
723:ISSN
689:2016
508:The
442:and
417:The
343:and
90:bill
86:1884
82:1867
41:(or
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