311:, which are said to "be reduced by" the reducer. The reducing agent is stronger when it has a more negative reduction potential and weaker when it has a more positive reduction potential. The more positive the reduction potential the greater the species' affinity for electrons and tendency to be reduced (that is, to receive electrons). The following table provides the reduction potentials of the indicated reducing agent at 25 °C. For example, among
942:
742:
1765:
clearly established that combustion consists of a chemical combination between oxygen from the atmosphere and combustible matter . By the end of the century, his ideas were widely accepted and had been successfully applied to the more complex processes of respiration and photosynthesis. Reactions in
728:
to take place. The anode is an element that loses electrons (reducing agent), thus oxidation always occurs in the anode, and the cathode is an element that gains electrons (oxidizing agent), thus reduction always occurs in the cathode. Corrosion occurs whenever there's a difference in oxidation
104:
describes its degree of loss of electrons, where the higher the oxidation state then the fewer electrons it has. So initially, prior to the reaction, a reducing agent is typically in one of its lower possible oxidation states; its oxidation state increases during the reaction while that of the
307:. The table below shows a few reduction potentials, which can be changed to oxidation potentials by reversing the sign. Reducing agents can be ranked by increasing strength by ranking their reduction potentials. Reducers donate electrons to (that is, "reduce")
99:
In their pre-reaction states, reducers have extra electrons (that is, they are by themselves reduced) and oxidizers lack electrons (that is, they are by themselves oxidized). This is commonly expressed in terms of their oxidation states. An agent's
1870:
Sosa Torres, Martha E.; Saucedo-Vázquez, Juan P.; Kroneck, Peter M.H. (2015). "Chapter 1, Section 2: The rise of dioxygen in the atmosphere". In
Kroneck, Peter M.H.; Sosa Torres, Martha E. (eds.).
288:
Strong reducing agents easily lose (or donate) electrons. An atom with a relatively large atomic radius tends to be a better reductant. In such species, the distance from the nucleus to the
859:, thereby removing the oxygen (and the iron). The rate of production of oxygen eventually exceeded the availability of reducing materials that removed oxygen, which ultimately led
1938:
327:(Cl), it is Na that is the strongest reducing agent while Cl is the weakest; said differently, Na is the weakest oxidizing agent in this list while Cl is the strongest.
292:
is so long that these electrons are not strongly attracted. These elements tend to be strong reducing agents. Good reducing agents tend to consist of atoms with a low
867:). The modern sense of donating electrons is a generalization of this idea, acknowledging that other components can play a similar chemical role to oxygen.
759:
Historically, reduction referred to the removal of oxygen from a compound, hence the name 'reduction'. An example of this phenomenon occurred during the
855:(Fe(II) lost an electron to the oxidizer and became Fe(III) − meaning iron in its +3 oxidation state) that precipitated down to the ocean floor to form
1817:
1550:
Garron, Anthony; Epron, Florence (2005). "Use of formic acid as reducing agent for application in catalytic reduction of nitrate in water".
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920:
Iron (Fe) has been oxidized because the oxidation number increased. Iron is the reducing agent because it gave electrons to the oxygen (O
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Hydrogen (whose reduction potential is 0.0) acts as an oxidizing agent because it accepts an electron donation from the reducing agent
1724:
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potential. When this is present, the anode metal begins deteriorating, given there is an electrical connection and the presence of an
928:) has been reduced because the oxidation number has decreased and is the oxidizing agent because it took electrons from iron (Fe).
1912:"Cathodic Stripping Voltammetric Procedure for Determination of Some Inorganic Arsenic Species in Water, Soil and Ores Samples"
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625:
Common reducing agents include metals potassium, calcium, barium, sodium and magnesium, and also compounds that contain the
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which oxygen was consumed were classified as oxidations, while those in which oxygen was lost were termed reductions.
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1662:"New Synthesis of Nanosized Niobium Oxides and Lithium Niobate Particles and Their Characterization by XPS Analysis"
1245:) – mostly an oxidant but can occasionally act as a reducing agent, typically in analytical chemistry
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775:
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is a reducing agent when it reacts with non-metals and an oxidizing agent when it reacts with metals.
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801:) (along with other electron donors) and practically no oxygen because any that was produced would
1928:"Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight", Third Edition. Peter Atkins and Loretta Jones p. F76
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685:(whose reduction potential is -3.04), which causes Li to be oxidized and hydrogen to be reduced.
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Sustaining Life on Planet Earth: Metalloenzymes
Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases
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1874:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences volume 15. Vol. 15. Springer. pp. 1–12.
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Chemical species that donates an electron to another species in a redox reaction
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897:(Fe) has an oxidation number of 0 before and 3+ after the reaction. For
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1158:
966: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Hydrogen acts as a reducing agent because it donates its electrons to
1778:
Kasting, J.F. (2014). "Modeling the
Archean Atmosphere and Climate".
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Aufray M, Menuel S, Fort Y, Eschbach J, Rouxel D, Vincent B (2009).
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Reducing agents and oxidizing agents are the ones responsible for
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electrons", that "is oxidized", and that "reduces" is called the
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Examples of substances that are common reducing agents include
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The measure of a material's ability to reduce is known as its
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produced this molecular oxygen as a waste product. This
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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For example, consider the overall reaction for aerobic
1411: – Chemical entity capable of accepting electrons
185:) is being reduced, so it is the oxidizing agent. The
1611:"Electrode Reduction and Oxidation Potential Values"
774:), an oxidizer and electron recipient) was added to
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Some elements and compounds can be both reducing or
763:, in which biologically−produced molecular oxygen (
204:) is being oxidized, so it is the reducing agent.
1818:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
250:(). It donates an electron, becoming oxidized to
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805:with these or other reducers (particularly with
749:reaction between sodium and chlorine, with the
1804:
820:. By using water as a reducing agent, aquatic
1939:Table summarizing strength of reducing agents
736:
1549:
1353:(DTT) – used in biochemistry labs to avoid
1813:"When did oxygenic photosynthesis evolve?"
1378:Tris-2-carboxyethylphosphine hydrochloride
332:Reduction potentials of various reactions
1846:
1731:
1669:Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
982:Learn how and when to remove this message
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834:initially oxidized the ocean's dissolved
1368:in hydrochemical metallurgical processes
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708:, which allows fluorine to be reduced.
246:The reducing agent in this reaction is
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909:Oxidation half reaction: Fe → Fe + 3e
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212:Consider the following reaction:
1811:Buick, Roger (August 27, 2008).
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1197:(mainly in analytical chemistry)
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778:, which was originally a weakly
1904:
1863:
1636:"Standard Electrode Potentials"
1594:"Oxidizing and Reducing Agents"
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951:needs additional citations for
782:containing reducing gases like
1782:. Elsevier. pp. 157–175.
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1759:Traité élémentaire de chimie
1572:10.1016/j.watres.2005.05.012
776:the early Earth's atmosphere
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1880:10.1007/978-3-319-12415-5_1
1399: – Branch of chemistry
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1259:Diisobutylaluminium hydride
1147:(sometimes also used as an
1134:compounds that contain the
1121:compounds that contain the
1043:without or with a suitable
905:" that occur concurrently:
893:In the above equation, the
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1985:
912:Reduction half reaction: O
737:Examples of redox reaction
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1780:Treatise on Geochemistry
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1253:Wolff-Kishner reduction
270:), which is reduced to
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932:Common reducing agents
857:banded iron formations
816:), resulting in their
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1681:10.1166/jnn.2009.1087
761:Great Oxidation Event
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1596:. Purdue University.
1216:analytical chemistry
1091:Clemmensen reduction
960:improve this article
138:cellular respiration
1825:(1504): 2731–2743.
1564:2005WatRe..39.3073G
1457:Salt-free reduction
1448:Reducing equivalent
1067:Sodium-lead alloy (
780:reducing atmosphere
747:reduction–oxidation
629:H ion, those being
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1519:+ 2 e ::::: F
1486:+ 2 e ::::: H
1102:Sodium borohydride
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51:electron recipient
45:that "donates" an
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1739:Olson, Maynard V.
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1409:Electron acceptor
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1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
993:
986:
983:
975:
965:
961:
955:
954:
949:This section
947:
943:
938:
937:
929:
911:
908:
907:
906:
904:
900:
896:
877:
876:
875:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
844:
840:
837:
826:
825:cyanobacteria
823:
817:
815:
811:
808:
804:
796:
785:
781:
777:
766:
762:
753:
748:
745:Example of a
743:
734:
732:
727:
723:
719:
709:
707:
688:
687:
686:
684:
665:
664:
663:
661:
657:
652:
650:
643:
636:
632:
628:
617:
612:
603:
602:
598:
589:
575:
574:
570:
565:
556:
555:
551:
546:
537:
536:
532:
527:
522:
521:
517:
512:
507:
506:
502:
497:
492:
491:
487:
479:
474:
473:
469:
464:
459:
458:
454:
449:
444:
443:
439:
430:
421:
420:
416:
411:
406:
405:
401:
396:
391:
390:
386:
381:
376:
375:
371:
366:
356:
355:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
336:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
286:
273:
257:
253:
249:
241:
228:
215:
214:
213:
205:
188:
177:
143:
142:
141:
139:
134:
130:
126:
124:
118:
114:
112:
108:
103:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:alkali metals
79:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
48:
44:
40:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1906:
1871:
1865:
1822:
1816:
1806:
1779:
1773:
1756:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:
1733:
1720:
1711:
1700:. Retrieved
1693:the original
1672:
1668:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:
1588:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1501:
1471:
1183:Thiosulfates
1079:Zinc amalgam
978:
972:October 2016
969:
958:Please help
953:verification
950:
924:). Oxygen (O
919:
892:
869:
758:
751:
715:
703:
680:
660:Hydrogen gas
653:
624:
302:
287:
252:ferricyanide
248:ferrocyanide
245:
211:
173:
135:
98:
75:
53:(called the
36:
32:
28:
24:
18:
1526:+ 2 e → 2 F
1493:+ 2 e → 2 H
1403:Electrolyte
1301:Formic acid
1265:Oxalic acid
1159:Dithionates
849:iron oxides
731:electrolyte
586:+ 8 H + 5 e
427:O (l) + 2 e
161:(g) → 6CO
96:compounds.
90:oxalic acid
86:formic acid
1953:Categories
1746:Britannica
1702:2019-09-24
1537:References
1338:Phosphites
1327:, such as
1203:, such as
916:+ 4e → 2 O
712:Importance
436:(g) + 2 OH
1839:0962-8436
1391:Corrosion
1329:erythrose
1261:(DIBAL-H)
1249:Hydrazine
1185:, e.g. Na
1155:compounds
1047:; e.g. a
843:insoluble
814:sea water
810:dissolved
718:corrosion
476:2 H + 2 e
350:Reduction
323:(Cu) and
230:→ 2 + 2
29:reductant
21:chemistry
1898:25707464
1857:18468984
1725:Archived
1721:Bitesize
1717:"Metals"
1689:19928149
1645:29 March
1580:15982701
1385:See also
1366:Cyanides
1355:SS-bonds
1132:Stannous
1097:Diborane
1045:catalyst
1041:Hydrogen
878:4Fe + 3O
851:such as
765:dioxygen
755:mnemonic
706:fluorine
591:Mn + 4 H
494:Sn + 2 e
461:Fe + 2 e
446:Cr + 3 e
408:Al + 3 e
393:Mg + 2 e
325:chloride
317:chromium
272:chloride
256:chlorine
165:(g) + 6H
157:(s) + 6O
127:oxidizer
78:hydrogen
65:oxidizer
47:electron
1941:at the
1848:2606769
1757:In his
1723:. BBC.
1620:12 July
1560:Bibcode
1303:(HCOOH)
1201:Iodides
1161:, e.g.
1153:Sulfite
1119:Ferrous
836:ferrous
818:removal
784:methane
752:OIL RIG
726:cathode
683:lithium
674:→ 2 LiH
627:hydride
321:cuprous
187:glucose
123:accepts
115:reducer
111:donates
94:sulfite
61:oxidant
41:) is a
33:reducer
1896:
1886:
1855:
1845:
1837:
1794:
1687:
1578:
1482:→ 2 Li
1478:: 2 Li
1380:(TCEP)
1372:Carbon
1344:, and
1333:Aldose
1331:, see
1017:(NaAlH
1015:Red-Al
899:oxygen
846:ferric
793:) and
697:→ 2 HF
618:+2.87
599:+1.49
571:+1.36
552:+1.07
533:+0.80
524:Ag + e
518:+0.16
509:Cu + e
503:+0.15
470:−0.44
455:−0.74
440:−0.83
417:−1.66
402:−2.38
387:−2.71
378:Na + e
372:−3.04
358:Li + e
319:(Cr),
315:(Na),
313:sodium
176:oxygen
92:, and
80:, the
49:to an
1964:Redox
1751:3 May
1696:(PDF)
1665:(PDF)
1515:→ 2 H
1463:Notes
1442:Redox
861:Earth
803:react
722:anode
639:LiAlH
609:+ 2 e
562:+ 2 e
543:+ 2 e
488:0.00
216:2 +
107:redox
67:, or
35:, or
1894:PMID
1884:ISBN
1853:PMID
1835:ISSN
1792:ISBN
1753:2022
1685:PMID
1647:2018
1622:2021
1576:PMID
1362:(CO)
1021:(OCH
895:Iron
839:iron
807:iron
724:and
695:2(g)
691:2(g)
672:2(g)
666:2 Li
644:and
567:2 Cl
548:2 Br
174:The
169:O(l)
23:, a
1876:doi
1843:PMC
1827:doi
1823:363
1784:doi
1677:doi
1568:doi
1528:(g)
1524:(g)
1517:(g)
1513:(g)
1508:: H
1495:(g)
1491:(g)
1484:(s)
1480:(s)
1374:(C)
1151:),
1029:OCH
962:by
812:in
699:(g)
693:+ F
676:(s)
670:+ H
668:(s)
646:CaH
635:LiH
631:NaH
614:2 F
577:MnO
423:2 H
285:).
129:or
117:or
73:).
19:In
1955::
1892:.
1882:.
1851:.
1841:.
1833:.
1821:.
1815:.
1790:.
1763:he
1761:,
1755:.
1744:.
1719:.
1683:.
1671:.
1667:.
1638:.
1613:.
1602:^
1574:.
1566:.
1556:39
1554:.
1340:,
1309:(C
1163:Na
1136:Sn
1123:Fe
1106:Na
1087:Hg
1083:Zn
1073:Pb
1071:+
1069:Na
1064:))
1062:Hg
1058:Na
1025:CH
1003:Al
1000:Li
874:;
799:CO
788:CH
733:.
658:.
651:.
637:,
633:,
558:Cl
539:Br
529:Ag
514:Cu
499:Sn
466:Fe
451:Cr
413:Al
398:Mg
383:Na
368:Li
363:⇌
276:Cl
260:Cl
233:Cl
219:Cl
197:12
151:12
140::
133:.
88:,
84:,
63:,
59:,
31:,
1914:.
1900:.
1878::
1859:.
1829::
1800:.
1786::
1705:.
1679::
1673:9
1649:.
1624:.
1582:.
1570::
1562::
1521:2
1510:2
1488:2
1321:)
1319:6
1317:O
1315:8
1313:H
1311:6
1297:)
1292:4
1287:O
1283:2
1278:H
1274:2
1269:C
1267:(
1255:)
1251:(
1240:2
1235:O
1231:2
1226:H
1224:(
1218:)
1212:I
1209:K
1207:(
1195:3
1193:O
1191:2
1189:S
1187:2
1178:6
1175:O
1172:2
1169:S
1166:2
1115:)
1113:4
1111:H
1109:B
1104:(
1093:)
1085:(
1081:(
1075:)
1060:(
1056:(
1035:2
1033:)
1031:3
1027:2
1023:2
1019:2
1009:4
1006:H
998:(
985:)
979:(
974:)
970:(
956:.
926:2
922:2
914:2
888:3
886:O
884:2
880:2
831:2
829:O
797:(
790:4
786:(
771:2
769:O
767:(
689:H
648:2
641:4
607:2
605:F
595:O
593:2
583:4
580:−
560:2
541:2
483:2
481:H
434:2
432:H
425:2
335:v
274:(
265:2
258:(
224:2
201:6
199:O
195:H
193:6
191:C
189:(
182:2
180:O
178:(
167:2
163:2
159:2
155:6
153:O
149:H
147:6
145:C
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