Ionization energy - Knowledge

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due to the increased net charge of the ion from which the electron is being removed. Electrons removed from more highly charged ions experience greater forces of electrostatic attraction; thus, their removal requires more energy. In addition, when the next ionization energy involves removing an electron from a lower electron shell, the greatly decreased distance between the nucleus and the electron also increases both the electrostatic force and the distance over which that force must be overcome to remove the electron. Both of these factors further increase the ionization energy.

956: 132: 1848:: 6.11 eV), contrary to the decreases on moving into s-block and p-block elements. The 4s and 3d electrons have similar shielding ability: the 3d orbital forms part of the n=3 shell whose average position is closer to the nucleus than the 4s orbital and the n=4 shell, but electrons in s orbitals experience greater penetration into the nucleus than electrons in d orbitals. So the mutual shielding of 3d and 4s electrons is weak, and the effective nuclear charge acting on the ionized electron is relatively large. Yttrium ( 2808: 3012: 3130: 35: 1803:: 5.94 eV). This anomaly is due to the fact that gadolinium valence d-subshell borrows 1 electron from the valence f-subshell. Now the valence subshell is the d-subshell, and due to the poor shielding of positive nuclear charge by electrons of the f-subshell, the electron of the valence d-subshell experiences a greater attraction to the nucleus, therefore increasing the energy required to remove the (outermost) valence electron. 804: 3108:. Since the ion has a weaker bond, it will have a longer bond length. This effect is represented by shifting the minimum of the potential energy curve to the right of the neutral species. The adiabatic ionization is the diagonal transition to the vibrational ground state of the ion. Vertical ionization may involve vibrational excitation of the ionic state and therefore requires greater energy. 2227:'s IE is smaller than that of both hafnium and zirconium. Hafnium's ionization energy is similar to zirconium's due to lanthanide contraction. However, why zirconium's ionization energy is higher than the preceding elements' remains unclear; we cannot attribute it to atomic radius as it is higher for zirconium and hafnium by 15 pm. We also cannot invoke the 3085:, which predicts that the most probable and intense transition corresponds to the vibrationally excited state of the positive ion that has the same geometry as the neutral molecule. This transition is referred to as the "vertical" ionization energy since it is represented by a completely vertical line on a potential energy diagram (see Figure). 421:, other gases can be split into single atoms. Also, many solid elements can be heated and vaporized into single atoms. Monatomic vapor is contained in a previously evacuated tube that has two parallel electrodes connected to a voltage source. The ionizing excitation is introduced through the walls of the tube or produced within. 2163:. This is due to its (and radium's) small ionic radii owing to relativistic effects. Because of their large mass and size, this means that its electrons are traveling at extremely high speeds, which results in the electrons coming closer to the nucleus than expected, and they are consequently harder to remove (higher IE). 2187:, this causes a relativistic contraction of the 1s orbital (and other orbitals with electron density close to the nucleus, especially ns and np orbitals). Hence this causes a cascade of electron changes, which finally results in the outermost electron shells contracting and getting closer to the nucleus. 971:

further away from the nucleus on average than the 2s electrons in the same shell. The 2s electrons then shield the 2p electron from the nucleus to some extent, and it is easier to remove the 2p electron from boron than to remove a 2s electron from beryllium, resulting in a lower ionization energy for

2058:

Ionization energy values tend to decrease on going to heavier elements within a group as shielding is provided by more electrons and overall, the valence shells experience a weaker attraction from the nucleus, attributed to the larger covalent radius which increase on going down a group Nonetheless,

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th ionization energy (it may also be noted that the ionization energy of an anion is generally less than that of cations and neutral atom for the same element). When the next ionization energy involves removing an electron from the same electron shell, the increase in ionization energy is primarily

424:

When ultraviolet light is used, the wavelength is swept down the ultraviolet range. At a certain wavelength (λ) and frequency of light (ν=c/λ, where c is the speed of light), the light quanta, whose energy is proportional to the frequency, will have energy high enough to dislodge the least bound

3111:

In many circumstances, the adiabatic ionization energy is often a more interesting physical quantity since it describes the difference in energy between the two potential energy surfaces. However, due to experimental limitations, the adiabatic ionization energy is often difficult to determine,

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stabilization of the 6s electrons increases the ionization energy, in addition to poor shielding by 4f electrons that increases the effective nuclear charge on the outer valence electrons. In addition, the closed-subshells electron configurations: 3d 4s, 4d5s and 4f 5d 6s provide increased

2302:): All of these elements have extremely high ionization energies compared to the elements preceding them in their respective groups. The essence of this is due to the lanthanide contraction's influence on post lanthanides, in addition to the relativistic stabilization of the 6s orbital. 1088:

Moving from the s-block to the p-block: a p-orbital loses an electron more easily. An example is beryllium to boron, with electron configuration 1s 2s 2p. The 2s electrons shield the higher-energy 2p electron from the nucleus, making it slightly easier to remove. This also happens from

465:

inside a similar evacuated tube. The energy of the electron beam can be controlled by the acceleration voltages. The energy of these electrons that gives rise to a sharp onset of the current of ions and freed electrons through the tube will match the ionization energy of the atoms.

4274: 2957:", and states that the ionization energy of an atom or molecule is equal to the negative value of energy of the orbital from which the electron is ejected. This means that the ionization energy is equal to the negative of HOMO energy, which in a formal equation can be written as: 2602: 778:, the first ionization energy generally increases, with exceptions such as aluminium and sulfur in the table above. As the nuclear charge of the nucleus increases across the period, the electrostatic attraction increases between electrons and protons, hence the 750:

configurations. For example, as can be seen in the table above, the first two molar ionization energies of magnesium (stripping the two 3s electrons from a magnesium atom) are much smaller than the third, which requires stripping off a 2p electron from the

2210: 2049:. As for d-block elements, the electrons are added in an inner shell, so that no new shells are formed. The shape of the added orbitals prevents them from penetrating to the nucleus so that the electrons occupying them have less shielding capacity. 1461:: 5d for Lu with electron configuration 4f 5d 6s, and 7p for Lr with configuration 5f 7s 7p. These dips in ionization energies for lutetium and especially lawrencium show that these elements belong in the d-block, and not lanthanum and actinium. 3120:

While the term ionization energy is largely used only for gas-phase atomic, cationic, or molecular species, there are a number of analogous quantities that consider the amount of energy required to remove an electron from other physical systems.

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terms. Therefore, approximation methods are routinely employed, with different methods varying in complexity (computational time) and accuracy compared to empirical data. This has become a well-studied problem and is routinely done in

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On moving downward within a given group, the electrons are held in higher-energy shells with higher principal quantum number n, further from the nucleus and therefore are more loosely bound so that the ionization energy decreases. The

1701:: 7.6 eV) further accentuates the high value for palladium; the single added s electron is removed with a lower ionization energy than palladium, which emphasizes palladium's high IE (as shown in the above linear table values for IE) 3149:

electron from the chloride ion is the minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from the chlorine atom when it has a charge of −1. In this particular example, the electron binding energy has the same magnitude as the

2274:

due to their electron configurations. Likewise, it is also attributed to the full 3d-orbital in its electron configuration. Another reason is molybdenum's half filled 4d orbital due to electron pair energies violating the aufbau

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where X is any atom or molecule, X is the resultant ion when the original atom was stripped of a single electron, and e is the removed electron. Ionization energy is positive for neutral atoms, meaning that the ionization is an

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of putting an electron in a low-energy sublevel to completely fill it instead of putting the electron in a high-energy one) overcoming the energy gap between s- and d-(or f) block electrons, the EC does not follow the Madelung

151:. The maximum ionization energy also decreases from the first to the last row in a given column, due to the increasing distance of the valence electron shell from the nucleus. Predicted values are used for elements beyond 104. 4579: 2231:

ionization energy, as it is more or less the same ( 3d 4s for titanium, whereas 4d 5s for zirconium). Additionally, there are no half-filled nor fully filled orbitals we might compare. Hence, we can only invoke zirconium's

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The graph to the right shows the binding energy for electrons in different shells in neutral atoms. The ionization energy is the lowest binding energy for a particular atom (although these are not all shown in the graph).

2258:, can be attributed due to their full d-block electrons, in addition to their electron configuration. Another intriguing notion is niobium's half-filled 5s orbital; due to repulsion and exchange energy (in other words the 2791: 2253:

are analogous to each other, due to their electron configuration and to the lanthanide contraction affecting the latter element. Ipso facto, their significant rise in IE compared to the foremost element in the group,

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The elements of the periodic table sorted by ionization energy click on any element's name for further information on chemical properties, environmental data or health effects. This list contains the 118 elements of

3409: 2207: 2183:. To avoid falling into the nucleus, the 1s electrons must move at very high speeds, which causes the special relativistic corrections to be substantially higher than the approximate classical momenta. By the 2435: 3133:

Binding energies of specific atomic orbitals as a function of the atomic number. Because of the increasing number of protons, electrons occupying the same orbital are more tightly bound in heavier elements.

2343:: 7.42 eV) is, akin to that of group 13's thallium, a result of the full 5d and 4f subshells. The lanthanide contraction and the inefficient screening of the nucleus by the 4f electrons results in slightly 3022:

of the neutral molecule, and the upper curve is for the positive ion with a longer bond length. The blue arrow is vertical ionization, here from the ground state of the molecule to the v=2 level of the

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for an atom or ion, due to these negatively charged electrons being held in place by the electrostatic pull of the positively charged nucleus. For example, the electron binding energy for removing a 3p

3815:...The addition of the second electron into an already occupied orbital introduces repulsion between the electrons, thus it is easier to remove. that is why there is a dip in the ionization energy. 3974: 3464: 2308:

Gallium's IE is higher than aluminum's. This is once again due to d-orbitals, in addition to scandide contraction, providing weak shielding, and hence the effective nuclear charges are augmented.

1965:: 5.18 eV), though their atoms are anomalies in that they add a d-electron rather than an f-electron. As can be seen in the above graph for ionization energies, the sharp rise in IE values from ( 298:

Electron configuration: This accounts for most elements' IE, as all of their chemical and physical characteristics can be ascertained just by determining their respective electron configuration.

417:) or electrons accelerated to a known energy that will kick out the least bound atomic electrons. The measurement is performed in the gas phase on single atoms. While only noble gases occur as 4751: 4119: 386:

is an older and obsolete term for ionization energy, because the oldest method of measuring ionization energy was based on ionizing a sample and accelerating the electron removed using an

2149:), which is close to the nucleus. Likewise, since there are not any other electrons that may cause shielding, that single electron experiences the full net positive charge of the nucleus. 3247: 3154:

for the neutral chlorine atom. In another example, the electron binding energy refers to the minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from the dicarboxylate dianion O

2705: 3070:

Due to the possible changes in molecular geometry that may result from ionization, additional transitions may exist between the vibrational ground state of the neutral species and

1188:: 10.36 eV). The reason for this is because oxygen, sulfur and selenium all have dipping ionization energies because of shielding effects. However, this discontinues starting from 3100:

is for the neutral molecule and the upper surface is for the positive ion. Both curves plot the potential energy as a function of bond length. The horizontal lines correspond to

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decreases, and the electron cloud comes closer to the nucleus because the electrons, especially the outermost one, are held more tightly by the higher effective nuclear charge.

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will get attracted to the negatively charged electrode. These electrons and ions will establish a current through the tube. The ionization energy will be the energy of photons

3385:, the measure of the strength of a chemical bond calculated through cleaving by homolysis giving two radical fragments A and B and subsequent evaluation of the enthalpy change 358:

is greater than about 70) are affected by these as their electrons are approaching the speed of light. They therefore have smaller atomic radii and higher ionization energies.

4632:, p. 315: "In the Hartree-Fock approximation, the wave function of an atom (or molecule) is a Slater determinant or a linear combination of a few Slater determinants" 3001: 305:) is greater, the electrons are held more tightly by the nucleus and hence the ionization energy will be greater (leading to the mentioned trend 1 within a given period). 4605: 312:: If the size of the atom is greater due to the presence of more shells, the electrons are held less tightly by the nucleus and the ionization energy will be smaller. 2904: 2240:

4s4p4d5s. The presence of a full 3d-block sublevel is tantamount to a higher shielding efficiency compared to the 4d-block elements (which are only two electrons).

2930: 2665: 2639: 2403: 3676: 2427: 4718: 1666:: 8.3 eV). Unlike other Group 10 elements, palladium has a higher ionization energy than the preceding atom, due to its electron configuration. In contrast to 1057:'s electron configuration predetermines that it would require less energy to remove that single d-orbital electron, therefore even though it has a larger EC, 3493: 762:

Ionization energies peak in noble gases at the end of each period in the periodic table of elements and, as a rule, dip when a new shell is starting to fill.

4838: 4161: 4024: 3930: 3391:, the average measure of a chemical bond's strength, calculated through the amount of heat needed to break all of the chemical bonds into individual atoms. 3062:

of the neutral species (v" = 0 level) and that of the positive ion (v' = 0). The specific equilibrium geometry of each species does not affect this value.

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Thallium's IE, due to poor shielding of 4f electrons in addition to lanthanide contraction, causes its IE to be increased in contrast to its precursor

3018:

Franck–Condon principle energy diagram. For ionization of a diatomic molecule, the only nuclear coordinate is the bond length. The lower curve is the

3564: 272:

th ionization energy refers to the amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from the species having a positive charge of (

3331: 2945:. The second way of calculating ionization energies is mainly used at the lowest level of approximation, where the ionization energy is provided by 2045:(for lanthanides). This decrease in ionic radius is associated with an increase in ionization energy in turn increases, since the two properties 24: 2715: 4703: 2145:'s ionization energy is very high (at 13.59844 eV), compared to the alkali metals. This is due to its single electron (and hence, very small 1475:

elements: This is due to their complete electron subshells, so that these elements require large amounts of energy to remove one electron.

2597:{\displaystyle E=-{\frac {1}{n^{2}}}{\frac {Z^{2}e^{2}}{2a_{0}}}=-{\frac {Z^{2}R_{H}}{n^{2}}}=-{\frac {Z^{2}13.6\ \mathrm {eV} }{n^{2}}}} 20: 1016:

Furthermore, after every noble gas element, the ionization energy drastically drops. This occurs because the outer electron in the

1675: 2202: 2709:

After ionization, the energy is zero for a motionless electron infinitely far from the proton, so that the ionization energy is

99: 860:

There are exceptions to the general trend of rising ionization energies within a period. For example, the value decreases from

387: 1009:. The two electrons in the same orbital are closer together on average than two electrons in different orbitals, so that they 71: 4865: 4777: 4507: 4137: 4102: 4069: 3720: 758: 1298:'s is 148 pm). This is due to the spin-orbit splitting of the 6p shell (lead is removing an electron from the stabilised 6p 2851:. The energy can be calculated by integrating over this cloud. The cloud's underlying mathematical representation is the 265:

being progressively farther from the nucleus, with the addition of one inner shell per row as one moves down the column.

78: 2932:

electron systems. Calculating these energies exactly is not possible except for the simplest systems (i.e. hydrogen and

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amount of energy required to remove an electron from a neutral molecule, i.e. the difference between the energy of the

368:): The shrinking of the elements affects the ionization energy, as the net charge of the nucleus is more strongly felt. 52: 3684: 1020:

requires a much lower amount of energy to be removed from the atom than the inner shells. This also gives rise to low

4194: 3753: 3610: 3448: 847: 118: 998:

Here the added electron has a spin opposed to the other 2p electrons. This decreases the ionization energy of oxygen

829: 2179:, like francium, which is also due to relativistic effects. The electrons, especially the 1s electrons, experience 85: 3501: 425:

electrons. These electrons will be attracted to the positive electrode, and the positive ions remaining after the

4031: 3938: 2860: 1613: 814: 351: 56: 755:

configuration of Mg. That 2p electron is much closer to the nucleus than the 3s electrons removed previously.

67: 3190:

is the minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from a solid surface, where the work function

3202: 2670: 2221:), which differs from the latter's 155 pm. This in turn makes its ionization energies increase by 18 kJ/mol. 1290:: 7.29 eV). This cannot be attributed to size (the difference is minimal: lead has a covalent radius of 146 4899: 4353: 3960: 3706: 3683:. 400 Bizzell St, College Station, TX 77843, Texas, United States: Texas A&M University. Archived from 3899: 3875: 3105: 3082: 2820: 1457:) both have ionization energies lower than the previous elements. In both cases the last electron added 398: 4904: 4889: 3827: 2870:

There are two main ways in which ionization energy is calculated. In general, the computation for the

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The electron binding energy is the minimum energy that is required to remove an electron from an atom

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Group 6: like its forerunners groups 4 and 5, group 6 also record high values when moving downward.

1042:'s configuration, makes the overall structure less stable, hence the dip in ionization energy values 992: 3999: 3382: 3097: 3078: 3019: 787: 315: 4442: 4124:(eBook). Vol. 3 (15th ed.). Switzerland: Pearson Prentice-Hall. pp. 536, 649, 743. 2963: 1013:

more effectively and it is easier to remove one electron, resulting in a lower ionization energy.

4909: 4894: 3648: 3270: 2942: 2003:: 5.21 eV) is followed by a small increase (with some fluctuations) as the f-block proceeds from 1082: 825: 771: 247: 45: 3851: 3530:

Lang, Peter F.; Smith, Barry C. (August 2003). "Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions".

2042: 775: 361: 340: 254: 92: 4057: 3372: 2184: 1005:

In oxygen, the last electron shares a doubly occupied p-orbital with an electron of opposing

4756:. Vol. 7. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (published 1995). pp. 18–19. 4299: 4757: 4523: 4391: 4250: 4222: 3539: 3362: 2946: 2937: 2877: 2173: 821: 239: 224: 1363:: 5.17 eV), which is a switch from an s to a d orbital. However the analogous switch from 8: 3101: 3071: 3056: 2909: 2644: 2618: 2382: 375: 365: 343:

has a reduced tendency to lose electrons and consequently has a higher ionization energy.

197: 4761: 4395: 4226: 3937:. 2601 W. Avenue N, San Angelo, TX 76909, Texas: Angelo State University. Archived from 3543: 3141:

is a generic term for the minimum energy needed to remove an electron from a particular

2843:, the location of an electron is best described as a probability distribution within an 1048: 980: 955: 4819: 4799: 4417: 4182: 4155: 4094: 3773: 3598: 3327: 3028: 2933: 2856: 2412: 1806:

Moving into d-block elements: The elements Sc with a 3d electronic configuration has a

1543:: 10.4 eV) all record sudden rising IE values in contrast to their preceding elements: 4861: 4803: 4791: 4783: 4773: 4750:(January 1, 1996) . "6". In Zainab, R.; Du, D.; Tanner, B.K.; Chambers, R.G. (eds.). 4696:"The difference between a vertical ionization energy and adiabatic ionization energy" 4683:... The second method is called Koopman's Theory. This method involves the HOMO. 4503: 4251:"Patterns and trends in the periodic table - Periodicity - Higher Chemistry Revision" 4190: 4133: 4098: 4065: 3954: 3749: 3700: 3606: 3444: 3376: 3356: 3336: 3151: 3093: 3048: 2864: 2840: 2299: 1521: 1077:

Transitioning to a new period: an alkali metal easily loses one electron to leave an

1032: 1021: 329:

and penetration are greater, the electrons are held less tightly by the nucleus, the

3798: 3574: 4765: 4561: 4495: 4399: 4230: 4178: 4125: 4090: 3594: 3578: 3569: 3547: 3366: 3319: 2612: 2218: 2206:. It can be seen through the former's smaller atomic radius (which contradicts the 1010: 968: 461:

When high-velocity electrons are used to ionize the atoms, they are produced by an

326: 4324: 1314:, one row further down the periodic table and with much larger spin-orbit effects. 3306:

Nonetheless, further research is still needed to corroborate this mere inference.

2214: 2046: 767: 441: 426: 235: 131: 3627: 4747: 4554:

The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science

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Some values for elements of the third period are given in the following table:

309: 276:− 1). For example, the first three ionization energies are defined as follows: 262: 231: 220: 201: 4565: 4499: 4466: 3112:

whereas the vertical detachment energy is easily identifiable and measurable.

2819: with: more calculation formulas for ionization energies. You can help by 2097:: 7.64 eV), contrary to the general decrease for the elements from technetium 4884: 4878: 4795: 3573:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) " 3187: 3074: 2954: 2950: 1927:: 5.17 eV) have only very slightly lower IP's than their preceding elements ( 952:: 13.6 eV). These dips can be explained in terms of electron configurations. 790:

increases only slowly so that its effect is outweighed by the increase in n.

779: 502: 418: 371: 355: 302: 144: 136: 3582: 1674:'s 4f 5d 6s, palladium's electron configuration is 4d 5s (even though the 986:

These electron configurations do not show the full and half-filled orbitals.

4418:"WebElements Periodic Table » Titanium » radii of atoms and ions" 3088:

For a diatomic molecule, the geometry is defined by the length of a single

3059: 2852: 2156: 1017: 746:

Large jumps in the successive molar ionization energies occur when passing

462: 208: 140: 2786:{\displaystyle I=E(\mathrm {H} ^{+})-E(\mathrm {H} )=+13.6\ \mathrm {eV} } 4300:"IYPT 2019 Elements 087: Francium: Not the most reactive Group 1 element" 4235: 4210: 4129: 3388: 3283: 3089: 497: 216: 4606:"Quantum numbers and orbitals- The quantum mechanical model of the atom" 3011: 2807: 1306:

level). Predicted ionization energies show a much greater decrease from

1104:

electron with spin opposed to the other electrons: such as in nitrogen (

246:

Ionization energy generally increases from left to right within a given

4695: 3096:

weakens the bond and increases the bond length. In Figure 1, the lower

2406: 2271: 1705: 1435: 1143: 1078: 1068:

The trends and exceptions are summarized in the following subsections:

634: 290:

3rd ionization energy is the energy that enables the reaction X ⟶ X + e

285:

2nd ionization energy is the energy that enables the reaction X ⟶ X + e

280:

1st ionization energy is the energy that enables the reaction X ⟶ X + e

4769: 4443:"Periodic Table of the Elements: Zirconium - Electronic configuration" 4403: 3744:

Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey (2002).

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this is not always the case. As one exception, in Group 10 palladium (

1612:: 9.2 eV), respectively. For mercury, it can be extrapolated that the 294:

The most notable influences that determine ionization energy include:

2197: 1644: 1472: 1387: 1311: 1307: 1291: 1189: 1094: 1090: 861: 747: 583: 559: 160: 148: 4549: 4177: 832:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 253:

Ionization energy generally decreases from top to bottom in a given

34: 4025:"Some Comments on the Position of Lawrencium in the Periodic Table" 3323: 3260: 2291: 2267: 2255: 2250: 2224: 2152: 2142: 1671: 1412: 1341: 1054: 907: 689: 478:+1)th ionization energy of a particular element is larger than the 184: 172: 3077:

of the positive ion. In other words, ionization is accompanied by

200:. Roughly speaking, the closer the outermost electrons are to the 171:) is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound 4787: 4189:(5th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, pp. 776, 955, 3359:

is a number that shares some similarities with ionization energy.

2287: 2279: 2246: 2193: 1621: 1498: 1295: 1268: 1219: 1039: 608: 156: 3322:, a calculation that could determine the ionization energies of 3115: 2936:

elements), primarily because of difficulties in integrating the

2793:. This agrees with the experimental value for the hydrogen atom. 2312: 2283: 2176: 2169: 2160: 1679: 1667: 1567: 1544: 1364: 1318: 1166: 1058: 930: 661: 536: 414: 19:

For the values of the ionization energies of the elements, see

4490:

Langård, Sverre (2015). "Chromium, Molybdenum, and Tungsten".

4382:

Slater, J. C. (15 November 1964). "Atomic Radii in Crystals".

3339:, a closely related concept describing the energy released by 2200:. The effects of the lanthanide contraction can still be felt 3471:. University of California, Davis. 2013-10-02. Archived from 884: 717: 493: 413:, is measured by finding the minimal energy of light quanta ( 215:(J). In chemistry, it is expressed as the energy to ionize a 212: 187:. The first ionization energy is quantitatively expressed as 4000:"Covalent Radius for all the elements in the Periodic Table" 2949:, which involves the highest occupied molecular orbital or " 2859:

consisting of molecular spin orbitals. These are related by

3350: 3031:, and two types of (first) ionization energy are defined – 2667:

so that the energy of the atom before ionization is simply

2321: 2295: 1590: 1302:

level, but bismuth is removing one from the destabilised 6p

1245: 1196: 967:

Boron has its last electron in a 2p orbital, which has its

752: 176: 2874:

th ionization energy requires calculating the energies of

1195:

Moving from the d-block to the p-block: as in the case of

4700:

Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database

4635: 3630:. College of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley 2348: 770:

within the periodic table. Moving left to right within a

180: 4580:"Orbitals, Electron Clouds, Probabilities, and Energies" 3081:. The intensity of such transitions is explained by the 2615:

for the hydrogen atom. For hydrogen in the ground state

2053: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3375:

has the lowest recorded ionization energy for a stable

2078:: 8.34 eV) has a higher ionization energy than nickel ( 1727:: 6.15 eV) is somewhat higher than both the preceding ( 393: 3743: 207:

In physics, ionization energy is usually expressed in

4647: 4623: 3205: 2966: 2912: 2880: 2718: 2673: 2647: 2621: 2438: 2415: 2385: 336:

of the electron and the ionization energy is smaller.

143:. The ionization energy gradually increases from the 3649:"Monatomic Gas - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 3516: 793: 4118:Housecroft, C.E.; Sharpe, A.G. (November 1, 1993). 3007:

Molecules: vertical and adiabatic ionization energy

2172:'s ionization energy is higher than its antecedent 1465: 1071: 59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4806:. Archived from the original on September 28, 2021 3330:elements. This is further elaborated through this 3241: 3027:Ionization of molecules often leads to changes in 2995: 2953:" and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital or " 2924: 2898: 2785: 2699: 2659: 2633: 2596: 2421: 2397: 2155:'s ionization energy is higher than the precedent 1192:where the shielding is too small to produce a dip. 1085:, so those elements have only small values for IE. 230:Comparison of ionization energies of atoms in the 3365:, regarding the predicted ionization energies in 3196:for a given surface is defined by the difference 2863:to the antisymmetrized products of the atomic or 2797: 4876: 4211:"Modern Inorganic Chemistry (Jolly, William L.)" 4160:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4117: 3182: 4550:"I. On the constitution of atoms and molecules" 3900:"Chemical elements listed by ionization energy" 3876:"The Alkali Metals | Introduction to Chemistry" 3767: 3765: 3593: 2374: 25:Ionization energies of the elements (data page) 4704:National Institute of Standards and Technology 4142:. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021 3774:"Ionization Energy Trends | Grandinetti Group" 3042: 2409:, which predicts that the atomic energy level 4837:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4064:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 122. 3116:Analogs of ionization energy to other systems 3065: 378:usually result in higher ionization energies. 135:Ionization energy trends plotted against the 4673:. The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. 2000 3933:. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. 3772:Grandinetti, Philip J. (September 8, 2019). 3762: 3748:(8th ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 370. 3438: 3092:. The removal of an electron from a bonding 2379:The ionization energy of the hydrogen atom ( 1889:Moving into f-block elements; The elements ( 3771: 3443:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 41. 3439:Miessler, Gary L.; Tarr, Donald A. (1999). 2236:electron configuration, which is 1s2s2p3s3p 1867:) similarly has a higher IP (6.22 eV) than 469: 444:) that caused a steep rise in the current: 354:: Heavier elements (especially those whose 204:, the higher the atom's ionization energy. 4716: 4667:"Background Reading for Ionization Energy" 4111: 3605:(5th ed.). John Wiley. p. 1381. 3434: 3432: 3430: 3343:an electron to a neutral atom or molecule. 3124: 1409:: 5.6 eV) does not show a downward change. 1038:Because of a single p-orbital electron in 4234: 4173: 4171: 3928: 3677:"Atomic Structure : Periodic Trends" 3529: 2839:According to the more complete theory of 848:Learn how and when to remove this message 402:Ionization energy measurement apparatus. 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 21:Molar ionization energies of the elements 4016: 3349:, a measure of the energy released when 3128: 3010: 954: 757: 406:The ionization energy of atoms, denoted 397: 339:Stability: An atom having a more stable 261:The latter trend results from the outer 130: 4489: 3721:"Anomalous trends in ionization energy" 3427: 3051:ionization energy of a molecule is the 2135:. Such anomalies are summarized below: 1829:: 6.56 eV) than the preceding element ( 959:The added electron in boron occupies a 301:Nuclear charge: If the nuclear charge ( 4877: 4855: 4746: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4381: 4168: 4022: 3674: 3273:in the vacuum nearby the surface, and 3242:{\displaystyle W=-e\phi -E_{\rm {F}},} 2700:{\displaystyle E=-13.6\ \mathrm {eV} } 4717:Murphy, Andrew; Wong, Monica (2019). 4541: 4354:"Zirconium (Element) - Atomic Radius" 4208: 4202: 4055: 3670: 3668: 3625: 2324:'s unusually high ionization energy ( 2054:Ionization energy anomalies in groups 491:Successive ionization energy values / 4547: 3929:Boudreaux, K.A. (August 13, 2020) . 2801: 2347:ionization energy for lead than for 797: 394:Determination of ionization energies 57:adding citations to reliable sources 28: 4753:Introduction to Solid State Physics 3290:of electrons) inside the material. 2181:very high effective nuclear charges 1765:: 5.67 eV) and following elements ( 1478:Group 12: The elements here, zinc ( 362:Lanthanide and actinide contraction 16:Energy needed to remove an electron 13: 4440: 4095:10.1016/B978-0-7506-3365-9.50028-6 4085:"Vanadium, Niobium and Tantalum". 3790: 3675:Stone, E.G. (December 19, 2020v). 3665: 3570:Compendium of Chemical Terminology 3500:. January 15, 2018. Archived from 3230: 2779: 2776: 2756: 2733: 2693: 2690: 2577: 2574: 1011:shield each other from the nucleus 219:of atoms or molecules, usually as 14: 4921: 4586:. UC Davis ChemWiki. May 23, 2019 3931:"The Parts of the Periodic Table" 2278:Groups 7-12 6th period elements ( 794:Exceptions in ionization energies 3796: 3353:are combined to make a compound. 2806: 1466:Ionization energy increases when 1100:Occupying a p-subshell with its 1072:Ionization energy decreases when 1047: 1031: 991: 979: 802: 325:): If the magnitude of electron 33: 4740: 4710: 4688: 4659: 4598: 4572: 4516: 4483: 4459: 4434: 4410: 4384:The Journal of Chemical Physics 4375: 4346: 4317: 4292: 4267: 4243: 4078: 4049: 3992: 3967: 3922: 3892: 3868: 3844: 3820: 3737: 3713: 3300: 44:needs additional citations for 4062:Sterling Dictionary of Physics 3975:"18.10: The Group 6A Elements" 3641: 3619: 3587: 3558: 3494:"Chapter 9: Quantum Mechanics" 3486: 3457: 3402: 2798:Quantum-mechanical explanation 2760: 2752: 2743: 2728: 2196:'s near similarity in IE with 1024:values for the alkali metals. 1: 4467:"Tantalum | chemical element" 4215:Journal of Chemical Education 3856:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu 3532:Journal of Chemical Education 3395: 3183:Solid surfaces: work function 501:(96.485 kJ mol ≡ 1 4187:Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 3935:angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/ 3603:Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 2996:{\displaystyle I_{i}=-E_{i}} 2375:Bohr model for hydrogen atom 1317:Special case: decrease from 1244:Special case: decrease from 766:Ionization energy is also a 716: 688: 660: 633: 607: 582: 558: 535: 7: 4089:. 1997. pp. 976–1001. 3679:. Department of Chemistry. 3313: 3043:Adiabatic ionization energy 2861:Pauli's exclusion principle 1678:predicts 4d 5s). Finally, 828:the claims made and adding 715: 687: 659: 632: 606: 581: 557: 534: 10: 4926: 4849: 4341:...Atomic Radius 159 pm... 3106:vibrational wave functions 3066:Vertical ionization energy 2405:) can be evaluated in the 2245:Group 5: akin to Group 4, 347:Minor influences include: 238:which follow the rules of 18: 4719:"Electron binding energy" 4566:10.1080/14786441308634955 4500:10.1002/0471435139.tox038 4087:Chemistry of the Elements 4056:Singh, Jasvinder (1999). 3880:courses.lumenlearning.com 3799:"First Ionization Energy" 3288:electrochemical potential 2270:is once again similar to 1620:Special case: shift from 372:Electron pairing energies 4358:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 3959:: CS1 maint: location ( 3725:Chemistry Stack Exchange 3705:: CS1 maint: location ( 3626:Mahan, Bruce H. (1962). 3383:Bond-dissociation energy 788:effective nuclear charge 470:Atoms: values and trends 341:electronic configuration 316:Effective nuclear charge 191:X(g) + energy ⟶ X(g) + e 4856:Levine, Ira N. (1991). 4524:"The Group 14 elements" 4471:Encyclopedia Britannica 3949:– via angelo.edu. 3583:10.1351/goldbook.I03208 3293: 3271:electrostatic potential 3125:Electron binding energy 3083:Franck–Condon principle 2943:computational chemistry 2208:observed periodic trend 2047:correlate to each other 1142:: 13.6 eV), as well as 1083:noble gas configuration 1061:still has the higher IE 388:electrostatic potential 175:of an isolated gaseous 4548:Bohr, N. (July 1913). 4331:. Gordon England. 2020 4023:Jensen, W. B. (2015). 3832:chemed.chem.purdue.edu 3498:faculty.chem.queesu.ca 3243: 3134: 3104:with their associated 3098:potential energy curve 3079:vibrational excitation 3024: 3020:potential energy curve 2997: 2926: 2900: 2855:, which is built from 2787: 2701: 2661: 2635: 2598: 2423: 2399: 2043:lanthanide contraction 1123:: 14.5 eV) to oxygen ( 964: 763: 403: 152: 4275:"Ionization Energies" 4209:Billo, E. J. (1985). 3653:www.sciencedirect.com 3373:Ditungsten tetra(hpp) 3244: 3132: 3014: 2998: 2927: 2901: 2899:{\displaystyle Z-N+1} 2788: 2702: 2662: 2636: 2599: 2424: 2400: 2203:after the lanthanides 2185:uncertainty principle 2041:. This is due to the 1459:starts a new subshell 958: 774:, or upward within a 761: 401: 225:kilocalories per mole 134: 4279:Chemistry LibreTexts 4236:10.1021/ed062pA137.1 4130:10.1021/ed070pA304.1 3979:Chemistry LibreTexts 3575:ionization potential 3414:Chemistry LibreTexts 3259:is the charge of an 3203: 2964: 2938:electron correlation 2910: 2878: 2716: 2671: 2645: 2619: 2436: 2413: 2383: 2174:alkaline earth metal 906:: 8.3 eV), and from 384:ionization potential 366:scandide contraction 352:Relativistic effects 240:Coulombic attraction 53:improve this article 4900:Chemical properties 4762:1969Natur.224..983C 4644:, pp. 290–291. 4584:chem.libretexts.org 4422:www.webelements.com 4396:1964JChPh..41.3199S 4329:gordonengland.co.uk 4227:1985JChEd..62..137B 4183:Wilkinson, Geoffrey 4121:Inorganic Chemistry 4037:on 23 December 2015 3906:. Lenntech BV. 2018 3778:www.grandinetti.org 3687:on October 11, 2018 3628:"Ionization Energy" 3599:Wilkinson, Geoffrey 3544:2003JChEd..80..938L 3465:"Ionization Energy" 3441:Inorganic Chemistry 2925:{\displaystyle Z-N} 2857:Slater determinants 2660:{\displaystyle n=1} 2634:{\displaystyle Z=1} 2398:{\displaystyle Z=1} 506: 221:kilojoules per mole 202:nucleus of the atom 198:endothermic process 68:"Ionization energy" 4492:Patty's Toxicology 4370:155 pm (Empirical) 3239: 3135: 3102:vibrational levels 3029:molecular geometry 3025: 2993: 2922: 2896: 2865:molecular orbitals 2783: 2697: 2657: 2631: 2594: 2419: 2395: 2213:2018-10-11 at the 1471:Reaching Group 18 965: 813:possibly contains 764: 489: 404: 257:(that is, column). 153: 4905:Quantum chemistry 4890:Molecular physics 4867:978-0-205-12770-2 4860:. Prentice Hall. 4858:Quantum Chemistry 4779:978-0-471-11181-8 4770:10.1063/1.3061720 4509:978-0-471-12547-1 4404:10.1063/1.1725697 4390:(10): 3199–3204. 4304:Compound Interest 4179:Cotton, F. Albert 4139:978-0-273-74275-3 4104:978-0-7506-3365-9 4071:978-81-7359-124-2 4004:periodictable.com 3803:kentchemistry.com 3746:General Chemistry 3595:Cotton, F. Albert 3552:10.1021/ed080p938 3410:"Periodic Trends" 3377:chemical compound 3363:Koopmans' theorem 3357:Electronegativity 3337:Electron affinity 3152:electron affinity 3094:molecular orbital 2947:Koopmans' theorem 2841:quantum mechanics 2837: 2836: 2774: 2688: 2592: 2572: 2546: 2504: 2463: 2422:{\displaystyle n} 1022:electronegativity 858: 857: 850: 815:original research 744: 743: 165:ionization energy 129: 128: 121: 103: 4917: 4871: 4843: 4842: 4835: 4829: 4825: 4823: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4678: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4365: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4336: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4175: 4166: 4165: 4159: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4036: 4030:. Archived from 4029: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4010: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3958: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3941:on July 10, 2022 3926: 3920: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3810: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3769: 3760: 3759: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3704: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3672: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3591: 3585: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3527: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3504:on July 24, 2020 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3436: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3421: 3406: 3320:Rydberg equation 3307: 3304: 3281: 3268: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3195: 3174: 3173: 3002: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2976: 2975: 2931: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2832: 2829: 2810: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2772: 2759: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2706: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2686: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2613:Rydberg constant 2603: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2581: 2580: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2555: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2524: 2523: 2513: 2505: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2449: 2428: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2359: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2333: 2332: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2124: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2105: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2087: 2086: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2068: 2067: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2031: 2030: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2012: 2011: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1993: 1992: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1974: 1973: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1955: 1954: 1946:: 5.21 eV) and ( 1945: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1935: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1917: 1916: 1908:: 5.18 eV) and ( 1907: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1897: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1876: 1875: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1857: 1856: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1838: 1837: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1819: 1818: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1792: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1773: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1755: 1754: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1735: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1717: 1716: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1691: 1690: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1656: 1655: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1633: 1632: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1602: 1601: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1579: 1578: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1555: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1533: 1532: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1509: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1487: 1486: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1447: 1446: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1424: 1423: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1399: 1398: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1376: 1375: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1353: 1352: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1330: 1329: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1280: 1279: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1257: 1256: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1231: 1230: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1207: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1177: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1155: 1154: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1132: 1131: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1113: 1112: 1051: 1035: 995: 983: 969:electron density 951: 950: 949: 942: 941: 928: 927: 926: 919: 918: 905: 904: 903: 896: 895: 882: 881: 880: 873: 872: 853: 846: 842: 839: 833: 830:inline citations 806: 805: 798: 507: 488: 474:Generally, the ( 124: 117: 113: 110: 104: 102: 61: 37: 29: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4875: 4874: 4868: 4852: 4847: 4846: 4836: 4827: 4826: 4817: 4816: 4809: 4807: 4780: 4748:Kittel, Charles 4745: 4741: 4728: 4726: 4723:radiopaedia.org 4715: 4711: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4676: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4546: 4542: 4533: 4531: 4528:Chemistry Nexus 4522: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4488: 4484: 4475: 4473: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4451: 4449: 4439: 4435: 4426: 4424: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4380: 4376: 4363: 4361: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4334: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4309: 4307: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4284: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4259: 4257: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4176: 4169: 4153: 4152: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4021: 4017: 4008: 4006: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3984: 3982: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3952: 3951: 3944: 3942: 3927: 3923: 3909: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3884: 3882: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3860: 3858: 3852:"Alkali Metals" 3850: 3849: 3845: 3836: 3834: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3808: 3806: 3805:. KentChemistry 3795: 3791: 3782: 3780: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3742: 3738: 3729: 3727: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3698: 3697: 3690: 3688: 3673: 3666: 3657: 3655: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3631: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3592: 3588: 3563: 3559: 3528: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3316: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3280: 3274: 3264: 3253: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3191: 3185: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3148: 3127: 3118: 3068: 3045: 3009: 2987: 2983: 2971: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2817:needs expansion 2811: 2800: 2775: 2755: 2737: 2732: 2731: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2689: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2610: 2586: 2582: 2573: 2561: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2219:empirical value 2215:Wayback Machine 2131: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2037: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1984:: 3.89 eV) to ( 1980: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1799: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1670:'s 3d 4s, and 1662: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1585: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1562: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1516: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1493: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1468: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1430: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1382: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1359: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1336: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1305: 1301: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1237: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1214: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1184: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1165:: 10.48 eV) to 1161: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1138: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1074: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1052: 1044: 1043: 1036: 1003: 1002: 1001: 1000: 999: 996: 988: 987: 984: 948: 946: 945: 944: 940: 937: 936: 935: 934: 925: 923: 922: 921: 917: 914: 913: 912: 911: 902: 900: 899: 898: 894: 891: 890: 889: 888: 879: 877: 876: 875: 871: 868: 867: 866: 865: 854: 843: 837: 834: 819: 807: 803: 796: 500: 472: 457: 450: 442:Planck constant 435: 427:photoionization 419:monatomic gases 412: 396: 335: 324: 310:electron shells 250:(that is, row). 236:periodic trends 125: 114: 108: 105: 62: 60: 50: 38: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4923: 4913: 4912: 4910:Binding energy 4907: 4902: 4897: 4895:Atomic physics 4892: 4887: 4873: 4872: 4866: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4828:|journal= 4778: 4739: 4709: 4687: 4658: 4656:, p. 475. 4646: 4634: 4622: 4597: 4571: 4540: 4515: 4508: 4482: 4458: 4447:www.tabulka.cz 4433: 4409: 4374: 4345: 4316: 4291: 4266: 4242: 4201: 4195: 4167: 4138: 4110: 4103: 4077: 4070: 4048: 4015: 3991: 3966: 3921: 3891: 3867: 3843: 3819: 3789: 3761: 3754: 3736: 3712: 3664: 3640: 3618: 3611: 3586: 3557: 3515: 3485: 3456: 3449: 3426: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3370: 3360: 3354: 3347:Lattice energy 3344: 3334: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3278: 3250: 3249: 3238: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3184: 3181: 3170: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3146: 3143:electron shell 3139:binding energy 3126: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3075:excited states 3067: 3064: 3044: 3041: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2849:atomic orbital 2845:electron cloud 2835: 2834: 2828:September 2020 2814: 2812: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2781: 2778: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2695: 2692: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2471: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2418: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2365: 2356: 2338: 2329: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2309: 2303: 2276: 2264: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2222: 2188: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2150: 2147:electron cloud 2130: 2121: 2111: 2102: 2092: 2083: 2073: 2064: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2036: 2027: 2017: 2008: 1998: 1989: 1979: 1970: 1960: 1951: 1941: 1932: 1922: 1913: 1903: 1894: 1887: 1881: 1872: 1862: 1853: 1843: 1834: 1824: 1815: 1804: 1798: 1789: 1779: 1770: 1760: 1751: 1741: 1732: 1722: 1713: 1702: 1696: 1687: 1661: 1652: 1638: 1629: 1618: 1607: 1598: 1589:: 7.6 eV) and 1584: 1575: 1561: 1552: 1538: 1529: 1520:: 9.0 eV) and 1515: 1506: 1492: 1483: 1476: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1452: 1443: 1429: 1420: 1410: 1404: 1395: 1381: 1372: 1358: 1349: 1340:: 5.27 eV) to 1335: 1326: 1315: 1303: 1299: 1285: 1276: 1267:: 7.42 eV) to 1262: 1253: 1242: 1236: 1227: 1213: 1204: 1193: 1183: 1174: 1160: 1151: 1137: 1128: 1118: 1109: 1098: 1086: 1073: 1070: 1053: 1046: 1045: 1037: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1026: 997: 990: 989: 985: 978: 977: 976: 975: 974: 947: 938: 929:: 14.5 eV) to 924: 915: 901: 892: 878: 869: 856: 855: 810: 808: 801: 795: 792: 768:periodic trend 742: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 714: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 686: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 667: 664: 658: 657: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 631: 630: 628: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 605: 604: 602: 600: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 580: 579: 577: 575: 573: 571: 568: 565: 562: 556: 555: 553: 551: 549: 547: 545: 542: 539: 533: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 471: 468: 455: 448: 433: 410: 395: 392: 380: 379: 374:: Half-filled 369: 359: 345: 344: 337: 333: 322: 313: 306: 299: 292: 291: 287: 286: 282: 281: 263:electron shell 259: 258: 251: 232:periodic table 193: 192: 127: 126: 109:September 2020 41: 39: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4922: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4869: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4853: 4840: 4833: 4821: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4736: 4725:. Radiopaedia 4724: 4720: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4684: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4638: 4631: 4626: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4560:(151): 1–25. 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4342: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4196:0-471-84997-9 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4157: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4114: 4106: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4073: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4058:"Inert Gases" 4052: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3962: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3816: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3766: 3757: 3755:0-13-014329-4 3751: 3747: 3740: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3708: 3702: 3686: 3682: 3681:chem.tamu.edu 3678: 3671: 3669: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3612:0-471-84997-9 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3475:on 2010-04-30 3474: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3452: 3450:0-13-841891-8 3446: 3442: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3401: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3328:hydrogen-like 3325: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3236: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3189: 3188:Work function 3180: 3176: 3153: 3144: 3140: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3021: 3017: 3013: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2934:hydrogen-like 2919: 2916: 2913: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2831: 2822: 2818: 2815:This section 2813: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2749: 2746: 2738: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2614: 2587: 2583: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2548: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2516: 2509: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2469: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2416: 2408: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2350: 2346: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217:) at 159 pm ( 2216: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2048: 2044: 1888: 1809: 1805: 1784:: 5.86 eV), ( 1746:: 5.64 eV), ( 1707: 1703: 1682:'s lower IE ( 1681: 1677: 1676:Madelung rule 1673: 1669: 1646: 1643:: 7.5 eV) to 1623: 1619: 1615: 1592: 1569: 1546: 1523: 1500: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1460: 1437: 1414: 1411: 1389: 1386:: 5.2 eV) to 1366: 1343: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1297: 1293: 1270: 1247: 1243: 1221: 1218:: 9.4 eV) to 1198: 1194: 1191: 1168: 1145: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1069: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1041: 1034: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1018:alkali metals 1014: 1012: 1008: 994: 982: 973: 970: 962: 957: 953: 932: 909: 886: 883:: 9.3 eV) to 863: 852: 849: 841: 838:December 2022 831: 827: 823: 817: 816: 811:This section 809: 800: 799: 791: 789: 783: 781: 780:atomic radius 777: 773: 769: 760: 756: 754: 749: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 719: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 691: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 663: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 638: 636: 629: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 610: 603: 601: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 585: 578: 576: 574: 572: 569: 566: 563: 561: 554: 552: 550: 548: 546: 543: 540: 538: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 508: 504: 499: 495: 492: 487: 484: 481: 477: 467: 464: 459: 454: 447: 443: 439: 432: 428: 422: 420: 416: 409: 400: 391: 389: 385: 377: 373: 370: 367: 363: 360: 357: 356:atomic number 353: 350: 349: 348: 342: 338: 332: 328: 321: 317: 314: 311: 307: 304: 303:atomic number 300: 297: 296: 295: 289: 288: 284: 283: 279: 278: 277: 275: 271: 266: 264: 256: 252: 249: 245: 244: 243: 241: 237: 233: 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 209:electronvolts 205: 203: 199: 190: 189: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 150: 146: 145:alkali metals 142: 138: 137:atomic number 133: 123: 120: 112: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: 80: 77: 73: 70: – 69: 65: 64:Find sources: 58: 54: 48: 47: 42:This article 40: 36: 31: 30: 26: 22: 4857: 4810:December 18, 4808:. Retrieved 4752: 4742: 4734: 4727:. Retrieved 4722: 4712: 4699: 4690: 4682: 4677:November 15, 4675:. Retrieved 4670: 4661: 4649: 4637: 4625: 4613:. Retrieved 4610:Khan Academy 4609: 4600: 4588:. Retrieved 4583: 4574: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4532:. Retrieved 4530:. 2015-12-02 4527: 4518: 4491: 4485: 4474:. Retrieved 4470: 4461: 4450:. Retrieved 4446: 4436: 4425:. Retrieved 4421: 4412: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4369: 4362:. Retrieved 4357: 4348: 4340: 4333:. Retrieved 4328: 4319: 4308:. Retrieved 4306:. 2019-11-06 4303: 4294: 4283:. Retrieved 4281:. 2013-10-03 4278: 4269: 4258:. Retrieved 4255:BBC Bitesize 4254: 4245: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4186: 4146:December 14, 4144:. Retrieved 4120: 4113: 4086: 4080: 4061: 4051: 4041:20 September 4039:. Retrieved 4032:the original 4018: 4007:. Retrieved 4003: 3994: 3983:. Retrieved 3981:. 2014-07-02 3978: 3969: 3945:December 19, 3943:. Retrieved 3939:the original 3934: 3924: 3915: 3908:. Retrieved 3904:lenntech.com 3903: 3894: 3883:. Retrieved 3879: 3870: 3859:. 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Retrieved 3416:. 2013-10-02 3413: 3404: 3367:Hartree–Fock 3340: 3302: 3275: 3265: 3255: 3251: 3192: 3186: 3177: 3136: 3119: 3110: 3087: 3069: 3060:ground state 3052: 3046: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3015: 2871: 2869: 2853:wavefunction 2838: 2825: 2821:adding to it 2816: 2708: 2606: 2378: 2344: 2259: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2201: 2180: 2157:alkali metal 2057: 1807: 1614:relativistic 1101: 1067: 1015: 1004: 966: 859: 844: 835: 812: 784: 765: 745: 490: 485: 479: 475: 473: 463:electron gun 460: 452: 445: 437: 430: 423: 407: 405: 383: 381: 346: 330: 319: 293: 273: 269: 267: 260: 234:reveals two 229: 227:(kcal/mol). 223:(kJ/mol) or 206: 194: 181:positive ion 168: 164: 154: 115: 106: 96: 89: 82: 75: 63: 51:Please help 46:verification 43: 4729:December 7, 4654:Levine 1991 4642:Levine 1991 4630:Levine 1991 4615:November 2, 4590:November 2, 4441:Straka, J. 4364:December 8, 4335:December 7, 4221:(4): A137. 3910:December 6, 3809:December 6, 3508:October 31, 3389:Bond energy 3284:Fermi level 3072:vibrational 3057:vibrational 2429:has energy 2370:: 7.34 eV). 1566:: 7.7 eV), 1497:: 9.4 eV), 149:noble gases 139:, in units 4879:Categories 4671:shodor.org 4534:2020-09-13 4476:2020-09-20 4452:2020-09-20 4427:2020-09-20 4310:2020-09-20 4285:2020-09-20 4260:2020-09-20 4009:2020-09-13 3985:2020-09-20 3917:chemistry. 3885:2020-09-13 3861:2020-09-13 3837:2020-09-20 3828:"Group IA" 3797:Kent, Mr. 3783:2020-09-13 3730:2020-09-20 3658:2022-01-08 3634:2020-09-13 3538:(8): 938. 3479:2014-01-05 3420:2020-09-13 3396:References 2407:Bohr model 2320:Group 14: 2305:Group 13: 2275:principle. 2272:molybdenum 1886:: 5.69 eV. 1706:gadolinium 1704:The IE of 1617:stability. 1436:lawrencium 1144:phosphorus 1081:or pseudo- 822:improve it 308:Number of 79:newspapers 4830:ignored ( 4820:cite book 4804:121571376 4796:263625446 4788:95-018445 4360:. PubChem 4325:"Hafnium" 4156:cite book 3222:− 3219:ϕ 3213:− 3137:Electron 3049:adiabatic 3033:adiabatic 3016:Figure 1. 2981:− 2917:− 2885:− 2747:− 2681:− 2552:− 2510:− 2446:− 2229:condensed 2198:zirconium 2190:Group 4: 2168:Group 2: 2139:Group 1: 2116:to xenon 1645:palladium 1473:noble gas 1388:lanthanum 1312:moscovium 1308:flerovium 1241:: 6.0 eV) 1190:tellurium 1095:aluminium 1091:magnesium 961:p-orbital 862:beryllium 826:verifying 748:noble gas 382:The term 376:subshells 327:shielding 161:chemistry 4185:(1988), 3955:cite web 3701:cite web 3601:(1988). 3469:ChemWiki 3324:hydrogen 3314:See also 3261:electron 3037:vertical 2292:platinum 2268:Tungsten 2256:vanadium 2251:tantalum 2225:Titanium 2211:Archived 2153:Francium 2143:Hydrogen 1672:platinum 1413:Lutetium 1342:actinium 1294:whereas 1055:Actinium 908:nitrogen 531:Seventh 510:Element 211:(eV) or 185:molecule 173:electron 4850:Sources 4758:Bibcode 4392:Bibcode 4223:Bibcode 3540:Bibcode 3369:theory. 3282:is the 3269:is the 3053:minimum 2847:, i.e. 2611:is the 2300:mercury 2288:iridium 2280:rhenium 2260:"costs" 2247:niobium 2194:Hafnium 1622:rhodium 1522:mercury 1499:cadmium 1296:bismuth 1269:bismuth 1220:gallium 1040:gallium 820:Please 740:12,000 712:11,000 684:27,107 522:Fourth 516:Second 440:is the 415:photons 157:physics 147:to the 93:scholar 4864: 4802: 4794: 4786: 4776: 4506: 4193: 4136: 4101: 4068: 3752: 3609: 3447: 3341:adding 3252:where 2773: 2687: 2571: 2345:higher 2313:indium 2284:osmium 2177:barium 2170:Radium 2161:cesium 1808:higher 1680:silver 1668:nickel 1568:silver 1545:copper 1434:) and 1365:barium 1319:radium 1167:sulfur 1059:radium 931:oxygen 772:period 737:8,780 734:7,230 731:5,770 728:3,945 725:2,665 722:1,520 709:9,360 706:6,560 703:5,160 700:3,850 697:2,260 694:1,256 681:8,490 678:6,950 675:4,565 672:3,375 669:2,295 666:1,000 654:21,200 651:6,270 648:4,950 645:2,905 642:1,890 639:1,060 625:16,100 622:4,354 619:3,228 616:1,577 597:11,600 594:2,881 591:1,816 567:1,450 528:Sixth 525:Fifth 519:Third 513:First 496: 248:period 213:joules 95: 88: 81: 74: 66: 4800:S2CID 4035:(PDF) 4028:(PDF) 3565:IUPAC 3332:site. 2263:rule. 1102:first 1079:octet 885:boron 776:group 570:7,730 544:4,560 364:(and 255:group 183:, or 100:JSTOR 86:books 4885:Ions 4862:ISBN 4839:link 4832:help 4812:2020 4792:OCLC 4784:LCCN 4774:ISBN 4731:2020 4679:2020 4617:2020 4592:2020 4504:ISBN 4366:2020 4337:2020 4191:ISBN 4162:link 4148:2020 4134:ISBN 4099:ISBN 4066:ISBN 4043:2015 3961:link 3947:2020 3912:2020 3811:2020 3750:ISBN 3707:link 3693:2020 3607:ISBN 3510:2020 3445:ISBN 3351:ions 3326:and 3294:Note 3158:C(CH 3090:bond 3047:The 3035:and 3023:ion. 2955:LUMO 2951:HOMO 2906:and 2770:13.6 2684:13.6 2641:and 2568:13.6 2322:Lead 2298:and 2296:gold 2249:and 2234:full 1810:IP ( 1591:gold 1246:lead 1197:zinc 1007:spin 753:neon 613:786 588:577 564:738 541:496 268:The 217:mole 177:atom 159:and 72:news 23:and 4766:doi 4562:doi 4496:doi 4400:doi 4231:doi 4126:doi 4091:doi 3579:doi 3577:". 3548:doi 3147:3/2 2823:. 2349:tin 2022:to 1444:103 1310:to 1304:3/2 1300:1/2 1093:to 972:B. 824:by 498:mol 334:eff 323:eff 155:In 55:by 4881:: 4824:: 4822:}} 4818:{{ 4798:. 4790:. 4782:. 4772:. 4764:. 4733:. 4721:. 4702:. 4698:. 4681:. 4669:. 4608:. 4582:. 4558:26 4556:. 4552:. 4526:. 4502:. 4494:. 4469:. 4445:. 4420:. 4398:. 4388:41 4386:. 4368:. 4356:. 4339:. 4327:. 4302:. 4277:. 4253:. 4229:. 4219:62 4217:. 4213:. 4181:; 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