341:
1603:
1595:
175:
Unplanned exposure to radionuclides generally has a harmful effect on living organisms including humans, although low levels of exposure occur naturally without harm. The degree of harm will depend on the nature and extent of the radiation produced, the amount and nature of exposure (close contact,
97:
because they are energetic enough to liberate an electron from another atom. The radioactive decay can produce a stable nuclide or will sometimes produce a new unstable radionuclide which may undergo further decay. Radioactive decay is a random process at the level of single atoms: it is impossible
140:
that were created before the Earth was formed. At least another 60 radionuclides are detectable in nature, either as daughters of primordial radionuclides or as radionuclides produced through natural production on Earth by cosmic radiation. More than 2400 radionuclides have half-lives less than 60
487:
from a radionuclide source hits the sample and excites characteristic X-rays in the sample. This radiation is registered and the chemical composition of the sample can be determined from the analysis of the measured spectrum. By measuring the energy of the characteristic radiation lines, it is
1933:
This list covers common isotopes, most of which are available in very small quantities to the general public in most countries. Others that are not publicly accessible are traded commercially in industrial, medical, and scientific fields and are subject to government regulation.
233:
are so long (>100 million years) that they have not yet completely decayed. Some radionuclides have half-lives so long (many times the age of the universe) that decay has only recently been detected, and for most practical purposes they can be considered stable, most notably
1689:
for a complete tabulation). They include 30 nuclides with measured half-lives longer than the estimated age of the universe (13.8 billion years), and another four nuclides with half-lives long enough (> 100 million years) that they are radioactive
287:
Many of these radionuclides exist only in trace amounts in nature, including all cosmogenic nuclides. Secondary radionuclides will occur in proportion to their half-lives, so short-lived ones will be very rare. For example, polonium can be found in
511:, radioisotopes are used for diagnosis, treatment, and research. Radioactive chemical tracers emitting gamma rays or positrons can provide diagnostic information about internal anatomy and the functioning of specific organs, including the
447:
because they are chemically very similar to the nonradioactive nuclides, so most chemical, biological, and ecological processes treat them in a nearly identical way. One can then examine the result with a radiation detector, such as a
1638:. A small electric voltage is applied to the ionized air which gives rise to a small electric current. In the presence of smoke, some of the ions are neutralized, thereby decreasing the current, which activates the detector's alarm.
1654:. Potential health damage from exposure to radionuclides depends on a number of factors, and "can damage the functions of healthy tissue/organs. Radiation exposure can produce effects ranging from skin redness and hair loss, to
1698:, about 4.6 billion years ago. Another 60+ short-lived nuclides can be detected naturally as daughters of longer-lived nuclides or cosmic-ray products. The remaining known nuclides are known solely from artificial
1674:
with half-lives greater than one hour. A total of 251 nuclides have never been observed to decay, and are classically considered stable. Of these, 90 are believed to be absolutely stable except to
617:, radionuclides are used to trace and analyze pollutants, to study the movement of surface water, and to measure water runoffs from rain and snow, as well as the flow rates of streams and rivers.
176:
inhalation or ingestion), and the biochemical properties of the element; with increased risk of cancer the most usual consequence. However, radionuclides with suitable properties are used in
565:, radionuclides are used to examine welds, to detect leaks, to study the rate of wear, erosion and corrosion of metals, and for on-stream analysis of a wide range of minerals and fuels.
296:(1 part in 10). Further radionuclides may occur in nature in virtually undetectable amounts as a result of rare events such as spontaneous fission or uncommon cosmic ray interactions.
221:
along with stable nuclides. Most decay quickly but can still be observed astronomically and can play a part in understanding astronomic processes. Primordial radionuclides, such as
2552:
Bagnall, K. W. (1962). "The
Chemistry of Polonium". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry 4. New York: Academic Press. pp. 197–226. doi:10.1016/S0065-2792(08)60268-X.
402:
Radionuclide generators contain a parent radionuclide that decays to produce a radioactive daughter. The parent is usually produced in a nuclear reactor. A typical example is the
245:
Secondary radionuclides are radiogenic isotopes derived from the decay of primordial radionuclides. They have shorter half-lives than primordial radionuclides. They arise in the
1662:. Prolonged exposure can lead to cells being damaged and in turn lead to cancer. Signs of cancerous cells might not show up until years, or even decades, after exposure."
456:
contained radioactive carbon; then the parts of the plant that incorporate atmospheric carbon would be radioactive. Radionuclides can be used to monitor processes such as
2900:
Carlsson, J.; Forssell
Aronsson, E; Hietala, SO; Stigbrand, T; Tennvall, J; et al. (2003). "Tumour therapy with radionuclides: assessment of progress and problems".
3547:
542:, radiation is used to stop the sprouting of root crops after harvesting, to kill parasites and pests, and to control the ripening of stored fruit and vegetables.
395:
accelerate particles to bombard a target to produce radionuclides. Cyclotrons accelerate protons at a target to produce positron-emitting radionuclides, e.g.
4234:
340:
3017:
2821:
1606:
Americium-241 capsule as found in smoke detector. The circle of darker metal in the center is americium-241; the surrounding casing is aluminium.
3540:
3454:
1705:
Numbers are not exact, and may change slightly in the future, as "stable nuclides" are observed to be radioactive with very long half-lives.
376:
As well as being extracted from nuclear waste, radioisotopes can be produced deliberately with nuclear reactors, exploiting the high flux of
65:, giving it excess nuclear energy, and making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ways: emitted from the nucleus as
4255:
2569:
Bagnall, K. W. (1962). "The
Chemistry of Polonium". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry 4. New York: Academic Press., p. 198
4194:
3439:
1561:
undergoes spontaneous fission (3% of decays), making it a powerful neutron source, used as a reactor initiator and for detection devices
242:
was no longer considered stable. It is possible decay may be observed in other nuclides, adding to this list of primordial radionuclides.
4349:
2356:
516:
98:
to predict when one particular atom will decay. However, for a collection of atoms of a single nuclide the decay rate, and thus the
3533:
316:, most of which are radionuclides. Further radionuclides can be created from irradiation of the nuclear fuel (creating a range of
2744:
Severijns, Nathal; Beck, Marcus; Naviliat-Cuncic, Oscar (2006). "Tests of the standard electroweak model in nuclear beta decay".
452:, to determine where the provided atoms were incorporated. For example, one might culture plants in an environment in which the
3408:
205:
On Earth, naturally occurring radionuclides fall into three categories: primordial radionuclides, secondary radionuclides, and
1792:
Energetically unstable to one or more known decay modes, but no decay yet seen. All considered "stable" until decay detected.
1708:
This is a summary table for the 989 nuclides with half-lives longer than one hour (including those that are stable), given in
113:. The range of the half-lives of radioactive atoms has no known limits and spans a time range of over 55 orders of magnitude.
3757:
2510:
573:
3434:
3403:
3348:
1694:, and may be detected on Earth, having survived from their presence in interstellar dust since before the formation of the
607:
141:
minutes. Most of those are only produced artificially, and have very short half-lives. For comparison, there are about 251
2797:
3900:
3067:
2648:
2612:
1650:. They can also cause damage if they are excessively used during treatment or in other ways exposed to living beings, by
3917:
3383:
2995:
2961:
2473:
2444:
1477:
used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and radioisotope heater units as an energy source for spacecraft
2929:
1347:
gas, responsible for the majority of public exposure to ionizing radiation, second most frequent cause of lung cancer
3912:
2557:
2537:
2385:
1317:
599:
3761:
3697:
3648:
3586:
3449:
31:
2336:
380:
present. These neutrons activate elements placed within the reactor. A typical product from a nuclear reactor is
3890:
3856:
3846:
3789:
3582:
603:
524:
641:
The following table lists properties of selected radionuclides illustrating the range of properties and uses.
3693:
3515:
17:
3032:– U.S. Government source of radionuclides – production, research, development, distribution, and information
1630:. Smoke detectors use a very small quantity of Am (about 0.29 micrograms per smoke detector) in the form of
1167:
most significant short-term health hazard from nuclear fission, used in nuclear medicine, industrial tracer
4300:
3978:
3895:
3851:
3784:
1224:
1042:
817:
532:
520:
384:. The elements that have a large propensity to take up the neutrons in the reactor are said to have a high
1685:
The remaining tabulated radionuclides have half-lives longer than 1 hour, and are well-characterized (see
3995:
3819:
3271:
1074:
531:
forms of tumors; the success for treatment of solid tumors has been limited. More powerful gamma sources
1787:
completely stable (spontaneous fission has never been observed for nuclides with mass number < 232).
4579:
3931:
3503:
3358:
3331:
2818:
1195:
strongest known "nuclear poison" (neutron-absorber), with a major effect on nuclear reactor operation.
4270:
3388:
3241:
2579:
2351:
1647:
1618:, which is created by bombarding plutonium with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. It decays by emitting
2859:
324:. This complex mixture of radionuclides with different chemistries and radioactivity makes handling
4574:
4066:
3973:
3799:
3326:
3236:
3100:
2465:
2341:
1659:
577:
431:) or for the combination of chemical properties and their radiation (tracers, biopharmaceuticals).
403:
987:
produces high energy gamma rays, used for radiotherapy, equipment sterilisation, food irradiation
3266:
3060:
214:
137:
4564:
3570:
3507:
3418:
3092:
1679:
918:
365:
129:
2527:
4204:
4131:
3511:
3246:
1699:
385:
4324:
4250:
4245:
4164:
3809:
3671:
3368:
3256:
3213:
3163:
2763:
2710:
2498:
1602:
476:
309:
218:
125:
2819:
Office of
Radiation Protection – Am 241 Fact Sheet – Washington State Department of Health
1610:
Radionuclides are present in many homes as they are used inside the most common household
632:, natural radionuclides are used to measure ages of rocks, minerals, and fossil materials.
8:
3485:
3363:
3276:
2701:
2428:
1768:
1760:
1651:
934:
321:
272:
189:
185:
180:
for both diagnosis and treatment. An imaging tracer made with radionuclides is called a
74:
3525:
3444:
2767:
2714:
2502:
4315:
4189:
4184:
4049:
4033:
4002:
3968:
3772:
3735:
3625:
3480:
3301:
3281:
3261:
3145:
3053:
3011:
2837:
2779:
2753:
2692:
2644:
2604:
2346:
1811:
1691:
1635:
1380:
779:
588:
444:
181:
94:
2913:
2722:
2696:
2666:
2630:
4569:
4290:
4179:
4174:
4126:
4096:
3621:
3601:
3557:
3373:
3251:
3188:
3153:
2991:
2957:
2917:
2726:
2670:
2553:
2533:
2506:
2469:
2440:
2381:
1948:
1928:
1764:
1631:
750:
used to examine soil erosion, soil formation from regolith, and the age of ice cores
712:
558:
539:
480:
90:
2978:
Luig, H.; Kellerer, A. M.; Griebel, J. R. (2011). "Radionuclides, 1. Introduction".
2783:
1646:
Radionuclides that find their way into the environment may cause harmful effects as
3708:
3611:
3606:
3596:
3378:
2983:
2909:
2884:
2771:
2718:
2662:
2626:
2490:
2432:
2330:
1924:
1895:
1709:
1686:
1671:
1584:
906:
871:
840:
801:
595:
543:
508:
493:
407:
313:
177:
149:
133:
2987:
2883:. References for the list data itself are given below in the reference section in
1682:" and theoretically can undergo radioactive decay with extremely long half-lives.
602:) by measuring the energy and momentum of their beta decay products (for example,
4063:
3983:
3636:
3490:
3475:
3291:
3203:
3193:
3045:
2825:
2688:
2608:
1623:
1538:
1136:
957:
926:
457:
428:
369:
329:
305:
279:, are present because they are continually being formed in the atmosphere due to
117:
66:
1665:
1634:. Am is used as it emits alpha particles which ionize the air in the detector's
132:. There are about 730 radionuclides with half-lives longer than 60 minutes (see
89:) from the nucleus. During those processes, the radionuclide is said to undergo
4526:
4412:
4012:
3885:
3842:
3780:
3753:
3689:
3644:
3578:
3338:
3296:
3286:
3208:
3198:
3168:
2880:
2805:
2093:
1802:
1655:
1619:
1611:
1580:
1232:
1081:
708:
453:
449:
354:
142:
110:
82:
2775:
2436:
4558:
4229:
4152:
4079:
3413:
3173:
3158:
2304:
1844:
1724:
1627:
1615:
1572:
1510:
1482:
1454:
1050:
501:
489:
411:
358:
350:
325:
86:
423:
Radionuclides are used in two major ways: either for their radiation alone (
4544:
4531:
4516:
4417:
4402:
4353:
4260:
4199:
3830:
3561:
3393:
3353:
2937:
2921:
2529:
Environmental
Radioactivity: From Natural, Industrial, and Military Sources
2227:
2155:
2139:
2045:
2029:
1957:
1840:
1735:
1695:
1675:
1293:
1019:
887:
825:
727:
629:
591:, radionuclides play a role in understanding stellar and planetary process.
2674:
1073:
most common isotope of the lightest unstable element, most significant of
4521:
4511:
4501:
4496:
4461:
4446:
4407:
4397:
4362:
4320:
4219:
4147:
4101:
3963:
3805:
3748:
3720:
3617:
3135:
2899:
2730:
2285:
2243:
1981:
1882:
1865:
1836:
1752:
1583:; DM = decay mode; DE = decay energy; EC =
1422:
1387:
1352:
1277:
1259:
1200:
856:
813:
786:
715:
and as oceanic transient tracer. Synthesized from neutron bombardment of
625:
551:
528:
512:
424:
396:
381:
258:
254:
250:
246:
235:
2758:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4330:
4275:
4240:
4223:
4214:
4169:
4136:
4121:
4116:
4029:
4025:
4020:
3957:
3950:
3944:
3937:
3924:
3907:
3867:
3862:
3815:
3795:
3667:
3592:
3183:
3130:
2653:
2617:
1965:
1772:
1756:
1144:
1112:
992:
696:
569:
461:
344:
293:
280:
206:
169:
165:
1107:
most commonly used medical radioisotope, used as a radioactive tracer
4536:
4506:
4456:
4451:
4441:
4422:
4367:
4341:
4305:
4159:
4141:
4085:
4075:
3990:
3834:
3743:
3677:
3470:
3343:
3178:
3125:
3115:
3076:
2424:
Radiation
Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics
2422:
2401:
2171:
2061:
2013:
1997:
1861:
1324:
1172:
1095:
964:
755:
720:
716:
584:
547:
546:
usually uses beta-decaying nuclides with strong gamma emissions like
392:
317:
276:
230:
121:
99:
3035:
572:, radionuclides are used to provide power and heat, notably through
4059:
3120:
3105:
2613:"Quantitative determination of regional cerebral blood-flow in man"
1873:
262:
153:
78:
70:
1881:
Radioactive synthetic half-life ≥ 1.0 hour). Includes most useful
475:
radionuclide X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is used to determine
4208:
4091:
3712:
3398:
3023:
2187:
2077:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1414:
681:
621:
614:
496:
that emits the radiation, and by measuring the number of emitted
472:
468:
436:
377:
347:
289:
239:
226:
222:
157:
58:
54:
1594:
4345:
4295:
4280:
3724:
1918:
1869:
562:
497:
440:
266:
62:
3040:
1876:, etc. 41 of these have a half life of greater than one hour.
116:
Radionuclides occur naturally or are artificially produced in
4309:
4265:
3877:
3659:
3223:
3110:
2460:
Best, Lara; Rodrigues, George; Velker, Vikram (2013). "1.3".
1852:
Radioactive nonprimordial, but naturally occurring on Earth.
1746:
Includes first 40 elements. Proton decay yet to be observed.
1666:
Summary table for classes of nuclides, stable and radioactive
922:
484:
109:) for that collection, can be calculated from their measured
2838:"Ionizing radiation, health effects and protective measures"
2743:
2649:"Distribution of cerebral activity in chronic schizophrenia"
2421:
Stabin, Michael G. (2007). "3". In Stabin, Michael G (ed.).
1868:) and daughters of radioactive primordial elements, such as
4285:
4111:
4106:
3682:
2879:
Table data is derived by counting members of the list; see
161:
2414:
3555:
668:
312:. The process of nuclear fission creates a wide range of
2488:
2376:
Petrucci, R. H.; Harwood, W. S.; Herring, F. G. (2002).
3029:
1533:
used in household smoke detectors as an ionising agent
1045:; probably most dangerous component of nuclear fallout
304:
Radionuclides are produced as an unavoidable result of
152:
can exist as radionuclides. Even the lightest element,
27:
Atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable
2453:
2375:
1254:
Calibrating nuclear equipment, bone density screening
1678:(which has never been observed), while the rest are "
1912:
Includes all well-characterized synthetic nuclides.
1288:
long considered stable, decay only detected in 2003
372:, particle accelerators or radionuclide generators:
2977:
2687:
2459:
3075:
3020:– FDA's Radiation Protection Program: Information.
3014:– EPA's Radiation Protection Program: Information.
2333:shows all radionuclides with half-life > 1 hour
812:positron source, synthesised for use as a medical
527:. Radioisotopes are also a method of treatment in
2699:(October 1978). "Brain Function and Blood Flow".
2526:Eisenbud, Merril; Gesell, Thomas F (1997-02-25).
2380:(8th ed.). Prentice-Hall. pp. 1025–26.
1903:Radioactive synthetic (half-life < 1.0 hour).
4556:
2830:
2980:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2525:
2260:
320:) and of the surrounding structures, yielding
3541:
3061:
2862:. The European Space Agency (ESA). 2013-04-02
2643:
1894:These 989 nuclides are listed in the article
882:exposure dating of rocks, groundwater tracer
2954:Physics for Radiation Protection: A Handbook
2603:
1919:List of commercially available radionuclides
1771:, which is possible for "stable" nuclides ≥
1598:Americium-241 container in a smoke detector.
1589:
515:. This is used in some forms of tomography:
598:, radionuclides help discover new physics (
261:. Examples include the natural isotopes of
3548:
3534:
3068:
3054:
3041:Radionuclides production simulator – IAEA
2840:. World Health Organization. November 2012
2394:
2357:Uses of radioactivity in oil and gas wells
929:, largest source of natural radioactivity
707:lightest radionuclide, used in artificial
517:single-photon emission computed tomography
229:, exist in the present time because their
2757:
1601:
1593:
410:. The parent produced in the reactor is
339:
1641:
14:
4557:
4545:Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals (V10)
3409:Wireless electronic devices and health
2956:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 130.
2951:
2420:
2205:
1937:
574:radioisotope thermoelectric generators
3529:
3049:
2117:
1670:Following is a summary table for the
1505:used for most modern nuclear weapons
535:syringes and other medical equipment.
238:: detection of this decay meant that
3435:List of civilian radiation accidents
3404:Wireless device radiation and health
3399:Biological dose units and quantities
3349:Electromagnetic radiation and health
2462:Radiation Oncology Primer and Review
2248:12580 kBq/kg (0.00000034 Ci/g)
608:weakly interacting massive particles
188:made with radionuclides is called a
3030:National Isotope Development Center
851:exposure dating of rocks, sediment
368:are deliberately synthesised using
77:; or used to create and emit a new
24:
3384:Radioactivity in the life sciences
3036:The Live Chart of Nuclides – IAEA
2971:
2560:. Retrieved June 14, 2012., p. 746
2497:. Wiley-Interscience. p. 57.
2318:G: 59.5, 26.3, 13.9 A: 5485, 5443
1823:Total primordial elements include
500:, it is possible to determine the
299:
57:that has excess numbers of either
25:
4591:
3005:
2723:10.1038/scientificamerican1078-62
1864:(and other isotopes generated by
1318:poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
600:physics beyond the Standard Model
156:, has a well-known radionuclide,
93:. These emissions are considered
1734:Theoretically stable to all but
504:of individual chemical elements.
172:, exist only as radionuclides.
2873:
2852:
2812:
2798:"Smoke Detectors and Americium"
2790:
2737:
2681:
2637:
2597:
2232:166500 TBq/kg (4500 Ci/g)
2193:357050 TBq/kg (9650 Ci/g)
2082:304510 TBq/kg (8230 Ci/g)
2066:237540 Tbq/kg (6240 Ci/g)
2050:287120 TBq/kg (7760 Ci/g)
2002:312280 TBq/kg (8440 Ci/g)
2572:
2563:
2546:
2519:
2482:
2369:
2299:G: 32, 661.6 B: 511.6, 1173.2
2105: TBq/kg (5.27 × 10 Ci/g)
2018:40700 TBq/kg (1100 Ci/g)
1986:96200 TBq/kg (2600 Ci/g)
604:neutrinoless double beta decay
525:Cherenkov luminescence imaging
391:Particle accelerators such as
292:ores at about 0.1 mg per
213:Radionuclides are produced in
13:
1:
3024:Interactive Chart of Nuclides
2988:10.1002/14356007.a22_499.pub2
2914:10.1016/S0167-8140(02)00374-2
2893:
2667:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90221-9
2631:10.1016/s0140-6736(61)91092-3
2489:Loveland, W.; Morrissey, D.;
2309:129.5 TBq/kg (3.5 Ci/g)
2176:166.5 TBq/kg (4.5 Ci/g)
2160:17057 TBq/kg (461 Ci/g)
1714:
2144:5180 TBq/kg (140 Ci/g)
2034:6660 TBq/kg (180 Ci/g)
1970:9694 TBq/kg (262 Ci/g)
1908:
1905:
1890:
1887:
1857:
1854:
1819:
1816:
1797:
1794:
1779:
1776:
1742:
1739:
1225:medium-lived fission product
1043:medium-lived fission product
521:positron emission tomography
335:
69:; transferred to one of its
7:
3272:Cosmic background radiation
2930:"Radioisotopes in Industry"
2337:Hyperaccumulators table – 3
2324:
2290:3256 TBq/kg (88 Ci/g)
2264:
2261:Multiple radiation emitters
2209:
2121:
1941:
1614:. The radionuclide used is
1075:long-lived fission products
636:
249:of the primordial isotopes
136:). Thirty-two of those are
10:
4596:
3501:
3359:Lasers and aviation safety
1922:
1847:plus all stable nuclides.
1733:
488:possible to determine the
332:particularly problematic.
200:
29:
4435:
4340:
4058:
4043:
4011:
3876:
3829:
3771:
3734:
3707:
3658:
3635:
3569:
3499:
3463:
3427:
3389:Radioactive contamination
3314:
3242:Electromagnetic radiation
3232:
3144:
3091:
3084:
3026:– A chart of all nuclides
2934:World Nuclear Association
2902:Radiotherapy and Oncology
2776:10.1103/RevModPhys.78.991
2746:Reviews of Modern Physics
2647:; Franzén, Göran (1974).
2532:. Elsevier. p. 134.
2437:10.1007/978-0-387-49983-3
2352:Radionuclide cisternogram
1717:
1648:radioactive contamination
1590:Household smoke detectors
578:radioisotope heater units
195:
3502:See also the categories
3440:1996 Costa Rica accident
3101:Acoustic radiation force
2495:Modern Nuclear Chemistry
2466:Demos Medical Publishing
2427:(Submitted manuscript).
2362:
2342:Radioactivity in biology
1751:Theoretically stable to
1660:acute radiation syndrome
921:, source of atmospheric
404:technetium-99m generator
310:thermonuclear explosions
160:. Elements heavier than
138:primordial radionuclides
30:Not to be confused with
4271:Gallium (Ga) gozetotide
3820:Iodinated human albumin
3414:Radiation heat-transfer
3267:Gravitational radiation
1729:Notes on running total
418:
366:Synthetic radionuclides
215:stellar nucleosynthesis
130:radionuclide generators
3571:Central nervous system
3455:1990 Zaragoza accident
3450:1984 Moroccan accident
3419:Linear energy transfer
3093:Non-ionizing radiation
2952:Martin, James (2006).
1783:All nuclides that are
1680:observationally stable
1607:
1599:
1316:Highly toxic, used in
919:potassium-argon dating
362:
4205:Fludeoxyglucose (18F)
4132:Pittsburgh compound B
3773:Cardiovascular system
3445:1987 Goiânia accident
3247:Synchrotron radiation
3237:Earth's energy budget
3219:Radioactive materials
3214:Particle accelerators
2402:"Decay and Half Life"
2040:121.8, 344.3, 1408.0
1801:Total of classically
1700:nuclear transmutation
1605:
1597:
1449:Main Uranium isotope
1139:; groundwater tracer
386:neutron cross-section
343:
126:particle accelerators
4251:Fluorothymidine F-18
4246:Fluoroestradiol F-18
4165:Desmethoxyfallypride
3672:Sodium iodohippurate
3558:radiopharmaceuticals
3516:Radiation protection
3369:Radiation protection
3257:Black-body radiation
3164:Background radiation
3079:(physics and health)
2251:4.468 billion years
1672:list of 989 nuclides
1642:Impacts on organisms
1417:, main nuclear fuel
477:chemical composition
219:supernova explosions
4235:Fluorodeoxysorbitol
3979:Fluoroethyltyrosine
3918:Satumomab pendetide
3486:Radiation hardening
3428:Radiation incidents
3364:Medical radiography
3323:Radiation syndrome
3277:Cherenkov radiation
3018:FDA – Radionuclides
3012:EPA – Radionuclides
2860:"Cosmic Detectives"
2768:2006RvMP...78..991S
2715:1978SciAm.239d..62L
2702:Scientific American
2661:(7895): 1484–1486.
2503:2005mnc..book.....L
2206:Alpha emission only
1938:Gamma emission only
1812:primordial nuclides
1769:spontaneous fission
1761:isomeric transition
1721:Number of nuclides
1692:primordial nuclides
1652:radiation poisoning
1014:groundwater dating
956:exposure dating of
606:and the search for
523:(PET) scanning and
445:radioactive tracers
439:, radionuclides of
322:activation products
273:Cosmogenic isotopes
190:radiopharmaceutical
186:pharmaceutical drug
164:, and the elements
75:conversion electron
73:to release it as a
51:radioactive isotope
43:radioactive nuclide
4316:Piflufolastat F-18
4190:Flotufolastat F-18
4185:Flortaucipir (18F)
4003:Piflufolastat F-18
3974:Fluorodeoxyglucose
3913:Capromab pendetide
3736:Respiratory system
3626:Flutemetamol (18F)
3481:Radioactive source
3302:Radiation exposure
3282:Askaryan radiation
3262:Particle radiation
3146:Ionizing radiation
2824:2011-03-18 at the
2347:Radiometric dating
2315:Gamma & alpha
2118:Beta emission only
1636:ionization chamber
1608:
1600:
1381:thorium fuel cycle
780:radiocarbon dating
363:
182:radioactive tracer
95:ionizing radiation
4580:Nuclear chemistry
4552:
4551:
4431:
4430:
4325:Rubidium chloride
4291:N-Methylspiperone
4180:Florbetapir (18F)
4175:Florbetaben (18F)
4127:N-Methylspiperone
3958:Iobenguane (131I)
3945:Iobenguane (123I)
3810:Rubidium chloride
3622:Florbetapir (18F)
3602:Iofetamine (123I)
3523:
3522:
3504:Radiation effects
3374:Radiation therapy
3310:
3309:
3252:Thermal radiation
3189:Neutron radiation
3154:Radioactive decay
2802:world-nuclear.org
2625:(7206): 806–807.
2512:978-0-471-11532-8
2378:General Chemistry
2322:
2321:
2296:Gamma & beta
2258:
2257:
2203:
2202:
2115:
2114:
1929:Table of nuclides
1916:
1915:
1765:double beta decay
1632:americium dioxide
1565:
1564:
713:radioluminescence
673:Mode of formation
540:food preservation
429:nuclear batteries
361:for visualisation
328:and dealing with
150:chemical elements
91:radioactive decay
16:(Redirected from
4587:
4056:
4055:
3955:
3942:
3929:
3901:Hynic-octreotide
3709:Gastrointestinal
3607:Iolopride (123I)
3597:Ioflupane (123I)
3550:
3543:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3464:Related articles
3379:Radiation damage
3204:Nuclear reactors
3089:
3088:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3001:
2967:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2936:. Archived from
2925:
2887:
2885:list of nuclides
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2834:
2828:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2804:. Archived from
2794:
2788:
2787:
2761:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2693:Ingvar, David H.
2689:Lassen, Niels A.
2685:
2679:
2678:
2645:Ingvar, David H.
2641:
2635:
2634:
2609:Lassen, Niels A.
2605:Ingvar, David H.
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2561:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2373:
2331:List of nuclides
2277:Radiation types
2265:
2210:
2122:
2104:
2102:
1942:
1925:List of nuclides
1896:List of nuclides
1718:Stability class
1715:
1710:list of nuclides
1687:list of nuclides
1585:electron capture
1436:
1401:
1366:
1273:
901:
711:, also used for
644:
643:
596:particle physics
544:Food irradiation
509:nuclear medicine
494:chemical element
408:nuclear medicine
370:nuclear reactors
357:inserted into a
314:fission products
178:nuclear medicine
134:list of nuclides
118:nuclear reactors
21:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4575:Nuclear physics
4555:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4541:
4437:Isotopes used:
4427:
4336:
4047:
4039:
4034:Iodocholesterol
4007:
3984:Sodium fluoride
3953:
3940:
3927:
3872:
3825:
3767:
3730:
3703:
3654:
3637:Skeletal system
3631:
3565:
3554:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3495:
3491:Havana syndrome
3476:Nuclear physics
3459:
3423:
3316:
3306:
3292:Unruh radiation
3228:
3209:Nuclear weapons
3194:Nuclear fission
3140:
3080:
3074:
3008:
2998:
2974:
2972:Further reading
2964:
2943:
2941:
2928:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2826:Wayback Machine
2817:
2813:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2759:nucl-ex/0605029
2752:(3): 991–1040.
2742:
2738:
2686:
2682:
2642:
2638:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2580:"Radioisotopes"
2578:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2327:
2280:Energies (keV)
2263:
2222:Energies (keV)
2208:
2182:49.5 (average)
2134:Energies (keV)
2120:
2100:
2098:
2024:1173.2, 1332.5
1940:
1931:
1921:
1803:stable nuclides
1668:
1656:radiation burns
1644:
1624:gamma radiation
1620:alpha particles
1612:smoke detectors
1592:
1539:Californium-252
1434:
1399:
1364:
1271:
1220:Fission product
1192:Fission product
1164:Fission product
1137:fission product
1070:Fission product
1039:Fission product
958:carbonate rocks
927:radiogenic heat
899:
667:
639:
458:DNA replication
421:
355:alpha particles
338:
330:nuclear fallout
306:nuclear fission
302:
300:Nuclear fission
209:radionuclides.
203:
198:
143:stable nuclides
111:decay constants
108:
67:gamma radiation
35:
32:radionucleotide
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4593:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4527:technetium-99m
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4318:
4313:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4227:
4217:
4212:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4145:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4072:
4070:
4053:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4013:Adrenal cortex
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3961:
3948:
3935:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3803:
3793:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3717:
3715:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3675:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3615:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3590:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3339:Health physics
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3297:Dark radiation
3294:
3289:
3287:Bremsstrahlung
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3199:Nuclear fusion
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3169:Alpha particle
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3007:
3006:External links
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:978-3527306732
2996:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:978-3527406111
2962:
2949:
2926:
2908:(2): 107–117.
2895:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2872:
2851:
2829:
2811:
2808:on 2010-11-12.
2789:
2736:
2680:
2636:
2596:
2571:
2562:
2545:
2538:
2518:
2511:
2481:
2475:978-1620700044
2474:
2452:
2446:978-0387499826
2445:
2413:
2393:
2386:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:5.7 (average)
2197:
2194:
2191:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2096:
2094:Technetium-99m
2090:
2089:
2088:511.0, 1115.5
2086:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2072:511.0, 1274.5
2070:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1667:
1664:
1643:
1640:
1591:
1588:
1581:neutron number
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:Gadolinium-153
1229:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1135:longest lived
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1082:Technetium-99m
1078:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
989:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
961:
960:
954:
951:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
931:
930:
915:
912:
909:
903:
896:
893:
890:
884:
883:
880:
877:
874:
868:
865:
862:
859:
853:
852:
849:
846:
843:
837:
834:
831:
828:
822:
821:
810:
807:
804:
798:
795:
792:
789:
783:
782:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
752:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
724:
723:
709:nuclear fusion
705:
702:
699:
694:
691:
688:
685:
678:
677:
674:
671:
664:
661:
658:
653:
648:
638:
635:
634:
633:
618:
611:
592:
581:
566:
555:
536:
505:
465:
454:carbon dioxide
450:Geiger counter
420:
417:
416:
415:
400:
389:
337:
334:
301:
298:
285:
284:
270:
243:
202:
199:
197:
194:
106:
83:alpha particle
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4592:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4565:Radioactivity
4563:
4562:
4560:
4546:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4230:Fluorocholine
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4045:Radionuclides
4042:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3762:Pentetic acid
3759:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3698:Pentetic acid
3695:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3649:Medronic acid
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3587:Pentetic acid
3584:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3508:Radioactivity
3505:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Beta particle
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:Cluster decay
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:Main articles
3083:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2940:on 2013-02-27
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2861:
2855:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2697:Skinhøj, Erik
2694:
2690:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2566:
2559:
2558:0-12-023604-4
2555:
2549:
2541:
2539:9780122351549
2535:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:Seaborg, G.T.
2485:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2403:
2397:
2389:
2387:0-13-014329-4
2383:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:Americium-241
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2235:138.376 days
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:(Hydrogen-3)
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2110:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1845:tellurium-128
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:Running total
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:neptunium-237
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:americium-241
1613:
1604:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1579: =
1578:
1574:
1573:atomic number
1571: =
1570:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Americium-241
1509:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Plutonium-239
1481:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:Plutonium-238
1453:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:Decay product
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1313:Decay product
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1051:Technetium-99
1049:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
959:
955:
952:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
913:
910:
908:
904:
897:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
881:
878:
875:
873:
869:
866:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
850:
847:
844:
842:
838:
835:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:
805:
803:
799:
796:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
781:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
703:
700:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
679:
675:
672:
670:
665:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
646:
645:
642:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
586:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:
560:
556:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:
502:concentration
499:
495:
491:
490:proton number
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
443:can serve as
442:
438:
434:
433:
432:
430:
426:
413:
412:molybdenum-99
409:
405:
401:
398:
394:
390:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:
373:
371:
367:
360:
359:cloud chamber
356:
352:
351:americium-241
349:
346:
342:
333:
331:
327:
326:nuclear waste
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
297:
295:
291:
282:
278:
274:
271:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:
237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:
210:
208:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
105:
101:
96:
92:
88:
87:beta particle
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:Radionuclides
4532:thallium-201
4517:samarium-153
4354:scintigraphy
4261:Flutemetamol
4200:Fluciclovine
4044:
3969:Fluciclovine
3932:Minretumomab
3831:Inflammation
3512:Radiobiology
3394:Radiobiology
3354:Laser safety
3218:
2979:
2953:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:the original
2933:
2905:
2901:
2875:
2864:. Retrieved
2854:
2842:. Retrieved
2832:
2814:
2806:the original
2801:
2792:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2709:(4): 62–71.
2706:
2700:
2683:
2658:
2652:
2639:
2622:
2616:
2599:
2588:. Retrieved
2586:. 2016-07-15
2584:www.iaea.org
2583:
2574:
2565:
2548:
2528:
2521:
2494:
2484:
2461:
2455:
2423:
2416:
2405:. Retrieved
2396:
2377:
2371:
2312:432.2 years
2228:Polonium-210
2196:12.32 years
2156:Thallium-204
2140:Strontium-90
2046:Manganese-54
2030:Europium-152
1976:81.0, 356.0
1932:
1883:radiotracers
1841:potassium-40
1810:Radioactive
1784:
1736:proton decay
1707:
1704:
1696:Solar System
1684:
1676:proton decay
1669:
1645:
1609:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1294:Polonium-210
1223:other major
1123:15,700,000 y
1020:Strontium-90
925:, source of
888:Potassium-40
826:Aluminium-26
728:Beryllium-10
655:
650:
640:
630:paleontology
422:
364:
303:
286:
204:
174:
147:
115:
103:
50:
47:radioisotope
46:
42:
39:radionuclide
38:
36:
4522:selenium-75
4512:rubidium-82
4502:nitrogen-13
4497:krypton-81m
4462:fluorine-18
4447:chromium-51
4102:Carfentanil
4048:(including
3891:Arcitumomab
3857:Tilmanocept
3847:Exametazime
3790:Tetrofosmin
3583:Exametazime
3556:Diagnostic
3136:Ultraviolet
3131:Radio waves
2844:January 27,
2293:30.1 years
2286:Caesium-137
2244:Uranium-238
2179:5730 years
2163:3.78 years
2147:28.5 years
2037:13.5 years
2021:5.27 years
1982:Cadmium-109
1973:10.7 years
1866:cosmic rays
1837:rubidium-87
1753:alpha decay
1423:Uranium-238
1388:Uranium-235
1353:Thorium-232
1260:Bismuth-209
1227:of concern
1201:Caesium-137
911:1330 /1505
857:Chlorine-36
814:radiotracer
787:Fluorine-18
738:1,387,000 y
626:archaeology
576:(RTGs) and
552:caesium-137
529:hemopoietic
513:human brain
425:irradiation
397:fluorine-18
382:iridium-192
281:cosmic rays
259:uranium-235
255:uranium-238
251:thorium-232
247:decay chain
236:bismuth-209
4559:Categories
4543:See also:
4492:iodine-131
4487:iodine-125
4482:iodine-123
4477:indium-111
4472:gallium-68
4467:gallium-67
4331:Setoperone
4256:Fluspidine
4241:Fluorodopa
4224:Altanserin
4215:Flumazenil
4170:Fallypride
4137:Raclopride
4122:Methionine
4117:Flumazenil
4088:(Cimbi-36)
3694:Mertiatide
3317:and health
3315:Radiation
3184:Cosmic ray
2944:2008-05-02
2894:References
2866:2013-04-15
2654:The Lancet
2618:The Lancet
2590:2023-06-25
2407:2009-12-14
2274:Half-life
2219:Half-life
2131:Half-life
2069:2.6 years
1966:Barium-133
1956:Energies (
1953:Half-life
1923:See also:
1773:niobium-93
1757:beta decay
1626:to become
1446:Primordial
1411:Primordial
1376:Primordial
1285:Primordial
1145:Iodine-131
1132:Cosmogenic
1113:Iodine-129
1011:Cosmogenic
993:Krypton-81
953:Cosmogenic
935:Calcium-41
914:Primordial
879:Cosmogenic
848:Cosmogenic
809:Cosmogenic
775:Cosmogenic
747:Cosmogenic
704:Cosmogenic
570:spacecraft
464:transport.
462:amino acid
393:cyclotrons
345:Artificial
294:metric ton
275:, such as
231:half-lives
207:cosmogenic
170:promethium
166:technetium
122:cyclotrons
4537:xenon-133
4507:oxygen-15
4457:copper-64
4452:cobalt-57
4442:carbon-11
4342:gamma ray
4195:Flubatine
4142:Verapamil
4086:25B-NBOMe
4080:ME@HAPTHI
3896:Votumumab
3852:Sulesomab
3835:infection
3800:Imciromab
3785:Sestamibi
3612:Iomazenil
3471:Half-life
3344:Dosimetry
3179:Gamma ray
3126:Microwave
3116:Starlight
3077:Radiation
2271:Activity
2216:Activity
2172:Carbon-14
2128:Activity
2085:244 days
2062:Sodium-22
2053:312 days
2014:Cobalt-60
2005:270 days
1998:Cobalt-57
1989:453 days
1909:>3300
1906:>2400
1862:Carbon-14
1558:Synthetic
1530:Synthetic
1502:Synthetic
1474:Synthetic
1379:basis of
1325:Radon-222
1251:Synthetic
1173:Xenon-135
1104:Synthetic
1061:210,000 y
1003:229,000 y
984:Synthetic
965:Cobalt-60
917:used for
867:301,000 y
836:717,000 y
818:PET scans
806:633/1655
778:used for
756:Carbon-14
721:deuterium
717:lithium-6
676:Comments
660:half-life
589:cosmology
585:astronomy
561:, and in
548:cobalt-60
533:sterilise
485:Radiation
353:emitting
336:Synthetic
318:actinides
277:carbon-14
100:half-life
71:electrons
4570:Isotopes
4211:analogue
4060:positron
3996:Dotatate
3121:Sunlight
3106:Infrared
2922:12648782
2822:Archived
2784:18494258
2611:(1961).
2493:(2006).
2429:Springer
2325:See also
2268:Isotope
2213:Isotope
2125:Isotope
2108:6 hours
1949:Activity
1945:Isotope
1874:polonium
1785:possibly
1767:but not
1493:24,110 y
945:99,400 y
637:Examples
559:industry
481:compound
406:used in
378:neutrons
263:polonium
154:hydrogen
79:particle
59:neutrons
4209:glucose
4153:Ammonia
4097:Choline
4092:Acetate
4050:tracers
3713:Hepatic
3332:chronic
2881:WP:CALC
2764:Bibcode
2711:Bibcode
2675:4140398
2499:Bibcode
2238:5304.5
2188:Tritium
2078:Zinc-65
1833:bismuth
1829:thorium
1825:uranium
1415:fissile
797:110 min
766:5,700 y
682:Tritium
647:Isotope
622:geology
615:ecology
580:(RHUs).
498:photons
492:of the
479:of the
473:biology
469:physics
437:biology
348:nuclide
290:uranium
240:bismuth
227:thorium
223:uranium
201:Natural
158:tritium
63:protons
55:nuclide
53:) is a
4346:photon
4296:Nifene
4281:Mefway
4207:(FDG)-
3954:
3941:
3928:
3758:Tc-MAA
3725:SeHCAT
3514:, and
2994:
2960:
2920:
2782:
2731:705327
2729:
2673:
2556:
2536:
2509:
2472:
2443:
2384:
2166:763.4
2150:546.0
2056:834.8
2008:122.1
1870:radium
1763:, and
1549:2.64 y
1465:87.7 y
1211:30.2 y
1030:28.8 y
693:12.3 y
628:, and
563:mining
441:carbon
267:radium
257:, and
196:Origin
4350:SPECT
4310:Water
4266:FMISO
4237:(FDS)
3878:Tumor
3660:Renal
3327:acute
3224:X-ray
3111:Light
2780:S2CID
2754:arXiv
2363:Notes
2254:4267
1992:88.0
1567:Key:
1555:6217
1527:5486
1521:432 y
1499:5245
1471:5593
1443:4267
1408:4679
1373:4083
1341:5590
1335:3.8 d
1310:5307
1304:138 d
1282:3137
1243:240 d
1217:1176
1189:1160
1183:9.1 h
981:2824
975:5.3 y
923:argon
845:4004
4286:MPPF
4112:DTBZ
4107:DASB
4067:list
3683:ETS2
2992:ISBN
2958:ISBN
2918:PMID
2846:2014
2727:PMID
2671:PMID
2554:ISBN
2534:ISBN
2507:ISBN
2470:ISBN
2441:ISBN
2382:ISBN
2111:140
2099:1.95
1927:and
1891:989
1888:662
1858:347
1820:286
1798:251
1795:105
1780:146
1658:and
1622:and
1552:α/SF
1437:10 y
1367:10 y
1270:2.01
1161:971
1129:194
1101:141
1092:6 hr
1067:294
1036:546
902:10 y
898:1.24
876:709
772:156
744:556
684:(H)
587:and
519:and
471:and
419:Uses
308:and
265:and
225:and
217:and
184:. A
168:and
162:lead
148:All
4301:FET
4064:PET
3562:V09
2984:doi
2910:doi
2772:doi
2719:doi
2707:239
2663:doi
2659:304
2627:doi
2623:278
2433:doi
1958:keV
1855:61
1817:35
1777:56
1743:90
1740:90
1546:154
1518:146
1490:145
1462:144
1433:4.5
1430:146
1402:10y
1395:143
1363:1.4
1360:142
1332:136
1301:126
1274:10y
1267:126
1155:8 d
1098:,IC
905:β,
870:β,
839:β,
816:in
800:β,
719:or
669:keV
620:In
613:In
594:In
583:In
568:In
557:In
550:or
538:In
507:In
467:in
460:or
435:In
145:.
128:or
107:1/2
85:or
61:or
49:or
4561::
4423:Xe
4418:Tl
4413:Tc
4408:Se
4403:Sm
4398:Kr
4378:In
4373:Ga
4368:Co
4363:Cr
4321:Rb
4276:Ga
4160:Cu
4028:/
3991:Cu
3908:In
3886:Tc
3868:Ga
3863:In
3843:Tc
3806:Rb
3796:In
3781:Tc
3760:,
3754:Tc
3749:Kr
3744:Xe
3721:Se
3696:,
3690:Tc
3678:Cu
3645:Tc
3624:,
3585:,
3579:Tc
3510:,
3506:,
2990:.
2982:.
2932:.
2916:.
2906:66
2904:.
2800:.
2778:.
2770:.
2762:.
2750:78
2748:.
2725:.
2717:.
2705:.
2695:;
2691:;
2669:.
2657:.
2651:.
2621:.
2615:.
2607:;
2582:.
2505:.
2468:.
2464:.
2439:.
2431:.
2103:10
1960:)
1898:.
1885:.
1872:,
1843:,
1839:,
1835:,
1831:,
1827:,
1814:.
1805:.
1759:,
1755:,
1712:.
1702:.
1575:;
1543:98
1515:95
1487:94
1459:94
1427:92
1392:92
1357:90
1329:86
1298:84
1264:83
1246:EC
1240:89
1237:64
1208:82
1205:55
1180:81
1177:54
1152:78
1149:53
1120:76
1117:53
1089:56
1086:43
1058:56
1055:43
1027:52
1024:38
1000:45
997:36
972:33
969:27
948:EC
942:21
939:20
907:EC
895:21
892:19
872:EC
864:19
861:17
841:EC
833:13
830:13
820:.
802:EC
701:19
666:DE
663:DM
624:,
610:).
483:.
427:,
253:,
192:.
124:,
120:,
45:,
37:A
4393:I
4388:I
4383:I
4356:)
4352:/
4348:(
4344:/
4333:)
4327:)
4323:(
4312:)
4308:(
4306:O
4226:)
4222:(
4220:F
4148:N
4144:)
4082:)
4078:(
4076:C
4069:)
4062:(
4052:)
4036:)
4032:(
4030:I
4026:I
4021:I
3964:F
3960:)
3956:(
3951:I
3947:)
3943:(
3938:I
3934:)
3930:(
3925:I
3859:)
3845:(
3833:/
3822:)
3818:(
3816:I
3812:)
3808:(
3802:)
3798:(
3792:)
3783:(
3764:)
3756:(
3727:)
3723:(
3711:/
3700:)
3692:(
3674:)
3670:(
3668:I
3651:)
3647:(
3628:)
3620:(
3618:F
3614:)
3595:(
3593:I
3589:)
3581:(
3564:)
3560:(
3549:e
3542:t
3535:v
3069:e
3062:t
3055:v
3000:.
2986::
2966:.
2947:.
2924:.
2912::
2869:.
2848:.
2786:.
2774::
2766::
2756::
2733:.
2721::
2713::
2677:.
2665::
2633:.
2629::
2593:.
2542:.
2515:.
2501::
2478:.
2449:.
2435::
2410:.
2390:.
2101:×
1577:N
1569:Z
1524:α
1496:α
1468:α
1440:α
1435:×
1405:α
1400:×
1398:7
1370:α
1365:×
1338:α
1307:α
1278:α
1272:×
1214:β
1186:β
1158:β
1126:β
1096:γ
1064:β
1033:β
1006:β
978:β
900:×
794:9
791:9
769:β
763:8
760:6
741:β
735:6
732:4
697:β
690:2
687:1
656:N
651:Z
554:.
414:.
399:.
388:.
283:.
269:.
104:t
102:(
81:(
41:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.