814:
1512:. (Rb, Re, Lu, and Th have half-lives somewhat longer than the age of the universe.) For a complete list of the 35 known primordial radionuclides, including the next 28 with half-lives much longer than the age of the universe, see the complete list below. For practical purposes, nuclides with half-lives much longer than the age of the universe may be treated as if they were stable. Rb, Re, Lu, Th, and U have half-lives long enough that their decay is limited over geological time scales; K and U have shorter half-lives and are hence severely depleted, but are still long-lived enough to persist significantly in nature.
1919:—bismuth (83), thorium (90), and uranium (92). If plutonium (94) turns out to be primordial (specifically, the long-lived isotope Pu), then it would be a fourth radioactive primordial, though practically speaking it would still be more convenient to produce synthetically. Bismuth's half-life is so long that it is often classed with the 80 primordial stable elements instead, since its radioactivity is not a cause for serious concern. The number of elements is smaller than the number of nuclides, because many of the primordial elements are represented by multiple
872:
827:
1634:). Mathematically, considering the likely initial abundances of these nuclides, primordial Sm and Pu should persist somewhere within the Earth today, even if they are not identifiable in the relatively minor portion of the Earth's crust available to human assays, while Nb and all shorter-lived nuclides should not. Nuclides such as Nb that were present in the primordial solar nebula but have long since decayed away completely are termed
42:
2020:
These 35 primordial nuclides represent radioisotopes of 28 distinct chemical elements (cadmium, neodymium, osmium, samarium, tellurium, uranium, and xenon each have two primordial radioisotopes). The radionuclides are listed in order of stability, with the longest half-life beginning the list. These
1999:, but the predicted half-lives are so long (some exceeding 10 years) that such decays could hardly be observed in the near future. Nevertheless, the number of nuclides with half-lives so long that they cannot be measured with present instruments—and are considered from this viewpoint to be
2048:. Only four of these 35 nuclides have half-lives shorter than, or equal to, the age of the universe. Most of the remaining 30 have half-lives much longer. The shortest-lived primordial isotope, U, has a half-life of 703.8 million years, about one sixth of the age of the Earth and the
1959:(list below), it becomes very difficult to determine the exact total number of radioactive primordials, because the total number of stable nuclides is uncertain. There exist many extremely long-lived nuclides whose half-lives are still unknown, in fact, all nuclides heavier than
1860:, meaning that they are decay or fission products of uranium or other actinides in subsurface rocks. All such nuclides have shorter half-lives than their parent radioactive primordial nuclides. Some other geogenic nuclides do not occur in the
3193:
A running positive integer for reference. These numbers may change slightly in the future since there are 251 nuclides now classified as stable, but which are theoretically predicted to be unstable (see
2011:
list of primordial nuclides, and the total number of primordial nuclides remains unchanged. For practical purposes, these nuclides may be considered stable for all purposes outside specialized research.
1638:
if they have no other means of being regenerated. As for Pu, calculations suggest that as of 2022, sensitivity limits were about one order of magnitude away from detecting it as a primordial nuclide.
2063:
At the end of the list, two more nuclides have been added: Sm and Pu. They have not been confirmed as primordial, but their half-lives are long enough that minute quantities should persist today.
1947:. These questions do not impact the question of whether a nuclide is primordial, since all "nearly stable" nuclides, with half-lives longer than the age of the universe, are also primordial.
927:, and potentially from other processes. They are the stable nuclides plus the long-lived fraction of radionuclides surviving in the primordial solar nebula through planet
1845:, whose half-life is on the order of a billion years and thus has been generating argon since early in the Earth's existence. (Primordial argon was dominated by the
2021:
radionuclides in many cases are so nearly stable that they compete for abundance with stable isotopes of their respective elements. For three chemical elements,
1599:). Pu was reported to exist in nature as a primordial nuclide in 1971, but this detection could not be confirmed by further studies in 2012 and 2022.
3664:
3198:), so that future experiments may show that some are in fact unstable. The number starts at 252, to follow the 251 (observationally) stable nuclides.
1903:
with at least one primordial nuclide. There are 251 stable primordial nuclides and 35 radioactive primordial nuclides, but only 80 primordial stable
3771:
3698:
2049:
1309:
The seven shortest-lived primordial nuclides (i.e., the nuclides with the shortest half-lives) to have been experimentally verified are
947:
long enough to have survived from the formation of the Earth, occur as primordial nuclides. These 35 primordial radionuclides represent
915:. Primordial nuclides were present in the interstellar medium from which the solar system was formed, and were formed in, or after, the
3445:
1936:
858:
772:
3470:
Samir Maji; et al. (2006). "Separation of samarium and neodymium: a prerequisite for getting signals from nuclear synthesis".
17:
1833:
isotope Ar is actually more common as a radiogenic nuclide than as a primordial nuclide, forming almost 1% of the Earth's
1967:, including those indicated by even the most modern empirical methods to be stable, must be radioactive and can decay by
121:
3222:
Mass of the average nucleon of this nuclide relative to the mass of a neutron (so all nuclides get a positive value) in
3597:
3674:
425:
813:
3513:
Hoffman, D. C.; Lawrence, F. O.; Mewherter, J. L.; Rourke, F. M. (1971). "Detection of
Plutonium-244 in Nature".
617:
322:
3636:
851:
3789:
1893:
3596:
Wu, Yang; Dai, Xiongxin; Xing, Shan; Luo, Maoyi; Christl, Marcus; Synal, Hans-Arno; Hou, Shaochun (2022).
3859:
635:
605:
106:
2033:, a very long-lived radioactive primordial nuclide is found in greater abundance than a stable nuclide.
1881:
682:
232:
3195:
1939:. For a complete list noting which of the "stable" 251 nuclides may be in some respect unstable, see
568:
3709:
3450:
928:
844:
831:
563:
267:
3302:
1508:
These are the seven nuclides with half-lives comparable to, or somewhat less than, the estimated
558:
455:
420:
116:
2003:—is limited. Even when a "stable" nuclide is found to be radioactive, it merely moves from the
1650:
912:
612:
262:
227:
3634:
P. K. Kuroda (1979). "Origin of the elements: pre-Fermi reactor and plutonium-244 in nature".
3854:
924:
737:
622:
514:
1813:). Other examples of common naturally occurring but non-primordial nuclides are isotopes of
1286:(100 million years) for practical considerations. For example, for a nuclide with half-life
677:
3746:
3567:
3524:
3479:
3430:
3425:
3415:
1964:
1635:
747:
722:
539:
1852:
A similar radiogenic series is derived from the long-lived radioactive primordial nuclide
8:
3732:
3322:
2101:
2045:
1865:
1645:
often consist of more than one primordial isotope, there are only 83 distinct primordial
1509:
642:
521:
415:
358:
351:
341:
282:
277:
111:
3750:
3571:
3528:
3483:
3869:
3815:
3540:
1826:
1734:
585:
395:
3758:
1306:) of that nuclide being present at the formation of Earth, only 4 atoms remain today.
1294:(60 million years), this means 77 half-lives have elapsed, meaning that for each
3864:
3765:
3670:
3495:
3410:
3342:
3332:
3258:
2053:
2015:
1996:
1956:
757:
752:
712:
590:
329:
317:
300:
272:
242:
83:
3830:
3754:
3645:
3609:
3575:
3544:
3532:
3515:
3487:
3440:
3405:
3372:
3292:
1992:
1963:
are theoretically radioactive. For example, it is predicted theoretically that all
1940:
1924:
1900:
1730:
1646:
1267:
952:
777:
767:
697:
450:
368:
336:
156:
88:
3362:
1774:
1653:
isotope and three additional primordial elements have only radioactive isotopes (
920:
892:
876:
762:
742:
717:
647:
534:
462:
408:
373:
33:
3734:
3613:
3834:
3579:
3435:
3352:
2000:
1968:
1960:
1944:
940:
818:
672:
667:
546:
479:
287:
222:
199:
186:
173:
73:
51:
3848:
3558:
Lachner, J.; et al. (2012). "Attempt to detect primordial Pu on Earth".
3400:
3211:
1877:
1846:
1729:) are not primordial, as they must be constantly regenerated. This occurs by
1711:
1545:
1125:
1105:
1045:
1025:
875:
Relative abundance of the chemical elements in the Earth's upper continental
797:
792:
787:
782:
732:
390:
363:
207:
146:
99:
78:
1857:
3499:
3420:
3387:
2090:
1973:
1864:
of Th, U, or U but can still fleetingly occur naturally as products of the
1842:
1517:
1451:
1367:
1165:
1145:
884:
727:
702:
687:
432:
380:
237:
3272:
2057:
1861:
1853:
1479:
1423:
1395:
1339:
1311:
1295:
1245:
1225:
1005:
985:
692:
385:
307:
160:
3649:
3210:
and the symbol for the corresponding chemical element (implies a unique
3312:
3282:
1912:
1908:
1907:—hydrogen through lead, atomic numbers 1 to 82, with the exceptions of
1838:
1834:
1691:
1664:
1610:, Sm must survive 45 half-lives (and hence be reduced by 2 ≈
1573:
1205:
1185:
888:
871:
662:
652:
509:
489:
312:
182:
3536:
3491:
3469:
2026:
1829:
daughters of uranium decay and are found in uranium ores. The stable
1671:
1279:
1085:
1065:
968:
960:
944:
707:
657:
484:
472:
467:
346:
1602:
Taking into account that all these nuclides must exist for at least
3814:
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).
1920:
1892:"Primordial element" redirects here. For a concept in algebra, see
1818:
1618:), Pu must survive 57 (and be reduced by a factor of 2 ≈
972:
916:
3785:
3733:
David Curtis, June
Fabryka-Martin, Paul Dixon, Jan Cramer (1999),
2016:
List of 35 radioactive primordial nuclides and measured half-lives
41:
2030:
1869:
1658:
1654:
980:
956:
948:
904:
169:
142:
134:
66:
56:
1971:, but as of 2013 this could only be measured experimentally for
2022:
1955:
Although it is estimated that about 35 primordial nuclides are
1822:
976:
61:
3512:
1935:
As noted, these number about 251. For a list, see the article
1773:), or (rarely) by such processes as geonuclear transmutation (
2036:
The longest-lived radionuclide known, Te, has a half-life of
1830:
1814:
964:
908:
1849:
nuclide Ar, which is significantly rarer than Ar on Earth.)
1626:), and Nb must survive 130 (and be reduced by 2 ≈
1841:
of the extremely long-lived radioactive primordial isotope
3598:"Direct search for primordial Pu in Bayan Obo bastnaesite"
3223:
1873:
1515:
The longest-lived isotope not proven to be primordial is
27:
Nuclides predating the Earth's formation (found on Earth)
2056:, although some like Bi decay by other methods such as
3735:"Nature's uncommon elements: plutonium and technetium"
1930:
1669:
Some unstable isotopes which occur naturally (such as
923:
in stars and supernovae followed by mass ejection, by
911:
that have existed in their current form since before
3813:
1665:
Naturally occurring nuclides that are not primordial
3206:Nuclide identifiers are given by their mass number
1868:of one of these three long-lived nuclides, such as
1950:
3816:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"
1282:of the given nuclides must be greater than about
3846:
931:until the present; 286 such nuclides are known.
3591:
3589:
1880:, has also been detected. There are five other
3386:Multiple values for (maximal) decay energy in
3809:
3807:
3805:
852:
3770:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3633:
3595:
3586:
3196:Stable nuclide § Still-unobserved decay
3802:
3786:"Interactive Chart of Nuclides (Nudat2.5)"
859:
845:
3446:List of elements by stability of isotopes
3390:are mapped to decay modes in their order.
1937:list of elements by stability of isotopes
1872:, which makes up about 10 of all natural
983:each have two primordial radioisotopes (
870:
3557:
14:
3847:
3699:"Research on measurement of Sn by AMS"
3696:
1915:(61)—and three radioactive primordial
1887:
3666:Groundwater geochemistry and isotopes
3662:
3406:Table of nuclides sorted by half-life
2255:
2071:
943:, plus another 35 nuclides that have
3506:
3463:
1931:Naturally occurring stable nuclides
24:
3551:
2052:. Many of these nuclides decay by
2044:, which is 160 trillion times the
1856:. These nuclides are described as
25:
3881:
1991:. Similarly, all four primordial
1649:. Of these, 80 have at least one
826:
825:
812:
40:
3739:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
3380:
3187:
3182:
3150:
3121:
1951:Radioactive primordial nuclides
3778:
3726:
3690:
3656:
3627:
1837:, which is regenerated by the
13:
1:
3759:10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00282-8
3637:Accounts of Chemical Research
3456:
3256:
3254:All times are given in years.
3790:National Nuclear Data Center
3248:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2131:
2128:
2125:
1894:Primordial element (algebra)
1643:primordial chemical elements
934:
7:
3614:10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.036
3394:
1882:long-lived fission products
1535:, which has a half-life of
606:High-energy nuclear physics
10:
3886:
3669:. CRC Press. p. 118.
3580:10.1103/PhysRevC.85.015801
3200:
1899:A primordial element is a
1891:
1777:of uranium in the case of
3216:
1995:are expected to decay to
1278:(4.6 billion years), the
3835:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae
3697:H.-T. Shen; et al.
3602:Chinese Chemical Letters
3451:Big Bang nucleosynthesis
3303:double electron capture
117:Interacting boson model
18:Primordial radionuclide
1927:for more information.
1651:observationally stable
880:
3706:accelconf.web.cern.ch
1636:extinct radionuclides
939:All of the known 251
925:cosmic ray spallation
879:, on a per-atom basis
874:
504:High-energy processes
202:– equal all the above
100:Models of the nucleus
3431:Monoisotopic element
3426:Mononuclidic element
3416:Isotope geochemistry
1965:isotopes of tungsten
540:nuclear astrophysics
3751:1999GeCoA..63..275C
3663:Clark, Ian (2015).
3650:10.1021/ar50134a005
3572:2012PhRvC..85a5801L
3529:1971Natur.234..132H
3484:2006Ana...131.1332M
3353:isomeric transition
3323:spontaneous fission
3086:1.311, 1.505, 1.505
2912:1.044, 1.737, 1.737
2046:age of the Universe
1888:Primordial elements
1866:spontaneous fission
1735:cosmogenic nuclides
1510:age of the universe
901:primordial isotopes
897:primordial nuclides
522:Photodisintegration
445:Capturing processes
359:Spontaneous fission
352:Internal conversion
283:Valley of stability
278:Island of stability
112:Nuclear shell model
3860:Radiometric dating
1827:radiogenic nuclide
881:
819:Physics portal
613:Quark–gluon plasma
396:Radiogenic nuclide
3823:Chinese Physics C
3560:Physical Review C
3523:(5325): 132–134.
3478:(12): 1332–1334.
3411:Table of nuclides
3378:
3377:
3180:
3179:
2054:double beta decay
1647:chemical elements
869:
868:
555:
301:Radioactive decay
257:Nuclear stability
84:Nuclear structure
16:(Redirected from
3877:
3839:
3838:
3820:
3811:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3761:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3714:
3708:. Archived from
3703:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3608:(7): 3522–3526.
3593:
3584:
3583:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3537:10.1038/234132a0
3510:
3504:
3503:
3492:10.1039/b608157f
3467:
3441:List of nuclides
3373:neutron emission
3293:electron capture
3266:
3265:
3245:
3167:
3165:
3138:
3136:
3109:
3107:
3080:
3078:
3051:
3049:
3022:
3020:
2993:
2991:
2964:
2962:
2935:
2933:
2906:
2904:
2877:
2875:
2848:
2846:
2819:
2817:
2790:
2788:
2761:
2759:
2732:
2730:
2703:
2701:
2674:
2672:
2645:
2643:
2616:
2614:
2587:
2585:
2558:
2556:
2529:
2527:
2500:
2498:
2471:
2469:
2442:
2440:
2413:
2411:
2384:
2382:
2355:
2353:
2326:
2324:
2297:
2295:
2268:
2266:
2239:
2237:
2210:
2208:
2181:
2179:
2152:
2150:
2123:
2121:
2066:
2065:
2043:
2041:
1993:isotopes of lead
1990:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1941:list of nuclides
1925:chemical element
1901:chemical element
1825:, which are all
1812:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1784:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1744:
1733:(in the case of
1731:cosmic radiation
1728:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1661:, and uranium).
1633:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1523:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1305:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1268:age of the Earth
1262:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1002:
1000:
999:
992:
991:
913:Earth was formed
899:, also known as
861:
854:
847:
834:
829:
828:
821:
817:
816:
693:Skłodowska-Curie
553:
369:Neutron emission
137:' classification
89:Nuclear reaction
44:
30:
29:
21:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3818:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3792:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3763:
3762:
3731:
3727:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3661:
3657:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3594:
3587:
3556:
3552:
3511:
3507:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3397:
3383:
3363:proton emission
3262:
3251:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3219:
3203:
3190:
3185:
3163:
3161:
3134:
3132:
3105:
3103:
3076:
3074:
3047:
3045:
3018:
3016:
2989:
2987:
2960:
2958:
2931:
2929:
2902:
2900:
2873:
2871:
2844:
2842:
2815:
2813:
2786:
2784:
2757:
2755:
2728:
2726:
2699:
2697:
2670:
2668:
2641:
2639:
2612:
2610:
2583:
2581:
2554:
2552:
2525:
2523:
2496:
2494:
2467:
2465:
2438:
2436:
2409:
2407:
2380:
2378:
2351:
2349:
2322:
2320:
2293:
2291:
2264:
2262:
2235:
2233:
2206:
2204:
2177:
2175:
2148:
2146:
2119:
2117:
2102:age of universe
2100:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2039:
2037:
2018:
2001:stable nuclides
1986:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1953:
1933:
1897:
1890:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1775:neutron capture
1769:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1004:
998:
996:
995:
994:
990:
988:
987:
986:
984:
951:of 28 separate
941:stable nuclides
937:
921:nucleosynthesis
893:nuclear physics
865:
824:
811:
810:
803:
802:
638:
628:
627:
608:
598:
597:
542:
538:
535:Nucleosynthesis
527:
526:
505:
497:
496:
446:
438:
437:
411:
409:Nuclear fission
401:
400:
374:Proton emission
303:
293:
292:
258:
250:
249:
151:
138:
127:
126:
102:
34:Nuclear physics
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3883:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3841:
3840:
3801:
3777:
3745:(2): 275–285,
3725:
3689:
3675:
3655:
3626:
3585:
3550:
3505:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3436:Stable isotope
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3343:double β decay
3340:
3336:
3335:
3333:double β decay
3330:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3238:
3231:
3226:/c, formally:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3054:α or SF or 2 β
3052:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2017:
2014:
1985:
1977:
1969:alpha emission
1961:dysprosium-164
1952:
1949:
1945:stable nuclide
1932:
1929:
1889:
1886:
1808:
1800:
1790:
1782:
1768:
1760:
1750:
1742:
1723:
1715:
1703:
1695:
1683:
1675:
1666:
1663:
1585:
1577:
1557:
1549:
1543:, followed by
1529:
1521:
1491:
1483:
1463:
1455:
1435:
1427:
1407:
1399:
1379:
1371:
1351:
1343:
1323:
1315:
1257:
1249:
1237:
1229:
1217:
1209:
1197:
1189:
1177:
1169:
1157:
1149:
1137:
1129:
1117:
1109:
1097:
1089:
1077:
1069:
1057:
1049:
1037:
1029:
1017:
1009:
997:
989:
936:
933:
867:
866:
864:
863:
856:
849:
841:
838:
837:
836:
835:
822:
805:
804:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
639:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
620:
615:
609:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
595:
594:
593:
588:
583:
574:
573:
572:
571:
566:
561:
550:
549:
547:Nuclear fusion
543:
533:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
519:
518:
517:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
495:
494:
493:
492:
487:
477:
476:
475:
470:
460:
459:
458:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
430:
429:
428:
418:
412:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
355:
354:
349:
339:
334:
333:
332:
327:
326:
325:
310:
304:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
288:Stable nuclide
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
263:Binding energy
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
246:
245:
235:
230:
225:
219:
218:
204:
203:
196:
195:
179:
178:
166:
165:
153:
152:
139:
133:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
103:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
91:
86:
81:
76:
74:Nuclear matter
71:
70:
69:
64:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3882:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3836:
3832:
3829:(3): 030001.
3828:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3773:
3767:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3715:on 2017-11-25
3711:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3678:
3676:9781466591745
3672:
3668:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3590:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3566:(1): 015801.
3565:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:Alpha nuclide
3399:
3398:
3389:
3385:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3212:proton number
3209:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3005:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2161:1.3 trillion
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:160 trillion
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2097:Approx. ratio
2096:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:10 years
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1847:alpha process
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1776:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1707:
1687:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1608:10 years
1600:
1597:10 years
1589:
1569:10 years
1561:
1541:10 years
1533:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1503:10 years
1495:
1475:10 years
1467:
1447:10 years
1439:
1419:10 years
1411:
1391:10 years
1383:
1363:10 years
1355:
1335:10 years
1327:
1307:
1304:10 atoms
1297:
1292:10 years
1284:10 years
1281:
1276:10 years
1269:
1264:
1261:
1241:
1221:
1201:
1181:
1161:
1141:
1121:
1101:
1081:
1061:
1041:
1021:
1001:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
878:
873:
862:
857:
855:
850:
848:
843:
842:
840:
839:
833:
823:
820:
815:
809:
808:
807:
806:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
637:
632:
631:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
607:
602:
601:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
576:
575:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
552:
551:
548:
545:
544:
541:
536:
531:
530:
523:
520:
516:
515:by cosmic ray
513:
512:
511:
508:
507:
501:
500:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
478:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
464:
461:
457:
454:
453:
452:
449:
448:
442:
441:
434:
431:
427:
426:pair breaking
424:
423:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
410:
405:
404:
397:
394:
392:
391:Decay product
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
364:Cluster decay
362:
360:
357:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
343:
340:
338:
335:
331:
328:
324:
321:
320:
319:
316:
315:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
302:
297:
296:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
254:
253:
244:
241:
240:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
217:
213:
209:
208:Mirror nuclei
206:
205:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190: −
189:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
158:
155:
154:
150:
149:
144:
141:
140:
136:
131:
130:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
101:
96:
95:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
79:Nuclear force
77:
75:
72:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
58:
55:
53:
50:
49:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
19:
3855:Geochemistry
3826:
3822:
3793:. Retrieved
3780:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3717:. Retrieved
3710:the original
3705:
3692:
3680:. Retrieved
3665:
3658:
3644:(2): 73–78.
3641:
3635:
3629:
3617:. Retrieved
3605:
3601:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3421:Radionuclide
3382:Decay energy
3242:
3235:
3228:
3207:
3189:No. (number)
3183:List legends
3083:β or K or β
2909:β or K or β
2593:2.205, 1.038
2567:130 million
2538:333 million
2509:510 million
2480:671 million
2451:640 million
2422:1.5 billion
2393:1.5 billion
2364:1.7 billion
2361:4.274, .0058
2335:2.3 billion
2306:8.0 billion
2248:130 billion
2219:160 billion
2190:670 billion
2099:half-life to
2091:Decay energy
2062:
2050:Solar System
2035:
2019:
2008:
2004:
1954:
1934:
1916:
1904:
1898:
1862:decay chains
1851:
1668:
1642:
1640:
1601:
1514:
1507:
1308:
1266:Because the
1265:
938:
900:
896:
885:geochemistry
882:
580:
433:Photofission
381:Decay energy
308:Alpha α
215:
211:
191:
187:
174:
161:
147:
2596:10 million
2277:87 billion
2058:alpha decay
1957:radioactive
1876:. Another,
738:Oppenheimer
416:Spontaneous
386:Decay chain
337:K/L capture
313:Beta β
183:Isodiaphers
107:Liquid drop
3849:Categories
3795:2009-06-22
3719:2018-02-06
3619:29 January
3457:References
2625:5 million
1913:promethium
1909:technetium
1839:beta decay
1835:atmosphere
945:half-lives
889:geophysics
768:Strassmann
758:Rutherford
636:Scientists
591:Artificial
586:Cosmogenic
581:Primordial
577:Nuclides:
554:Processes:
510:Spallation
3870:Metrology
3250:Half-life
2027:tellurium
1911:(43) and
1280:half-life
969:neodymium
961:tellurium
935:Stability
929:accretion
907:found on
773:Świątecki
688:Pi. Curie
683:Fr. Curie
678:Ir. Curie
673:Cockcroft
648:Becquerel
569:Supernova
273:Drip line
268:p–n ratio
243:Borromean
122:Ab initio
3865:Isotopes
3766:citation
3500:17124541
3395:See also
3158:7.826221
3129:8.626136
3100:7.897198
3071:8.909707
3042:7.872551
3013:7.918533
2984:8.374665
2955:8.291732
2926:9.043718
2897:8.698320
2868:8.610593
2839:8.267764
2810:8.311850
2781:8.562868
2752:8.849910
2741:150,000
2723:8.302508
2712:170,000
2694:8.652947
2683:510,000
2665:8.607423
2654:560,000
2636:8.859372
2607:8.392287
2578:9.055759
2549:8.347127
2520:8.565759
2491:8.933167
2462:8.562594
2433:8.766578
2404:8.961359
2375:8.158689
2346:8.992452
2317:8.836146
2288:9.017596
2259:8.742574
2230:9.034656
2201:8.706805
2172:9.022349
2143:8.778264
2114:8.743261
2082:(years)
2072:Nuclide
2009:unstable
1921:isotopes
1917:elements
1905:elements
1858:geogenic
1819:polonium
1737:such as
1641:Because
973:samarium
953:elements
949:isotopes
917:Big Bang
905:nuclides
832:Category
733:Oliphant
718:Lawrence
698:Davisson
668:Chadwick
564:Big Bang
451:electron
421:Products
342:Isomeric
233:Even/odd
210: –
185:– equal
172:– equal
170:Isotones
159:– equal
145:– equal
143:Isotopes
135:Nuclides
57:Nucleons
3747:Bibcode
3682:13 July
3568:Bibcode
3545:4283169
3525:Bibcode
3480:Bibcode
3472:Analyst
3313:β decay
3283:β decay
3273:α decay
3239:nuclide
3202:Nuclide
3170:α or SF
3112:α or SF
3025:α or SF
2770:32,000
2075:Energy
2031:rhenium
2007:to the
1997:mercury
1884:known.
1659:thorium
1655:bismuth
1477:), and
981:uranium
957:Cadmium
788:Thomson
778:Szilárd
748:Purcell
728:Meitner
663:N. Bohr
658:A. Bohr
643:Alvarez
559:Stellar
463:neutron
347:Gamma γ
200:Isomers
157:Isobars
52:Nucleus
3673:
3543:
3516:Nature
3498:
3218:Energy
3176:0.006
3147:0.008
2590:β or β
2535:1.9644
2094:(MeV)
2029:, and
2023:indium
2005:stable
1923:. See
1823:radium
1821:, and
1709:, and
1571:) and
1223:; and
979:, and
977:osmium
903:, are
830:
798:Wigner
793:Walton
783:Teller
713:Jensen
480:proton
223:Stable
3819:(PDF)
3713:(PDF)
3702:(PDF)
3541:S2CID
3259:Decay
3173:4.666
3144:2.529
3118:0.05
3115:4.679
3104:7.038
3089:0.09
3075:1.251
3057:4.270
3046:4.468
3028:4.083
3017:1.405
2999:1.193
2988:3.764
2970:.0026
2959:4.122
2930:4.972
2901:1.021
2883:2.310
2872:1.061
2854:3.252
2825:2.963
2799:8000
2796:2.203
2738:2.823
2727:2.002
2709:1.905
2698:2.292
2680:1.986
2669:7.005
2622:2.497
2564:2.509
2553:1.801
2506:3.035
2477:3.367
2437:8.806
2390:3.137
2350:2.301
2332:2.809
2321:3.102
2303:2.995
2274:2.620
2245:2.039
2216:2.462
2205:2.165
2187:2.846
2158:2.864
2129:2.530
2087:mode
2085:Decay
2078:Half-
1831:argon
1815:radon
965:xenon
919:, by
909:Earth
877:crust
763:Soddy
743:Proca
723:Mayer
703:Fermi
653:Bethe
228:Magic
3772:link
3684:2020
3671:ISBN
3621:2024
3496:PMID
3261:mode
3133:1.03
3060:0.3
3031:1.0
3002:2.7
2973:3.0
2944:3.6
2941:.283
2915:7.4
2886:7.7
2843:4.83
2828:810
2814:1.12
2767:.499
2651:.321
2524:4.62
2495:7.07
2448:.868
2379:2.01
2080:life
2069:No.
1943:and
1795:and
1755:and
1565:8.08
1537:1.03
1505:).
1471:1.25
1300:6.02
1296:mole
1272:4.58
891:and
753:Rabi
708:Hahn
618:RHIC
238:Halo
3831:doi
3755:doi
3646:doi
3610:doi
3576:doi
3533:doi
3521:234
3488:doi
3476:131
3388:MeV
3339:2 β
3329:2 β
3224:MeV
3162:8.0
3152:288
3123:287
3094:286
3065:285
3036:284
3007:283
2978:282
2949:281
2920:280
2891:279
2862:278
2857:35
2833:277
2804:276
2785:1.1
2775:275
2756:4.4
2746:274
2717:273
2688:272
2659:271
2640:7.7
2630:270
2611:7.0
2601:269
2582:1.4
2572:268
2543:267
2514:266
2503:2 β
2485:265
2474:2 β
2466:9.3
2456:264
2445:2 β
2427:263
2419:3.4
2416:2 β
2408:2.0
2398:262
2369:261
2358:2 β
2340:260
2329:2 β
2311:259
2300:2 β
2292:1.1
2282:258
2263:1.2
2253:257
2242:2 β
2234:1.8
2224:256
2213:2 β
2195:255
2176:9.2
2166:254
2147:1.8
2137:253
2126:2 β
2118:2.2
2108:252
2038:2.2
1874:tin
1604:4.6
1593:3.5
1499:7.0
1449:),
1443:4.5
1421:),
1415:1.4
1393:),
1387:3.8
1365:),
1359:4.1
1337:),
1331:5.0
1270:is
1263:).
883:In
623:LHC
537:and
3851::
3827:45
3825:.
3821:.
3804:^
3788:.
3768:}}
3764:{{
3753:,
3743:63
3741:,
3737:,
3704:.
3642:12
3640:.
3606:33
3604:.
3600:.
3588:^
3574:.
3564:85
3562:.
3539:.
3531:.
3519:.
3494:.
3486:.
3474:.
3319:SF
3299:KK
3241:/
3234:−
3214:).
3166:10
3155:Pu
3137:10
3126:Sm
3108:10
3079:10
3050:10
3021:10
3010:Th
2992:10
2981:Lu
2963:10
2952:Re
2934:10
2923:Rb
2905:10
2894:La
2876:10
2865:Sm
2847:10
2836:Pt
2818:10
2807:Os
2789:10
2778:Gd
2760:10
2749:In
2731:10
2720:Os
2702:10
2691:Nd
2673:10
2662:Sm
2644:10
2633:Cd
2615:10
2604:Hf
2586:10
2557:10
2528:10
2517:Eu
2499:10
2488:Mo
2470:10
2459:Nd
2441:10
2430:Te
2412:10
2401:Zr
2383:10
2372:Bi
2354:10
2343:Ca
2325:10
2314:Cd
2296:10
2285:Se
2271:KK
2267:10
2256:Ba
2238:10
2227:Ge
2209:10
2198:Xe
2184:KK
2180:10
2169:Kr
2155:KK
2151:10
2140:Xe
2122:10
2111:Te
2060:.
2025:,
1878:Tc
1870:Sn
1854:Th
1817:,
1804:Pu
1786:Np
1719:Pu
1689:,
1657:,
1632:10
1624:10
1616:10
1581:Nb
1553:Pu
1525:Sm
1403:Th
1375:Lu
1347:Re
1319:Rb
1243:,
1213:Os
1203:,
1193:Os
1183:;
1173:Sm
1163:,
1153:Sm
1143:;
1133:Nd
1123:,
1113:Nd
1103:;
1093:Xe
1083:,
1073:Xe
1063:;
1053:Te
1043:,
1033:Te
1023:;
1013:Cd
1003:,
993:Cd
975:,
971:,
967:,
963:,
959:,
955:.
895:,
887:,
490:rp
456:2×
323:0v
318:2β
214:↔
3837:.
3833::
3798:.
3774:)
3757::
3749::
3722:.
3686:.
3652:.
3648::
3623:.
3612::
3582:.
3578::
3570::
3547:.
3535::
3527::
3502:.
3490::
3482::
3369:n
3359:p
3349:I
3309:β
3289:K
3279:β
3269:α
3246:.
3243:A
3236:m
3232:n
3229:m
3208:A
3164:×
3141:α
3135:×
3106:×
3097:U
3077:×
3068:K
3048:×
3039:U
3019:×
2996:β
2990:×
2967:β
2961:×
2938:β
2932:×
2903:×
2880:α
2874:×
2851:α
2845:×
2822:α
2816:×
2793:α
2787:×
2764:β
2758:×
2735:α
2729:×
2706:α
2700:×
2677:α
2671:×
2648:β
2642:×
2619:α
2613:×
2584:×
2575:V
2561:α
2555:×
2546:W
2532:α
2526:×
2497:×
2468:×
2439:×
2410:×
2387:α
2381:×
2352:×
2323:×
2294:×
2265:×
2236:×
2207:×
2178:×
2149:×
2120:×
2040:×
1981:W
1896:.
1843:K
1764:H
1746:C
1699:H
1679:C
1630:×
1628:1
1622:×
1620:1
1614:×
1612:4
1606:×
1595:×
1591:(
1567:×
1563:(
1539:×
1501:×
1497:(
1487:U
1473:×
1469:(
1459:K
1445:×
1441:(
1431:U
1417:×
1413:(
1389:×
1385:(
1361:×
1357:(
1333:×
1329:(
1302:×
1298:(
1290:×
1288:6
1274:×
1253:U
1233:U
860:e
853:t
846:v
485:p
473:r
468:s
330:β
216:N
212:Z
192:Z
188:N
175:N
162:A
148:Z
67:n
62:p
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
