1322:
2486:
1834:
2462:
1779:
1889:
1591:
1490:
1173:
2184:
1242:
2061:
2540:
1724:
1286:
2241:
1297:
1253:
939:
928:
917:
2716:
1669:
1453:
1377:
1264:
2655:
2598:
1275:
2474:
1944:
3114:
536:; one such operation, Prospero, sent messages to Czechoslovakia. From October 1951 to November 1956, the skies of Central Europe were filled with more than 350,000 balloons carrying over 300 million leaflets, posters, books, and other printed matter. The nature of the leaflets varied, and according to Arch Puddington included messages of support and encouragement "to citizens suffering under communist oppression", "satirical criticisms of communist regimes and leaders", information about dissident movements and human rights campaigns, and messages expressing the solidarity of the American people with the residents of Eastern European nations. Puddington stated that "the project served as a publicity tool to solidify RFE's reputation as an unbiased broadcaster".
2383:
2373:
4177:, which in turn reported to the Central Committee. Jamming was an expensive and arduous procedure, and its efficacy is still debated. In 1958, the Central Committee mentioned that the sum spent on jamming was greater than the sum spent on domestic and international broadcasting combined. The Central Committee has admitted that circumventing jamming was both possible and practised in the Soviet Union. Due to limited resources, authorities prioritized jamming based on the location, language, time, and theme of Western transmissions. Highly political programs in Russian, broadcast at prime time to urban centers, were perceived as the most dangerous. Seen as less politically threatening, Western music such as
1138:
1085:
2912:
2882:
2805:
2775:
814:
2924:
2899:
2817:
2792:
874:
1034:
4481:
863:
3461:
3449:
4101:, the people of the Soviet Union "became frustrated with inconsistent and contradictory reports", and 36% of them turned to Western radio to provide accurate and pertinent information. Listenership at RFE/RL "shot up dramatically" as a "great many hours" of broadcast time were devoted to the dissemination of life-saving news and information following the disaster. Broadcast topics included "precautions for exposure to radioactive fallout" and reporting on the plight of the Estonians who were tasked with providing the clean-up operations in Ukraine.
3807:
1581:
1439:
3286:
2071:
1629:
1543:
1533:
3183:
3123:
1215:
3172:
2082:
3887:
3724:
3899:
3712:
3938:
3362:
3031:
748:
494:
803:
789:
725:
711:
1428:
1996:
412:
3676:
3217:
58:
2334:
1419:
3819:
1465:
3911:
2989:
2937:
2830:
4794:
1334:
281:
736:
3637:
3193:
1956:
1901:
1846:
1791:
1736:
4526:
3875:
2552:
4691:, as fact-checking sites. On July 19, 2018, RFE/RL announced it will be returning its news services to Bulgaria and Romania by the end of 2018 amid growing concern about a reversal in democratic gains and attacks on the rule of law and the judiciary in the two countries. The Romanian news service re-launched on January 14, 2019, and the Bulgarian service re-launched on January 21, 2019. On 8 September 2020 the Hungarian service was also relaunched.
2141:
2130:
2421:
1097:
3863:
3068:
2296:
2007:
826:
545:
3404:
3229:
3103:
2253:
2196:
1681:
993:
980:
950:
2728:
1389:
887:
3851:
3591:
3160:
2667:
2610:
2408:
2394:
4077:, who recruited Tumanov in the early 1960s and was his Moscow curator. Nechiporenko has never denied his involvement. In an interview with Radio Liberty in 2003, he justified the bombing on the grounds that RFE/RL was an American propaganda tool against the Soviet Union. Tumanov was exfiltrated back to the USSR in 1986. Nechiporenko contacts with Carlos in the 1970s were confirmed by Nechiporenko himself in an article published by
3974:
3516:
3205:
4126:"Czechowicz is perhaps the most well known communist-era Polish spy who was still an active agent while working at RFE in the late 1960s. Technically, he was not a journalist. As a historian by training, he worked in the RFE's media analysis service in Munich. After more than five years, Czechowicz returned to Poland in 1971 and participated in programs aimed at embarrassing Radio Free Europe and the United States government."
1229:
3768:
3553:
3473:
3322:
1047:
1185:
4034:'s policy, which had determined that the United States would not provide military support for the Revolution. According to Arch Puddington, a former bureau manager for RFL/RL, a number of changes were implemented at RFE in the wake of this scandal, including the establishment of the Broadcast Analysis Division to ensure that broadcasts were accurate and professional while maintaining the journalists' autonomy.
4336:, RFE/RL benefited significantly from the Soviet Union's new openness. Gorbachev stopped the practice of jamming the broadcasts. In addition, dissident politicians and officials could be freely interviewed by RFE/RL for the first time without fearing persecution or imprisonment. By 1990, Radio Liberty had become the most listened-to Western radio station broadcasting to the Soviet Union.
4046:. From the mid-1970s to his overthrow and execution in December 1989, Ceaușescu waged a vengeful war against the RFE/RL under the program "Ether". Ether operations included physical attacks on Romanian journalists working for RFE/RL, including the controversial circumstances surrounding the deaths of three directors of RFE/RL's Romanian Service.
4225:
and fervent anti-communist, was one of RFE's sharpest critics throughout the 1950s. His critical broadcasts inspired other journalists to investigate the inner workings of the organization, including its connection to the CIA. When its CIA ties were exposed in the 1960s, direct funding responsibility
4504:
RFE/RL Chief
Jeffrey Gedmin said in 2008 that the agency's mission is to serve as a surrogate free press in countries where such press is banned by the government or not fully established. It maintains 20 local bureaus. Governments that are subjected to critical reporting often attempt to obstruct
4109:
Communist governments also sent agents to infiltrate RFE's headquarters. Although some remained on staff for extended periods of time, government authorities discouraged their agents from interfering with broadcast activity, fearing that this could arouse suspicions and detract from their original
461:
The United States funded a long list of projects to counter the "Communist appeal" among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world. RFE was developed out of a belief that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means. American policymakers such as
4394:(VOA) reported the story, RFE/RL decided to run it too. However, the report later turned out to be false. The story is credited by many sources with inspiring Czechoslovak citizens to join the subsequent (larger) demonstrations which eventually brought down the communist government.
177:
Programs are also available in
Albanian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Bosnian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Chechen, Crimean Tatar, Dari, Georgian, Hungarian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Pashto, Persian, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Tajik, Tatar, Turkmen, Ukrainian,
4508:
RFE/RL says that its journalists and freelancers often risk their lives to broadcast information, and their safety has always been a major issue. Reporters have frequently been threatened and persecuted. RFE/RL also faces a number of central security concerns, including
3994:, RFE played a significant role in the collapse of communism and the development of democracy in Eastern Europe. Unlike government-censored programs, RFE publicized anti-Soviet protests and nationalist movements. Its audience increased substantially following the failed
614:
Radio
Liberty expanded its audience by broadcasting programs in languages other than Russian. By March 1954, Radio Liberty was broadcasting six to seven hours daily in eleven languages. By December 1954, Radio Liberty was broadcasting in 17 languages including
4517:, American and Czech authorities agreed to move RFE/RL's Prague headquarters away from the city center in order to make it less vulnerable to terrorist attack. On February 19, 2009, RFE/RL began broadcasting from its new headquarters east of the city center.
564:(Amcomlib) in 1951. Originally named Radio Liberation from Bolshevism, the station was renamed in 1956 to Radio Liberation in 1956, and received its present name, Radio Liberty after a policy statement emphasizing "liberalization" rather than "liberation".
5831:
4325:, a fervent anticommunist, urged the stations to be more critical of the communist regimes. This presented a challenge to RFE/RL's broadcast strategy, which had been very cautious since the controversy over its alleged role in the Hungarian Revolution.
4166:-made radio receivers. However, consumers easily learned that the necessary spare parts were available on the black market, and electronics engineers opposing the idea would gladly convert radios back to being able to receive short-wave transmissions.
4188:
in late 1962, jamming was intensified. The Cuban
Missile Crisis, however, was followed by a five-year period when the jamming of most foreign broadcasters ceased, only to intensify again with the Prague Spring in 1968. It ceased again in 1973, when
4130:
According to
Richard Cummings, former Security Chief of Radio Free Europe, other espionage incidents included a failed attempt by a Czechoslovak Intelligence Service (StB) agent in 1959 to poison the salt shakers in the organization's cafeteria.
489:
of Berlin. According to Arch
Puddington, a former bureau manager for RFE/RL, it was also widely listened to by East Germans. Staffed almost entirely by Germans with minimal U.S. supervision, the station provided free media to German listeners.
339:
since 1995 and has 21 local bureaus with over 500 core staff and 1,300 stringers and freelancers in countries throughout their broadcast region. Additionally, there are 680 employees at the organization's headquarters and corporate office in
4737:, the Russian mass media regulator, had initiated 520 cases against the broadcaster, with total fines for the RL's refusal to mark its content with the "foreign agent" label estimated at $ 2.4m. On May 19, 2021, RL filed a legal case at the
449:
Writer Sig
Mickelson said that the NCFE's mission was to support refugees and provide them with a useful outlet for their opinions and creativity while increasing exposure to the modern world. The NCFE divided its program into three parts:
4773:
service, Radio
Azadliq, was revealed to have a leadership with links to Azerbaijan’s ruling authorities, which censored content critical of the Azerbaijani government and instead published content that promoted the government's agendas.
4161:
The Soviet government turned its efforts towards blocking reception of
Western programs. To limit access to foreign broadcasts, the Central Committee decreed that factories should remove all components allowing short-wave reception from
4726:, Radio Liberty and independent media resources experienced significant pressure from the government and law enforcement. Journalists’ accreditations were cancelled by the authorities on October 2, 2020. On July 16, 2021, the office in
4244:
magazine published an exposé claiming that the CIA was channeling funds to civilian organizations. Further investigation into the CIA's funding activities revealed its connection to both RFE and RL, sparking significant media outrage.
4285:
According to Arch
Puddington, a former bureau manager for RFL/RL, though both radio stations initially received most of their funding from the CIA, RFE maintained a strong sense of autonomy; Puddington says that under
509:. In late 1950, RFE began to assemble a full-fledged foreign broadcast staff, becoming more than a "mouthpiece for exiles". Teams of journalists were hired for each language service, and an elaborate system of
4603:, RFE/RL's Afghan service. According to REF/RL in 2009, Radio Azadi was the most popular radio station in Afghanistan, and Afghan listeners mailed hundreds of hand-written letters to the station each month.
7535:
4073:, the bombing operation was planned over two years by Department K, with the active involvement of a KGB mole inside the radio station, Oleg Tumanov. This revelation directly implicates KGB colonel
4301:
from Congress, give them to radio managements, and oversee the appropriation of funds. In 1976, the two radio stations merged to form Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) and added the three
4134:
In late 1960, an upheaval in the Czechoslovak service led to a number of dramatic changes in the organization's structure. RFE's New York headquarters could no longer effectively manage their
7355:
7029:
7781:
446:" campaign. In 1950, over 16 million Americans signed Eisenhower's "Freedom Scrolls" on a publicity trip to more than 20 U.S. cities and contributed $ 1,317,000 to the expansion of RFE.
9494:
7560:
Cummings, Richard (2008). "The Ether War: Hostile Intelligence Activities Directed Against Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, and the Émigré Community in Munich during the Cold War".
7451:
332:, an independent government agency overseeing all international broadcasting services that receive American government support. Nicola Careem is the organization's editor-in-chief.
4505:
the station's activities through a range of tactics, including extensive jamming, shutting down local re-broadcasting affiliates, or finding legal excuses to close down offices.
4644:("Torch"), was created in an attempt to counter the growing number of local Islamic extremist radio stations broadcasting in the border region between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
4054:
On February 21, 1981, RFE/RL's headquarters in Munich was struck by a massive bomb, causing $ 2 million in damage. Several employees were injured, but there were no fatalities.
4197:. The end to jamming came abruptly on 21 November 1988 when Soviet and Eastern European jamming of virtually all foreign broadcasts, including RFE/RL services, ceased at 21:00
5907:
tr. "Andrey Soldatov - Spies are walking around Chechnya glumly... World intelligence centers are studying Russia through North Caucasian binoculars. Today, February 24, 2000"
4549:
suspended broadcasts of Radio Azattyk, RFE/RL's Kyrgyz language service, because it had asked that the government be able to pre-approve its programming. Other states such as
561:
10829:
4290:, the CIA officer in charge of overseeing broadcast services from 1954 to 1971, the CIA took a position of minimal government interference in radio affairs and programming.
4744:
In March 2023, criminal case was opened against Moscow resident Yury Kokhovets, a participant in the RFE/RL's street poll. He faced up to 10 years in prison under Russia's
4209:
During the Cold War, RFE was often criticized in the United States as not being sufficiently anti-communist. Although its non-governmental status spared it from full scale
4364:
11064:
7333:
5999:
5876:
10989:
1584:
6731:
4896:
The RFE broadcast's ('notorious', according to Rawnley) role in the crisis was established by a United Nations Committee looking into the crisis in 1957 already.
121:
11034:
8017:
7847:
7825:
5559:
4097:
on April 26, 1986, the official Eastern Bloc media did not report any news about the disaster, nor any full account for another four months. According to the
9680:
7473:
9111:
6456:
2074:
1546:
7174:
1632:
1536:
7055:
4648:
says that it broadcasts local and international news with in-depth reports on terrorism, politics, women's issues, and health care (with an emphasis on
9159:
7375:
7306:
4500:
in 2001 in the US, the building was protected by security concrete barriers. These reduced the capacity of the most frequented roads in Prague center.
11054:
11029:
4652:). The station broadcasts roundtable discussions and interviews with tribal leaders and local policymakers, in addition to regular call-in programs.
1431:
4541:
RFE/RL says that it continues to struggle with authoritarian regimes for permission to broadcast freely within their countries. On January 1, 2009,
10979:
10814:
10341:
9091:
7990:
7942:
4278:
to deliberate RFE/RL's future. The commission proposed that funding come directly from the United States Congress and that a new organization, the
7262:
8658:
7196:
5588:
5440:
2337:
355:
10900:
8409:
8218:
5905:Андрей Солдатов – По Чечне шпионы ходят хмуро... Мировые разведцентры изучают Россию через северокавказский бинокль. Сегодня, 24 февраля 2000 (
4673:
4118:, Communist Poland's security service) successfully infiltrated the station with an operative, Captain Andrzej Czechowicz. According to former
10974:
5226:
1999:
599:
during World War II. In 1955, Radio Liberty began broadcasting programs to Russia's eastern provinces from shortwave transmitters located on
6832:
866:
10890:
7218:
6979:
2386:
1590:
1489:
1177:
1172:
439:
issued broad policy directives, and a system evolved where broadcast policy was determined through negotiation between them and RFE staff.
7441:
11044:
10864:
9751:
4925:
4733:
In Russia, the government designated radio's website as a "foreign agent" on May 14, 2021. RL's bank accounts were frozen. By that time,
1422:
525:
publications and radio services, creating a body of information that would later serve as a resource for organizations across the world.
11059:
10854:
8010:
7240:
4434:
2133:
7536:"Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Has Lost Its Uniqueness Warns Former Director of Radio Liberty's Russian Service | Free Media Online"
10943:
5809:
2916:
2809:
1142:
1137:
7082:
4917:
4680:– led by RFE/RL in cooperation with VOA – expanded to become a 24/7 digital and TV stream for Russian-speaking audiences worldwide.
11049:
10969:
10895:
8928:
6643:
6901:
6709:
6553:
10331:
8975:
7006:
5978:
4275:
305:
6333:
4138:
subsidiary. As a result major management responsibilities were transferred to Munich, making RFE a European-based organization.
10824:
9096:
6504:
2188:
2183:
2060:
1246:
1241:
10984:
10819:
8754:
8441:
8419:
8003:
7938:
7894:
7859:
7837:
7793:
7663:
6155:
4778:
4723:
4617:
The following month RFE/RL introduced a daily, one-hour Russian-language broadcast, broadcasting to the breakaway regions of
4347:
to stay in touch with the Russian people during this turbulent period. Boris Yeltsin later expressed his gratitude through a
9842:
7929:
6788:
366:
as an anti-communist propaganda source in 1949, while RL was founded two years later. They received funds covertly from the
11039:
9661:
9586:
9246:
8846:
8121:
6928:
6810:
5091:
4669:
4294:
4279:
4030:, RFE broadcasts encouraged rebels to fight and suggested that Western support was imminent. These RFE broadcasts violated
3117:
2539:
1728:
1723:
1290:
1285:
420:
363:
7104:
6669:
5375:
4633:), focused on local and international news and current affairs, organized in coordination with RFE/RL's Georgian Service.
11019:
11014:
10859:
9266:
8399:
7759:
7284:
6003:
5884:
4695:
2245:
2240:
1595:
1301:
1296:
1257:
1252:
943:
938:
927:
916:
8508:
8436:
6774:
4282:(BIB) would simultaneously link the stations and the federal government, and serve as an editorial buffer between them.
11004:
10948:
10301:
9396:
8374:
8259:
8213:
8208:
8154:
7500:
5941:
5213:
3113:
2891:
2886:
2784:
2779:
2715:
1673:
1668:
1452:
1381:
1376:
1268:
1263:
435:
in 1949. RFE/RL received funds covertly from the CIA until 1972. During RFE's earliest years of existence, the CIA and
4805:
2382:
2372:
10033:
9596:
8866:
8807:
8050:
7815:
7686:
7609:
6431:
6374:
6147:
6110:
5140:
4930:
4584:, to "violently disrupt the Iraqi broadcasting of Radio Free Europe". IIS planned to attack the headquarters with an
4485:
4403:
4264:
2659:
2654:
2602:
2597:
2490:
2485:
1838:
1833:
1326:
1321:
1279:
1274:
436:
17:
8604:
7636:(Trans. by Maya Latynski. Cold War International History Project Series) (Stanford University Press, 2015). 456 pp.
5918:Евгений Крутиков – Шпиономания. В Тель-Авиве предостерегают Россию от пакистанской разведки. Известия, 9 июля 2001 (
9736:
9731:
9226:
9189:
8918:
8364:
5567:
4745:
4415:
4194:
3140:
2466:
2461:
1783:
1778:
1457:
1089:
1084:
9414:
9276:
8960:
10999:
9837:
9766:
9666:
9544:
9316:
9306:
8893:
8280:
7875:
6688:
4703:
4611:
4343:
enriched sparse domestic coverage of the event and drew in a wide audience. The broadcasts allowed Gorbachev and
4142:
3465:
3250:
2929:
2822:
2478:
2473:
1948:
1943:
1893:
1888:
806:
728:
395:
9231:
9118:
9106:
4259:
18, which would have removed funding for RFE and RL from the CIA's budget, appropriated $ 30 million to pay for
10994:
9887:
9656:
9236:
9138:
8871:
8315:
8310:
7126:
6169:
5920:
tr. "Evgeny Krutikov - Spy mania. Tel Aviv warns Russia against Pakistani intelligence. Izvestia, July 9, 2001"
4738:
4360:
2315:
covered by the Slovak Desk of the Czechoslovak Service (1950–1954, 1955–1993) and by Slovak Service (1993–2004)
985:
95:
9556:
9286:
8797:
8569:
11069:
11024:
10834:
9849:
9802:
9566:
9489:
9221:
8116:
4872:
4407:
2399:
879:
528:
In addition to its regular broadcasts, RFE spread broadcasts through a series of operations that distributed
9281:
8990:
8913:
8584:
4445:
proceeded for three more years under the agreement with Czech Radio. In 2004 RFE/RL stopped broadcasting to
4111:
11009:
9867:
9827:
9797:
9746:
9606:
9524:
9520:
9391:
9321:
9086:
8903:
8669:
8564:
8496:
8026:
7746:
7356:"Russian police upgrade charges against Moscow resident in 'fake news' case over comment for Radio Liberty"
6902:"'We got our f**** a***s beat, Yankees made their point': Russian mercenaries in Syria lament U.S. strikes"
6491:
4707:
4589:
4027:
4015:
2904:
2797:
588:
482:
329:
191:
6746:
4569:
prohibit re-broadcasting to local stations, making programming difficult for average listeners to access.
4369:
10839:
10311:
10306:
10023:
9701:
9429:
9174:
9133:
9077:
8980:
8861:
8819:
8724:
8249:
8203:
7803:
4235:
2413:
1039:
792:
714:
529:
478:. The implementation of surrogate radio stations was a key part of the greater psychological war effort.
367:
7889:
6966:
6953:
5059:
308:-funded international media organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analyses to
10676:
9897:
9882:
9872:
9726:
9326:
8814:
8617:
8384:
4581:
4110:
purpose of gathering information on the radio station's activities. From 1965 to 1971, an agent of the
180:
In the past also Polish, Czech, Slovak, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian and various other languages; see
378:
regularly jammed the organization's radio signals. Between 1949 and 1995, RFE/RL was headquartered at
10905:
10781:
10726:
10546:
9534:
9241:
8802:
8414:
8331:
6423:
6390:
4766:, has accepted a request from the Culture Ministry to ban the operations of RFE/RL's Kyrgyz Service.
4058:
files opened after 1989 indicated that the bombing was carried out by a group under the direction of
818:
813:
513:
provided up-to-date broadcast material. Most of this material came from a network of well-connected
10531:
10098:
9361:
9251:
9005:
8549:
7418:
3916:
3262:
1574:
1494:
740:
735:
31:
10271:
7730:
Cold War Radio: The Russian Broadcasts of the Voice of America and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
9761:
9706:
9691:
9631:
9439:
9419:
9179:
8856:
8461:
7393:
6760:
4752:
8664:
4741:, accusing the Russian government of violating freedom of expression and freedom of the media.
4011:
10551:
10055:
9449:
9123:
8599:
8359:
8354:
8147:
6527:
6366:
4411:
4386:
believed this account and passed it along to major news organizations, who broadcast it. After
3291:
2968:
2861:
2366:
584:
533:
510:
10761:
591:
on the outskirts of Munich, employing several former Nazi agents who had been involved in the
548:
Antennas of RFE's/RL's transmission facilities on the beach of Pals (Catalonia, Spain) in 2005
485:(RIAS) a U.S. government-sponsored radio service initially intended for Germans living in the
335:
Presented in 27 languages to 23 countries, RFE/RL has been headquartered in the Czech city of
10786:
10070:
10065:
9832:
9721:
9676:
9636:
9571:
9515:
9434:
9216:
9030:
8908:
8826:
8734:
8699:
8609:
8554:
8451:
8292:
4858:
4318:
4238:
until 1972. The CIA's relationship with the radio stations began to break down in 1967, when
4198:
3302:
2522:
2518:
325:
7148:
6628:
5858:
4599:
urged his government to provide assistance to a rape victim after listening to her story on
4433:
in Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian languages. In the late 1990s RFE/RL launched broadcast to
3999:
580:
387:
10326:
10093:
9948:
9902:
9817:
9812:
9611:
9510:
9459:
9454:
9346:
9301:
9256:
9194:
9025:
9000:
8950:
8878:
8792:
8642:
8244:
8223:
8109:
4877:
4853:
4514:
4249:
4185:
3995:
3629:
1716:
656:
87:
6761:"FLASHBACK (Sep. 18, 2009) Holbrooke at RFE Event: 'Deal with Taliban Propaganda Head-On'"
5817:
4636:
On January 15, 2010, RFE/RL began broadcasting to the Pashtun tribal areas of Pakistan in
4063:
4043:
575:
four days later. In order to better serve a greater geographic area, RFE supplemented its
505:, West Germany, and on July 4 of the same year RFE completed its first broadcast aimed at
8:
10771:
10686:
10681:
10581:
10444:
10241:
10125:
10040:
9928:
9781:
9776:
9756:
9741:
9651:
9646:
9551:
9484:
9474:
9386:
9381:
9371:
9271:
9211:
9184:
9010:
8995:
8965:
8943:
8729:
8719:
8446:
8369:
8339:
8323:
4934:
4668:, "to provide audiences in countries bordering Russia with a balanced alternative to the
4649:
4480:
4348:
4298:
4240:
3892:
3729:
3668:
3254:
2698:
2532:
2327:
2176:
1218:
620:
443:
391:
9626:
9539:
7995:
7419:"Bishkek Court Approves Ministry Request To Shut Down RFE/RL's Operations In Kyrgyzstan"
5013:
4985:
10925:
10721:
10706:
10631:
10611:
10606:
10591:
10438:
10186:
9938:
9822:
9576:
9479:
9464:
9376:
9366:
9341:
9336:
9101:
9055:
8970:
8955:
8898:
8714:
8637:
8513:
8404:
8394:
7977:
7963:
7933:
7717:
7598:
7577:
5653:
5645:
5176:
5111:
4839:. The program was cancelled on April 10, 2004 due to "the change of Liberty's format".
4714:
to register as foreign agents under the law ФЗ N 121-ФЗ / 20.07.2012 in December 2017.
4214:
4094:
4069:
But, according to the former head of the KGB Counterintelligence Department K, general
4003:
3943:
3904:
3717:
3704:
3617:
3386:
activated as part of Czechoslovak Service (1950–1992) and as Czech Service (1993–1995)
2647:
2233:
1077:
972:
616:
467:
424:
10621:
10450:
7949:
5975:
4213:
investigations, several RFE journalists, including the director of the Czech service,
862:
10938:
10791:
10736:
10711:
10666:
10596:
10571:
10536:
10526:
10495:
10382:
10266:
10236:
9973:
9963:
9877:
9771:
9616:
9331:
9128:
8985:
8938:
8836:
8787:
8761:
8739:
8579:
8559:
8503:
8491:
8305:
8140:
7855:
7833:
7811:
7789:
7733:
7721:
7698:"Stealing the Monopoly of Knowledge?: Soviet Reactions to U.S. Cold War Broadcasting"
7682:
7675:
7659:
7605:
7581:
6578:
6496:
6437:
6427:
6370:
6151:
6143:
6106:
5937:
5709:"Policy Review of Voice for Free Hungary Programming, October 23 – November 23, 1956"
5657:
5637:
5209:
5168:
5136:
4402:
In 1995, RFE/RL moved its headquarters from Munich to Prague, to the building of the
4329:
4222:
4150:
4074:
4059:
4031:
3508:
3453:
3396:
3095:
2708:
1661:
1622:
1394:
1369:
1130:
921:
856:
660:
652:
596:
521:
and based its bureaus in regions popular with exiles. RFE also extensively monitored
419:
Radio Free Europe was created and grew in its early years through the efforts of the
379:
10915:
10586:
7637:
7175:"Belarus authorities block access to more independent media added to extremist list"
6603:
6485:
5784:
3186:
3126:
1580:
517:
and interviews with travelers and defectors. RFE did not use paid agents inside the
10701:
10626:
10556:
10541:
10521:
10468:
10251:
10246:
10226:
10176:
10166:
9993:
9958:
9943:
9892:
9621:
9561:
9401:
9060:
9040:
8749:
8691:
8685:
8652:
8632:
8622:
8471:
8272:
8264:
8038:
7984:
7970:
7956:
7709:
7651:
7643:
7569:
7056:"Amidst Political Turmoil in Belarus, a Revival of Trust in Independent Journalism"
6419:
War of the black heavens : the battles of Western broadcasting in the Cold War
6358:
5633:
5629:
5103:
4862:
4711:
4661:
4493:
4391:
4375:
4153:
would later recall secretly listening to the broadcasts despite the heavy jamming.
4146:
4119:
4098:
3799:
3760:
3653:
3583:
3545:
3278:
3266:
3177:
3152:
2981:
2590:
2544:
2050:
2038:
1651:
covered by Russian Service (1970s–2009) and by Ekho Kavkaza Service (2009–present)
1614:
covered by Russian Service (1970s–2009) and by Ekho Kavkaza Service (2009–present)
1566:
covered by Russian Service (1970s–2009) and by Ekho Kavkaza Service (2009–present)
1514:
covered by Russian Service (1970s–2009) and by Ekho Kavkaza Service (2009–present)
1314:
1165:
648:
636:
553:
463:
341:
7197:"Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, Russia: Official pressure rising against RFE/RL"
5593:
2301:
2070:
1628:
1542:
1532:
10920:
10776:
10766:
10751:
10731:
10716:
10691:
10636:
10401:
10369:
10261:
10221:
9983:
9978:
9918:
9859:
9591:
9469:
9296:
9261:
9169:
9164:
8888:
8782:
8456:
8389:
8379:
8344:
8300:
8287:
8239:
8099:
8087:
8067:
7743:
Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
7504:
6137:
5982:
4867:
4832:
4699:
4637:
4607:
4438:
4190:
3681:
3436:
3314:
3222:
3182:
3122:
3060:
2513:
2454:
1826:
1771:
1522:
1482:
1026:
778:
628:
624:
608:
8883:
5618:"Radio Free Europe and the Catholic Church in Poland During the 1950s and 1960s"
374:
frequently sent agents to infiltrate RFE's headquarters, and the Soviet Union's
30:"Radio Free Europe" and "Radio Liberty" redirect here. For the R.E.M. song, see
10746:
10671:
10661:
10656:
10516:
10256:
10045:
9968:
9696:
9601:
9351:
9291:
8923:
8841:
8744:
8704:
8674:
8574:
8529:
7112:
6334:"1989: the Velvet Revolution in context (or how 'November' began in 'January')"
4684:
4577:
4510:
4489:
4442:
3748:
covered by Russian Service (1953–2002) and Ekho Kavkaza Service (2016–present)
3367:
3354:
3036:
3023:
2720:
2376:
2288:
2123:
2064:
2036:
covered by Russian Service (1970s–2002) and Ekho Kavkaza Service (2016–present)
1936:
1881:
753:
700:
644:
640:
632:
592:
506:
493:
309:
7655:
7573:
7030:"Russia designates Radio Free Europe and Voice of America as 'foreign agents'"
6845:
5846:
Spymaster. My Thirty-two Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West.
5708:
846:
the Slovak desk split from Czechoslovak Service as Slovak Service (1993–2004)
571:
on March 1, 1953, gaining a substantial audience when it covered the death of
10963:
10910:
10756:
10651:
10616:
10601:
10561:
10103:
9933:
9671:
9581:
9444:
9424:
9311:
9072:
9050:
9015:
8594:
8589:
8544:
8466:
8426:
8175:
8092:
7446:
7360:
7334:"Radio Free Europe sues Russia at European court over 'foreign agent' action"
7007:"RT's editor-in-chief on election meddling, being labeled Russian propaganda"
6500:
5641:
5172:
4836:
4645:
4641:
4618:
4344:
4322:
4302:
4271:
4252:
4170:
3924:
3824:
2994:
1989:
1470:
1214:
932:
802:
788:
724:
710:
572:
432:
411:
351:
136:
123:
42:
35:
7697:
7512:
6441:
5734:
5555:
4959:
3991:
3087:
activated as Slovak Desk of the Czechoslovak Service, between 1950 and 1993
1995:
10696:
10646:
10576:
10566:
10420:
10408:
10395:
10201:
10028:
9529:
8777:
8627:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8182:
7442:"Former Radio Free Europe staff demand probe over 'pro-Azerbaijan content'"
7083:"RFE/RL office raided, journalists detained as Belarus crackdown continues"
6459:[Dead Šmíd from Národní třída. A major event that did not happen].
6337:
6142:, Martin J. Manning, Herbert Romerstein. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004.
5861:[Radio Liberty: Programs: History and Modernity: Time Difference].
4734:
4596:
4558:
4497:
4218:
4163:
4070:
3258:
1339:
1222:
768:
the Czech desk split from Czechoslovak Service as Czech Service (1993–1995)
557:
518:
475:
428:
371:
359:
313:
280:
7768:
Radio Free Europe and the pursuit of democracy: My War Within the Cold War
7713:
7474:"Radio Free Europe named 'undesirable organisation' by Russian government"
7376:"'I stand by my opinion': Russian on trial for critical Ukraine interview"
5072:
5062:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. www.rferl.org. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
3050:
activated as Czech Desk of the Czechoslovak Service, between 1950 and 1993
2446:
covered by Russian Service (1953–1954) and Ukrainian Service (1954–1960s)
2333:
1418:
57:
10741:
10346:
10316:
10171:
10161:
10060:
9923:
9716:
9205:
9035:
9020:
8831:
8679:
8647:
8534:
8349:
8254:
8193:
8082:
8077:
6876:
6417:
4600:
4534:
4340:
4260:
4256:
4210:
3754:
3615:
covered by Russian Service (1953–1975) and by Latvian Service (1975–2001)
3573:
3005:
2941:
2936:
2911:
2881:
2834:
2829:
2804:
2774:
568:
522:
514:
502:
486:
321:
234:
203:
6775:"RFE/RL Launching Russian-Language Show to South Ossetia & Abkhazia"
5649:
5617:
5227:"U.S. Repeals Propaganda Ban, Spreads Government-Made News to Americans"
5180:
5156:
4793:
1427:
442:
Radio Free Europe received widespread public support from Eisenhower's "
10500:
10211:
10181:
10135:
10050:
10018:
10010:
9953:
9641:
9356:
9045:
8933:
8539:
8060:
7677:
America's Other Voice: the Story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
6461:
5859:"Радио Свобода: Программы: История и современность: Разница во времени"
5115:
5041:
4770:
4763:
4566:
4562:
4546:
4542:
4525:
4466:
4430:
4429:
in 1997. On January 31, 1994, RFE/RL launched broadcasts to the former
4379:
4287:
4248:
In 1971, the radio stations came under public spotlight once more when
3880:
3642:
3496:
3198:
2424:
1961:
1906:
1851:
1796:
1741:
9154:
7914:
7219:"Belarus expands opposition crackdown with raids on independent media"
6859:"Настоящее Время – новости и репортажи из России, Украины, стран Азии"
6846:
Current Time Network Launches Real News, For Real People, In Real Time
5537:
4660:
On October 14, 2014, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) and the
10796:
10641:
10490:
10463:
10276:
10231:
10140:
10108:
10088:
10080:
9409:
9199:
7945:
and made publicly available through the Wilson Center Digital Archive
7627:
Cold War Broadcasting: Impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
5444:
4545:
imposed a ban on all foreign media in the country, including RFE/RL.
4454:
2557:
2420:
2146:
2129:
576:
544:
7770:. Yale University Press. Urban was the director of RFE in the 1980s.
6980:"RFE/RL Relaunches Operations In Hungary Amid Drop In Media Freedom"
5107:
3658:
covered by the Serbian Desk of Balkan Service between 1994 and 2000
3537:
covered by the Serbian Desk of Balkan Service between 1994 and 1999
3420:
908:
10375:
10216:
10113:
9988:
9807:
9711:
8851:
8709:
8163:
4835:
from 1989 to 2004. The theme song of the program was "So Tired" by
4622:
4470:
4458:
4383:
4333:
4293:
In 1974, they came under the control of an organization called the
3973:
3868:
3812:
3073:
2510:
covered by Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Uzbek Services (1953–1966, 1979–1998)
2087:
2055:
2012:
1444:
1406:
1102:
831:
471:
386:. Another broadcast site was operated at the Portuguese village of
347:
317:
9495:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
3245:
10321:
10206:
10196:
10145:
9686:
8431:
8055:
6528:"RFE/RL's Vidishiqi Recalls 25 Years, One Mission In The Balkans"
4848:
4759:
4550:
4530:
4474:
4462:
4446:
4422:
4387:
3692:
3409:
3234:
3108:
2733:
2258:
2201:
1686:
1527:
1118:
998:
955:
892:
797:
783:
7307:"Kremlin bears down on Moscow bureau of US-funded radio station"
7263:"Belarus conducts new raids on journalists and rights activists"
6457:"Mrtvý Šmíd z Národní třídy. Stěžejní událost, která se nestala"
5834:[Oleg Tumanov, "KGB AGENT CONFESSIONS", PART III - end].
3954:
2270:
497:
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Building in Prague-Hagibor, 2008
10389:
10191:
10130:
9065:
8104:
6811:"RFE/RL Launches Radio Station in Pakistan's Pashtun Heartland"
6789:"RFE/RL Launches Radio Station in Pakistan's Pashtun Heartland"
6105:. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. 51–64.
5877:"The Russian Teddy Bear was a KGB Mole: The Oleg Tumanov Story"
4960:"RFE/RL – Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty – Source description"
4529:
A reporter for RFE/RL's Afghan Service interviews a citizen in
4450:
4426:
4414:
reduced funding significantly and placed the service under the
4135:
4007:
3978:
3930:
3856:
3835:
3596:
3532:
3521:
3441:
3425:
covered by the Romanian Service between 1950–1953 and 1990–1998
3327:
3210:
3165:
2874:
2672:
2615:
2317:
2103:
1190:
1052:
1014:
719:
705:
600:
383:
336:
278:
rferlo2zxgv23tct66v45s5mecftol5vod3hf4rqbipfp46fqu2q56ad.onion
159:
7622:(Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Stanford University Press, 2010)
7620:
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty: The CIA Years and Beyond.
6858:
6633:, interview with RFE/RL President Thomas Dine, January 9, 2002
4374:, a porter at a dormitory in Prague, reported that a student,
4308:
3784:
562:
American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia
10874:
10830:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
10336:
10119:
8198:
5832:"Олег Туманов, "ПРИЗНАНИЯ АГЕНТА КГБ", ЧАСТЬ III – окончание"
5560:"RFE demolished the information wall of the communist regime"
5441:"Soviet Cold War Operations against RFE/RL Ukrainian Service"
5417:
5256:
4727:
4585:
4351:
allowing Radio Liberty to open a permanent bureau in Moscow.
4055:
2957:
2850:
1351:
603:. In 1959, Radio Liberty commenced broadcasts from a base at
455:
451:
79:
1949 (Radio Free Europe), 1953 (Radio Liberty), 1976 (merger)
7808:
A Szabad Európa Rádió a forradalom napjaiban – Autobiography
4606:
In September 2009, RFE/RL announced that it would begin new
3490:
1698:
579:
from Lampertheim with broadcasts from a transmitter base at
398:, the organization's European operations have been reduced.
10414:
10296:
8188:
8132:
8043:
7852:
Antologia Radio Europa Liberă – 101 contribuții (1956-1990)
7105:"Journalism in Belarus: 'Like walking through a minefield'"
6000:"Cummings, Richard, "The Best Spy Stories of the Cold War""
4781:' by Russia, effectively making it illegal in the country.
4573:
4554:
4178:
3773:
3558:
3478:
3460:
3448:
2767:
2213:
2158:
1973:
1863:
1808:
1753:
1234:
1202:
604:
7501:"Дмитрий Савицкий: "Я был антисоветчиком с младых ногтей""
4363:
in 1989 and brutal crackdown by Czechoslovak riot police,
2436:
10869:
10849:
10844:
8025:
7906:
6833:
New TV Show Brings 'Facts, not Lies', to Russian Speakers
5622:
Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes
5092:"The voices of America in international radio propaganda"
4174:
1918:
501:
In January 1950, the NCFE obtained a transmitter base at
415:
Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty Newsroom in Munich, 1994
375:
6710:"Czech Intelligence Reveals Iraqi Plot To Attack RFE/RL"
6192:
6190:
5208:
Weiner, Tim: "Legacy of Ashes", p. 36. Doubleday, 2007.
4730:
and homes of the journalists were raided by the police.
663:, and other languages of the Caucasus and Central Asia.
7756:
Sparks of Liberty: An Insider's Memoir of Radio Liberty
7702:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian & Eurasian History
7285:"Russia freezes bank accounts of US broadcaster RFE/RL"
7102:
5810:""Voices of Hope" Hoover Institution exhibit on RFE/RL"
5735:"The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents"
4664:(VOA) launched a new Russian-language TV news program,
4042:
RFE was seen as a serious threat by Romanian president
5962:
Sparks of Liberty: An Insiders Memoir of Radio Liberty
5422:
5420:
5263:
5261:
5259:
271:
7830:
Ne-au ținut în viață – Radio Europa Liberă, 1970-1990
7241:"Belarus Jails Students and Raids Media in Crackdown"
6929:"RFE/RL To Launch News Services In Romania, Bulgaria"
6243:
6241:
6187:
5192:
5190:
4354:
4169:
The most extensive form of reception obstruction was
2356:
covered by Uzbek Service (1953–1960s, 1970s–present)
6644:"Radio Free Europe opens new headquarters in Prague"
5688:
5589:"Sixty years of RFE: 'Best propaganda is the truth'"
5378:, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (August 22, 2016).
3427:
covered by the Russian Service between 1953 and 1990
264:
7629:(Budapest: Central European University Press, 2010)
5851:
5405:
7983:is available for free viewing and download at the
7969:is available for free viewing and download at the
7955:is available for free viewing and download at the
7915:"Farda English - Life Inside Iran - Iran protests"
7674:
7597:
7440:Adilgizi, Lamiya; Rowley, Tom (8 September 2023).
6484:
6238:
6202:
6161:
5936:. Hoover Institute Press Publication. p. 57.
5187:
4683:Around 2017, Voice of America and RFE/RL launched
3990:According to certain European politicians such as
3977:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty transmitter site,
370:until 1972. The two organizations merged in 1976.
11065:United States government propaganda organizations
7149:"Belarus: Freedom on the Net 2022 Country Report"
4513:attacks and general terrorist threats. After the
3845:covered by Georgian Service between 1953 and 2009
3789:covered by Persian Service between 1998 and 2002
2757:covered by Russian Service between 1953 and 1975
2639:covered by Russian Service between 1953 and 1975
2582:covered by Russian Service between 1953 and 1975
2280:covered by Russian Service between 1953 and 1954
2223:covered by Russian Service between 1953 and 1954
10961:
10815:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
7943:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
7507:: "I was an anti-Soviet from a young age"].
5976:Old spy scandals still haunting US broadcasters?
4670:disinformation produced by Russian media outlets
4062:(known as "Carlos the Jackal"), and paid for by
2696:covered by Russian Service between 1953 and 1975
10990:Central Intelligence Agency front organizations
9252:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
8659:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
6554:"An Interview with RFE/RL Chief Jeffrey Gedmin"
6167:
4918:"Inspection of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty"
7780:
7439:
7127:"Belarus: Crackdown on Independent Journalism"
7047:
6670:"First Broadcast From New RFE/RL Headquarters"
6363:Revolution 1989: The Fall Of The Soviet Empire
5133:Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA
4964:European Country of Origin Information Network
3015:covered by Russian Service (1953–early 1990s)
11035:Organizations listed in Russia as undesirable
8148:
8011:
7625:Johnson, A. Ross and R. Eugene Parta (eds.),
6689:"Azerbaijan Bans RFE/RL, VOA, BBC Broadcasts"
5785:"Special Feature: The 1981 Bombing of RFE/RL"
4755:for the coverage of Russia's War on Ukraine.
4049:
350:, RFE was primarily aimed at broadcasting to
10891:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
8442:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
7634:Poland's War on Radio Free Europe, 1950–1989
7199:. US Agency for Global Media. 9 October 2020
7103:Bogdana Alexandrowskaja (26 November 2020).
7074:
6139:Historical dictionary of American propaganda
6100:
4104:
9752:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
7939:RFE/RL collection of declassified documents
7172:
6730:Kathleen Parker "Mightier than the Sword".
6551:
6101:Johnson, A. Ross; Parta, R. Eugene (2010).
5955:
5953:
5161:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
4926:Office of Inspector General (United States)
4267:to temporarily oversee the radio stations.
4217:, were accused of being soft on Communism.
10855:United States involvement in regime change
8410:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
8155:
8141:
8018:
8004:
7740:
7119:
7096:
6283:
6271:
6247:
6232:
6220:
6196:
6125:
6052:
6028:
5848:Basic Books, Philadelphia, 2009 pp. 224–25
5758:
5682:
5387:
5363:
5351:
5339:
5315:
5303:
5291:
5250:
5196:
4751:In 2022, Radio Free Europe was awarded an
4378:, had been killed during the clashes. The
556:countries, Radio Liberty broadcast to the
7672:
7331:
6552:Geran Pilon, Juliana (12 December 2008).
6357:
6259:
6208:
6016:
5670:
5524:
5512:
5500:
5464:
5439:Cummings, Richard H. (14 December 2021).
5376:Using Balloons to Breach The Iron Curtain
5327:
5279:
4724:Belarusian presidential elections of 2020
4702:to register as a foreign agent under the
4014:in 1956 served as an inspiration for the
2917:Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
2810:Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
11030:Media listed in Russia as foreign agents
7695:
7642:
7559:
7498:
7166:
7141:
6686:
6088:
6076:
6064:
6040:
5950:
5770:
5706:
5694:
5615:
5438:
5426:
5267:
4777:In February 2024, RFE was listed as an '
4524:
4479:
4317:Funding for RFE/RL increased during the
3972:
3346:activated as Polish Service (1950–1994)
2113:covered by Russian Service (1970s–2002)
543:
492:
410:
10980:American propaganda during the Cold War
8981:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
7595:
7394:"2022 Online Journalism Awards Winners"
7053:
6704:
6702:
6483:Ash, Timothy Garton (5 November 2009).
5488:
5476:
5411:
5399:
5036:
5034:
4588:from a window across the street. Czech
4305:language services to their repertoire.
4297:(BIB). The BIB was designed to receive
3998:and the highly publicized defection of
3950:
3831:
3780:
3688:
3649:
3528:
3431:Romanian Service split from it in 2019
3429:Romanian Service merged into it in 2008
3416:
3298:
3241:
3001:
2951:
2844:
2432:
2266:
2209:
2154:
2097:
1969:
1914:
1859:
1804:
1749:
1694:
1402:
1347:
1198:
1112:
1008:
902:
552:Whereas Radio Free Europe broadcast to
14:
10962:
10825:Russian espionage in the United States
9097:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
7930:RFE/RL Broadcast and Corporate Records
7802:
7080:
7027:
6926:
6415:
6331:
5224:
5089:
5008:
5006:
4572:In 1998, RFE/RL began broadcasting to
3985:
567:Radio Liberty began broadcasting from
181:
10820:Soviet espionage in the United States
8976:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
8755:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
8420:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
8136:
7999:
7846:
7824:
7753:
7732:(University of Nebraska Press, 2022)
7454:from the original on 8 September 2023
6525:
6454:
6319:
6307:
6295:
6170:"Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty"
5959:
5931:
5707:Griffith, William (4 November 2002).
5554:
5154:
5150:
5148:
4824:
4484:In 1994–2008, RFE/RL used the former
4122:Polish service director Ted Lipien:
4093:For the first two days following the
4088:
962:split from Moldavian service in 2019
960:merged into Moldavian Service in 2008
34:. For the UCKG UK radio station, see
11055:Soviet Union–United States relations
10975:1949 establishments in New York City
10896:Soviet Union–United States relations
9247:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
8122:Worldnet Television and Film Service
7681:. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers.
6699:
6687:Sindelar, Daisy (30 December 2008).
6507:from the original on 15 January 2016
6455:Šiška, Miroslav (18 November 2018).
6168:A. Ross Johnson (7 September 2021).
5127:
5125:
5031:
4831:The program was a musical review by
4788:
4406:. It had been vacant since the 1992
4295:Board for International Broadcasting
4280:Board for International Broadcasting
3118:Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2022:
666:
421:National Committee for a Free Europe
406:
364:National Committee for a Free Europe
27:US-funded international media outlet
10860:Soviet involvement in regime change
7786:Directorul postului nostru de radio
7760:Pennsylvania State University Press
7129:. Human Rights Watch. 29 March 2021
7054:Phillip, Annie (23 November 2020).
6526:Shute, Claudia (12 February 2019).
6482:
5003:
4696:United States Department of Justice
1596:Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast
24:
11045:Radio stations established in 1949
10901:Soviet Union–United States summits
8375:1947 Polish parliamentary election
8260:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
7421:. Radio Free Europe. 29 April 2023
7028:Osborn, Andrew (4 December 2017).
6695:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
6332:Kenety, Brian (16 November 2019).
5783:Cummings, Richard (9 April 2008).
5145:
4425:in 1993 and stopped broadcasts to
4355:Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution
4263:1972 activities, and required the
4002:. Arch Puddington argues that its
2887:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
2780:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
25:
11081:
11060:Ukrainian-language radio stations
9662:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
9597:United States invasion of Grenada
8867:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
8808:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
8051:Middle East Broadcasting Networks
7869:
7650:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
7499:Yakovlev, Denis (22 April 2006).
7004:
6676:(Press release). 4 February 2009.
6391:"Unraveling the Šmid death story"
5732:
5122:
4931:United States Department of State
3968:
3052:operated as RSE Inc. (1995–2002)
1067:operated as RWE Inc. (1995–1997)
770:operated as RSE Inc. (1995–2002)
9737:United States invasion of Panama
9587:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
9227:1971 Turkish military memorandum
9190:Communist insurgency in Thailand
9160:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
9092:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
8919:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
8847:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
8365:Restatement of Policy on Germany
7562:Journal of Transatlantic Studies
7533:
7527:
7492:
7466:
7433:
7411:
7386:
7368:
7348:
7325:
7299:
7277:
7255:
7243:. The Moscow Times. 16 July 2021
7233:
7211:
7189:
7021:
6998:
6972:
6959:
6946:
6920:
6894:
6869:
6851:
6838:
6825:
6803:
6781:
6767:
6422:(1st ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.:
5964:. Penn State Press. p. 195.
5934:Discoverying the Hidden Listener
5568:Government of the Czech Republic
5058:Staff Writer. (1 August 2024).
4792:
4520:
4441:in Macedonian. Broadcast to the
4416:United States Information Agency
4204:
4181:was often transmitted unjammed.
4141:According to Puddington, Polish
3936:
3909:
3897:
3885:
3873:
3861:
3849:
3817:
3805:
3766:
3722:
3710:
3674:
3635:
3589:
3551:
3514:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3402:
3383:Radio Svobodna Europa (RSE Inc.)
3360:
3320:
3284:
3227:
3215:
3203:
3191:
3181:
3170:
3158:
3141:Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
3121:
3112:
3101:
3066:
3029:
2987:
2935:
2922:
2910:
2897:
2880:
2828:
2815:
2803:
2790:
2773:
2726:
2714:
2665:
2653:
2608:
2596:
2550:
2538:
2484:
2472:
2460:
2419:
2406:
2392:
2381:
2371:
2332:
2294:
2251:
2239:
2194:
2182:
2139:
2128:
2080:
2069:
2059:
2005:
1994:
1954:
1942:
1899:
1887:
1844:
1832:
1789:
1777:
1734:
1722:
1679:
1667:
1627:
1589:
1579:
1541:
1531:
1488:
1463:
1458:South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
1451:
1437:
1426:
1417:
1387:
1375:
1332:
1320:
1295:
1284:
1273:
1262:
1251:
1240:
1227:
1213:
1183:
1171:
1136:
1095:
1083:
1045:
1032:
991:
978:
948:
937:
926:
915:
885:
872:
861:
824:
812:
801:
787:
746:
734:
723:
709:
539:
401:
279:
56:
11050:Russian-language radio stations
10970:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
10457:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
9838:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
9767:Fall of the inner German border
9667:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
9317:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
9307:Spanish transition to democracy
9267:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
8894:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
8400:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
8281:Occupation of the Baltic states
8073:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
7881:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
7553:
7173:Tanya Lokot (5 November 2021).
6984:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
6933:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
6753:
6739:
6724:
6680:
6662:
6650:. Associated Press. 12 May 2009
6636:
6622:
6596:
6571:
6545:
6519:
6476:
6448:
6409:
6383:
6351:
6325:
6313:
6301:
6289:
6277:
6265:
6253:
6226:
6214:
6131:
6119:
6094:
6082:
6070:
6058:
6046:
6034:
6022:
6010:
5992:
5968:
5925:
5912:
5899:
5869:
5838:
5824:
5802:
5789:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
5776:
5764:
5752:
5726:
5700:
5676:
5664:
5609:
5581:
5548:
5530:
5518:
5506:
5494:
5482:
5470:
5458:
5432:
5393:
5381:
5369:
5357:
5345:
5333:
5321:
5309:
5297:
5285:
5273:
5244:
5218:
5202:
5157:"The CIA and Radio Free Europe"
5077:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
4890:
4704:Foreign Agents Registration Act
4234:RFE/RL received funds from the
3251:Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2930:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
2823:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
1432:Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
807:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
729:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
587:in 1951. It also had a base at
396:dissolution of the Soviet Union
362:itself. RFE was founded by the
294:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
211:Vice President and Head of News
51:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
9237:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
8872:Mozambican War of Independence
8311:Indonesian National Revolution
7917:. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
7648:Radio Diplomacy and Propaganda
7332:Balmforth, Tom (19 May 2021).
6927:Tomiuc, Eugen (19 July 2018).
6747:"Poetry from Paktia to Prague"
5634:10.1080/00085006.2004.11092362
5083:
5065:
5052:
4978:
4952:
4910:
4739:European Court of Human Rights
4332:era in the Soviet Union under
2942:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
2835:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
560:. Radio Liberty was formed by
423:(NCFE), an anti-communist CIA
13:
1:
10835:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
9850:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
9803:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
9525:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
9490:Seven Days to the River Rhine
9222:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
8509:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
8437:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
7604:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
7287:. Deutsche Welle. 14 May 2021
7081:Crouch, Erik (16 July 2021).
5974:Lipien, Ted (23 June 2007), "
5225:Hudson, John (14 July 2013).
5096:Law and Contemporary Problems
4903:
4408:dissolution of Czechoslovakia
4404:Czechoslovak Federal Assembly
4397:
4173:. This was controlled by the
4081:in 2000 and by an article in
3343:Radio Wolna Europa (RWE Inc.)
2512:covered by Uyghur Service of
2400:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
880:Socialist Republic of Romania
390:from 1951 to 1996. Since the
10985:Anti-communist organizations
9828:Fall of communism in Albania
9798:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
9747:Polish Round Table Agreement
9087:1968 Polish political crisis
8904:Eritrean War of Independence
8670:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
8565:East German uprising of 1953
8497:Chinese Communist Revolution
8162:
8027:U.S. Agency for Global Media
7895:Resources in other libraries
7747:University Press of Kentucky
7734:online scholarly book review
7696:Mikkonen, Simo (Fall 2010).
7592:(U of Minnesota Press, 1958)
7062:. Nieman Reports Winter 2021
6763:. RFE/RL. 18 September 2009.
6693:Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty
6492:The New York Review of Books
5881:coldwarradios.blogspot.co.uk
4769:In September 2023, RFE/RL's
4676:". Over the next two years,
4590:Security Information Service
4028:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
3466:Iraqi Republic (provisional)
2905:Islamic State of Afghanistan
2798:Islamic State of Afghanistan
483:Radio in the American Sector
330:U.S. Agency for Global Media
192:U.S. Agency for Global Media
7:
11040:Propaganda radio broadcasts
9702:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
9430:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
9175:Corrective Movement (Syria)
9139:New People's Army rebellion
9134:Sino-Soviet border conflict
8862:Angolan War of Independence
8725:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
8605:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
8250:Jamaican political conflict
6558:www.worldpoliticsreview.com
5014:"Management And Governance"
4842:
4784:
4687:, and the Russian-language
4612:Afghanistan–Pakistan border
4496:. For many years after the
4421:RFE/RL ended broadcasts to
4313:and the Iron Curtain's fall
1090:Bulgarian People's Republic
986:Hungarian People's Republic
946:(1950–1953, 1990–1991) and
10:
11086:
11020:Kazakh-language mass media
11015:International broadcasters
9898:Sino-Indian border dispute
9727:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
9657:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
9415:1976 Argentine coup d'état
9327:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
9277:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
8961:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
8929:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
8618:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
8385:Asian Relations Conference
7766:Urban, George R. (1997).
6969:". 21 January 2019, RFE/RL
6967:RFE/RL Returns To Bulgaria
6956:". 14 January 2019, RFE/RL
6954:Romania Wakes Up To RFE/RL
6848:", 7 February 2017, RFE/RL
6835:". 14 October 2014, RFE/RL
6712:. RFE/RL. 30 November 2009
5073:"RFE/RL Language Services"
4986:"RFE/RL Senior Management"
4710:also requested RFE/RL and
4595:In 2008, Afghan president
4582:Iraqi Intelligence Service
4488:building of the abolished
4361:November 17 demonstrations
4229:
4156:
4050:1981 RFE/RL Munich bombing
4037:
4021:
1143:Albanian People's Republic
867:Romanian People's Republic
40:
29:
11005:Companies based in Munich
10934:
10883:
10805:
10782:William Appleman Williams
10727:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
10509:
10481:
10430:
10362:
10355:
10289:
10154:
10079:
10009:
10002:
9911:
9858:
9790:
9503:
9242:Bangladesh Liberation War
9232:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
9147:
9119:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
9107:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
8770:
8545:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
8522:
8232:
8170:
8034:
7890:Resources in your library
7741:Puddington, Arch (2003).
7656:10.1007/978-1-349-24499-7
7574:10.1080/14794010802184374
6813:. RFE/RL. 15 January 2010
6791:. RFE/RL. 14 January 2010
6777:. RFE/RL. 7 October 2009.
6749:. RFE/RL. 31 August 2009.
6424:Syracuse University Press
5932:Parta, R. Eugene (2007).
5739:National Security Archive
5713:National Security Archive
5616:Kasprzak, Michal (2004).
5090:Uttaro, Ralph A. (1982).
4674:instability in the region
4339:Its coverage of the 1991
4105:Poland and Czechoslovakia
4066:, president of Romania.
1105:(1989–2004, 2019–present)
1001:(1989–1993, 2020–present)
895:(1989–2008, 2019–present)
458:, and American contacts.
328:and is supervised by the
256:
246:
229:
221:General Counsel/Secretary
219:
209:
197:
187:
169:
152:
113:
105:
93:
83:
75:
67:
55:
9557:1980 Turkish coup d'état
9392:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
9362:1978 Somali coup attempt
9322:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
9287:1973 Chilean coup d'état
9112:Revolutionary Government
9006:South African Border War
8798:1960 Turkish coup d'état
8715:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
8570:1953 Iranian coup d'état
8550:1952 Egyptian revolution
8117:Radio y Televisión Martí
7951:1956 Crusade for Freedom
7398:Online Journalism Awards
7221:. Euronews. 16 July 2021
6579:"Journalists in trouble"
6416:Nelson, Michael (1997).
5060:"How To Bypass Blocking"
4883:
4873:Radio y Televisión Martí
4779:undesirable organization
4746:2022 war censorship laws
4717:
4655:
4640:. The service, known as
3263:Serbs in North Macedonia
2416:(2014–present, disputed)
1585:Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR
1495:Adyghe Autonomous Oblast
1040:Polish People's Republic
437:U.S. Department of State
41:Not to be confused with
32:Radio Free Europe (song)
9762:Fall of the Berlin Wall
9707:People Power Revolution
9692:Central American crisis
9632:1986 Black Sea incident
9282:1973 Afghan coup d'état
9180:Western Sahara conflict
8991:1966 Syrian coup d'état
8914:1963 Syrian coup d'état
8857:Portuguese Colonial War
8820:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
8585:1954 Syrian coup d'état
8462:Annexation of Hyderabad
8405:1947–1949 Palestine war
7673:Mickelson, Sig (1983).
7265:. Reuters. 16 July 2021
6648:San Diego Union Tribune
4753:Online Journalism Award
4592:(BIS) foiled the plot.
4270:In May 1972, President
4195:U.S. Secretary of State
3795:Georgian (Ekho Kavkaza)
2892:Republic of Afghanistan
2785:Republic of Afghanistan
2058:inhabited lands of the
1530:inhabited lands of the
1425:between 1953 and 1991,
577:shortwave transmissions
534:meteorological balloons
352:Soviet satellite states
117:Prague Broadcast Center
11000:Cold War organizations
10056:Neoclassical economics
9567:Gulf of Sidra incident
9124:1969 Libyan revolution
8815:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
8600:1954 Geneva Conference
8360:Turkish straits crisis
8355:Corfu Channel incident
7177:. Advox. Global Voices
6877:"About Polygraph.info"
6367:Orion Publishing Group
4933:. 2017. Archived from
4625:. The program, called
4538:
4501:
4412:Clinton Administration
4128:
4006:service's coverage of
3982:
3292:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2971:between 1985 and 1993
2969:Radio Free Afghanistan
2864:between 1985 and 1993
2862:Radio Free Afghanistan
1699:Ազատություն ռադիոկայան
589:Oberwiesenfeld Airport
549:
511:intelligence gathering
498:
481:RFE was modeled after
470:acknowledged that the
416:
382:in the German city of
358:, and RL targeted the
324:. RFE/RL is a private
10995:CIA-funded propaganda
10906:Russia–NATO relations
10787:Jonathan Reed Winkler
10071:Democratic capitalism
10066:Supply-side economics
10034:American conservatism
9833:Breakup of Yugoslavia
9722:Bougainville conflict
9637:South Yemen civil war
9572:Martial law in Poland
9435:Nicaraguan Revolution
9410:Dirty War (Argentina)
9217:1971 JVP insurrection
9031:Years of Lead (Italy)
8909:North Yemen civil war
8827:Berlin Crisis of 1961
8803:Albanian–Soviet split
8735:1959 Tibetan uprising
8700:Syrian Crisis of 1957
8555:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
8415:1948 Arab–Israeli War
7782:Măgură Bernard, Ioana
7714:10.1353/kri.2010.0012
7596:Johnson, Ian (2010).
6103:Cold War Broadcasting
5814:hoorferl.stanford.edu
5135:(Ivan R. Dee, 2012).
4859:Operation Mockingbird
4694:In a response to the
4528:
4483:
4319:Reagan administration
4226:shifted to Congress.
4184:During and after the
4149:and Russian reformer
4124:
4116:Służba Bezpieczeństwa
4060:Ilich Ramírez Sánchez
3976:
3693:Радио Слободна Европа
3654:Radio Slobodna Evropa
3303:Radio Slobodna Evropa
3246:Radio Slobodna Evropa
2523:Uyghurs in Kyrgyzstan
2519:Uyghurs in Kazakhstan
1473:(1991–2009, disputed)
1447:(1992–2009, disputed)
793:Czechoslovak Republic
715:Czechoslovak Republic
547:
496:
414:
372:Communist governments
326:501(c)(3) corporation
137:50.07889°N 14.47861°E
11070:Women, Life, Freedom
11025:Mass media in Prague
10327:Non-Aligned Movement
9949:Peaceful coexistence
9903:North Borneo dispute
9818:German reunification
9813:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
9511:Salvadoran Civil War
9460:Grand Mosque seizure
9455:Yemenite War of 1979
9347:Mozambican Civil War
9302:Carnation Revolution
9257:Yemenite War of 1972
9195:1970 Polish protests
9026:1967 Hong Kong riots
9001:Argentine Revolution
8951:Guatemalan Civil War
8879:Cuban Missile Crisis
8793:Bay of Pigs Invasion
8665:1956 Poznań protests
8643:Geneva Summit (1955)
8245:Hukbalahap Rebellion
8224:Non-Aligned Movement
8110:Open Technology Fund
7754:Sosin, Gene (1999).
7478:Novaya Gazeta Europe
6426:. pp. 184–186.
6369:. pp. 370–371.
5960:Sosin, Gene (2010).
5155:Meyer, Cord (2000).
4878:Women, Life, Freedom
4854:Constantine Kromiadi
4758:In 2023, a court in
4722:In the aftermath of
4631:Echo of the Caucasus
4610:broadcasting to the
4515:September 11 attacks
4186:Cuban Missile Crisis
4016:Hungarian revolution
3996:Berlin riots of 1953
3917:North Ossetia–Alania
3842:Echo of the Caucasus
2752:until 1984, then as
2691:until 1984, then as
2634:until 1984, then as
2576:until 1984, then as
2075:Checheno-Ingush ASSR
1547:Checheno-Ingush ASSR
88:501(c)3 organization
62:RFE/RL official logo
11010:Democracy promotion
10772:Alex von Tunzelmann
10762:Vladimir Tismăneanu
10687:Thomas J. McCormick
10682:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
10582:Robert Hugh Ferrell
10445:Crusade for Freedom
10242:Illiberal democracy
10126:Ho Chi Minh Thought
9929:Eisenhower Doctrine
9782:Peaceful Revolution
9777:Romanian Revolution
9757:Revolutions of 1989
9742:1988 Polish strikes
9652:Operation INFEKTION
9647:1987 Lieyu massacre
9552:Eritrean Civil Wars
9535:Peruvian Revolution
9485:1979 Herat uprising
9475:Sino-Vietnamese War
9440:Uganda–Tanzania War
9420:Egyptian–Libyan War
9387:Third Indochina War
9382:Sino-Albanian split
9372:Ethiopian Civil War
9272:Eritrean Civil Wars
9212:Ping-pong diplomacy
9185:Cambodian Civil War
9011:Korean DMZ Conflict
8996:Cultural Revolution
8966:Dominican Civil War
8944:Tlatelolco massacre
8730:1959 Mosul uprising
8720:1958 Lebanon crisis
8447:Al-Wathbah uprising
8370:First Indochina War
8340:Iran crisis of 1946
7758:. University Park:
7632:Machcewicz, Paweł.
6736:, November 21, 2008
6733:The Washington Post
6608:Wall Street Journal
5863:archive.svoboda.org
5820:on 18 October 2013.
4650:preventive medicine
4437:in Albanian and to
4349:presidential decree
3893:Karachay-Cherkessia
3730:Karachay-Cherkessia
3533:Radio Evropa e Lirë
3421:Radio Europa Liberă
3410:Republic of Moldova
3255:Serbs of Montenegro
1633:North Ossetian ASSR
1537:North Ossetian ASSR
1219:Soviet Armed Forces
956:Republic of Moldova
909:Radio Europa Liberă
800:inhabited lands of
786:inhabited lands of
722:inhabited lands of
708:inhabited lands of
444:Crusade for Freedom
427:that was formed by
392:Revolutions of 1989
306:American government
133: /
52:
10926:Russian Revolution
10722:Mary Elise Sarotte
10707:William B. Pickett
10632:Patrick J. Hearden
10612:Gabriel Gorodetsky
10607:Timothy Garton Ash
10592:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
10187:Ethnic nationalism
9939:Hallstein Doctrine
9823:Yemeni unification
9612:1985 Geneva Summit
9577:Casamance conflict
9480:New Jewel Movement
9465:Iranian Revolution
9450:Chadian–Libyan War
9397:Cambodian conflict
9377:Lebanese Civil War
9367:Western Sahara War
9342:June 1976 protests
9337:Cambodian genocide
9102:17 July Revolution
9056:Nigerian Civil War
8971:Rhodesian Bush War
8956:Colombian conflict
8899:Ramadan Revolution
8638:Bandung Conference
8514:Operation Valuable
8395:Partition of India
7934:Hoover Institution
7854:. Editura Omnium.
7832:. Editura Omnium.
7775:In other languages
7618:Johnson, A. Ross,
7600:A Mosque in Munich
7480:. 20 February 2024
6986:. 8 September 2020
6908:. 23 February 2018
6397:. 16 November 2009
5981:2011-06-10 at the
4826:49 Minutes of Jazz
4804:. You can help by
4576:. Iraqi president
4539:
4502:
4486:Federal Parliament
4276:special commission
4215:Ferdinand Peroutka
4095:Chernobyl disaster
4089:Chernobyl disaster
3983:
3944:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
3905:Kabardino-Balkaria
3718:Kabardino-Balkaria
3618:Russians in Latvia
2414:Republic of Crimea
550:
499:
474:was essentially a
468:John Foster Dulles
425:front organization
417:
388:Glória do Ribatejo
171:Official language
142:50.07889; 14.47861
50:
10957:
10956:
10944:List of conflicts
10792:Rudolph Winnacker
10737:Giles Scott-Smith
10712:Ronald E. Powaski
10667:Melvyn P. Leffler
10597:John Lewis Gaddis
10572:Robert D. English
10537:Warren H. Carroll
10527:Michael Beschloss
10496:Nuclear arms race
10477:
10476:
10383:Neues Deutschland
10285:
10284:
10267:White nationalism
10237:Liberal democracy
9974:Ulbricht Doctrine
9964:Brezhnev Doctrine
9772:Velvet Revolution
9516:Soviet–Afghan War
9332:Angolan Civil War
9129:Goulash Communism
8986:ASEAN Declaration
8939:Mexican Dirty War
8837:Annexation of Goa
8788:1960 U-2 incident
8762:Sino-Soviet split
8740:Laotian Civil War
8580:Bricker Amendment
8560:Mau Mau rebellion
8504:Malayan Emergency
8492:Chinese Civil War
8452:Tito–Stalin split
8306:Division of Korea
8130:
8129:
7965:Radio Free Europe
7876:Library resources
7861:978-606-95197-1-4
7839:978-606-95197-5-2
7795:978-973-669-442-4
7665:978-1-349-24501-7
7644:Rawnsley, Gary D.
7590:Radio Free Europe
7382:. 30 August 2023.
7060:Nieman Foundation
6359:Sebestyen, Victor
6156:978-0-313-29605-5
6006:on 13 March 2009.
5887:on 17 August 2016
5414:, pp. 37, 43
4822:
4821:
4365:Drahomíra Dražská
4330:Mikhail Gorbachev
4223:radio commentator
4151:Grigory Yavlinsky
4075:Oleg Nechiporenko
4064:Nicolae Ceaușescu
4044:Nicolae Ceaușescu
3986:Radio Free Europe
3966:
3965:
3491:إذاعة العراق الحر
3375:30 September 2002
2754:Radio Free Europe
2693:Radio Free Europe
2636:Radio Free Europe
2578:Radio Free Europe
1407:რადიო თავისუფლება
922:Chernivtsi Oblast
667:List of languages
597:Gerhard von Mende
407:Radio Free Europe
380:Englischer Garten
291:
290:
18:Radio Free Europe
16:(Redirected from
11077:
10702:David S. Painter
10627:John Earl Haynes
10557:Nicholas J. Cull
10542:Adrian Cioroianu
10522:Thomas A. Bailey
10469:Voice of America
10360:
10359:
10272:White separatism
10252:Social democracy
10247:Guided democracy
10227:Authoritarianism
10177:Ultranationalism
10167:Anti-imperialism
10094:Marxism–Leninism
10007:
10006:
9994:Kinmen Agreement
9959:Johnson Doctrine
9944:Kennedy Doctrine
9860:Frozen conflicts
9843:1991 August Coup
9732:Afghan Civil War
9627:Reykjavík Summit
9622:Somali Rebellion
9562:Ugandan Bush War
9540:Gdańsk Agreement
9061:Protests of 1968
9041:War of Attrition
8750:Cuban Revolution
8686:We will bury you
8653:Cyprus Emergency
8633:Kashmir Princess
8623:Jebel Akhdar War
8472:Western betrayal
8157:
8150:
8143:
8134:
8133:
8039:Voice of America
8020:
8013:
8006:
7997:
7996:
7985:Internet Archive
7971:Internet Archive
7957:Internet Archive
7941:compiled by the
7932:compiled by the
7926:
7924:
7922:
7910:
7909:
7907:Official website
7865:
7843:
7821:
7799:
7788:. Curtea Veche.
7763:
7750:
7725:
7692:
7680:
7669:
7615:
7603:
7588:Holt, Robert T.
7585:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7542:
7531:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7515:on 22 April 2006
7511:. Archived from
7496:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7485:
7470:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7437:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7415:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7364:. 30 April 2023.
7352:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7329:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7259:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7193:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7159:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7078:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7067:
7051:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6976:
6970:
6963:
6957:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6924:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6873:
6867:
6866:
6855:
6849:
6842:
6836:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6743:
6737:
6728:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6706:
6697:
6696:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6640:
6634:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6488:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6329:
6323:
6317:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6293:
6287:
6281:
6275:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6236:
6230:
6224:
6218:
6212:
6206:
6200:
6194:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6165:
6159:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6038:
6032:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6002:. Archived from
5996:
5990:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5957:
5948:
5947:
5929:
5923:
5916:
5910:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5883:. Archived from
5873:
5867:
5866:
5855:
5849:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5816:. Archived from
5806:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5733:Byrne, Malcolm.
5730:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5704:
5698:
5692:
5686:
5680:
5674:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5628:(3/4): 315–341.
5613:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5491:, pp. 49–64
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5415:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5265:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5222:
5216:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5185:
5184:
5152:
5143:
5129:
5120:
5119:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5069:
5063:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5038:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5010:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4939:
4922:
4914:
4897:
4894:
4863:white propaganda
4817:
4814:
4796:
4789:
4712:Voice of America
4708:Justice Ministry
4672:that is driving
4662:Voice of America
4392:Voice of America
4373:
4265:State Department
4120:Voice of America
4099:Hoover Institute
3942:
3940:
3939:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3778:19 December 2002
3772:
3770:
3769:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3686:1 September 2001
3680:
3678:
3677:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3479:Republic of Iraq
3477:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3463:
3452:
3451:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3267:Serbs of Croatia
3233:
3231:
3230:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3185:
3178:Republika Srpska
3176:
3174:
3173:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3125:
3116:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3035:
3033:
3032:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2940:
2939:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2914:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2885:
2884:
2833:
2832:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2778:
2777:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2657:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2563:16 February 1975
2556:
2554:
2553:
2545:Soviet Lithuania
2543:
2542:
2499:15 February 1979
2489:
2488:
2477:
2476:
2465:
2464:
2423:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2336:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2243:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2189:Byelorussian SSR
2187:
2186:
2152:11 December 1953
2145:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2063:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1946:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1891:
1864:Азаттык үналгысы
1850:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1836:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1726:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1671:
1631:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1545:
1535:
1493:
1492:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1460:(1953–1991) and
1456:
1455:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1421:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1324:
1300:
1299:
1293:(1953–1975) and
1289:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1255:
1247:Byelorussian SSR
1245:
1244:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1217:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1175:
1141:
1140:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1087:
1061:31 December 1994
1051:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1006:8 September 2020
997:
995:
994:
984:
982:
981:
954:
952:
951:
942:
941:
931:
930:
920:
919:
891:
889:
888:
878:
876:
875:
865:
830:
828:
827:
817:
816:
805:
791:
752:
750:
749:
739:
738:
727:
713:
671:
670:
554:Soviet satellite
354:, including the
342:Washington, D.C.
284:
283:
274:
267:
238:
162:, Czech Republic
148:
147:
145:
144:
143:
138:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
60:
53:
49:
21:
11085:
11084:
11080:
11079:
11078:
11076:
11075:
11074:
10960:
10959:
10958:
10953:
10930:
10921:Second Cold War
10879:
10807:
10801:
10777:Odd Arne Westad
10767:Patrick Vaughan
10752:Athan Theoharis
10732:Ellen Schrecker
10717:Yakov M. Rabkin
10692:Timothy Naftali
10637:Tvrtko Jakovina
10622:Jussi Hanhimäki
10505:
10483:
10473:
10451:Paix et Liberté
10426:
10370:Active measures
10351:
10281:
10262:White supremacy
10222:Totalitarianism
10150:
10075:
9998:
9984:Reagan Doctrine
9979:Carter Doctrine
9919:Truman Doctrine
9907:
9854:
9786:
9681:Soviet reaction
9592:Ndogboyosoi War
9499:
9470:Saur Revolution
9297:1973 oil crisis
9262:Munich massacre
9170:Alcora Exercise
9165:Black September
9143:
8889:Sino-Indian War
8783:Simba rebellion
8766:
8610:Capture of the
8518:
8457:Berlin Blockade
8390:May 1947 crises
8380:Truman Doctrine
8345:Greek Civil War
8334:Blacklist Forty
8301:Gouzenko Affair
8288:Cursed soldiers
8240:Morgenthau Plan
8228:
8166:
8161:
8131:
8126:
8100:Radio Free Asia
8088:Radio Free Iraq
8068:Current Time TV
8030:
8024:
7976:The short film
7962:The short film
7948:The short film
7920:
7918:
7913:
7905:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7899:
7884:
7883:
7879:
7872:
7862:
7840:
7818:
7796:
7728:Pomar, Mark G.
7689:
7666:
7612:
7556:
7551:
7550:
7540:
7538:
7532:
7528:
7518:
7516:
7505:Dmitri Savitski
7497:
7493:
7483:
7481:
7472:
7471:
7467:
7457:
7455:
7438:
7434:
7424:
7422:
7417:
7416:
7412:
7402:
7400:
7392:
7391:
7387:
7374:
7373:
7369:
7354:
7353:
7349:
7339:
7337:
7330:
7326:
7316:
7314:
7305:
7304:
7300:
7290:
7288:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7268:
7266:
7261:
7260:
7256:
7246:
7244:
7239:
7238:
7234:
7224:
7222:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7202:
7200:
7195:
7194:
7190:
7180:
7178:
7171:
7167:
7157:
7155:
7147:
7146:
7142:
7132:
7130:
7125:
7124:
7120:
7101:
7097:
7087:
7085:
7079:
7075:
7065:
7063:
7052:
7048:
7038:
7036:
7026:
7022:
7012:
7010:
7005:Stahl, Lesley.
7003:
6999:
6989:
6987:
6978:
6977:
6973:
6964:
6960:
6951:
6947:
6937:
6935:
6925:
6921:
6911:
6909:
6900:
6899:
6895:
6885:
6883:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6863:Настоящее Время
6857:
6856:
6852:
6843:
6839:
6830:
6826:
6816:
6814:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6794:
6792:
6787:
6786:
6782:
6773:
6772:
6768:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6729:
6725:
6715:
6713:
6708:
6707:
6700:
6685:
6681:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6653:
6651:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6630:The Prague Post
6627:
6623:
6613:
6611:
6610:. 29 April 2008
6602:
6601:
6597:
6587:
6585:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6562:
6560:
6550:
6546:
6536:
6534:
6524:
6520:
6510:
6508:
6481:
6477:
6467:
6465:
6453:
6449:
6434:
6414:
6410:
6400:
6398:
6389:
6388:
6384:
6377:
6356:
6352:
6342:
6340:
6330:
6326:
6318:
6314:
6306:
6302:
6294:
6290:
6284:Puddington 2003
6282:
6278:
6272:Puddington 2003
6270:
6266:
6258:
6254:
6248:Puddington 2003
6246:
6239:
6233:Puddington 2003
6231:
6227:
6221:Puddington 2003
6219:
6215:
6207:
6203:
6197:Puddington 2003
6195:
6188:
6178:
6176:
6166:
6162:
6136:
6132:
6126:Puddington 2003
6124:
6120:
6113:
6099:
6095:
6087:
6083:
6075:
6071:
6063:
6059:
6053:Puddington 2003
6051:
6047:
6039:
6035:
6029:Puddington 2003
6027:
6023:
6015:
6011:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5983:Wayback Machine
5973:
5969:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5930:
5926:
5917:
5913:
5904:
5900:
5890:
5888:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5844:Oleg Kalugin –
5843:
5839:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5793:
5791:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5769:
5765:
5759:Puddington 2003
5757:
5753:
5743:
5741:
5731:
5727:
5717:
5715:
5705:
5701:
5693:
5689:
5683:Puddington 2003
5681:
5677:
5669:
5665:
5614:
5610:
5600:
5598:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5572:
5570:
5553:
5549:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5523:
5519:
5511:
5507:
5499:
5495:
5487:
5483:
5475:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5449:
5447:
5437:
5433:
5425:
5418:
5410:
5406:
5398:
5394:
5388:Puddington 2003
5386:
5382:
5374:
5370:
5364:Puddington 2003
5362:
5358:
5352:Puddington 2003
5350:
5346:
5340:Puddington 2003
5338:
5334:
5326:
5322:
5316:Puddington 2003
5314:
5310:
5304:Puddington 2003
5302:
5298:
5292:Puddington 2003
5290:
5286:
5278:
5274:
5266:
5257:
5251:Puddington 2003
5249:
5245:
5235:
5233:
5223:
5219:
5207:
5203:
5197:Puddington 2003
5195:
5188:
5153:
5146:
5130:
5123:
5108:10.2307/1191297
5088:
5084:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5057:
5053:
5040:
5039:
5032:
5022:
5020:
5012:
5011:
5004:
4994:
4992:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4969:
4967:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4941:
4940:on 14 June 2021
4937:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4868:Radio Free Asia
4845:
4833:Dmitri Savitski
4829:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4802:needs expansion
4787:
4720:
4689:factograph.info
4658:
4608:Pashto-language
4523:
4494:Prague New Town
4439:North Macedonia
4400:
4367:
4357:
4315:
4232:
4207:
4191:Henry Kissinger
4159:
4107:
4091:
4052:
4040:
4024:
3988:
3981:, Germany, 2007
3971:
3948:15 January 2010
3937:
3935:
3910:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3874:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3829:2 November 2009
3818:
3816:
3815:
3806:
3804:
3767:
3765:
3747:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3711:
3709:
3682:North Macedonia
3675:
3673:
3636:
3634:
3616:
3614:
3604:31 January 2004
3590:
3588:
3566:1 December 2002
3563:30 October 1998
3552:
3550:
3515:
3513:
3484:30 October 1998
3472:
3470:
3469:
3458:
3457:
3446:
3437:Radio Free Iraq
3430:
3428:
3426:
3403:
3401:
3385:
3361:
3359:
3345:
3321:
3319:
3296:31 January 1994
3285:
3283:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3239:31 January 1994
3228:
3226:
3225:
3223:North Macedonia
3216:
3214:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3180:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3159:
3157:
3131:31 January 1994
3120:
3111:
3102:
3100:
3081:31 January 2004
3067:
3065:
3051:
3044:31 January 2004
3030:
3028:
3014:
2988:
2986:
2966:
2953:
2952:19 October 1993
2949:30 January 2002
2948:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2879:
2859:
2846:
2845:19 October 1993
2842:30 January 2002
2841:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2772:
2756:
2742:31 January 2004
2727:
2725:
2724:
2713:
2697:
2695:
2681:31 January 2004
2666:
2664:
2663:
2652:
2638:
2624:31 January 2004
2609:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2581:
2566:31 January 2004
2551:
2549:
2548:
2537:
2521:
2517:
2514:Radio Free Asia
2511:
2509:
2483:
2482:
2471:
2470:
2459:
2445:
2427:(1960s–present)
2418:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2355:
2338:Karakalpak ASSR
2316:
2295:
2293:
2279:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2238:
2222:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2181:
2159:Azatlıq Radiosı
2140:
2138:
2137:
2112:
2099:
2094:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2039:Caucasian Avars
2037:
2035:
2024:
2019:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1974:Ozodlik Radiosi
1955:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1886:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1831:
1809:Azattyq Radiosy
1790:
1788:
1787:
1776:
1754:Azadlıq Radiosu
1735:
1733:
1732:
1721:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1666:
1650:
1613:
1588:
1587:
1575:Karachay-Balkar
1565:
1540:
1513:
1487:
1464:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1436:
1415:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1374:
1352:Azatlyk Radiosy
1333:
1331:
1330:
1319:
1294:
1283:
1272:
1261:
1250:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1211:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1170:
1135:
1119:Свободна Европа
1114:
1113:31 January 2004
1110:21 January 2019
1109:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1082:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1010:
1009:31 October 1993
1005:
992:
990:
989:
979:
977:
961:
959:
949:
947:
936:
925:
914:
904:
900:14 January 2019
899:
886:
884:
883:
873:
871:
870:
825:
823:
822:
811:
810:
796:
769:
747:
745:
744:
733:
732:
718:
680:Target audience
669:
542:
487:American sector
409:
404:
287:
277:
270:
263:
249:
239:
232:
225:Benjamin Herman
222:
212:
200:
179:
176:
172:
165:
141:
139:
135:
132:
127:
124:
122:
120:
119:
118:
109:Broadcast Media
98:
63:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11083:
11073:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10955:
10954:
10952:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10935:
10932:
10931:
10929:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10887:
10885:
10881:
10880:
10878:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10811:
10809:
10803:
10802:
10800:
10799:
10794:
10789:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10754:
10749:
10747:Timothy Snyder
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10677:Vojtech Mastny
10674:
10672:Geir Lundestad
10669:
10664:
10662:Walter Laqueur
10659:
10657:Walter LaFeber
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10587:André Fontaine
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10517:Gar Alperovitz
10513:
10511:
10507:
10506:
10504:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10487:
10485:
10479:
10478:
10475:
10474:
10472:
10471:
10466:
10460:
10459:
10454:
10447:
10442:
10434:
10432:
10428:
10427:
10425:
10424:
10417:
10412:
10405:
10398:
10393:
10386:
10379:
10372:
10366:
10364:
10357:
10353:
10352:
10350:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10293:
10291:
10287:
10286:
10283:
10282:
10280:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10257:Third-Worldism
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10158:
10156:
10152:
10151:
10149:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10085:
10083:
10077:
10076:
10074:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10046:Libertarianism
10043:
10038:
10037:
10036:
10026:
10024:Chicago school
10021:
10015:
10013:
10004:
10000:
9999:
9997:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9969:Nixon Doctrine
9966:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9915:
9913:
9912:Foreign policy
9909:
9908:
9906:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9864:
9862:
9856:
9855:
9853:
9852:
9847:
9846:
9845:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9794:
9792:
9788:
9787:
9785:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9697:Operation RYAN
9694:
9689:
9684:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9602:Able Archer 83
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9518:
9513:
9507:
9505:
9501:
9500:
9498:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9352:Oromo conflict
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9292:Yom Kippur War
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9151:
9149:
9145:
9144:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9115:
9114:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9075:
9070:
9069:
9068:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8947:
8946:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8924:Aden Emergency
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8875:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8842:Papua conflict
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8823:
8822:
8812:
8811:
8810:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8774:
8772:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8764:
8759:
8758:
8757:
8747:
8745:Kitchen Debate
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8705:Sputnik crisis
8702:
8697:
8689:
8682:
8677:
8675:Polish October
8672:
8667:
8662:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8575:Pact of Madrid
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8530:Bamboo Curtain
8526:
8524:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8500:
8499:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8423:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8329:
8321:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8290:
8285:
8284:
8283:
8278:
8270:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8236:
8234:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8179:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8160:
8159:
8152:
8145:
8137:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8113:
8112:
8107:
8097:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8070:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8058:
8048:
8047:
8046:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8023:
8022:
8015:
8008:
8000:
7994:
7993:
7988:
7974:
7960:
7946:
7936:
7927:
7911:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7886:
7885:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7870:External links
7868:
7867:
7866:
7860:
7844:
7838:
7822:
7816:
7804:Molnár, József
7800:
7794:
7772:
7771:
7764:
7751:
7737:
7736:
7726:
7708:(4): 771–805.
7693:
7687:
7670:
7664:
7640:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7610:
7593:
7586:
7568:(2): 168–182.
7555:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7526:
7491:
7465:
7432:
7410:
7385:
7367:
7347:
7324:
7298:
7276:
7254:
7232:
7210:
7188:
7165:
7140:
7118:
7113:Deutsche Welle
7095:
7073:
7046:
7020:
6997:
6971:
6958:
6945:
6919:
6893:
6881:Polygraph.info
6868:
6850:
6837:
6824:
6802:
6780:
6766:
6752:
6738:
6723:
6698:
6679:
6661:
6635:
6621:
6604:"Cyberjamming"
6595:
6570:
6544:
6518:
6475:
6447:
6432:
6408:
6382:
6375:
6350:
6324:
6312:
6300:
6288:
6276:
6264:
6260:Mickelson 1983
6252:
6237:
6225:
6213:
6211:, p. 126.
6209:Mickelson 1983
6201:
6186:
6160:
6130:
6118:
6111:
6093:
6081:
6069:
6057:
6045:
6033:
6021:
6017:Mickelson 1983
6009:
5991:
5967:
5949:
5943:978-0817947323
5942:
5924:
5911:
5898:
5868:
5850:
5837:
5823:
5801:
5775:
5763:
5751:
5725:
5699:
5687:
5675:
5671:Mickelson 1983
5663:
5608:
5580:
5558:(5 May 2011).
5547:
5529:
5525:Mickelson 1983
5517:
5513:Mickelson 1983
5505:
5501:Mickelson 1983
5493:
5481:
5469:
5465:Mickelson 1983
5457:
5431:
5416:
5404:
5392:
5380:
5368:
5356:
5344:
5332:
5328:Mickelson 1983
5320:
5308:
5296:
5284:
5280:Mickelson 1983
5272:
5255:
5243:
5231:Foreign Policy
5217:
5214:978-0307389008
5201:
5186:
5167:(1): 127–130.
5144:
5131:Prados, John:
5121:
5102:(4): 103–122.
5082:
5064:
5051:
5030:
5002:
4977:
4966:. 26 June 2020
4951:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4856:
4851:
4844:
4841:
4828:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4813:September 2020
4799:
4797:
4786:
4783:
4719:
4716:
4685:Polygraph.info
4657:
4654:
4578:Saddam Hussein
4522:
4519:
4511:cyberterrorist
4490:Czechoslovakia
4443:Czech Republic
4418:'s oversight.
4399:
4396:
4359:Following the
4356:
4353:
4314:
4307:
4299:appropriations
4231:
4228:
4206:
4203:
4158:
4155:
4106:
4103:
4090:
4087:
4051:
4048:
4039:
4036:
4023:
4020:
3987:
3984:
3970:
3969:Cold War years
3967:
3964:
3963:
3957:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3933:
3928:
3920:
3919:
3838:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3763:
3758:
3750:
3749:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3707:
3702:
3701:North Caucasus
3698:
3697:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3493:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3454:Iraqi Republic
3444:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3372:1 January 1995
3370:
3368:Czech Republic
3357:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3332:1 January 1995
3330:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3187:Brčko District
3155:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3134:September 2018
3132:
3129:
3127:Brčko District
3098:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3078:4 January 1993
3076:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3041:1 January 1993
3039:
3037:Czech Republic
3026:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2947:September 1987
2945:
2944:(2021–present)
2877:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2840:1 October 1985
2838:
2837:(2021–present)
2770:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2721:Soviet Estonia
2711:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2516:(1998–present)
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2402:(1992–present)
2377:Crimean Oblast
2369:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2264:16 August 1954
2262:
2261:(1991–present)
2236:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:(1991–present)
2179:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2149:(1991–present)
2126:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2090:(2002–present)
2065:Stavropol Krai
2053:
2048:
2046:North Caucasus
2042:
2041:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2016:
1992:
1987:
1986:North Caucasus
1983:
1982:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:(1991–present)
1939:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:(1991–present)
1884:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:(1991–present)
1829:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:(1991–present)
1774:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:(1991–present)
1729:Azerbaijan SSR
1719:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:(1991–present)
1664:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1625:
1620:
1619:North Caucasus
1616:
1615:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1577:
1572:
1571:North Caucasus
1568:
1567:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1525:
1520:
1519:North Caucasus
1516:
1515:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1485:
1480:
1479:North Caucasus
1476:
1475:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:(1991–present)
1372:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:(1991–present)
1317:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1291:Lithuanian SSR
1223:Eastern Europe
1205:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1108:11 August 1950
1106:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
975:
970:
964:
963:
911:
906:
901:
896:
859:
854:
848:
847:
844:
841:
840:4 January 1993
838:
835:
781:
776:
772:
771:
766:
763:
762:1 January 1993
760:
757:
754:Czech Republic
703:
698:
694:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
668:
665:
605:Platja de Pals
593:Ostministerium
541:
538:
523:Communist bloc
507:Czechoslovakia
408:
405:
403:
400:
310:Eastern Europe
289:
288:
286:
285:
275:
268:
260:
258:
254:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
240:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
201:
198:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
173:
170:
167:
166:
164:
163:
156:
154:
150:
149:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
94:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11082:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10967:
10965:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10936:
10933:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10911:War on terror
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10888:
10886:
10882:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10806:Espionage and
10804:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10757:Andrew Thorpe
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10652:Gabriel Kolko
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10617:Fred Halliday
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10602:Lloyd Gardner
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10562:Norman Davies
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10547:John Costello
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10514:
10512:
10508:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10488:
10486:
10482:Technological
10480:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10461:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10452:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10440:
10436:
10435:
10433:
10429:
10423:
10422:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10410:
10406:
10404:
10403:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10391:
10387:
10385:
10384:
10380:
10378:
10377:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10367:
10365:
10363:Pro-communist
10361:
10358:
10354:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10294:
10292:
10290:Organizations
10288:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10159:
10157:
10153:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10121:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10104:Eurocommunism
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10086:
10084:
10082:
10078:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10035:
10032:
10031:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10016:
10014:
10012:
10008:
10005:
10001:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9934:Domino theory
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9916:
9914:
9910:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9888:South Ossetia
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9861:
9857:
9851:
9848:
9844:
9841:
9840:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9795:
9793:
9789:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9682:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9672:8888 Uprising
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9617:Iran–Iraq War
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9582:Falklands War
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9546:
9543:
9542:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9502:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9445:NDF Rebellion
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9425:German Autumn
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9405:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9312:Metapolitefsi
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9207:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9146:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9113:
9110:
9109:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9081:
9076:
9074:
9073:Prague Spring
9071:
9067:
9064:
9063:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9051:Al-Wadiah War
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9016:12-3 incident
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8945:
8942:
8941:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8859:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8821:
8818:
8817:
8816:
8813:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8775:
8773:
8769:
8763:
8760:
8756:
8753:
8752:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8695:
8690:
8687:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8660:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
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8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8595:Domino theory
8593:
8591:
8590:Petrov Affair
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
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8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8467:Madiun Affair
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8427:Marshall Plan
8425:
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8408:
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8176:United States
8173:
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8093:Radio Mashaal
8091:
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7863:
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7817:963-9592-10-2
7813:
7809:
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7797:
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7783:
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7745:. Lexington:
7744:
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7688:9780030632242
7684:
7679:
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7649:
7645:
7641:
7639:
7638:online review
7635:
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7624:
7621:
7617:
7613:
7611:9780151014187
7607:
7602:
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7594:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7558:
7557:
7537:
7534:says, Piotr.
7530:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7495:
7479:
7475:
7469:
7453:
7449:
7448:
7447:openDemocracy
7443:
7436:
7420:
7414:
7399:
7395:
7389:
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7377:
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7362:
7361:Novaya Gazeta
7357:
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7335:
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7280:
7264:
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7242:
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7153:Freedom House
7150:
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6498:
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6493:
6487:
6479:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6451:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6433:0-585-29377-5
6429:
6425:
6421:
6420:
6412:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6378:
6376:9780297857884
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6354:
6339:
6335:
6328:
6322:, p. 219
6321:
6316:
6310:, p. 216
6309:
6304:
6298:, p. 209
6297:
6292:
6286:, p. 287
6285:
6280:
6274:, p. 254
6273:
6268:
6262:, p. 153
6261:
6256:
6249:
6244:
6242:
6235:, p. 210
6234:
6229:
6223:, p. 209
6222:
6217:
6210:
6205:
6199:, p. 196
6198:
6193:
6191:
6175:
6174:Wilson Center
6171:
6164:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6148:0-313-29605-7
6145:
6141:
6140:
6134:
6127:
6122:
6114:
6112:9789639776807
6108:
6104:
6097:
6091:, p. 784
6090:
6089:Mikkonen 2010
6085:
6079:, p. 783
6078:
6077:Mikkonen 2010
6073:
6067:, p. 786
6066:
6065:Mikkonen 2010
6061:
6055:, p. 214
6054:
6049:
6043:, p. 781
6042:
6041:Mikkonen 2010
6037:
6031:, p. 310
6030:
6025:
6019:, p. 115
6018:
6013:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5971:
5963:
5956:
5954:
5945:
5939:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5915:
5908:
5902:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5864:
5860:
5854:
5847:
5841:
5833:
5827:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5790:
5786:
5779:
5773:, p. 173
5772:
5771:Cummings 2008
5767:
5761:, p. 117
5760:
5755:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5695:Rawnsley 1996
5691:
5684:
5679:
5672:
5667:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5612:
5597:. 16 May 2011
5596:
5595:
5594:Lidové noviny
5590:
5584:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5527:, p. 241
5526:
5521:
5514:
5509:
5503:, p. 110
5502:
5497:
5490:
5485:
5478:
5473:
5466:
5461:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5429:, p. 170
5428:
5427:Cummings 2008
5423:
5421:
5413:
5408:
5401:
5396:
5389:
5384:
5377:
5372:
5365:
5360:
5353:
5348:
5341:
5336:
5329:
5324:
5317:
5312:
5305:
5300:
5293:
5288:
5281:
5276:
5270:, p. 169
5269:
5268:Cummings 2008
5264:
5262:
5260:
5252:
5247:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5198:
5193:
5191:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5149:
5142:
5141:9781566635745
5138:
5134:
5128:
5126:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5061:
5055:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5007:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4919:
4913:
4909:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4837:Bobby Timmons
4834:
4827:
4816:
4807:
4803:
4800:This section
4798:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4782:
4780:
4775:
4772:
4767:
4765:
4762:, capital of
4761:
4756:
4754:
4749:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4646:Radio Mashaal
4643:
4642:Radio Mashaal
4639:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4619:South Ossetia
4615:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4521:Beyond Europe
4518:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:Boris Yeltsin
4342:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4324:
4323:Ronald Reagan
4320:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4272:Richard Nixon
4268:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4253:Clifford Case
4251:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:United States
4202:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4171:radio jamming
4167:
4165:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
4000:Józef Światło
3997:
3993:
3980:
3975:
3962:
3961:Radio Liberty
3958:
3956:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3925:Radio Mashaal
3922:
3921:
3918:
3906:
3894:
3882:
3870:
3858:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3825:South Ossetia
3814:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3745:Radio Liberty
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3719:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
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3683:
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3655:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3612:Radio Liberty
3609:
3606:
3603:
3601:February 2001
3600:
3598:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3579:
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3575:
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3329:
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3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3295:
3293:
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3277:
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3272:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3224:
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3200:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3167:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
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3139:
3136:
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3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3110:
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3086:
3083:
3080:
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3055:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3012:Radio Liberty
3009:
3007:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2995:Bashkortostan
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:Tatar-Bashkir
2975:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2964:Radio Liberty
2961:
2959:
2956:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2857:Radio Liberty
2854:
2852:
2849:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2750:Radio Liberty
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2689:Radio Liberty
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2661:
2660:Soviet Latvia
2656:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2632:Radio Liberty
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2604:
2603:Soviet Latvia
2599:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2574:Radio Liberty
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2508:
2507:Radio Liberty
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2443:Radio Liberty
2440:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2401:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2367:Crimean Tatar
2365:
2363:
2362:Tatar-Bashkir
2360:
2359:
2354:
2353:Radio Liberty
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Prešov Region
2292:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2277:Radio Liberty
2274:
2272:
2271:Радіо Свобода
2269:
2263:
2260:
2247:
2246:Ukrainian SSR
2242:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2220:Radio Liberty
2217:
2215:
2214:Радыё Свабода
2212:
2206:
2203:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:Radio Liberty
2162:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Tatar-Bashkir
2117:
2116:
2111:
2110:Radio Liberty
2107:
2105:
2102:
2093:18 March 1953
2092:
2089:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2033:Radio Liberty
2030:
2027:
2018:18 March 1953
2017:
2014:
2001:
2000:Dagestan ASSR
1997:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:Radio Liberty
1977:
1975:
1972:
1967:18 March 1953
1966:
1963:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:Radio Liberty
1922:
1920:
1917:
1912:18 March 1953
1911:
1908:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:Radio Liberty
1867:
1865:
1862:
1857:18 March 1953
1856:
1853:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:Radio Liberty
1812:
1810:
1807:
1802:18 March 1953
1801:
1798:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:Radio Liberty
1757:
1755:
1752:
1747:18 March 1953
1746:
1743:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:Radio Liberty
1702:
1700:
1697:
1692:18 March 1953
1691:
1688:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1648:Radio Liberty
1645:
1642:
1639:
1637:18 March 1953
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1611:Radio Liberty
1608:
1605:
1602:
1600:18 March 1953
1599:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1563:Radio Liberty
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:18 March 1953
1551:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1511:Radio Liberty
1508:
1505:
1502:
1500:18 March 1953
1499:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:South Ossetia
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1434:(1991–2009),
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:also covered
1414:
1413:Radio Liberty
1410:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:Radio Liberty
1355:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:Moldavian SSR
1298:
1292:
1287:
1282:(1953–1975),
1281:
1276:
1271:(1953–1975),
1270:
1265:
1260:(1953–1954),
1259:
1258:Ukrainian SSR
1254:
1249:(1953–1954),
1248:
1243:
1238:also covered
1236:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:also covered
1210:
1209:Radio Liberty
1206:
1204:
1203:Радио Свобода
1201:
1195:
1192:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1107:
1104:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1058:4 August 1950
1057:
1054:
1041:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:Szabad Európa
1013:
1004:4 August 1950
1003:
1000:
987:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
957:
945:
944:Moldavian SSR
940:
935:(1950–1953),
934:
933:Izmail Oblast
929:
924:(1950–1953),
923:
918:
913:also covered
912:
910:
907:
903:1 August 2008
897:
894:
881:
868:
864:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
820:
815:
808:
804:
799:
794:
790:
785:
782:
780:
777:
774:
773:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
742:
737:
730:
726:
721:
716:
712:
707:
704:
702:
699:
696:
695:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
672:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:Joseph Stalin
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
546:
540:Radio Liberty
537:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
495:
491:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:George Kennan
459:
457:
453:
447:
445:
440:
438:
434:
433:New York City
430:
426:
422:
413:
402:Early history
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:Baltic states
353:
349:
344:
343:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
282:
276:
273:
269:
266:
262:
261:
259:
255:
251:
245:
242:$ 124,300,000
241:
236:
228:
224:
218:
215:Nicola Careem
214:
208:
205:
204:Stephen Capus
202:
196:
193:
190:
186:
183:
174:
168:
161:
158:
157:
155:
151:
146:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
92:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
54:
48:
44:
43:Radio Freedom
37:
36:Liberty Radio
33:
19:
10916:Brinkmanship
10808:intelligence
10697:Marius Oprea
10647:Harvey Klehr
10577:Herbert Feis
10567:Willem Drees
10532:Archie Brown
10456:
10449:
10437:
10419:
10409:Trybuna Ludu
10407:
10400:
10396:Radio Moscow
10388:
10381:
10374:
10202:Anti-Zionism
10118:
10041:Keynesianism
10029:Conservatism
9893:Transnistria
9873:China-Taiwan
9530:Gera Demands
9403:
9204:
9079:
8884:El Porteñazo
8778:Congo Crisis
8693:
8628:Algerian War
8611:
8487:Western Bloc
8482:Eastern Bloc
8477:Iron Curtain
8333:
8325:
8317:
8294:
8274:
8266:
8183:Soviet Union
8181:
8174:
8072:
7991:CIA archives
7978:
7964:
7950:
7919:. Retrieved
7880:
7851:
7848:Tofan, Liviu
7829:
7826:Tofan, Liviu
7807:
7785:
7774:
7773:
7767:
7755:
7742:
7729:
7705:
7701:
7676:
7647:
7633:
7626:
7619:
7599:
7589:
7565:
7561:
7554:Bibliography
7541:23 September
7539:. Retrieved
7529:
7519:23 September
7517:. Retrieved
7513:the original
7508:
7494:
7482:. Retrieved
7477:
7468:
7456:. Retrieved
7445:
7435:
7423:. Retrieved
7413:
7401:. Retrieved
7397:
7388:
7379:
7370:
7359:
7350:
7338:. Retrieved
7327:
7315:. Retrieved
7313:. 5 May 2021
7311:The Guardian
7310:
7301:
7289:. Retrieved
7279:
7267:. Retrieved
7257:
7245:. Retrieved
7235:
7223:. Retrieved
7213:
7201:. Retrieved
7191:
7179:. Retrieved
7168:
7156:. Retrieved
7152:
7143:
7131:. Retrieved
7121:
7108:
7098:
7086:. Retrieved
7076:
7064:. Retrieved
7059:
7049:
7037:. Retrieved
7033:
7023:
7011:. Retrieved
7000:
6990:13 September
6988:. Retrieved
6983:
6974:
6961:
6948:
6936:. Retrieved
6932:
6922:
6910:. Retrieved
6905:
6896:
6884:. Retrieved
6880:
6871:
6862:
6853:
6840:
6827:
6815:. Retrieved
6805:
6793:. Retrieved
6783:
6769:
6755:
6741:
6732:
6726:
6714:. Retrieved
6692:
6682:
6673:
6664:
6652:. Retrieved
6647:
6638:
6629:
6624:
6612:. Retrieved
6607:
6598:
6586:. Retrieved
6582:
6573:
6563:15 September
6561:. Retrieved
6557:
6547:
6535:. Retrieved
6531:
6521:
6509:. Retrieved
6490:
6478:
6466:. Retrieved
6460:
6450:
6418:
6411:
6399:. Retrieved
6394:
6385:
6362:
6353:
6341:. Retrieved
6338:Radio Prague
6327:
6315:
6303:
6291:
6279:
6267:
6255:
6250:, p. 30
6228:
6216:
6204:
6177:. Retrieved
6173:
6163:
6138:
6133:
6128:, p. 83
6121:
6102:
6096:
6084:
6072:
6060:
6048:
6036:
6024:
6012:
6004:the original
5994:
5986:
5970:
5961:
5933:
5927:
5919:
5914:
5906:
5901:
5889:. Retrieved
5885:the original
5880:
5871:
5862:
5853:
5845:
5840:
5826:
5818:the original
5813:
5804:
5792:. Retrieved
5788:
5778:
5766:
5754:
5742:. Retrieved
5738:
5728:
5716:. Retrieved
5712:
5702:
5690:
5685:, p. 94
5678:
5673:, p. 87
5666:
5625:
5621:
5611:
5599:. Retrieved
5592:
5583:
5571:. Retrieved
5563:
5550:
5541:
5532:
5520:
5515:, p. 80
5508:
5496:
5489:Johnson 2010
5484:
5479:, p. 37
5477:Johnson 2010
5472:
5467:, p. 48
5460:
5448:. Retrieved
5434:
5412:Johnson 2010
5407:
5402:, p. 43
5400:Johnson 2010
5395:
5390:, p. 62
5383:
5371:
5366:, p. 40
5359:
5354:, p. 39
5347:
5342:, p. 37
5335:
5330:, p. 30
5323:
5318:, p. 14
5311:
5299:
5294:, p. 10
5287:
5282:, p. 18
5275:
5253:, p. 24
5246:
5234:. Retrieved
5230:
5220:
5204:
5199:, p. 12
5164:
5160:
5132:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5076:
5067:
5054:
5045:
5021:. Retrieved
5017:
4993:. Retrieved
4989:
4980:
4968:. Retrieved
4963:
4954:
4942:. Retrieved
4935:the original
4924:
4912:
4892:
4830:
4825:
4810:
4806:adding to it
4801:
4776:
4768:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4735:Roskomnadzor
4732:
4721:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4678:Current Time
4677:
4666:Current Time
4665:
4659:
4635:
4630:
4627:Ekho Kavkaza
4626:
4616:
4605:
4597:Hamid Karzai
4594:
4571:
4559:Turkmenistan
4540:
4507:
4503:
4498:9/11 attacks
4420:
4401:
4358:
4338:
4327:
4321:. President
4316:
4310:
4292:
4284:
4274:appointed a
4269:
4250:U.S. Senator
4247:
4239:
4233:
4219:Fulton Lewis
4208:
4183:
4168:
4160:
4140:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4115:
4108:
4092:
4082:
4078:
4071:Oleg Kalugin
4068:
4053:
4041:
4025:
4012:Poznań riots
3989:
3960:
3923:
3847:also covers
3841:
3794:
3753:
3744:
3734:3 April 2002
3663:
3624:
3611:
3572:merged into
3526:8 March 1999
3503:
3495:merged into
3487:31 July 2015
3391:
3382:
3342:
3273:
3259:Kosovo Serbs
3147:
3011:
2976:
2963:
2869:
2856:
2762:
2753:
2749:
2692:
2688:
2635:
2631:
2577:
2573:
2506:
2496:October 1966
2442:
2437:Qırım Aqiqat
2404:
2387:Crimean ASSR
2379:(1960s–1991)
2361:
2352:
2324:Central Asia
2285:Czechoslovak
2276:
2228:
2219:
2171:
2164:
2118:
2109:
2095:3 April 2002
2077:(1957–1970s)
2045:
2032:
2020:3 April 2002
2002:(1953–1970s)
1979:
1931:
1924:
1919:Радиои Озодӣ
1876:
1869:
1821:
1814:
1766:
1759:
1711:
1704:
1674:Armenian SSR
1656:
1647:
1610:
1562:
1549:(1957–1970s)
1510:
1497:(1953–1970s)
1461:
1435:
1412:
1400:3 March 1953
1382:Georgian SSR
1364:
1357:
1345:2 March 1953
1340:Turkmenistan
1309:
1304:(1953–1990)
1269:Estonian SSR
1221:deployed in
1208:
1196:1 March 1953
1178:Russian SFSR
1160:
1072:
967:
898:14 July 1950
851:
775:Czechoslovak
697:Czechoslovak
613:
566:
558:Soviet Union
551:
527:
519:Iron Curtain
500:
480:
476:war of ideas
460:
448:
441:
429:Allen Dulles
418:
360:Soviet Union
345:
334:
314:Central Asia
301:
297:
293:
292:
114:Headquarters
68:Abbreviation
47:
10742:Shen Zhihua
10552:Michael Cox
10484:competition
10431:Pro-Western
10421:Soviet Life
10347:Safari Club
10317:Warsaw Pact
10172:Nationalism
10162:Imperialism
10061:Reaganomics
9924:Containment
9717:Perestroika
9206:Realpolitik
9036:Six-Day War
9021:Greek junta
8832:Berlin Wall
8680:Suez Crisis
8648:Vietnam War
8535:McCarthyism
8350:Baruch Plan
8295:Unthinkable
8255:Dekemvriana
8194:Warsaw Pact
8083:Radio Farda
8078:Radio Azadi
7981: (1960)
7967: (1960)
7953: (1956)
7509:knigoboz.ru
7484:20 February
7458:8 September
6716:24 November
5556:Nečas, Petr
5306:, p. 7
4771:Azerbaijani
4706:, Russia's
4698:requesting
4601:Radio Azadi
4535:Afghanistan
4376:Martin Šmíd
4368: [
4341:August coup
4328:During the
4261:fiscal year
4257:Senate Bill
4255:introduced
4211:McCarthyist
4193:became the
4147:Lech Wałęsa
4026:During the
4018:that year.
3836:Эхо Кавказа
3755:Radio Farda
3737:31 May 2016
3647:1 June 2000
3630:Montenegrin
3574:Radio Farda
3481:(2004–2015)
3468:(2003–2004)
3456:(1998–2003)
3006:Idel.Реалии
2999:early 1990s
2967:covered by
2958:راډیو ازادي
2932:(2004–2021)
2919:(2002–2004)
2907:(1992–1993)
2894:(1987–1992)
2889:(1985–1987)
2851:رادیو آزادی
2825:(2004–2021)
2812:(2002–2004)
2800:(1992–1993)
2787:(1987–1992)
2782:(1985–1987)
2736:(1990–2004)
2723:(1975–1990)
2678:5 July 1975
2675:(1990–2004)
2662:(1975–1990)
2621:5 July 1975
2618:(1990–2004)
2605:(1975–1990)
2560:(1990–2004)
2547:(1975–1990)
2493:(1966–1979)
2491:Kirghiz SSR
2481:(1966–1979)
2469:(1966–1979)
2389:(1991–1992)
2248:(1954–1991)
2207:20 May 1954
2191:(1954–1991)
2136:(1953–1991)
2104:Маршо Радио
2067:(1953–1957)
2025:31 May 2016
2015:(2002–2016)
1951:(1953–1991)
1896:(1953–1991)
1841:(1953–1991)
1839:Kirghiz SSR
1786:(1953–1991)
1731:(1953–1991)
1717:Azerbaijani
1712:Azerbaijani
1676:(1953–1991)
1539:(1953–1957)
1423:Abkhaz ASSR
1384:(1953–1991)
1329:(1953–1991)
1327:Turkmen SSR
1280:Latvian SSR
1193:(1991–2022)
1180:(1953–1991)
1147:1 June 1951
1092:(1950–1989)
1055:(1990–1994)
1042:(1950–1989)
988:(1950–1989)
958:(1991–1998)
882:(1965–1989)
869:(1950–1965)
837:4 July 1950
834:(1990–1993)
821:(1969–1990)
809:(1960–1969)
795:(1950–1960)
759:4 July 1950
756:(1990–1993)
743:(1969–1990)
731:(1960–1969)
717:(1950–1960)
657:Azerbaijani
569:Lampertheim
503:Lampertheim
454:relations,
346:During the
322:Middle East
272:svoboda.org
235:Fiscal year
140: /
10964:Categories
10510:Historians
10501:Space Race
10402:Rudé právo
10356:Propaganda
10212:Neo-Nazism
10182:Chauvinism
10136:Trotskyism
10051:Monetarism
10019:Liberalism
10011:Capitalism
10003:Ideologies
9954:Ostpolitik
9677:Solidarity
9642:Toyota War
9545:Solidarity
9402:Operation
9357:Ogaden War
9046:Dhofar War
8934:Shifta War
8692:Operation
8540:Korean War
8332:Operation
8324:Operation
8316:Operation
8293:Operation
8273:Operation
8265:Operation
8061:Radio Sawa
7979:Eagle Cage
7921:9 November
7039:14 January
7013:14 January
7009:. CBS News
6817:15 January
6795:7 December
6537:7 December
6511:7 December
6468:7 December
6462:Novinky.cz
6401:7 December
6343:7 December
6320:Sosin 1999
6308:Sosin 1999
6296:Sosin 1999
6179:15 October
5987:Spero News
5601:7 December
5573:7 December
5042:"About Us"
4970:7 December
4944:7 December
4904:References
4764:Kyrgyzstan
4567:Uzbekistan
4563:Tajikistan
4547:Kyrgyzstan
4543:Azerbaijan
4467:Montenegro
4431:Yugoslavia
4398:After 1991
4380:Charter 77
4288:Cord Meyer
4143:Solidarity
4032:Eisenhower
3992:Petr Nečas
3955:مشال راډیو
3881:Ingushetia
3785:فردا رادیو
3669:Macedonian
3643:Montenegro
3497:Radio Sawa
3199:Montenegro
2699:Latgalians
2533:Lithuanian
2529:Lithuanian
2467:Kazakh SSR
2425:Sevastopol
2328:Karakalpak
2177:Belarusian
2172:Belarusian
2134:Tatar ASSR
1962:Uzbekistan
1907:Tajikistan
1852:Kyrgyzstan
1797:Kazakhstan
1784:Kazakh SSR
1742:Azerbaijan
621:Belarusian
320:, and the
128:14°28′43″E
101:52-1068522
96:Tax ID no.
10797:Ken Young
10642:Tony Judt
10491:Arms race
10464:Red Scare
10332:NN States
10277:Apartheid
10232:Autocracy
10141:Stalinism
10109:Guevarism
10099:Castroism
10089:Communism
10081:Socialism
9607:Star Wars
9200:Koza riot
8326:Beleaguer
8318:Masterdom
7722:159839411
7582:143544822
7380:France 24
7340:25 August
7336:. Reuters
7317:25 August
7291:25 August
7269:24 August
7247:24 August
7225:24 August
7203:24 August
6654:1 October
6614:1 October
6588:1 October
6501:0028-7504
5891:6 October
5658:192186418
5642:0008-5006
5538:"History"
5445:Kyiv Post
5173:1526-0054
4455:Lithuania
4382:activist
4221:, a U.S.
4085:in 2001.
4004:Hungarian
3705:Kabardian
3392:Moldavian
2648:Latgalian
2558:Lithuania
2479:Uzbek SSR
2234:Ukrainian
2229:Ukrainian
2147:Tatarstan
1949:Uzbek SSR
1894:Tajik SSR
1078:Bulgarian
1073:Bulgarian
973:Hungarian
968:Hungarian
819:Slovak SR
617:Ukrainian
265:RFERL.org
199:President
182:this list
125:50°4′44″N
76:Formation
10949:Timeline
10939:Category
10884:See also
10376:Izvestia
10217:Islamism
10114:Hoxhaism
9989:Rollback
9868:Abkhazia
9808:Gulf War
9712:Glasnost
9082:incident
8852:Sand War
8710:Ifni War
8219:Rio Pact
8164:Cold War
8029:networks
7850:(2021).
7828:(2021).
7806:(2006).
7784:(2007).
7646:(1996).
7452:Archived
7425:27 April
7403:10 March
6912:27 March
6906:Newsweek
6886:27 March
6505:Archived
6442:45731476
6361:(2009).
5979:Archived
5794:17 April
5744:20 April
5718:20 April
5650:40860045
5564:vlada.cz
5181:43134017
4843:See also
4785:Programs
4623:Abkhazia
4614:region.
4580:ordered
4471:Bulgaria
4459:Slovakia
4390:and the
4384:Petr Uhl
4334:Glasnost
4311:Glasnost
4241:Ramparts
4083:Izvestia
4079:Segodnya
3869:Dagestan
3813:Abkhazia
3509:Albanian
3397:Romanian
3351:RSE Inc.
3311:RWE Inc.
3096:Croatian
3074:Slovakia
2709:Estonian
2705:Estonian
2088:Chechnya
2013:Dagestan
1662:Armenian
1657:Armenian
1623:Ossetian
1445:Abkhazia
1370:Georgian
1365:Georgian
1131:Albanian
1127:Albanian
1103:Bulgaria
857:Romanian
852:Romanian
832:Slovakia
741:Czech SR
692:Remarks
677:Language
661:Georgian
653:Armenian
585:Portugal
530:leaflets
472:Cold War
394:and the
348:Cold War
318:Caucasus
304:) is an
153:Location
10439:Amerika
10322:Comecon
10207:Fascism
10197:Zionism
10146:Titoism
9687:Contras
9155:Détente
8432:Comecon
8056:Alhurra
7034:Reuters
6938:20 July
6486:"1989!"
6158:. p. 51
5450:30 July
5116:1191297
5023:3 March
4849:Alhurra
4760:Bishkek
4551:Belarus
4531:Helmand
4475:Romania
4463:Croatia
4447:Estonia
4423:Hungary
4388:Reuters
4309:1980s:
4230:Funding
4157:Jamming
4145:leader
4038:Romania
4022:Hungary
3951:present
3832:present
3800:Russian
3781:present
3761:Persian
3689:present
3650:present
3584:Russian
3580:Latvian
3546:Persian
3542:Persian
3529:present
3417:present
3299:present
3279:Bosnian
3242:present
3235:Croatia
3153:Serbian
3109:Croatia
3002:present
2982:Bashkir
2954:present
2847:present
2734:Estonia
2644:Latvian
2591:Latvian
2587:Latvian
2433:present
2267:present
2259:Ukraine
2210:present
2202:Belarus
2155:present
2100:present
2056:Chechen
2051:Chechen
1970:present
1915:present
1860:present
1805:present
1750:present
1695:present
1687:Armenia
1403:present
1395:Georgia
1348:present
1315:Turkmen
1310:Turkmen
1225:and in
1199:present
1166:Russian
1161:Russian
1115:present
1011:present
999:Hungary
905:present
893:Romania
689:Website
674:Service
649:Bashkir
637:Turkmen
515:émigrés
257:Website
252:>700
248:Staff
231:Budget
175:English
106:Purpose
10390:Pravda
10192:Racism
10131:Maoism
9883:Kosovo
9404:Condor
9080:Pueblo
9066:May 68
8694:Gladio
8612:Tuapse
8275:Jungle
8267:Priboi
8105:WHYNOT
7878:about
7858:
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7181:27 May
7158:27 May
7133:27 May
7109:dw.com
7088:27 May
7066:27 May
6674:RFE/RL
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5236:27 May
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5018:RFE/RL
4995:4 July
4990:RFE/RL
4638:Pashto
4565:, and
4473:, and
4451:Latvia
4435:Kosovo
4427:Poland
4410:. The
4303:Baltic
4136:Munich
4008:Poland
3979:Biblis
3941:
3931:Pashto
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3902:
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3597:Latvia
3594:
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3519:
3504:Balkan
3476:
3442:Arabic
3407:
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3325:
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3289:
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3232:
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3211:Kosovo
3208:
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3175:
3166:Serbia
3163:
3148:Balkan
3106:
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3071:
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3057:Slovak
3034:
2992:
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2902:
2875:Pashto
2870:Afghan
2820:
2795:
2763:Afghan
2731:
2673:Latvia
2670:
2616:Latvia
2613:
2555:
2455:Uyghur
2451:Uyghur
2411:
2397:
2318:Rusyns
2299:
2256:
2199:
2144:
2085:
2010:
1959:
1904:
1849:
1827:Kyrgyz
1822:Kyrgyz
1794:
1772:Kazakh
1767:Kazakh
1739:
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1528:Ingush
1523:Ingush
1483:Adyghe
1468:
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1337:
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784:Slovak
779:Slovak
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601:Taiwan
595:under
581:Glória
384:Munich
337:Prague
316:, the
160:Prague
71:RFE/RL
10875:Stasi
10342:SAARC
10337:ASEAN
10302:SEATO
10155:Other
10120:Juche
9878:Korea
9791:1990s
9504:1980s
9148:1970s
8771:1960s
8523:1950s
8233:1940s
8214:NEATO
8209:SEATO
8199:ANZUS
7718:S2CID
7578:S2CID
7503:[
5654:S2CID
5646:JSTOR
5177:JSTOR
5112:JSTOR
4938:(PDF)
4921:(PDF)
4884:Notes
4728:Minsk
4718:2020s
4656:2010s
4586:RPG-7
4372:]
4056:Stasi
3355:Czech
3024:Czech
3020:Czech
2430:1960s
2345:1970s
2342:1960s
2289:Rusyn
2124:Tatar
2098:1970s
2023:1970s
1937:Uzbek
1932:Uzbek
1882:Tajik
1877:Tajik
1640:1970s
1603:1970s
1555:1970s
1503:1970s
720:Czech
706:Czech
701:Czech
645:Tatar
641:Uzbek
633:Tajik
609:Spain
456:radio
452:exile
237:2021)
188:Owner
178:Uzbek
10415:TASS
10307:METO
10297:NATO
9523:and
9521:1980
9078:USS
8204:METO
8189:NATO
8044:VOA1
7923:2022
7856:ISBN
7834:ISBN
7812:ISBN
7790:ISBN
7683:ISBN
7660:ISBN
7606:ISBN
7543:2019
7521:2019
7486:2024
7460:2023
7427:2023
7405:2024
7342:2021
7319:2021
7293:2021
7271:2021
7249:2021
7227:2021
7205:2021
7183:2023
7160:2023
7135:2023
7090:2023
7068:2023
7041:2018
7015:2018
6992:2020
6940:2018
6914:2018
6888:2018
6819:2010
6797:2020
6718:2015
6656:2023
6616:2023
6590:2023
6565:2020
6539:2020
6513:2020
6497:ISSN
6470:2020
6438:OCLC
6428:ISBN
6403:2020
6371:ISBN
6345:2020
6181:2021
6152:ISBN
6144:ISBN
6107:ISBN
5938:ISBN
5893:2016
5796:2015
5746:2015
5720:2015
5638:ISSN
5603:2020
5575:2020
5452:2024
5238:2021
5210:ISBN
5169:ISSN
5137:ISBN
5025:2022
4997:2023
4972:2020
4946:2020
4861:and
4621:and
4574:Iraq
4555:Iran
4179:jazz
4164:USSR
3907:and
3774:Iran
3559:Iran
3414:1998
3335:1997
2768:Dari
2739:1975
2309:1955
2306:1954
1990:Avar
1235:Cuba
1150:1952
683:from
532:via
466:and
84:Type
10870:KGB
10865:MVD
10850:MI6
10845:MI5
10840:CIA
10312:EEC
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7652:doi
7570:doi
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5630:doi
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