31:
317:, which resulted in Mr. Bourne's acquittal, is a striking vindication of the legal view that the defence of necessity applies not only to common law but even to statutory crimes. It is true that the direction proceeded in some slight degree on the analogy of the child destruction statute, which contains an express exemption for the preservation of the life of the mother; but the exception in the one statute was not in itself a ground for reading a similar exception into the other.
399:, which also involved the prosecution of a doctor for performing a termination. That case expanded the definition slightly, by pointing out that "it would be for the jury to decide whether there existed in the case of each woman any economic, social or medical ground or reason which in their view could constitute reasonable grounds upon which an accused could honestly and reasonably believe there would result a serious danger to her physical or mental health". In the state of
347:...the test laid down by the law today for determining whether the homicide is justifiable or not is a twofold test which may be stated in this form: (1) Did the accused honestly believe on reasonable grounds that it was necessary to do what he did in order to prevent the completion of the felony or the escape of the felon? and (2) Would a reasonable man in his position have considered that what he did was not out of proportion to the mischief to be prevented?
3378:
2048:
369:
For the use of an instrument with intent to procure a miscarriage to be lawful the accused must have honestly believed on reasonable grounds that the act done by him was (a) necessary to preserve the woman from a serious danger to her life or her physical or mental health (not being merely the normal
279:
I think those words ought to be construed in a reasonable sense, and, if the doctor is of opinion, on reasonable grounds and with adequate knowledge, that the probable consequence of the continuance of the pregnancy will be to make the woman a physical or mental wreck, the jury are quite entitled to
455:
Despite some disquiet from the anti-abortion lobby, no appeals have been lodged against the
Menhennitt ruling or the other decisions, and in most states there have been no successful prosecutions for consensual abortion since those decisions. Anti-abortion writers contend that most abortions remain
292:
However, as
Justice Menhennitt pointed out, the Victorian definition of child destruction (in section 10 of the Crimes Act) does not include the proviso in the English legislation; instead, it simply says "unlawfully". As such, that argument would not apply in Victoria, and "what is lawful and what
267:
that "no person ought to be convicted unless the jury are satisfied the act was not done in good faith for the purpose only of preserving the life of the mother." The trial judge said that first this was the appropriate definition of abortion at common law, and secondly that although particular
459:
In 2008, after a conscience vote in the
Victorian parliament, legislation reforming abortion laws was passed. The new law legalizes abortion on request up to 24 weeks pregnancy; after that time, two doctors must certify that they "reasonably believe that the abortion is appropriate in all the
225:
The main issue to be considered was what the word "unlawfully" meant in this context. Justice
Menhennitt noted that the inclusion of the word implied that some abortions might be lawful. The word "unlawfully" had also appeared in the earlier English legislation from which the Victorian law had
153:
ruled that abortion might be lawful if necessary to protect the physical or mental health of the woman, provided that the danger involved in the abortion did not outweigh the danger which the abortion was designed to prevent. It was the first ruling on the legality of abortion in any part of
451:
said "it has been stated rather foolishly, by a member not very closely attuned to the law – that there has been no appeals. But there could have been an appeal. There was no restriction in either State, Liberal
Country Party or Labor government as to appeal."
456:
illegal, and that the courts and the prosecutors are lax in protecting the rights of unborn children. Other commentators argue that calling abortion technically illegal is incorrect, or otherwise pointless, since that is "a meaningless category in law."
336:
Justice
Menhennitt discussed various definitions of necessity, noting that the concepts of necessity and proportion are usually present. He also quoted a test for necessity laid down by a previous decision of the Supreme Court of Victoria in
284:
Justice
Menhennitt described why the proviso from the definition of child destruction in the English legislation should also apply to the definition of abortion, by pointing out that under another provision of the same law, abortion was an
364:
Justice
Menhennitt decided in favour of using the principle of necessity to give substance to "unlawfulness" in this context. He expressed a test for deciding whether a termination would be unlawful or not in this way:
259:. In that case, Dr Bourne was charged with the crime of abortion under section 58 of the Offences Against The Person Act 1861 (the same section on which the Victorian law drew). During his summing up, the
355:
that conducting the termination was necessary to prevent some serious harm from occurring to the woman. Thus the test would be a subjective one, with the requirement that the beliefs be held reasonably.
289:
to child destruction and vice versa (that is, the jury could choose to substitute one charge for the other). As such, there was a strong argument to say that the same proviso should apply to both.
178:
was about to call expert medical testimony, and
Menhennitt anticipated that the admissibility of that evidence might be challenged, so he decided to rule on certain questions of law in advance.
241:
had been passed in the meantime, which provided a definition of when abortions were lawful. That legislation had no equivalent in
Victoria however, and "unlawfully" remained undefined.
272:(which applies when a person kills a child during childbirth), and that the word "unlawfully" in the definition of abortion implied that the wording should also apply to abortion.
460:
circumstances", with those circumstances encompassing "all relevant medical circumstances; and the woman's current and future physical, psychological and social circumstances."
370:
dangers of pregnancy and childbirth) which the continuance of the pregnancy would entail; and (b) in the circumstances not out of proportion to the danger to be averted.
630:
405:
280:
take the view that the doctor who, under those circumstances and in that honest belief, operates, is operating for the purpose of preserving the life of the mother.
444:
were fiercely criticised by some members of parliament, who insisted that abortion was still illegal, others defended the validity of the decisions. Former
286:
352:
351:
In the context of abortion under Victorian law, this principle of necessity would mean that anyone performing a termination would have to have an
382:
The primary significance of the decision was that it referred to both physical and mental health of the mother as a factor in a lawful abortion.
673:
Smith, Greg (1994). "Abortion Law in Australia with Particular Reference to New South Wales". In O'Donovan, Margaret; Stuparich, Jeremy (eds.).
3027:
1697:
2127:
797:
567:
526:
339:
209:. The remainder of the wording remains the same. Menhennitt discussed the background of the section, saying that it was drawn from an 1861
428:(now called Medicare) benefits could be paid to women who underwent a termination procedure. In 1979, however, there was a motion in the
596:
395:
249:
The only case that had specifically considered what "unlawfully" meant in the context of abortion was a 1938 English case heard in the
3417:
3225:
2411:
1895:
1081:
92:
For an abortion to be not unlawful, the person performing the abortion must have an honest and reasonable belief that the act was:
325:
of "unlawfully" in the context of abortion could indeed be useful in Victoria, if recognised as an expression of the common law
3190:
1860:
2186:
856:
436:
to end medical benefits for terminations, and the debate spilled over to the legality of abortion. Although the decisions in
3215:
1885:
3175:
2682:
2246:
1845:
1352:
916:
214:
3195:
2795:
2321:
2241:
1865:
1465:
991:
911:
429:
127:
3180:
1850:
2966:
2735:
2326:
2271:
2181:
2084:
1636:
1405:
996:
941:
851:
754:
154:
Australia. The principles put forward by Justice Menhennitt have since been drawn upon in other parts of the country.
3006:
1676:
688:
390:
3412:
3042:
1712:
268:
wording did not appear in the definition of the crime of abortion, it did appear in the definition of the crime of
162:
Charles Davidson, a medical doctor, was charged with four counts of unlawfully using an instrument to procure the
3422:
3062:
3001:
2331:
1732:
1671:
1001:
189:
of any woman whether she is or is not with child unlawfully administers to her or causes to be taken by her any
3407:
3256:
2925:
1926:
1595:
205:
As of March 2006, the only subsequent change to this law is in the classification of the crime, from felony to
2587:
2176:
1257:
846:
3341:
3052:
2286:
2117:
2011:
1722:
956:
787:
414:
2855:
2850:
2652:
2647:
2211:
1525:
1520:
1322:
1317:
881:
445:
379:
The trial proceeded, and Davidson was found not guilty by the jury on all five charges, on 3 June 1969.
3402:
3170:
2750:
2171:
1840:
1420:
841:
3427:
3336:
2815:
2150:
2006:
1485:
820:
580:
510:
116:
41:
3363:
2662:
2491:
2486:
2391:
2196:
2033:
1332:
1161:
1156:
1061:
866:
330:
3246:
3047:
2971:
2941:
2915:
2622:
2617:
2532:
2206:
2107:
1916:
1717:
1641:
1611:
1585:
1292:
1287:
1202:
876:
777:
531:
474:
95:
necessary to protect the woman from serious danger to her life or physical or mental health; and
3251:
2956:
2885:
2845:
2825:
2805:
2612:
2582:
2552:
2542:
2461:
2431:
2406:
2311:
2191:
2155:
2077:
1921:
1626:
1555:
1515:
1495:
1475:
1282:
1252:
1222:
1212:
1131:
1101:
1076:
981:
861:
825:
747:
321:
On this basis, although there were differences in the Victorian legislation, the definition in
609:
3348:
3331:
3323:
3308:
3266:
3205:
3148:
3093:
3022:
2991:
2976:
2820:
2667:
2306:
2231:
2018:
2001:
1993:
1978:
1936:
1875:
1818:
1763:
1692:
1661:
1646:
1490:
1337:
976:
901:
572:
502:
469:
314:
59:
3210:
1880:
3358:
3271:
3261:
3138:
3128:
3113:
3037:
2981:
2900:
2895:
2870:
2740:
2637:
2567:
2516:
2496:
2426:
2401:
2386:
2296:
2028:
1941:
1931:
1808:
1798:
1783:
1707:
1651:
1570:
1565:
1540:
1410:
1307:
1237:
1186:
1166:
1096:
1071:
1056:
966:
703:
131:
8:
3220:
3185:
3143:
3118:
3098:
3077:
2920:
2875:
2835:
2790:
2785:
2775:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2745:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2687:
2632:
2547:
2537:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2456:
2451:
2396:
2371:
2316:
2301:
2266:
2112:
1890:
1855:
1813:
1788:
1768:
1747:
1590:
1545:
1505:
1460:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1415:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1357:
1302:
1217:
1207:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1126:
1121:
1066:
1041:
986:
971:
936:
782:
714:
617:
174:. When Justice Menhennitt gave this ruling, the trial had been going for eight days. The
150:
79:
648:
3353:
3123:
3103:
3072:
2996:
2986:
2951:
2946:
2910:
2890:
2880:
2865:
2860:
2840:
2810:
2780:
2770:
2702:
2677:
2672:
2602:
2577:
2562:
2557:
2511:
2506:
2466:
2441:
2376:
2363:
2291:
2251:
2236:
2023:
1793:
1773:
1742:
1666:
1656:
1621:
1616:
1580:
1560:
1550:
1535:
1530:
1510:
1480:
1450:
1440:
1372:
1347:
1342:
1272:
1247:
1232:
1227:
1181:
1176:
1136:
1111:
1046:
1033:
961:
921:
906:
417:), legislation has been adopted to define which abortions are legal and which are not.
410:
206:
167:
674:
3381:
3241:
3108:
3067:
3057:
2905:
2830:
2800:
2692:
2657:
2642:
2607:
2592:
2572:
2446:
2436:
2421:
2381:
2346:
2070:
2051:
1911:
1778:
1737:
1727:
1575:
1500:
1470:
1362:
1327:
1312:
1277:
1262:
1242:
1116:
1106:
1091:
1051:
1016:
740:
684:
576:
506:
269:
238:
63:
3276:
3133:
3032:
2961:
2627:
2597:
2501:
2416:
2281:
1946:
1803:
1702:
1631:
1297:
1267:
1171:
1086:
951:
553:
190:
3313:
2341:
2261:
2226:
2122:
1983:
1011:
931:
896:
792:
613:
386:
326:
171:
135:
201:, and shall be liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than fifteen years.
2336:
1006:
433:
234:
3396:
3281:
2256:
2201:
1951:
926:
871:
448:
421:
194:
30:
3291:
3286:
3200:
3162:
2221:
2134:
1961:
1956:
1870:
1832:
891:
804:
255:
250:
3296:
1966:
403:, the principles in the Menhennitt ruling were cited in the 1986 case of
260:
186:
163:
400:
230:
227:
175:
98:
in the circumstances not out of proportion to the danger to be averted.
134:. The ruling was not the end of the case, but rather answered certain
233:. The word was not defined in any of those statutes, although in the
124:
217:, which in turn derived from English laws from 1837, 1828 and 1803.
3301:
2276:
2216:
2093:
1971:
946:
886:
763:
680:
425:
139:
120:
385:
The principles in the ruling were largely adopted in the state of
210:
181:
The relevant section of the Crimes Act, section 65, stated that:
549:
198:
111:, also known (particularly among medical practitioners) as the
601:
143:
2062:
732:
293:
is unlawful must be determined by other legal principles."
264:
642:
640:
170:
to do the same, offences prohibited in the Victorian
343:, a case about the killing of an escaping prisoner:
226:
derived, and the same word was also used in earlier
301:Justice Menhennitt then considered a discussion of
637:
3394:
646:
494:
492:
490:
2078:
748:
119:on 26 May 1969. It concerned the legality of
521:
519:
115:, was a significant ruling delivered in the
487:
197:with the like intent, shall be guilty of a
157:
2085:
2071:
755:
741:
591:
589:
29:
560:
546:The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law
516:
307:The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law
543:
185:Whosoever... with intent to procure the
586:
3395:
715:"Australian abortion law and practice"
606:CES v Superclinics (Australia) Pty Ltd
2066:
736:
672:
649:"The abortion debate: what a fizzer!"
634:(1986) 9 Queensland Lawyer Reports 8.
16:1969 Supreme Court of Victoria ruling
2247:Libertarian perspectives on abortion
917:Libertarian perspectives on abortion
676:The Abortion Debate: Pro-Life Essays
244:
215:Offences against the Person Act 1861
2322:Societal attitudes towards abortion
2242:Legalized abortion and crime effect
992:Societal attitudes towards abortion
912:Legalized abortion and crime effect
430:Australian House of Representatives
305:by Glanville Williams, in his book
275:The trial judge continued, saying:
13:
2272:Misinformation related to abortion
2182:Beginning of pregnancy controversy
942:Misinformation related to abortion
852:Beginning of pregnancy controversy
409:. In the other states, and in the
14:
3439:
2187:Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis
857:Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis
683:: ACT Right to Life Association.
391:District Court of New South Wales
3377:
3376:
2047:
2046:
579:560 at 573 (16 April 1957),
499:R v Davidson (Menhennitt ruling)
3418:Supreme Court of Victoria cases
2332:Termination for medical reasons
1002:Termination for medical reasons
374:
719:Children by Choice Association
697:
666:
623:
537:
1:
2177:Beginning of human personhood
847:Beginning of human personhood
704:Abortion Law Reform Bill 2008
480:
195:any instrument or other means
191:poison or other noxious thing
166:of a woman, and one count of
2287:Paternal rights and abortion
2092:
957:Paternal rights and abortion
762:
544:Williams, Glanville (1958).
415:Australian Capital Territory
353:honest and reasonable belief
296:
220:
7:
2212:Ethical aspects of abortion
882:Ethical aspects of abortion
463:
359:
138:about the admissibility of
10:
3444:
2172:Abortion and mental health
842:Abortion and mental health
309:, in which Williams said:
3372:
3322:
3234:
3161:
3086:
3015:
2934:
2701:
2525:
2362:
2355:
2164:
2151:Abortion-rights movements
2143:
2100:
2042:
1992:
1904:
1831:
1756:
1685:
1604:
1371:
1195:
1032:
1025:
834:
821:Abortion-rights movements
813:
770:
117:Supreme Court of Victoria
91:
86:
75:
70:
55:
47:
42:Supreme Court of Victoria
37:
28:
23:
2412:Central African Republic
2197:Abortion under communism
1082:Central African Republic
867:Abortion under communism
631:R v Bayliss & Cullen
610:[1995] NSWSC 103
406:R v Bayliss & Cullen
158:Background to the ruling
3413:Australian criminal law
3247:Dilation and evacuation
3196:Conscientious objection
3181:History of abortion law
2207:Crisis pregnancy center
2156:Anti-abortion movements
1917:Dilation and evacuation
1866:Conscientious objection
1851:History of abortion law
877:Crisis pregnancy center
826:Anti-abortion movements
647:Pringle, Helen (2005).
573:[1957] VicRp 79
509:667 (3 June 1969),
503:[1969] VicRp 85
475:Australian criminal law
393:in 1971 in the case of
149:In the ruling, Justice
60:[1969] VicRp 85
3423:1969 in Australian law
3252:Dilation and curettage
3216:Late-term restrictions
2736:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2312:Sex-selective abortion
2192:Anti-abortion violence
1922:Dilation and curettage
1886:Late-term restrictions
1406:Bosnia and Herzegovina
982:Sex-selective abortion
862:Anti-abortion violence
372:
349:
319:
282:
203:
3408:Abortion in Australia
3309:Self-induced abortion
2307:Self-induced abortion
2232:Genetics and abortion
2128:Philosophical aspects
1979:Self-induced abortion
977:Self-induced abortion
902:Genetics and abortion
798:Philosophical aspects
583:(Vic, Australia).
513:(Vic, Australia).
470:Abortion in Australia
367:
345:
315:direction to the jury
311:
277:
193:, or unlawfully uses
183:
142:, so as to allow the
3272:Menstrual extraction
3221:Parental involvement
2683:United Arab Emirates
2297:Prenatal development
1942:Menstrual extraction
1891:Parental involvement
1353:United Arab Emirates
967:Prenatal development
3282:Abortifacient drugs
3002:Trinidad and Tobago
2317:Sidewalk counseling
2302:Reproductive rights
2267:Minors and abortion
1952:Abortifacient drugs
1672:Trinidad and Tobago
987:Sidewalk counseling
972:Reproductive rights
937:Minors and abortion
3176:Constitutional law
2967:Dominican Republic
2292:Post-abortion care
2252:Limit of viability
2237:Late-term abortion
1846:Constitutional law
1637:Dominican Republic
962:Post-abortion care
922:Limit of viability
907:Late-term abortion
422:Whitlam government
411:Northern Territory
287:alternative charge
207:indictable offence
3403:Abortion case law
3390:
3389:
3242:Vacuum aspiration
3157:
3156:
2060:
2059:
1912:Vacuum aspiration
1827:
1826:
620:(NSW, Australia).
604:25. Confirmed in
554:Faber & Faber
270:child destruction
245:English precedent
239:Abortion Act 1967
113:Menhennitt ruling
104:
103:
3435:
3428:1969 in case law
3380:
3379:
3277:Medical abortion
3211:Informed consent
3201:Fetal protection
3053:Papua New Guinea
3043:Marshall Islands
2360:
2359:
2282:One-child policy
2087:
2080:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2050:
2049:
1947:Medical abortion
1881:Informed consent
1871:Fetal protection
1723:Papua New Guinea
1713:Marshall Islands
1030:
1029:
952:One-child policy
757:
750:
743:
734:
733:
729:
727:
725:
706:
701:
695:
694:
670:
664:
663:
661:
659:
644:
635:
627:
621:
603:
593:
584:
564:
558:
557:
541:
535:
523:
514:
496:
251:Courts of Assize
136:questions of law
71:Court membership
33:
21:
20:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3368:
3318:
3314:Unsafe abortion
3230:
3226:Spousal consent
3186:Laws by country
3153:
3082:
3063:Solomon Islands
3011:
2930:
2856:North Macedonia
2697:
2648:Northern Cyprus
2521:
2351:
2342:Unsafe abortion
2227:Forced abortion
2160:
2139:
2123:Abortion debate
2096:
2091:
2061:
2056:
2038:
1988:
1984:Unsafe abortion
1900:
1896:Spousal consent
1856:Laws by country
1823:
1752:
1733:Solomon Islands
1681:
1600:
1526:North Macedonia
1367:
1318:Northern Cyprus
1191:
1021:
1012:Unsafe abortion
897:Forced abortion
830:
809:
793:Abortion debate
766:
761:
723:
721:
713:
710:
709:
702:
698:
691:
671:
667:
657:
655:
653:On Line Opinion
645:
638:
628:
624:
618:Court of Appeal
594:
587:
565:
561:
542:
538:
524:
517:
497:
488:
483:
466:
387:New South Wales
377:
362:
299:
263:instructed the
247:
223:
172:Crimes Act 1958
160:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3441:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3257:Intact D&X
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2926:United Kingdom
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2751:Czech Republic
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2347:Women's rights
2344:
2339:
2337:Toxic abortion
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1927:Intact D&X
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1596:United Kingdom
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1421:Czech Republic
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1017:Women's rights
1014:
1009:
1007:Toxic abortion
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
838:
836:
832:
831:
829:
828:
823:
817:
815:
811:
810:
808:
807:
802:
801:
800:
790:
785:
780:
774:
772:
768:
767:
760:
759:
752:
745:
737:
731:
730:
708:
707:
696:
689:
665:
636:
622:
585:
559:
548:(1 ed.).
536:
515:
485:
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
472:
465:
462:
446:Prime Minister
434:Stephen Lusher
424:provided that
376:
373:
361:
358:
298:
295:
246:
243:
235:United Kingdom
222:
219:
159:
156:
102:
101:
100:
99:
96:
89:
88:
84:
83:
77:
73:
72:
68:
67:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3440:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3383:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:Six-week bans
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:South America
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3007:United States
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:North America
2933:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Liechtenstein
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Malthusianism
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:Birth control
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:Six-week bans
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:South America
1755:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1677:United States
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:North America
1603:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1486:Liechtenstein
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
927:Malthusianism
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
872:Birth control
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
837:
833:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
816:
812:
806:
803:
799:
796:
795:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
773:
769:
765:
758:
753:
751:
746:
744:
739:
738:
735:
720:
716:
712:
711:
705:
700:
692:
690:0-9598444-8-1
686:
682:
678:
677:
669:
654:
650:
643:
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3337:Christianity
3292:Mifepristone
3287:Methotrexate
3267:Instillation
3191:Buffer zones
2663:Saudi Arabia
2492:South Africa
2487:Sierra Leone
2392:Burkina Faso
2262:Men's rights
2222:Fetal rights
2135:Abortion law
2007:Christianity
1962:Mifepristone
1957:Methotrexate
1937:Instillation
1861:Buffer zones
1333:Saudi Arabia
1162:South Africa
1157:Sierra Leone
1062:Burkina Faso
932:Men's rights
892:Fetal rights
805:Abortion law
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146:to proceed.
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108:R v Davidson
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24:R v Davidson
18:
3364:Scientology
3342:Catholicism
3297:Misoprostol
3262:Hysterotomy
3048:New Zealand
2972:El Salvador
2916:Switzerland
2851:Netherlands
2653:Philippines
2623:South Korea
2618:North Korea
2533:Afghanistan
2108:Definitions
2101:Main topics
2034:Scientology
2012:Catholicism
1967:Misoprostol
1932:Hysterotomy
1718:New Zealand
1642:El Salvador
1586:Switzerland
1521:Netherlands
1323:Philippines
1293:South Korea
1288:North Korea
1203:Afghanistan
778:Definitions
771:Main topics
261:trial judge
231:indictments
187:miscarriage
176:prosecution
164:miscarriage
51:26 May 1969
3397:Categories
3028:Micronesia
2957:Costa Rica
2886:San Marino
2846:Montenegro
2826:Luxembourg
2806:Kazakhstan
2613:Kazakhstan
2583:East Timor
2553:Bangladesh
2543:Azerbaijan
2462:Madagascar
2432:The Gambia
2407:Cape Verde
2356:By country
1698:Micronesia
1627:Costa Rica
1556:San Marino
1516:Montenegro
1496:Luxembourg
1476:Kazakhstan
1283:Kazakhstan
1253:East Timor
1223:Bangladesh
1213:Azerbaijan
1132:Madagascar
1102:The Gambia
1077:Cape Verde
1026:By country
568:R v MacKay
527:R v Bourne
481:References
401:Queensland
340:R v MacKay
323:R v Bourne
303:R v Bourne
228:common law
168:conspiring
151:Menhennitt
125:Australian
80:Menhennitt
3149:Venezuela
3094:Argentina
3023:Australia
2992:Nicaragua
2977:Guatemala
2821:Lithuania
2668:Singapore
2327:Socialism
2144:Movements
1819:Venezuela
1764:Argentina
1693:Australia
1662:Nicaragua
1647:Guatemala
1491:Lithuania
1338:Singapore
997:Socialism
814:Movements
600:(1971) 3
331:necessity
297:Necessity
221:Arguments
213:law, the
66: 667
56:Citations
3382:Category
3349:Hinduism
3332:Buddhism
3324:Religion
3302:Oxytocin
3171:Case law
3139:Suriname
3129:Paraguay
3114:Colombia
3038:Kiribati
2982:Honduras
2901:Slovenia
2896:Slovakia
2871:Portugal
2741:Bulgaria
2638:Malaysia
2568:Cambodia
2517:Zimbabwe
2497:Tanzania
2427:Eswatini
2402:Cameroon
2387:Botswana
2277:Natalism
2217:Eugenics
2094:Abortion
2052:Category
2019:Hinduism
2002:Buddhism
1994:Religion
1972:Oxytocin
1841:Case law
1809:Suriname
1799:Paraguay
1784:Colombia
1708:Kiribati
1652:Honduras
1571:Slovenia
1566:Slovakia
1541:Portugal
1411:Bulgaria
1308:Malaysia
1238:Cambodia
1187:Zimbabwe
1167:Tanzania
1097:Eswatini
1072:Cameroon
1057:Botswana
947:Natalism
887:Eugenics
764:Abortion
724:10 March
681:Canberra
658:10 March
597:R v Wald
464:See also
438:Davidson
426:Medibank
396:R v Wald
360:Judgment
140:evidence
132:Victoria
121:abortion
62:,
3359:Judaism
3235:Methods
3144:Uruguay
3119:Ecuador
3099:Bolivia
3078:Vanuatu
3016:Oceania
2942:Bahamas
2921:Ukraine
2876:Romania
2836:Moldova
2796:Ireland
2791:Iceland
2786:Hungary
2776:Germany
2766:Finland
2761:Estonia
2756:Denmark
2746:Croatia
2731:Belgium
2726:Belarus
2721:Austria
2716:Andorra
2711:Albania
2688:Vietnam
2633:Lebanon
2588:Georgia
2548:Bahrain
2538:Armenia
2482:Senegal
2477:Nigeria
2472:Namibia
2457:Liberia
2452:Lesotho
2397:Burundi
2372:Algeria
2118:Methods
2113:History
2029:Judaism
1905:Methods
1814:Uruguay
1789:Ecuador
1769:Bolivia
1748:Vanuatu
1686:Oceania
1612:Bahamas
1591:Ukraine
1546:Romania
1506:Moldova
1466:Ireland
1461:Iceland
1456:Hungary
1446:Germany
1436:Finland
1431:Estonia
1426:Denmark
1416:Croatia
1401:Belgium
1396:Belarus
1391:Austria
1386:Andorra
1381:Albania
1358:Vietnam
1303:Lebanon
1258:Georgia
1218:Bahrain
1208:Armenia
1152:Senegal
1147:Nigeria
1142:Namibia
1127:Liberia
1122:Lesotho
1067:Burundi
1042:Algeria
788:Methods
783:History
602:NSW DCR
389:by the
327:defence
211:English
123:in the
48:Decided
3124:Guyana
3104:Brazil
3073:Tuvalu
2997:Panama
2987:Mexico
2952:Canada
2947:Belize
2911:Sweden
2891:Serbia
2881:Russia
2866:Poland
2861:Norway
2841:Monaco
2811:Latvia
2781:Greece
2771:France
2703:Europe
2678:Turkey
2673:Taiwan
2603:Israel
2578:Cyprus
2563:Brunei
2558:Bhutan
2512:Zambia
2507:Uganda
2467:Malawi
2442:Guinea
2377:Angola
2364:Africa
2165:Issues
1794:Guyana
1774:Brazil
1743:Tuvalu
1667:Panama
1657:Mexico
1622:Canada
1617:Belize
1581:Sweden
1561:Serbia
1551:Russia
1536:Poland
1531:Norway
1511:Monaco
1481:Latvia
1451:Greece
1441:France
1373:Europe
1348:Turkey
1343:Taiwan
1273:Israel
1248:Cyprus
1233:Brunei
1228:Bhutan
1182:Zambia
1177:Uganda
1137:Malawi
1112:Guinea
1047:Angola
1034:Africa
835:Issues
687:
550:London
532:All ER
199:felony
3354:Islam
3109:Chile
3068:Tonga
3058:Samoa
2906:Spain
2831:Malta
2801:Italy
2693:Yemen
2658:Qatar
2643:Nepal
2608:Japan
2593:India
2573:China
2447:Kenya
2437:Ghana
2422:Egypt
2382:Benin
2024:Islam
1779:Chile
1738:Tonga
1728:Samoa
1576:Spain
1501:Malta
1471:Italy
1363:Yemen
1328:Qatar
1313:Nepal
1278:Japan
1263:India
1243:China
1117:Kenya
1107:Ghana
1092:Egypt
1052:Benin
614:NSWLR
608:
571:
501:
432:from
144:trial
128:state
38:Court
3134:Peru
3033:Fiji
2962:Cuba
2628:Laos
2598:Iran
2526:Asia
2502:Togo
2417:Chad
1804:Peru
1703:Fiji
1632:Cuba
1298:Laos
1268:Iran
1196:Asia
1172:Togo
1087:Chad
726:2006
685:ISBN
660:2006
616:47,
442:Wald
440:and
265:jury
237:the
3163:Law
1833:Law
575:,
534:615
505:,
329:of
130:of
3399::
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679:.
651:.
639:^
588:^
577:VR
552::
530:3
518:^
507:VR
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253:,
64:VR
2086:e
2079:t
2072:v
756:e
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82:J
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