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judge's questions and, when asked, supplying all relevant evidence. The trial only takes place after all the evidence has been collected and the investigation is completed. Thus, most of the factual uncertainties will already be resolved, and the examining magistrate or judge will already have resolved that there is
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do sit as a form of jury to offer advice to the magistrate or judge at the conclusion of the trial, their role is subordinate. Further, because a professional has been in charge of all aspects of the case to the conclusion of the trial, there are fewer opportunities to appeal the conviction alleging
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The lawyers who represent the interests of the state and the accused have a limited role to offer legal arguments and alternative interpretations to the facts that emerge during the process. All the interested parties are expected to cooperate in the investigation by answering the magistrate or
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are not ordinarily considered trials, they retain many elements found in more "formal" trial settings. When the dispute goes to a judicial setting, it is called an administrative trial, to revise the administrative hearing, depending on the jurisdiction. The types of disputes handled in these
617:
are entitled to a trial held before a jury. Because the state is attempting to use its power to deprive the accused of life, liberty, or property, the rights of the accused afforded to criminal defendants are typically broad. The rules of criminal procedure provide rules for criminal trials.
673:
law) is the body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which address the legal rights of, and restrictions on, working people and their organizations. Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer, and union. Individual labour law concerns
793:
who then conducts the trial. The assumption is that the truth is more likely to emerge from an impartial and exhaustive investigation, both before and during the trial itself. The examining magistrate or judge acts as an inquisitor who directs the fact-gathering process by questioning
735:
to determine the facts, although some common law jurisdictions have abolished the jury trial. This polarizes the issues, with each competitor acting in its own self-interest, and so presenting the facts and interpretations of the law in a deliberately biased way.
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which cannot reach a verdict with the required degree of unanimity. In a criminal trial, if the jury is able to reach a verdict on some charges but not others, the defendant may be retried on the charges that led to the deadlock, at the discretion of the
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Either side may submit a motion for a mistrial; on occasion, the presiding judge may declare one on a motion of their own. If a mistrial is declared, the case at hand may be retried at the discretion of the plaintiff or prosecution, as long as
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Disqualification of a juror after the jury is empaneled, if no alternative juror is available and the litigants do not agree to proceed with the remaining jurors, or the remaining jurors not meeting the required number for a
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lies on the prosecution. Critics of the system argue that the desire to win is more important than the search for truth. Further, the results are likely to be affected by
1221:
Judicial
Inquiry as an Instrument of Centralized Government: The Papacy’s Criminal Proceedings against Prelates in the Age of Theocracy (mid-12th to mid-14th century)
680:
are social norms (in some cases also technical standards) for the minimum socially acceptable conditions under which employees or contractors are allowed to work.
564:(appellate proceeding) is also generally not deemed a trial, because such proceedings are usually restricted to a review of the evidence presented before the
463:
910:
747:, each side will test the truthfulness, relevancy, and sufficiency of the opponent's evidence and arguments. To maintain fairness, there is a
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1293:
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Critics argue that the examining magistrate or judge has too much power with the responsibilities of both investigating and adjudicating
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or civil claims—non-criminal disputes. In some countries, the government can both sue and be sued in a civil capacity. The rules of
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Evidence being admitted improperly, or new evidence that might seriously affect the outcome of the trial being discovered.
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684:(such as the former US Employment Standards Administration) enforce labour law (legislature, regulatory, or judicial).
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acting as a neutral referee and as the arbiter of the law. In several jurisdictions in more serious cases, there is a
1001:
1206:
763:. Some trials are—or were—of a more summary nature, as certain questions of evidence were taken as resolved (see
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325:
1148:
Pontificia studiorum universitas salesiana, Facilitas juris canonici, Studia et textus historie juris canonici
921:, where parties would have to endure physical suffering in order to prove their righteousness; or through a
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218:
1193: : L’opinion publique comme preuve. Aperçu sur la révolution médiévale de l'inquisitoire (XII–XIV s.)
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may have many of the features of a trial before a court, but are typically not referred to as trials. An
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Some other kinds of processes for resolving conflicts are also expressed as trials. For example, the
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The
Discourse of Court Interpreting: Discourse Practices of the Law, the Witness and the Interpreter
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74:
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A judge may cancel a trial prior to the return of a verdict; legal parlance designates this as a "
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295:
20:
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715:. The assumption is that the truth is more likely to emerge from the open contest between the
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154:
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8:
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Where the trial is held before a group of members of the community, it is called a
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Richard M. Fraher, "IV Lateran's
Revolution in Criminal Procedure: the Birth of
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1110: : note sull’introduzione del processo tra rito accusatorio e inquisitorio
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925:, in which the winner of a physical fight was deemed righteous in their cause.
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Zeitschrift der
Savigny-Stiftung fĂĽr Rechtsgeschichte, Kanonistische Abteilung
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Savigny-Stiftung fĂĽr Rechtsgeschichte, Kanonistische Abteilung
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Coming together of parties to a dispute, to present information in a tribunal
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legal systems, the responsibility for supervising the investigation by the
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The intention is that through a process of argument and counter-argument,
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systems, an adversarial or accusatory approach is used to adjudicate
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Proceedings of the 14th
International Congress of Medieval Canon Law
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548:. Where the trial is held solely before a judge, it is called a
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Studia in honorem eminentissimi cardinalis
Alphonsi M. Stickler
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759:. Those defendants with resources can afford to hire the best
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employees' rights at work also through the contract for work.
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of the president, a judge, or another federal officer by the
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Der
Einfluss der Kanonistik auf die europäische Rechtskultur
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917:. In earlier times, disputes were often settled through a
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is designed to resolve accusations brought (usually by a
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1044:
Richards, Edward P.; Katharine C. Rathbun (1999-08-15).
1259:"Ensuring an Impartial Jury in the Age of Social Media"
568:, and do not permit the introduction of new evidence.
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into whether a crime has been committed falls on an
536:, aims to achieve a resolution to their dispute.
1304:
1256:
1257:St. Eve, Amy J.; Zuckerman, Michael A. (2012).
1200:La preuve en justice de l'Antiquité à nos jours
1074:Civil Procedure and Courts in the South Pacific
832:"Mistrial" redirects here. For other uses, see
520:claims or disputes. One form of tribunal is a
1141:, ed. Rosalius Josephus Castillo Lara. Rome:
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802:the suspect, and collecting other evidence.
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843:". A judge may declare a mistrial due to:
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524:. The tribunal, which may occur before a
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889:does not bar that party from doing so.
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861:, or an outside actor, if it prevents
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727:and opposing legal arguments, with a
1071:Care, Jennifer Corrin (2004-01-12).
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1016:
847:The court determining that it lacks
655:and auxiliarily by civil trial law.
1064:
1050:. Jones & Bartlett. p. 6.
1010:
571:
13:
1298:University of Missouri–Kansas City
1077:. Routledge Cavendish. p. 3.
1017:Hale, Sandra Beatriz (July 2004).
630:trial is generally held to settle
14:
1329:
1287:
1227:, Vatican City, 2016, p. 875–889.
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1266:Duke Law & Technology Review
1207:Presses Universitaires de Rennes
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638:provide rules for civil trials.
605:) against a person accused of a
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1160:Inquisitio-denunciatio-exceptio
36:Criminal trials and convictions
1250:
1143:Salesian Pontifical University
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1023:. John Benjamins. p. 31.
985:Black's Law Dictionary, 6th ed
982:Black, Henry Campbell (1990).
975:
962:
892:
692:
326:Sexually violent predator laws
1:
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901:requires that, following the
791:examining magistrate or judge
1211:, 2003, p. 119–147, online].
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512:, a formal setting with the
219:Cruel and unusual punishment
7:
1203:, ed. Br. Lemesle. Rennes:
972:. Accessed 17 November 2008
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834:Mistrial (disambiguation)
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669:Labor law (also known as
651:hearings are governed by
907:House of Representatives
749:presumption of innocence
665:Labor and employment law
658:
621:
496:is a coming together of
482:Jean II, Duke of Alençon
75:Presumption of innocence
1175:, 87, 2001, p. 226–268.
857:Misconduct by a party,
824:some procedural error.
757:structural inequalities
648:administrative hearings
613:systems, most criminal
540:Types by finder of fact
237:Indefinite imprisonment
1245:, 74, 1988, p. 171–215
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1108:Quasi denunciante fama
819:of the case. Although
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532:, or other designated
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296:Miscarriage of justice
21:Trial (disambiguation)
1151:, 7), 1992, p. 97–111
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558:administrative bodies
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321:Sex offender registry
41:Rights of the accused
950:Trial of the century
777:Inquisitorial system
741:examination-in-chief
677:Employment standards
407:English/Welsh courts
335:Related areas of law
19:For other uses, see
682:Government agencies
316:Restorative justice
1233:Winfried Trusen, "
723:in presenting the
699:Adversarial system
653:administrative law
595:
486:
206:Capital punishment
198:Dangerous offender
85:Self-incrimination
30:Criminal procedure
1084:978-1-85941-719-5
1057:978-0-8342-1603-7
1030:978-1-58811-517-1
968:Schultz, Norman.
911:impeachment trial
745:cross-examination
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349:Criminal defenses
291:Habitual offender
242:Three-strikes law
232:Life imprisonment
211:Execution warrant
80:Exclusionary rule
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60:Speedy trial
1231:(in German)
1179:(in French)
1155:(in German)
992:. pp.
903:impeachment
893:Other types
863:due process
812:of guilt.
809:prima facie
717:prosecution
693:Adversarial
566:trial court
550:bench trial
286:Exoneration
1307:Categories
1132:inquisitio
956:References
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705:common law
671:employment
615:defendants
611:common law
603:government
587:Old Bailey
546:jury trial
518:adjudicate
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130:Not proven
120:Conviction
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50:Fair trial
870:hung jury
828:Mistrials
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436:UK courts
399:US courts
265:Probation
175:Discharge
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160:Suspended
155:Mandatory
125:Acquittal
55:Pre-trial
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725:evidence
719:and the
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506:evidence
359:Evidence
193:Totality
170:Periodic
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688:Systems
556:before
508:) in a
502:dispute
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110:Verdict
70:Counsel
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1223:", in
1197:", in
1114:", in
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877:trial.
787:police
593:, 1808
591:London
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270:Tariff
260:Parole
100:Appeal
1277:(PDF)
1262:(PDF)
1120:, 3.
1097:See:
859:juror
729:judge
709:guilt
659:Labor
628:civil
622:Civil
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