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agenda item 6: "Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries: approaches to stimulate action", again written here exactly as in the official text. The name for the agenda item was also used at COP 13 in Bali, December 2007. By COP 15 in
Copenhagen, December 2009, the scope of the agenda item was broadened to "Methodological guidance for activities relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries", moving to "Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries" by COP 16. At COP 17 the title of the decision simply referred back to an earlier decision: "Guidance on systems for providing information on how safeguards are addressed and respected and modalities relating to forest reference emission levels and forest reference levels as referred to in decision 1/CP.16". At COP 19 the titles of decisions 9 and 12 refer back to decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 70 and appendix I respectively, while the other decisions only mention the topic under consideration.
514:. The UNFCCC decisions on REDD+ are silent on the issue of rewarding countries and participants for their verified net emission reductions or enhanced removals of greenhouse gases. It is not very likely that specific requirements for sub-national implementation of the distribution of benefits will be adopted, as this will be perceived to be an issue of national sovereignty. Generic guidance may be provided, using language similar to that of the safeguards, such as "result-based finance has to accrue to local stakeholders" without being specific on percentages retention for management, identification of stakeholders, type of benefit or means of distribution. Countries may decide to channel any benefits through an existing program on rural development, for instance, provide additional services (e.g. extension, better market access, training, seedlings) or pay local stakeholders directly. Many financial entities do have specific requirement on the design of a system to use funds received, and reporting on the use of these funds.
956:, subjecting the forests and its inhabitants to new ways of expropriation and enclosure at the hands of polluting companies and market speculators. So-called "carbon cowboys" – unscrupulous entrepreneurs who attempt to acquire rights to carbon in rainforest for small-scale projects – have signed on indigenous communities to unfair contracts, often with a view to on-selling the rights to investors for a quick profit. In 2012 an Australian businessman operating in Peru was revealed to have signed 200-year contracts with an Amazon tribe, the Yagua, many members of which are illiterate, giving him a 50 per cent share in their carbon resources. The contracts allow him to establish and control timber projects and palm oil plantations in Yagua rainforest. This risk is largely negated by the focus on national and subnational REDD+ programs, and by government ownership of these initiatives.
359:) of emissions or removals per year. If the amounts are emissions, the reference level becomes a reference emission level (REL); however these RELs are seen by some as incomplete as they do not take into account removals. Reference levels are based on a scope ‒ what is included? ‒ a scale ‒ the geographical area from which it is derived or to which it is applied ‒ and a period over which the reference level is calculated. The scope, the scale and the period can be modified in reference to national circumstances: specific conditions in the country that would call for an adjustment of the basis from which the reference levels are constructed. A reference level can be based on observations or measurements of amounts in the past, in which case it is retrospective, or it can be an expectation or projection of amounts into the future, in which case it is prospective.
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are arguably not mandated or required by the COP decisions. A body of research suggests that, at least as of 2016, REDD+ as a global architecture has only had a limited effect on local political realities, as pre-existing entrenched power dynamics and incentives that promote deforestation are not easily changed by the relatively small sums of money that REDD+ has delivered to date. In addition, issues like land tenure that fundamentally determine who makes decisions about land use and deforestation have not been adequately addressed by REDD+, and there is no clear consensus on how complex political issues like land tenure can be easily resolved to favor standing forests over cleared forests through a relatively top-down mechanism like REDD+.
1054:(CER) under the CDM of the Kyoto Protocol. Such carbon credits could then offset emissions in the country or company of the buyer of the carbon credits. This would require Annex I countries to agree to deeper cuts in emissions of greenhouse gases in order to create a market for the carbon credits from REDD+, which is unlikely to happen soon given the current state of negotiations in the COP, but even then there is the fear that the market will be flooded with carbon credits, depressing the price to levels where REDD+ is no longer an economically viable option. Some developing countries, such as Brazil and China, maintain that developed countries must commit to real emissions reductions, independent of any offset mechanism.
1673:, decision 4/CP.15: "Methodological guidance for activities relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries" provided more substantive information on requirements for REDD+. Specifically, the national forest monitoring system was introduced, with elements of measurement, reporting and verification (MRV). Countries were encouraged to develop national strategies, develop domestic capacity, establish reference levels, and establish a participatory approach with "full and effective engagement of Indigenous peoples and local communities in (…) monitoring and reporting".
200:
5374:
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submitted in a certain format and open for review by the convention. There are certain aspects that go beyond this basic philosophy – such as the 'safeguards', explained in more detail below – but in essence REDD+ is no more than a set of guidelines on how to report on forest resources and forest management strategies and their results in terms of reducing emissions and enhancing removals of greenhouse gases. However, a set of requirements has been elaborated to ensure that REDD+ programs contain key elements and that reports from
Parties are consistent and comparable and that their content are open to review and in function of the objectives of the convention.
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and meet UNFCCC requirements for REDD+ results-based payments. It does so through a country-based approach that provides advisory and technical support services tailored to national circumstances and needs. The UN-REDD Programme is a collaborative programme of the United
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and harnesses the technical expertise of these UN agencies. Other examples of REDD+ multilaterals include the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility and Forest Investment Program, hosted by The World Bank.
673:) in 2007, a partnership aimed at assisting developing countries in addressing certain measures needed in order to effectively participate in the REDD+ mechanism. These measures include capacity development, governance, engagement of Indigenous Peoples and technical needs. The initial set of supported countries were Bolivia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Tanzania, Vietnam, and Zambia. By March 2014 the Programme counted 49 participants, 18 of which are receiving financial support to kick start or complement a variety of national REDD+ readiness activities. The other 31
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safeguards; technical assessment of reference (emission) levels; modalities for measuring, reporting and verifying (MRV); and information on addressing the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. Requirements to be eligible access to "results-based finance" have been specified: through submission of reports for which the contents have been specified; technical assessment through
International Consultation and Analysis (ICA) for which procedures have been specified. With these decisions the overall framework for REDD+ implementation was completed, although many details still needed to be provided.
533:" (UNDRIP). Article 19 of UNDRIP requires that "States shall consult and cooperate in good faith with the Indigenous peoples concerned through their own representative institutions in order to obtain their free, prior and informed consent before adopting and implementing legislative or administrative measures that may affect them". This article is interpreted by many organizations engaged in REDD+, for example in the UN-REDD "Guidelines on Free, Prior and Informed Consent," to mean that every, or at least many, communities need to provide their consent before any REDD+ activities can take place.
1650:, December 2007, where the first substantial decision on REDD+ was adopted, Decision 2/CP.13: "Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries: approaches to stimulate action", calling for demonstration activities to be reported upon two years later and assessment of drivers of deforestation. REDD+ was also referenced in decision 1/CP.13, the "Bali Action Plan", with reference to all five eligible activities for REDD+ (with sustainable management of forests, conservation of forest carbon stocks and enhancement of forest carbon stocks constituting the "+" in REDD+).
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726:(FCPF) was presented to the international community at COP 13 in Bali, December 2007. Recipient countries can apply $ 3.6 million towards: the development of national strategies; stakeholder consultation; capacity building; development of reference levels; development of a national forest monitoring system; and social and environmental safeguards analysis. Those countries that successfully achieve a state of readiness can apply to the related Carbon Fund, for support towards national implementation of REDD+.
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enhanced removals. It establishes the confidence of the international community in the national REDD+ program. The results measured against these baselines may be eligible for results-based payments. Setting the reference levels too lax will erode the confidence in the national REDD+ program, while setting them too strict will erode the potential to earn the benefits with which to operate the national REDD+ program. Careful consideration of all relevant information is therefore of crucial importance.
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741:"United States" The United States has provided more than $ 1.5 billion in support for REDD+ and other sustainable landscape activities since 2010. It supports several multilateral partnerships including the FCPF, as well as flagship global programs such as SilvaCarbon, which provides support to REDD+ countries in measuring and monitoring forests and forest-related emissions. The United States also provides significant regional and bilateral support to numerous countries implementing REDD+.
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sustainable charcoal production, and agroforestry. Although it is not clear whether these diverse projects are genuinely different from older integrated conservation and development initiatives that pre-date REDD+, there is evidence that REDD+ has altered global policy conversations, possibly elevating issues like
Indigenous peoples' land rights to higher levels, or conversely threatening to bypass safeguards for Indigenous rights. Debate surrounding these issues is ongoing.
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developing countries" environmental and social safeguards were introduced, with a reiteration of requirements for the national forest monitoring system. These safeguards were introduced to ensure that implementation of REDD+ at the national level would not lead to detrimental effects for the environment or the local population. Countries are required to provide summaries of information on how these safeguards are implemented throughout the three "phases" of REDD+.
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88:
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national strategies or action plans that could involve further capacity-building, technology development and transfer and results-based demonstration activities, and evolving into results-based actions that should be fully measured, reported and verified". The initial phase of the development of national strategies and action plans and capacity building is typically referred to as the "Readiness phase" (a term like
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4383:
414:". This provides reporting templates to be included in National Communications of Parties to the UNFCCC. Also included in the guidance are standard measurements protocols and analysis procedures that greatly impact the measurement systems that countries need to establish. The actual reporting of REDD+ results goes through the Biennial Update Reports (BURs), instead of the National Communications of Parties.
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27:
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of information for national REDD+ programs. A fully functional monitoring system can go beyond the requirements posted by the UNFCCC to include issues such as a registry of projects and participants, and evaluation of program achievements and policy effectiveness. It may be purpose-built, but it may also be integrated into existing forest monitoring tools.
465:(e) That actions are consistent with the conservation of natural forests and biological diversity, ensuring that the actions are not used for the conversion of natural forests, but are instead used to incentivize the protection and conservation of natural forests and their ecosystem services, and to enhance other social and environmental benefits;
1688:: "Guidance on systems for providing information on how safeguards are addressed and respected and modalities relating to forest reference emission levels and forest reference levels as referred to in decision 1/CP.16". Details are provided on preparation and submission of reference levels and guidance on providing information on safeguards.
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national development strategies, the participation of forest communities and
Indigenous peoples in the design and maintenance of REDD+, funding for the countries implementing REDD+, and the consistent monitoring of forest resources to detect permanence of the forest resources that have been reported by countries under the REDD+ mechanism.
1103:(due to fast agreements and lack of planning); the lack of safeguards to protect Indigenous Peoples' rights; and the lack of regional policies to stop deforestation. A growing coalition of civil society organization, social movement, and other actors critical of REDD+ emerged between 2008 and 2011, criticizing the mechanism on
459:(c) Respect for the knowledge and rights of indigenous peoples and members of local communities, by taking into account relevant international obligations, national circumstances and laws, and noting that the United Nations General Assembly has adopted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples;
418:(ICA), which is effectively a peer-review by a team composed of an expert from an Annex I Party and an expert from a non-Annex I Party which "will be conducted in a manner that is nonintrusive, non-punitive and respectful of national sovereignty". This "technical team of experts shall analyse the extent to which:
508:) and with carbon credits traded on the international voluntary carbon market. However, under the UNFCCC REDD+ is defined as national (Decisions 4/CP.15 and 1/CP.16 consistently refer to national strategies and action plans and national monitoring, with sub-national coverage allowed as an interim measure only).
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decision 1/CP.16 was adopted. In section C: "Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in
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mechanism and instead favors creation of a multilateral development assistance fund created from donations by developed states. For REDD to be successful science and regulatory infrastructure related to forests will need to increase so nations may inventory all their forest carbon, show that they can
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The UN-REDD Programme's 2016-2020 governance arrangements allow for the full and effective participation of all UN-REDD Programme stakeholders – partner countries, donors, Indigenous peoples, civil society organizations, participating UN agencies – while ensuring streamlined decision-making processes
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In addition to the UN-REDD Programme, other initiatives assisting countries that are engaged in REDD+ include the World Bank's Forest Carbon
Partnership Facility, Norway's International Climate and Forest Initiative, the Global Environment Facility, Australia's International Forest Carbon Initiative,
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Safeguard (c): Respect for the knowledge and rights of indigenous peoples and members of local communities, by taking into account relevant international obligations, national circumstances and laws, and noting that the United
Nations General Assembly has adopted the United Nations Declaration on the
751:(ITTO) has launched a thematic program on REDD+ and environmental services with an initial funding of US$ 3.5 million from Norway. In addition, the 45th session of the ITTO Council held in November 2009, recommended that efforts relating REDD+ should focus on promoting "sustainable forest management".
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All pertinent issues that comprise REDD+ are exclusively those that are included in the decisions of the COP, as indicated in the above sections. There is, however, a large variety of concepts and approaches that are labelled (as being part of) REDD+ by their proponents, either being a substitute for
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In
Decision 2/CP.15 of the UNFCCC countries are requested to develop national forest monitoring systems (NFMS) that support the functions of measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of actions and achievements of the implementation of REDD+ activities. NFMS is the key component in the management
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As with other approaches under the UNFCCC, there are few prescriptions that specifically mandate how to implement the mechanism at national level; the principles of national sovereignty and subsidiarity imply that the UNFCCC can only provide guidelines for implementation, and require that reports are
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The remaining outstanding decisions on REDD+ were completed at COP 21 in 2015. With the conclusion of decisions on reporting on the safeguards, non-market approaches, and non-carbon benefits, the UNFCCC rulebook on REDD+ was completed. All countries were also encouraged to implement and support
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The original submission by Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica, on behalf of the
Coalition for Rainforest Nations, dated 28 July 2005, was entitled "Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing Countries: Approaches to Stimulate Action". COP 11 entered the request to consider the document as
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The United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries – or UN-REDD Programme – is a multilateral body. It partners with developing countries to support them in establishing the technical capacities needed to implement REDD+
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The UN-REDD Programme adheres to the belief that information is fundamental to the effective participation of all stakeholders, including the public, in the advancement of REDD+ efforts around the world. Information sharing promotes transparency and accountability and enables public participation in
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When REDD+ was first discussed by the UNFCCC, no indication was given of the positive incentives that would support developing countries in their efforts to implement REDD+ to reduce emissions and enhance removals of greenhouse gases from forests. In the absence of guidance from the COP, two options
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Following the Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus, the first country had submitted a Biennial Update Report with a Technical Annex containing the details on emission reductions from REDD+ eligible activities. Brazil submitted its first Biennial Update Report on 31 December 2014. The Technical Annex covers
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Some countries are already implementing aspects of a national forest monitoring system and activities aimed at reducing emissions and enhancing removals that go beyond REDD+ readiness. For example, the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility has 19 countries in the pipeline of the Carbon Fund, which will
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in five pilot countries: Ecuador, Peru, Tanzania, Viet Nam and Zambia. As part of this programme, the Government of Tanzania will soon complete the country's first comprehensive forest inventory to assess its forest resources including the size of the carbon stock stored within its forests. A forest
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Deforestation and forest degradation account for 17–29% of global greenhouse gas emissions, the reduction of which is estimated to be one of the most cost-efficient climate change mitigation strategies. Regeneration of forest on degraded or deforested lands can remove CO₂ from the atmosphere through
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Decision 12/CP.19 established that the "summary of information" on the safeguards will be provided in the National Communications to the UNFCCC, which for developing country Parties will be once every four years. Additionally, and on a voluntary basis, the summary of information may be posted on the
417:
The technical assessment of these results is an independent, external process that is managed by the Secretariat to the UNFCCC; countries need to facilitate the requirements of this assessment. The technical assessment is included within the broader process of International Consultation and Analysis
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Reference levels are a key component for any national REDD+ program. They serve as a baseline for measuring the success of REDD+ programs in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from forests. They are available for examination by the international community to assess the reported emission reductions or
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realm of multi-lateral negotiations under the UNFCCC. For example, the World Bank and the UN-REDD Programme, the two largest sources of funding and technical assistance for readiness activities and therefore unavoidable for most developing countries, place requirements upon recipient countries that
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In response to concerns over the potential for negative consequences resulting from the implementation of REDD+ the UNFCCC established a list of safeguards that countries need to "address and respect" and "promote and support" in order to guarantee the correct and lasting generation of results from
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The requirements and characteristics of reference levels are under the purview of the UNFCCC. Given the wide variety in ecological conditions and country-specific circumstances, these requirements are rather global and every country will have a range of options in its definition of reference levels
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produced no fewer than seven decisions on REDD+, which are jointly known as the "Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus". These decisions address a work program on results-based finance; coordination of support for implementation; modalities for national forest monitoring systems; presenting information on
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National Steering Committees facilitate strong country ownership and shared/common decision-making for National REDD+ Programmes, and include representatives of civil society and indigenous peoples. Each National Steering Committee provides oversight for National Programmes, addressing any delays,
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One of the largest issues is how reduction of emissions and the removal of greenhouse gases will be monitored consistently on a large scale, across a number of countries, each with separate environmental agencies and laws. Other issues relate to the conflict between the REDD+ approach and existing
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At the 2007 Bali Conference, the Norwegian government announced their International Climate and Forests Initiative (NICFI), which provided US$ 1 billion towards the Brazilian REDD scheme and US$ 500 million towards the creation and implementation of national-based, REDD+ activities in Tanzania. In
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While a single, harmonized, global system that accounts for and rewards emissions reductions from forests and land use has been elusive, diverse context-specific projects have emerged that support a variety of activities including community-based forest management, enforcement of protected areas,
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Safeguard (e): That actions are consistent with the conservation of natural forests and biological diversity, ensuring that the actions … are not used for the conversion of natural forests, but are instead used to incentivize the protection and conservation of natural forests and their ecosystem
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In 2009, at COP 15 in Copenhagen, the Copenhagen Accord was reached, noting in section 6 the recognition of the crucial role of REDD and REDD+ and the need to provide positive incentives for such actions by enabling the mobilization of financial resources from developed countries. The Accord
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Of specific interest to REDD+ are the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. The UNFCCC decisions call on countries to make an assessment of these drivers and to base the policies and measures on this assessment, such that the policies and measures can be directed to where the impact is
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A national REDD+ strategy need not refer solely to the establishment of national parks or protected areas; by the careful design of rules and guidelines, REDD+ could include land use practices such as shifting cultivation by Indigenous communities and reduced-impact-logging, provided sustainable
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Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 73, suggests that national capacity for implementing REDD+ is built up in phases, "beginning with the development of national strategies or action plans, policies and measures, and capacity-building, followed by the implementation of national policies and measures and
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The first two activities reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and they are the two activities listed in the original submission on REDD in 2005 by the Coalition for Rainforest Nations. The three remaining activities constitute the "+" in REDD+. The last one enhances removals of greenhouse gases,
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of the Conference of the Parties to the convention (COP) at the request of Costa Rica and Papua New Guinea, on behalf of the Coalition for Rainforest Nations, when they submitted the document "Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing Countries: Approaches to Stimulate Action", with a
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grounds. During the UN climate negotiations in Copenhagen (2009) and Cancun (2010) strong civil society and social movements coalitions formed a strong front to fight the World Bank out of the climate. However, this concern has largely died down as the World Bank initiatives have been more full
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Although the World Bank declares its commitment to fight against climate change, many civil society organisations and grassroots movements around the world view with scepticism the processes being developed under the various carbon funds. Among some of the most worrying reasons are the weak (or
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In the text of the convention repeated reference is made to national "policies and measures", the set of legal, regulatory and administrative instruments that parties develop and implement to achieve the objective of the convention. These policies can be specific to climate change mitigation or
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final report on climate change and a paragraph that endorsed REDD+; this was captured in a video entitled "the 2nd May Revolt". However, these protests have largely disappeared in recent years. Indigenous people sit as permanent representatives on many multinational and national REDD+ bodies.
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REDD/REDD+ will not benefit Indigenous Peoples, but in fact will result in more violations of Indigenous Peoples' rights. It will increase the violation of our human rights, our rights to our lands, territories and resources, steal our land, cause forced evictions, prevent access and threaten
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The overall development goal of the Programme is "to reduce forest emissions and enhance carbon stocks in forests while contributing to national sustainable development". The UN-REDD Programme supports nationally led REDD+ processes and promotes the informed and meaningful involvement of all
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e from a reduction in deforestation. This Technical Annex was reviewed through the International Consultation and Analysis process and on 22 September 2015 a technical report was issued by the UNFCCC which states that "the LULUCF experts consider that the data and information provided in the
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Countries have to regularly provide a summary of information on how these safeguards are addressed and respected. This could come in the form, for instance, of explaining the legal and regulatory environment with regards to the recognition, inclusion and engagement of Indigenous Peoples, and
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Additionally, the Programme has identified four important cross-cutting themes as being particularly significant in order to ensure that the outcomes and outputs of the Programme will achieve results as desired: Stakeholder Engagement, Forest Governance, Tenure Security and Gender Equality.
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Since the first discussion on REDD+ in 2005, and particularly at COP 13 in 2007 and COP 15 in 2009, many concerns have been voiced on aspects of REDD+. Though it is widely understood that REDD+ will need to undergo full-scale implementation in all non-Annex I countries to meet the
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without becoming any more specific. The ability of local communities to effectively contribute to REDD+ field activities and the measurement of forest properties for estimating reduced emissions and enhanced emissions of greenhouse gases has been clearly demonstrated in various countries.
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refers to detrimental effects outside of the project area attributable to project activities. Leakage is less of an issue when REDD+ is implemented at a national or subnational level, as there can be no domestic leakage once full national coverage is achieved. However, there can still be
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The UNFCCC does not define what constitutes a forest; it only requires that Parties communicate to the UNFCCC on how they define a forest. The UNFCCC does suggest using a definition in terms of minimal area, minimal crown coverage and minimal height at maturity of perennial vegetation.
622:. The GCF currently finances REDD+ programs in phase 1 (design of national strategies or action plans, capacity building) and phase 2 (implementation of national strategies or action plans, demonstration programs). It is currently finalizing an approach to REDD+ results-based payments.
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Some grassroots organizations are working to develop REDD+ activities with communities and developing benefit-sharing mechanisms to ensure REDD+ funds reach rural communities as well as governments. Examples of these include Plan Vivo projects in Mexico, Mozambique and Cameroon; and
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Reference levels have to eventually have national coverage, but they may be composed from a number of sub-national reference levels. As an example, forest degradation may have a reference emission level for commercial selective logging and one for extraction of minor timber and
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at the Policy Board meetings, and "may be invited to submit a request to receive funding for a National Programme in the future, if selected through a set of criteria to prioritize funding for new countries approved by the Policy Board". The Programme operates in six work
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is included in the U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The REDD+ decisions under the UNFCCC do not have this as an explicit requirement; however, the safeguard on respect for the knowledge and rights of Indigenous peoples and members of local communities
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1412:
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services, and to enhance other social and environmental benefits. Footnote to this safeguard: Taking into account the need for sustainable livelihoods of indigenous peoples and local communities and their interdependence on forests in most countries, reflected in the
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use by rural communities. Effectively, every identified driver of deforestation or forest degradation has to be represented in one or more reference emission level(s). Similarly for reference levels for enhancement of carbon stocks, there may be a reference level for
2488:
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The UN-REDD Programme depends entirely on voluntary funds. Donors to the UN-REDD Programme have included the European Commission and governments of Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, Norway, Spain and Switzerland—with Norway providing a significant portion of the funds.
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The collaborating UN agencies of the UN-REDD Programme – FAO, UNEP and UNDP – are committed to making information about the Programme and its operations available to the public in the interest of transparency. As part of this commitment, the Programme publishes
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Sunderlin, William D.; Larson, Anne M.; Duchelle, Amy E.; Resosudarmo, Ida Aju Pradnja; Huynh, Thu Ba; Awono, Abdon; Dokken, Therese (2014). "How are REDD+ Proponents Addressing Tenure Problems? Evidence from Brazil, Cameroon, Tanzania, Indonesia, and Vietnam".
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COP 20 in December 2014 did not produce any new decisions on REDD+. A reference was made to REDD+ in decision 8/CP.20 "Report of the Green Climate Fund to the Conference of the Parties and guidance to the Green Climate Fund", where in paragraph 18 the COP
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Most REDD+ activities or projects implemented since the call for demonstration activities in Decision 2/CP.13 December 2007 are focused on readiness, which is not surprising given that REDD+ and its requirements were completely new to all developing countries.
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Countries are encouraged to identify "national circumstances" that impact the drivers: specific conditions within the country that impact the forest resources. Hints for typical national circumstances can be found in preambles to various COP decisions, such as
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There are risks that the local inhabitants and the communities that live in the forests will be bypassed and that they will not be consulted and so they will not actually receive any revenues. Fair distribution of REDD+ benefits will not be achieved without a
618:(GCF) was established at COP 17 to function as the financial mechanism for the UNFCCC, thereby including REDD+ finance. The Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus makes various references to the GCF, instructing developing country Parties to apply to the GCF for
1585:(UNFCCC) agreed to explore ways of reducing emissions from deforestation and to enhance forest carbon stocks in developing nations. The underlying idea is that developing nations should be financially compensated if they succeed in reducing their levels of
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Financing entities that seek to provide results-based payments (payments per tonne of mitigation achieved) typically seek a true verification of results by external experts, to provide assurance that the results for which they are paying are credible.
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The REDD+ approach has a similar, more focused set of policies and measures. Forest sector laws and procedures are typically in place in most countries. In addition, countries have to develop specific national strategies and/or action plans for REDD+.
1661:, and a number of smaller projects financed by the Norwegian International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI), the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, among many others. All of these were based on substantive guidance from the UNFCCC.
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Subsequent to the initial donor nation response, the UN established REDD Plus, or REDD+, expanding the original program's scope to include increasing forest cover through both reforestation and the planting of new forest cover, as well as promoting
812:(a) Continuation in updating and improving the carbon density map, including through the use of improved ground data from Brazil's first national forest inventory, possibly prioritizing geographic areas where deforestation is more likely to occur;
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The United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (or UN-REDD Programme) is a multilateral body that partners with countries to help them establish the technical capacities to implement REDD+ (see below
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goes on to note in section 8 that the collective commitment by developed countries for new and additional resources, including forestry and investments through international institutions, will approach US$ 30 billion for the period 2010–2012.
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request to create an agenda item to discuss consideration of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in natural forests as a mitigation measure. COP 11 entered the request to consider the document as agenda item 6:
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already is supporting phase 1 and 2 REDD+ programs, and is finalizing rules to allow disbursement of result-based finance to developing countries that submit verified reports of emission reductions and enhanced removals of greenhouse gases.
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Sunderlin, William D.; Ekaputri, Andini Desita; Sills, Erin O.; Duchelle, Amy E.; Kweka, Demetrius; Diprose, Rachael; Doggart, Nike; Ball, Steve; Lima, Rebeca; Enright, Adrian; Torres, Jorge; Hartanto, Herlina; Toniolo, Angélica (2014).
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However, unlike a true verification the technical assessment cannot "approve" or "reject" the reference level, or the reported results measured against this reference level. It does provide clarity on potential areas for improvement.
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In 2009, the Government of Finland and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations signed a US$ 17 million partnership agreement to provide tools and methods for multi-purpose forest inventories, REDD+ monitoring and
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None of these decisions use an acronym for the title of the agenda item; the acronym is not coined by the COP of the UNFCCC. The set of decisions on REDD+ that were adopted at COP 19 in Warsaw, December 2013, was coined the
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ITTO has been criticized for appearing to support above all the inclusion of forest extraction inside REDD+ under the guise of "sustainable management" in order to benefit from carbon markets while maintaining business-as-usual.
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REDD+ in Article 5 of the Paris Agreement. This was part of a broader Article that specified that all countries should take action to protect and enhance their greenhouse gas sinks and reservoirs (stores of sequestered carbon).
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has general oversight for the Programme, taking decisions on the allocation of the UN-REDD Programme fund resources. It meets bi-annually, or more frequently as required to efficiently carry out its roles and responsibilities.
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REDD+ contributions to the mitigation of climate change are implemented and safeguarded with policies and measures that constitute results-based actions, including the development of appropriate and effective institutional
1511:
The approach detailed under the UNFCCC is commonly referred to as "reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation", abbreviated as REDD+. This title and the acronyms, however, are not used by the COP itself.
315:
greatest. Some of the drivers will be generic – in the sense that they are prevalent in many countries, such as increasing population pressure – while others will be very specific to countries or regions within countries.
737:
Forest Fund to aid forest conservation activities in Central Africa. In 2010, Norway signed a Letter of Intent with Indonesia to provide the latter country with up to US$ 1 billion "assuming that Indonesia achieves good
1268:
under which a trust fund established in July 2008 allows donors to pool resources to generate the requisite transfer flow of resources to significantly reduce global emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.
929:
rotation and harvesting cycles can be demonstrated. Some argue that this is opening the door to logging operations in primary forests, displacement of local populations for "conservation", increase of tree plantations.
264:
issues, forest governance issues, gender considerations and the social and environmental safeguards, ensuring the full and effective participation of stakeholders, inter alia Indigenous peoples and local communities.
779:
In 2010, national governments of developing and developed countries joined efforts to create the Interim REDD+ Partnership as means to enhance implementation of early action and foster fast start finance for REDD+
1888:
Fearnside, Philip (2000). "Global warming and tropical land-use change: Greenhouse gas emissions from biomass burning, decomposition and soils in forest conversion, shifting cultivation and secondary vegetation".
548:
with concrete, cement and bricks (AFOLU to industry). Many initiatives require leakage be taken into account in program design, so that potential leakage of emissions, including across borders, can be minimized.
1085:
While the COP decisions emphasize national ownership and stakeholder consultation, there are concerns that some of the larger institutional organizations are driving the process, in particular outside of the
195:
originally referred to "reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries", which was the title of the original document on REDD. It was superseded by REDD+ in the Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus
1099:
inexistent) consultation processes with local communities; the lack of criteria to determine when a country is ready to implement REDD+ projects (readiness); the negative impacts such as deforestation and
496:. As the concept of REDD+ was being defined, many organizations began promoting REDD+ projects at the scale of a forest area (e.g. large concession, National Park), analogous to AR-CDM projects under the
2982:
In a multi-year research project the engagement of local communities in REDD+ field activity implementation in 7 developing countries was studied and found to be highly effective. See multiple papers at
422:(a) There is consistency in methodologies, definitions, comprehensiveness and the information provided between the assessed reference level and the results of the implementation of the activities (...);
248:(d) A system for providing information on how the social and environmental safeguards (included in an appendix to the decision) are being addressed and respected throughout the implementation of REDD+.
649:
There is a very substantial number of REDD+ projects globally and this section lists only a selection. One of the more comprehensive online tools with up-to-date information on REDD+ projects is the
407:(IPCC), the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change, as well as other parameters of interest such as those related to safeguards and eligible activity implementation.
2436:
1464:
1050:
Under the market-based approach, REDD+ would act as an "offset scheme" in which verified results-based actions translate into some form of carbon credits, more-or-less analogous to the market for
238:(b) A national forest reference emission level and/or forest reference level or, if appropriate, as an interim measure, subnational forest reference emission levels and/or forest reference levels;
403:
is particularly suited to the assessment of areas of forest and stratification of different forest types. Ground-based observations involve forest surveys to measure the carbon pools used by the
323:
that economic and social development and poverty eradication are global priorities" in the Bali Action Plan, enabling developing countries to prioritize policies like poverty eradication through
307:, or of a more generic nature but with an impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Many of the signatory parties to the UNFCCC have by now established climate change strategies and response measures.
2746:"Technical report on the technical analysis of the technical annex to the first biennial update report of Brazil submitted in accordance with decision 14/CP.19, paragraph 7, on 31 December 2014"
1297:
Technical country capacity enhancing support through sharing of expertise, common approaches, analyses, methodologies, tools, data, best practices and facilitated South-South knowledge sharing.
1004:
indigenous agricultural practices, destroy biodiversity and cultural diversity and cause social conflicts. Under REDD/REDD+, states and carbon traders will take more control over our forests.
1966:
van der Werf, G.R.; Morton, D. C.; DeFries, R. S.; Olivier, J. G. J.; Kasibhatla, P. S.; Jackson, R. B.; Collatz, G. J.; Randerson, J. T. (November 2009). "CO2 emissions from forest loss".
773:
Australia established a A$ 200 million International Forest Carbon Initiative, focused on developing REDD+ activities in its vicinity, i.e., in areas like Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea.
723:
2553:
3598:
2597:
803:
within Brazil's territory, a little under half of the national territory, reporting emission reductions against Brazil's previously submitted reference emission level of 2,971.02 MtCO
626:
868:
While there is a safeguard against the conversion of natural forest, developing country Parties are free to include plantations of commercial tree species (including exotics like
1531:
originally referred to "reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries" the title of the original document on REDD. It was superseded in the negotiations by REDD+.
3944:
Entenmann, Steffen Karl; Schmitt, Christine Brigitte (2013). "'Actors' perceptions of forest biodiversity values and policy issues related to REDD plus implementation in Peru".
2462:
2311:
7228:
3731:
853:
530:
1653:
The call for demonstration activities in decision 2/CP.13 led to a very large number of programs and projects, including the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) of the
6729:
2925:
1742:
1352:
602:
naturally. Care must be taken to differentiate between what is a purely ecological process of regrowth and what is induced or enhanced through some management intervention.
1372:
4989:
2951:
1483:
2869:
3397:
Dressler, Wolfram; McDermott, Melanie; Smith, Will; Pulhin, Juan (2012). "REDD Policy Impacts on Indigenous Property Rights Regimes on Palawan Island, the Philippines".
347:
A reference level (RL) is expressed as an amount, derived by differencing a sequence of amounts over a period of time. For REDD+ purposes the amount is expressed in CO
1272:
The Programme has expanded steadily since its establishment and now has over 60 official Partner Countries spanning Africa, Asia-Pacific and Latin America-Caribbean.
6905:
1337:
The governance arrangements are built on and informed by five principles: inclusiveness, transparency, accountability, consensus-based decisions and participation.
995:
are important stakeholders in REDD+ as they typically live inside forest areas or have their livelihoods (partially) based on exploitation of forest resources. The
6573:
6030:
996:
540:
international leakage if activities are displaced across international borders, or "displacement of emissions" between sectors, such as replacing wood fires with
273:
The decisions on REDD+ enumerate five "eligible activities" that developing countries may implement to reduce emissions and enhance removals of greenhouse gases:
3434:"Multi-Level Policy Dialogues, Processes, and Actions: Challenges and Opportunities for National REDD+ Safeguards Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)"
2833:
1429:
Country contributions to the mitigation of climate change though REDD+ are measured, reported and verified and necessary institutional arrangements are in place.
3260:
Di Gregorio, Monica; Brockhaus, Maria; Cronin, Tim; Muharrom, Efrian (2012). "Politics and power in national REDD+ policy processes". In Angelsen, Arild (ed.).
1930:
6746:
4760:
4050:
1582:
1487:
815:(b) Expansion of the coverage of carbon pools, including improving the understanding of soil carbon dynamics after the conversion of forests to non-forests;
595:
188:
1019:
3122:
2440:
245:
system for the monitoring and reporting on REDD+ activities (see below), with, if appropriate, subnational monitoring and reporting as an interim measure;
6182:
6003:
1461:
1012:
988:
Safeguard (d): The full and effective participation of relevant stakeholders, in particular indigenous peoples and local communities, in the actions … ;
6177:
2368:
453:"(a) That actions complement or are consistent with the objectives of national forest programmes and relevant international conventions and agreements;
6045:
3813:"Measurement and monitoring needs, capabilities and potential for addressing reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation under REDD+"
1057:
Since COP 17, however, it has become clear that the REDD+ may be financed by a variety of sources, market and non-market. The newly established
4755:
3891:; Shvidenko, A.; Canadell, J.; Ciais, P.; Jackson, R.; Lewis, S.; McGuire, D.; Pacala, S.; Piao, S.; Rautiainen, A.; Sitch, S.; Hayes, D. (2011).
2898:
570:
Emissions of greenhouse gases from forest land can be reduced by slowing down the rates of deforestation and forest degradation, covered by REDD+
5977:
3616:
3149:
2410:
3383:
1422:
In order to realize its goal and target impacts, the Programme has set three outcomes and supporting outputs for its 2016-2020 work programme:
1379:
is a broad multi-stakeholder forum with the role to foster consultation, dialogue and knowledge exchange among UN-REDD Programme stakeholders.
1046:
a fund-based approach where Annex I countries would deposit substantial amounts of money into a fund administered by some multi-lateral entity.
47:
The article is far too long and detailed: needs to be rewritten in summary style. Also not clear what the results were or whether it continues.
2089:
1709:
the Board of the Green Climate Fund (...) (b) to consider decisions relevant to REDD-plus", referring back to earlier COP decisions on REDD+.
944:), and social benefits (for example income and improved forest governance) is currently not addressed, beyond the inclusion in the safeguard.
7223:
7218:
7213:
5686:
1697:
1685:
1677:
1670:
1647:
1562:
1388:
changes or reorientation of a programme and ensuring alignment with and delivery of results as expected and approved by the executive board.
1327:
1078:
501:
500:, with reduction of emissions or enhancement of removals vetted by an external organization using a standard established by some party (e.g.
219:. For this reason the inclusion of reducing emissions from land use change is considered essential to achieve the objectives of the UNFCCC.
5919:
4799:
3465:
den Besten, Jan Willem; Arts, Bas; Verkooijen, Patrick (2014). "The evolution of REDD+: an analysis of discursive-institutional dynamics".
5803:
3188:"Multilevel governance challenges in transitioning towards a national approach for REDD+: Evidence from 23 subnational REDD+ initiatives"
2762:
1419:, with the goal to: Reduce forest emissions and enhance carbon stocks in forests while contributing to national sustainable development.
7208:
6067:
6020:
4468:
3047:
1253:
stakeholders, including indigenous peoples and other forest-dependent communities, in national and international REDD+ implementation.
748:
1008:
Some claim putting a commercial value on forests neglects the spiritual value they hold for Indigenous Peoples and local communities.
6946:
6062:
5642:
2466:
2315:
2233:
630:
404:
3735:
2090:"Technical considerations for Forest Reference Emission Level and/or Forest Reference Level construction for REDD+ under the UNFCCC"
489:
UNFCCC decisions or complementary to those decisions. Below follows a – no doubt incomplete – list of such concepts and approaches.
6277:
5993:
5711:
5488:
3318:
2234:"Integrating remote-sensing and ground-based observations for estimation of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases in forests"
790:
provide payments to these countries based on verified REDD+ emissions reductions achieved under national or subnational programs.
6633:
6422:
5585:
4011:
1426:
Contributions of REDD+ to the mitigation of climate change as well as to the provision of additional benefits have been designed.
1369:
1349:
411:
3552:
United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries *
2958:
7203:
6282:
6245:
6099:
6084:
5998:
5647:
5591:
4097:
3432:
Jagger, Pamela; Brockhaus, Maria; Duchelle, Amy; Gebara, Maria; Lawlor, Kathleen; Resosudarmo, Ida; Sunderlin, William (2014).
2875:
7139:
456:(b) Transparent and effective national forest governance structures, taking into account national legislation and sovereignty;
6941:
6079:
4260:
3367:
3274:
4770:
3095:
1833:
7198:
6963:
5914:
5909:
4172:
1315:
1311:
1219:
1215:
3151:
High Stakes in a Complex Game: A Snapshot of the Climate Change Negotiating Positions of Major Developing Country Emitters
767:
monitoring program to estimate soil carbon stock, using both survey and modelling-based methods, has also been undertaken.
462:(d) The full and effective participation of relevant stakeholders, in particular indigenous peoples and local communities;
171:
options, and to provide technical and financial support for these efforts. The acronym refers to "reducing emissions from
6444:
6222:
6040:
5967:
5957:
5940:
5847:
5654:
4270:
2369:"Key decisions relevant for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD+)"
2281:"Report of the Conference of the Parties on its seventeenth session, held in Durban from 28 November to 11 December 2011"
5972:
6873:
6734:
6691:
6187:
4461:
4419:
4144:
2106:
1802:"Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010"
2791:
2348:
922:
forest definitions date from 1948 and define forest only by the number, height, and canopy cover of trees in an area.
6800:
6676:
6493:
5691:
4693:
4673:
4303:
4113:
2926:"The reality of REDD+ in Peru: Between theory and practice - Indigenous Amazonian Peoples' analyses and alternatives"
1307:
1211:
69:
1938:
179:
in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest
7033:
6671:
6651:
6598:
6550:
5607:
4447:
4363:
4319:
4222:
4186:
4119:
1722:
521:
51:
4201:
4139:
6790:
6741:
6167:
6129:
6074:
5539:
4765:
2185:"Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009"
1762:
1022:
in 2012 over allegations of a failure of the government to properly respect the rights of the Indigenous groups.
7084:
2655:
1553:
Most of the key REDD+ decisions were completed by 2013, with the final pieces of the rulebook finished in 2015.
1279:
The UN-REDD Programme publicly releases each year an Annual Programme Progress Report and a Semi-Annual Report.
231:
Decision 1/CP.16 requests all developing countries aiming to undertake REDD+ to develop the following elements:
207:
are seen here in the striking "herring bone" deforestation patterns that cut through the rainforest. NASA, 2016.
6858:
6142:
5894:
5350:
4386:
4375:
3126:
1620:(the state with the largest area of tropical rainforest) however, opposes including avoided deforestation in a
425:(b) The data and information provided in the technical annex is transparent, consistent, complete and accurate;
3757:
1597:); a concept termed 'avoided deforestation (AD) or, REDD if broadened to include reducing forest degradation.
199:
7188:
6968:
6503:
6035:
4838:
4089:
3158:
3336:
The challenge of establishing REDD+ on the ground: Insights from 23 subnational initiatives in six countries
2385:
2066:"Report of the Conference of the Parties on its thirteenth session, held in Bali from 3 to 15 December 2007"
562:. The REDD+ mechanism addresses both issues of emission reduction and enhanced removal of greenhouse gases.
7193:
7158:
6951:
6623:
6152:
6147:
6052:
5924:
5481:
4298:
3783:"Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twentieth session, held in Lima from 1 to 14 December 2014"
2996:
1051:
559:
399:
Measurements are suggested to be made using a combination of remote sensing and ground-based observations.
1065:
6162:
6010:
4648:
4454:
4129:
4065:
4004:
3888:
3354:
3261:
4265:
294:
while the effect of the other two on emissions or removals is indeterminate but expected to be minimal.
7173:
7112:
7021:
6785:
6588:
6545:
6318:
6240:
6094:
5162:
4804:
4440:
4288:
4227:
4182:
4102:
4029:
2902:
2519:
As the first country to apply for funding under the FCPF Carbon Fund, Costa Rica submitted its revised
722:
The World Bank plays an important role in the development of REDD+ activities since its inception. The
3974:
3612:
3162:
1020:
Indigenous Peoples' groups in Panama broke off their collaboration with the national UN-REDD Programme
428:(c) The data and information provided in the technical annex is consistent with the guidelines (...);
387:
Details on the reporting and technical assessment of reference levels are given in Decision 13/CP.19.
6890:
6565:
6540:
6513:
6475:
6392:
6210:
6057:
6015:
5765:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5125:
4945:
4814:
4475:
4292:
4237:
4207:
4197:
4167:
4124:
4055:
3556:
2414:
2034:"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Conference of the Parties - Eleventh Session"
1070:
759:
574:. Another option would be some form of reduced impact logging in commercial logging, under the REDD+
304:
184:
42:
6405:
4080:
7094:
6900:
6895:
6885:
6826:
6666:
6172:
6137:
6025:
5952:
5793:
5622:
5558:
5519:
5264:
4950:
4558:
4523:
4280:
4242:
4212:
4070:
3334:
2257:
1549:
in developing countries" (emphasis added); the most recent, elaborated terminology used by the COP.
1291:
Direct funding and technical support to the design and implementation of National REDD+ Programmes;
505:
356:
216:
160:
4900:
3186:
Ravikumar, Ashwin; Larson, Anne M.; Duchelle, Amy E.; Myers, Rodd; Gonzales Tovar, Jazmin (2015).
2297:
7183:
7163:
7060:
7009:
6931:
6841:
6583:
6555:
6235:
5889:
5867:
5474:
5093:
4984:
4880:
4875:
4252:
4232:
4162:
4107:
4045:
4037:
3576:
3353:
Angelsen, Arild, ed. (2012). "REDD+ safeguards in national policy discourse and pilot projects".
1747:
1727:
1621:
7178:
7168:
6608:
6428:
6370:
6287:
6272:
6157:
5798:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
4870:
4865:
4745:
4733:
4412:
4217:
4177:
4134:
4060:
3997:
918:(a grass). Some opponents of REDD+ argue that this lack of a clear distinction is no accident.
599:
545:
324:
137:
3637:
1494:, conserve forest carbon stocks, sustainably manage forests and enhance forest carbon stocks.
7105:
Code REDD: A campaign to promote REDD+ projects and the corporations who have pledged support
6997:
6643:
6520:
6328:
5783:
5706:
5378:
5364:
5035:
4192:
4154:
3613:
Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries: approaches to stimulate action
3319:"REDD+ on the ground: Global insights from local contexts | REDD+ on the ground - CIFOR"
2868:
Mathai, J. (5 October 2009). "Peat Portal | Learn about peatlands and why they matter".
1568:
Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries: approaches to stimulate action
410:
The reporting has to follow the IPCC guidance, in particular the "Good Practice Guidance for
4972:
3874:
2184:
2033:
1931:"Policies to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) in Tropical Forests"
1486:
is a voluntary climate change mitigation approach that has been developed by Parties to the
975:
In some project-based REDD+, disreputable companies have taken advantage of low governance.
6836:
6714:
6375:
5945:
5872:
5254:
4994:
4935:
4905:
4775:
4563:
3906:
3824:
3782:
3695:
2280:
2153:
2065:
1975:
1801:
1108:
developed, and some of these same actors are now participating in implementation of REDD+.
377:
114:
2240:
838:
objectives of the Paris Agreement, many challenges need resolving before this can happen.
703:
Engagement of Indigenous Peoples, Local Communities and Other Relevant Stakeholders (UNDP)
8:
6853:
6628:
5857:
5852:
5455:
4826:
4643:
4611:
3837:
3812:
2745:
1490:. It aims to incentivize developing countries to reduce emissions from deforestation and
1179:
590:) from the atmosphere can be achieved through various forest management options, such as
97:
3910:
3828:
3699:
1979:
1861:
1547:
conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks
1121:
United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
6681:
6613:
6530:
6380:
6345:
6302:
6297:
6292:
5862:
5406:
4925:
4920:
4750:
4713:
4668:
4621:
4528:
4518:
4324:
3961:
3932:
3665:
3414:
3377:
2834:"How does the FAO Forest definition harm people and forests? An open letter to the FAO"
1991:
1906:
1646:
REDD received substantial attention from the UNFCCC – and the attending community – at
1491:
1066:
Top-down design by large international institutions vs. bottom-up grassroots coalitions
1058:
992:
937:
887:
615:
257:
176:
156:
2702:
6915:
6578:
6323:
6089:
5877:
5840:
5627:
5581:
5445:
5206:
4728:
4708:
4698:
4683:
4588:
4405:
3924:
3897:
3713:
3669:
3657:
3418:
3363:
3270:
2743:
2656:"Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries"
2514:
1995:
1732:
1658:
1100:
903:
373:
242:
168:
109:
37:
3965:
3936:
3892:
3246:
2633:
1910:
808:
technical annex are transparent, consistent, complete and accurate" (paragraph 38).
133:
7136:
6958:
6525:
6508:
6449:
6340:
6104:
5823:
5696:
5632:
5321:
5306:
5068:
5025:
4860:
4718:
4703:
4678:
3953:
3914:
3859:
3832:
3703:
3649:
3638:"The politics of Avoided Deforestation: historical context and contemporary issues"
3474:
3445:
3406:
3304:
3300:
3242:
3230:
3209:
3199:
2727:
1983:
1898:
1574:
1323:
1294:
Complementary tailored funding and technical support to national REDD+ actions; and
141:
3021:
1625:
control land use at the local level and prove that their emissions are declining.
825:(d) Continuation of the improvements related to monitoring of forest degradation;
7143:
7116:
7064:
6910:
6831:
6795:
6724:
6698:
6686:
6603:
6535:
6267:
5884:
5835:
5813:
5331:
5189:
5174:
5030:
4977:
4960:
4663:
4631:
4601:
4553:
4538:
4513:
4339:
3864:
3847:
3620:
3560:
3478:
3099:
3048:"PROTEST: Indigenous Peoples "2nd MAY REVOLT" at the UNPFII - carbon trade watch"
1737:
1468:
1416:
1376:
1356:
1104:
895:
212:
3811:
Goetz, S.; Hansen, M.; Houghton, R.; Walker, W.; Laporte, N.; Busch, J. (2015).
215:, including deforestation and forest degradation, accounts for 12–29% of global
6863:
6719:
6661:
6656:
6498:
6387:
6119:
6114:
6109:
5962:
5899:
5637:
5617:
5576:
5497:
5392:
5316:
5311:
5244:
5152:
5140:
5105:
5063:
5011:
5006:
4930:
4848:
4740:
4583:
4573:
2576:
1613:
1027:
953:
941:
497:
400:
164:
3957:
3410:
2523:
on 15 February 2013. Apparently only five submissions are currently envisaged.
1902:
964:
reform in forest governance and more secure tenure systems in many countries.
925:
Similarly, there is a lack of a consistent definition for forest degradation.
7152:
7126:
6936:
6868:
6593:
6415:
6400:
6335:
6230:
5420:
5401:
5326:
5286:
5239:
5078:
5050:
4915:
4853:
4792:
4787:
4596:
4548:
4020:
3661:
2611:
1757:
1586:
733:
addition, with the United Kingdom, $ 200 million was contributed towards the
591:
253:
172:
7074:
3919:
1472:
1397:
969:
full and effective participation of Indigenous Peoples and local communities
7089:
6821:
6618:
6262:
6252:
5904:
5788:
5701:
5434:
5269:
4965:
4955:
4940:
4910:
4833:
4809:
4723:
4688:
4653:
4568:
4543:
4499:
3928:
3717:
2744:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (22 September 2015).
2336:
1752:
1600:
Under the free market model advocated by the countries who have formed the
1524:
in a footnote to the title of each of the decisions creating the acronyms:
933:
800:
3653:
2984:
709:
Transparent, Equitable and Accountable Management of REDD+ Payments (UNDP)
6848:
6365:
6357:
5612:
5301:
5281:
5274:
5234:
5201:
4782:
4533:
4329:
1635:
1609:
1605:
828:(e) Expansion of the forest monitoring system to cover additional biomes.
764:
734:
368:
261:
180:
3073:"Plan Vivo " Improving livelihoods, conserving and restoring ecosystems"
2808:
2550:"The Government of Norway's International Climate and Forest Initiative"
2113:
669:
UNDP, UNEP and FAO jointly established the UN-REDD Programme (see below
6880:
6257:
5296:
5291:
5017:
4638:
2107:"Guidelines for REDD+ Reference Levels: Principles and Recommendations"
1654:
1578:
1246:
870:
650:
328:
3231:"Forest tenure reform in the age of climate change: Lessons for REDD+"
3214:
1276:
the Collaborative Partnership on Forests, and the Green Climate Fund.
947:
390:
5830:
5179:
5157:
5058:
5000:
4616:
4482:
3450:
3433:
3204:
3187:
2680:
1478:
911:
857:
381:
3708:
3683:
3096:"Why Europe Torpedoed the REDD Forest-For-Carbon Credits Initiative"
1987:
1400:
provides real-time funding administration to the UN-REDD Programme.
1136:
5259:
5229:
5224:
5184:
5130:
5120:
5040:
4428:
4334:
3887:
Pan, Y.; Birdsey, R.; Fang, J.; Hougton, R.; Kauppi, P.; Kurz, W.;
3848:"Modelling Forest Fragmentation and Carbon Emissions for REDD plus"
2258:"Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry"
541:
364:
252:
It further requests developing countries to address the drivers of
3975:"Policy persistence: REDD+ between stabilization and contestation"
3289:
3259:
2792:"Principles and Guidelines for Engagement with Indigenous Peoples"
5808:
5466:
5249:
5145:
5115:
5110:
5098:
5088:
5073:
4626:
4344:
1594:
1074:
1030:
Foundation's VCS and CCBS projects in the state of Acre, Brazil.
907:
712:
REDD+ as a Catalyst for Transformations to a Green Economy (UNEP)
204:
5429:
3989:
2924:
Espinoza Llanos, Roberto & Feather, Conrad (November 2011).
1965:
999:(IIPFCC) was explicit at the Bali climate negotiations in 2007:
6816:
5083:
4821:
4658:
4606:
4505:
2535:
1617:
1590:
1319:
1127:
915:
899:
882:
845:
103:
3331:
2763:"Measuring the effectiveness of subnational REDD+ initiatives"
1287:
The UN-REDD Programme supports its Partner Countries through:
854:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
531:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
6730:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
5818:
5415:
5135:
3431:
2847:
1573:
In December 2007, after a two-year debate on a proposal from
1340:
UN-REDD Programme 2016-2020 governance arrangements include:
932:
Achieving multiple benefits, for example the conservation of
891:
876:
685:, be invited to attend meetings and training workshops, have
476:
information on how these requirements have been implemented.
7131:
7109:
7090:
Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, hosted by the World Bank
3396:
3185:
1616:
Annex I states who have exceeded their emissions allowance.
7079:
5194:
5169:
4843:
4397:
3893:"A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests"
2997:"Carbon offsetting scheme open to corruption, report warns"
1265:
1261:
7104:
3072:
1306:
The UN-REDD Programme is a collaborative programme of the
1231:
529:"that the United Nations General Assembly has adopted the
7099:
7095:
REDD+ profile on database of Market Governance Mechanisms
7058:
Official UN-REDD Programme Online Collaborative Workspace
7052:
6906:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
3810:
3580:
3553:
3541:
1257:
952:
According to some critics, REDD+ is another extension of
919:
552:
7069:
7057:
3846:
Lu, H.; Wang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Yan, W.; Zhang, J. (2012).
3464:
2986:
under the Resources & Publications link on the left.
2312:"UN-REDD Guidelines on Free, Prior and Informed Consent"
1473:
online public access to real-time funding administration
997:
International Indigenous Peoples Forum on Climate Change
2848:"Special Report on Climate Change and Land — IPCC site"
2212:
633:(ICAO)'s market-based greenhouse gas offset mechanism.
2923:
2703:"The Carbon Fund | Forest Carbon Partnership Facility"
2552:. Ministry of Environment. 19 May 2009. Archived from
1561:
REDD was first discussed in 2005 by the UNFCCC at its
1039:
were debated by the international community at large:
822:
gases to maintain consistency with the GHG inventory;
706:
Ensuring multiple benefits of forests and REDD+ (UNEP)
431:(d) The results are accurate, to the extent possible."
7229:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
6747:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
3886:
3732:"UD Redd: Can the program save our tropical forests?"
1583:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
730:
Norwegian International Climate and Forest Initiative
189:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
7110:
REDD-Monitor - Critical analysis and news about REDD
7075:
UN-REDD Programme Multi-Partner Trust Fund Factsheet
3882:. Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).
2901:. 60 Minutes, Nine Network Australia. Archived from
2634:"Soil carbon monitoring using surveys and modelling"
1541:) refers to "reducing emissions from deforestation
1408:The work of the UN-REDD Programme is guided by its
1247:#Difference between REDD+ and the UN-REDD Programme
1013:
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
948:
Land tenure, carbon rights and benefit distribution
391:
Monitoring: measurement, reporting and verification
95:It has been suggested that this article should be
3872:
3597:. UN-REDD Programme. February 2016. Archived from
3577:"UN-REDD Programme Online Collaborative Workspace"
2897:Rice, Stephen & Bartlett, Liam (6 July 2012).
2411:"UN-REDD Programme - Support to Partner Countries"
2213:"IPCC — Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"
1479:Difference between REDD+ and the UN-REDD Programme
3512:"UN-REDD Programme 2016-2020 Strategic Framework"
2568:
1831:
1462:annual and semi-annual programme progress reports
1011:Indigenous Peoples protested in 2008 against the
471:(g) Actions to reduce displacement of emissions".
7150:
6947:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
3943:
1691:
1403:
1391:
7085:REDD+ Partnership, including financing database
1382:
1282:
558:the build-up of biomass, making forest lands a
280:(b) Reducing emissions from forest degradation.
183:in developing countries". REDD+ is a voluntary
3845:
3734:. Thomaswhite.com. 11 May 2011. Archived from
2809:"The need for improved forest plantation data"
2028:
2026:
2024:
1664:
605:
544:stoves (AFOLU to energy) or construction with
468:(f) Actions to address the risks of reversals;
5687:History of climate change policy and politics
5482:
4413:
4005:
3758:"UNFCCC documents relevant for REDD+ - REDD+"
3342:. Center for International Forestry Research.
3147:
2612:"Support to forest monitoring and assessment"
1079:2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference
586:Removals of greenhouse gases (specifically CO
3972:
2957:. Asia-Pacific Forestry Week. Archived from
2896:
2797:. Global Environment Facility. October 2012.
2577:"Are We on The Brink of Saving Rainforests?"
846:Natural forests vs. high-density plantations
818:(c) Consideration of the treatment of non-CO
5804:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
3873:Probert, C.; Sharrock, S.; Ali, N. (2011).
2304:
2021:
1883:
1881:
1318:(UNEP), created in 2008 in response to the
902:), or even non-tree species such as palms (
625:REDD+ is also eligible for inclusion under
494:Project-based REDD+, voluntary market REDD+
449:the REDD+ mechanism. These safeguards are:
7028:
7016:
6473:
5489:
5475:
4420:
4406:
4012:
3998:
3382:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1924:
1922:
1920:
1126:
749:International Tropical Timber Organization
277:(a) Reducing emissions from deforestation.
211:Since 2000, various studies estimate that
7127:Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF)
6768:
6574:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
5712:United Nations Climate Change conferences
3918:
3863:
3836:
3707:
3635:
3449:
3346:
3213:
3203:
3045:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2009:Butler, Rhett (August 2009). "Big REDD".
1887:
1684:In 2011 decision 12/CP.17 was adopted at
1545:in developing countries, and the role of
1256:The programme is a collaboration between
631:International Civil Aviation Organization
405:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
283:(c) Conservation of forest carbon stocks.
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
6278:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
3352:
3120:
2728:"First Biennial Update Report of Brazil"
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
1878:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1115:
1069:
793:
297:
289:(e) Enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
198:
132:
6634:National Adaptation Programme of Action
6423:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
3356:Analysing REDD+: Challenges and choices
3263:Analysing REDD+: Challenges and choices
3123:"What the (carbon) market cannot do..."
2949:
2386:"Copenhagen Accord of 18 December 2009"
2154:"UNFCCC document FCCC/CP/2013/10/Add.1"
1917:
1608:would sell carbon sink credits under a
1033:
784:
656:
412:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
235:(a) A national strategy or action plan;
7151:
6283:Economics of climate change mitigation
6246:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
5764:
5592:Scientific consensus on climate change
3775:
3631:
3629:
3228:
3093:
2931:. AIDESEP and Forest Peoples Programme
2867:
2786:
2784:
2574:
2463:"UN-REDD Programme Strategy 2011-2015"
2363:
2361:
2264:
2192:Framework Convention on Climate Change
2170:
2131:
2008:
1961:
1959:
1809:Framework Convention on Climate Change
670:
578:of sustainable management of forests.
553:As a climate change mitigation measure
286:(d) Sustainable management of forests.
268:
241:(c) A robust and transparent national
6942:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
6767:
6472:
6208:
5763:
5675:
5556:
5508:
5470:
4401:
3993:
3571:
3569:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3148:von der Goltz, Jan (10 August 2009),
3027:. Noredd.makenoise.org. November 2011
3016:
3014:
2976:
2051:
1928:
1847:
1775:
978:
967:The UNFCCC has repeatedly called for
886:spp.), agricultural tree crops (e.g.
636:
581:
565:
7224:United Nations Environment Programme
7219:United Nations Development Programme
7214:International forestry organizations
6964:Representative Concentration Pathway
5910:Tipping points in the climate system
5586:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
4370:
3192:International Journal of the Commons
2489:"FCPF template to apply for funding"
1827:
1825:
1316:United Nations Environment Programme
1312:United Nations Development Programme
1220:United Nations Environment Programme
1216:United Nations Development Programme
483:
331:development over forest protection.
81:
20:
6735:Nationally determined contributions
6445:Individual action on climate change
5655:World energy supply and consumption
5345:
4382:
3626:
3542:UN-REDD Programme official website.
2781:
2358:
1956:
1832:UN-REDD Programme (February 2016).
1641:
1334:and clear lines of accountability.
1197:Head, UN-REDD Programme Secretariat
1077:people protesting against REDD+ at
334:
13:
7053:Official UN-REDD Programme Website
6874:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
5496:
3973:Asiyanbi, A.; Lund, J. F. (2020).
3876:A REDD+ manual for botanic gardens
3804:
3566:
3554:Official UN-REDD Programme Website
3522:
3485:
3467:Environmental Science & Policy
3011:
1343:
724:Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
720:Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
598:, but also by letting forest land
14:
7240:
7209:Food and Agriculture Organization
7132:Global Environment Facility (GEF)
7046:
6801:Satellite temperature measurement
6406:forestry for carbon sequestration
5692:History of climate change science
4694:Global Forest Information Service
4019:
3636:Humphreys, D (1 September 2008).
3121:Karsenty, Alain (November 2009).
1822:
1743:CDM excluding Forest Conservation
1350:UN-REDD Programme Executive Board
1310:of the United Nations (FAO), the
1308:Food and Agriculture Organization
1212:Food and Agriculture Organization
1145: UN-REDD National Programmes
7027:
7015:
7004:
7003:
6991:
6652:Climate Change Performance Index
6031:Destruction of cultural heritage
5450:
5441:
5440:
5428:
5414:
5400:
5386:
5372:
5358:
5344:
4381:
4369:
4358:
4357:
4320:Deforestation and climate change
4079:
1929:Myers, Erin C. (December 2007).
1862:"UNFCCC document FCCC/CP/2005/5"
1723:Deforestation and climate change
1135:
700:National REDD+ Governance (UNDP)
594:degraded or deforested areas or
522:Free, prior and informed consent
222:
203:Settlement and deforestation in
86:
25:
16:Climate change mitigation policy
7137:Forest Investment Program (FIP)
6791:Instrumental temperature record
6742:Sustainable Development Goal 13
5451:
3750:
3724:
3676:
3605:
3587:
3546:
3458:
3425:
3390:
3325:
3311:
3283:
3253:
3247:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.11.008
3222:
3179:
3141:
3114:
3087:
3065:
3039:
2989:
2943:
2917:
2890:
2861:
2840:
2826:
2801:
2755:
2737:
2720:
2707:www.forestcarbonpartnership.org
2695:
2673:
2648:
2626:
2604:
2590:
2542:
2528:
2507:
2481:
2455:
2429:
2403:
2378:
2341:
2330:
2290:
2250:
2226:
2205:
2099:
2082:
1763:United Nations Forum on Forests
1602:Coalition of Rainforest Nations
1450:
1151: UN-REDD Partner Countries
856:, as well as the International
697:MRV and Monitoring (led by FAO)
6859:Climate variability and change
6209:
5895:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
3838:10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/123001
3817:Environmental Research Letters
3305:10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.013
3094:Butler, Rhett (5 March 2008).
2952:"REDD: a Steep learning Curve"
2871:Seeing REDD over deforestation
2575:Butler, Rhett (22 July 2009).
2002:
1506:
155:) is a framework to encourage
1:
7204:Sustainable forest management
6969:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
6504:Climate emergency declaration
3946:Biodiversity and Conservation
3642:International Forestry Review
3159:Center for Global Development
2999:. Abc.net.au. 1 November 2010
2413:. Un-redd.org. Archived from
1768:
1692:Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus
1522:Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus
1410:2016-2020 Strategic Framework
1404:2016-2020 Strategic Framework
1398:Multi-Party Trust Fund Office
1392:Multi-Party Trust Fund Office
1301:
1052:Certified Emission Reductions
985:Rights of Indigenous Peoples;
832:
443:
6952:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
6178:Middle East and North Africa
5509:
4427:
3979:Journal of Political Ecology
3865:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.04.249
3479:10.1016/j.envsci.2013.03.009
1638:forest resource management.
1383:National Steering Committees
1283:Support to Partner Countries
7:
7199:Environmental controversies
5676:
3694:(7269): 11. November 2009.
3235:Global Environmental Change
2950:Vickers, Ben (April 2008).
2681:"REDD+ Partnership website"
2298:"UNFCCC REDD+ web platform"
1716:
1665:Definition of main elements
1363:
606:REDD+ and the carbon market
480:UNFCCC REDD+ web platform.
187:framework developed by the
45:. The specific problem is:
10:
7245:
6786:Global surface temperature
6677:Popular culture depictions
6589:Ecosystem-based adaptation
6319:Carbon capture and storage
6241:Carbon offsets and credits
5557:
4805:Growth and yield modelling
4030:Deforestation by continent
3623:accessed 10 November 2009.
1604:, developing nations with
1501:
1370:UN-REDD Programme Assembly
6998:Climate change portal
6985:
6924:
6891:Extreme event attribution
6809:
6778:
6774:
6763:
6707:
6642:
6564:
6514:School Strike for Climate
6486:
6482:
6468:
6437:
6393:Climate-smart agriculture
6354:
6311:
6221:
6217:
6204:
6128:
5986:
5933:
5776:
5772:
5759:
5682:
5671:
5600:
5569:
5565:
5552:
5535:Climate change adaptation
5530:Climate change mitigation
5525:Effects of climate change
5515:
5504:
5379:Earth sciences portal
5365:Climate change portal
5340:
5217:
5049:
4946:Great Green Wall (Africa)
4891:
4582:
4492:
4435:
4353:
4312:
4279:
4251:
4153:
4088:
4077:
4036:
4027:
3958:10.1007/s10531-013-0477-5
3595:"Fact Sheet: About REDD+"
3411:10.1007/s10745-012-9527-y
2683:. Reddpluspartnership.org
1441:
1355:12 September 2021 at the
1226:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1157:
1134:
1125:
777:Interim REDD+ Partnership
760:climate change adaptation
380:, possibly stratified by
185:climate change mitigation
140:, 2009. Deforestation in
7115:14 December 2022 at the
7080:UNFCCC REDD Web Platform
6901:Global warming potential
6708:International agreements
6355:Preserving and enhancing
5794:Arctic methane emissions
5716:Years in climate change
5623:Greenhouse gas emissions
5520:Causes of climate change
4951:Great Green Wall (China)
4524:Close to nature forestry
3229:Larson, Anne M. (2011).
3052:www.carbontradewatch.org
1628:
1043:a market-based approach;
651:Voluntary REDD+ Database
560:sink of greenhouse gases
357:global warming potential
217:greenhouse gas emissions
163:and enhance removals of
7070:Official UNFCCC Website
7063:12 October 2022 at the
6932:Climate change scenario
6584:Disaster risk reduction
6236:Carbon emission trading
6046:U.S. insurance industry
6021:Civilizational collapse
5868:sea surface temperature
4985:Million Tree Initiative
3920:10.1126/science.1201609
1903:10.1023/a:1005569915357
1748:Natural Forest Standard
1728:Deforestation by region
1581:, state parties to the
1556:
1161:September 24, 2008
6925:Research and modelling
6609:Nature-based solutions
6429:Nature-based solutions
6371:Carbon dioxide removal
6288:Fossil fuel divestment
6273:Climate risk insurance
6183:Small island countries
5799:Arctic sea ice decline
5407:Environment portal
4839:Sustainable management
4734:Trillion Tree Campaign
3611:United Nations. 2007.
2437:"National Programmes2"
1543:and forest degradation
1467:12 August 2020 at the
1415:18 August 2022 at the
1163:; 15 years ago
1082:
1006:
830:
646:is also encountered).
344:within its territory.
325:agricultural expansion
208:
145:
138:NASA Earth Observatory
6886:Earth's energy budget
6769:Background and theory
6657:Climate crisis (term)
6329:Fossil fuel phase-out
6223:Economics and finance
6188:by individual country
6130:By country and region
6105:Security and conflict
6100:Psychological impacts
5784:Abrupt climate change
5707:Charles David Keeling
5540:By country and region
5332:Wood process engineer
5036:Urban forest inequity
3684:"On the road to REDD"
3654:10.1505/ifor.10.3.433
3125:CIRAD. Archived from
2536:"Amazon Fund website"
1589:(through valuing the
1116:The UN-REDD Programme
1073:
1001:
810:
794:Results-based actions
546:wood for construction
298:Policies and measures
202:
167:through a variety of
136:
101:into articles titled
7189:Forest certification
7142:9 April 2017 at the
6715:Glasgow Climate Pact
6376:Carbon sequestration
5946:Mass mortality event
4995:Shifting cultivation
4936:Forest fragmentation
4906:Carbon sequestration
4776:Woodland Carbon Code
4741:Forest certification
4649:Even-aged management
4564:Sustainable forestry
4387:WikiProject Forestry
3852:Procedia Engineering
3601:on 1 September 2022.
1191:65 Partner Countries
1101:loss of biodiversity
1034:In the carbon market
785:Implementation phase
657:Readiness activities
620:result-based finance
512:Benefit distribution
378:natural regeneration
376:species and one for
157:developing countries
52:improve this article
41:to meet Knowledge's
7194:Forest conservation
7159:Emissions reduction
6854:Climate sensitivity
6629:The Adaptation Fund
6085:Infectious diseases
5987:Social and economic
4800:Formally designated
4644:Ecological thinning
4554:Plantation forestry
4462:Research institutes
3911:2011Sci...333..988P
3829:2015ERL....10l3001G
3700:2009Natur.462Q..11.
3583:on 12 October 2022.
2964:on 29 December 2009
2905:on 13 November 2012
2899:"The Carbon Cowboy"
2469:on 20 December 2013
2443:on 19 February 2014
2417:on 14 February 2014
2318:on 22 February 2014
1980:2009NatGe...2..737V
1944:on 10 November 2009
1937:: 7. Archived from
1375:15 May 2018 at the
1207:Parent organization
1180:Geneva, Switzerland
1122:
1088:one Party, one vote
596:enrichment planting
572:eligible activities
355:e) (see article on
269:Eligible activities
6425:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
6397:Forest management
6381:Direct air capture
6346:Sustainable energy
6303:Net zero emissions
6298:Low-carbon economy
6293:Green Climate Fund
6080:Indigenous peoples
5978:Plant biodiversity
5766:Effects and issues
5393:Ecology portal
4926:Forest degradation
4921:Ecosystem services
4529:Community forestry
4325:Forest degradation
3619:2009-08-05 at the
3559:2018-11-19 at the
3518:on 18 August 2022.
3129:on 28 October 2012
2878:on 13 January 2012
2767:CIFOR Forests News
2556:on 10 October 2012
2515:"FCPF Carbon Fund"
2039:. 11 November 2005
2011:Washington Monthly
1935:Resources Magazine
1696:In December 2013,
1593:that is stored in
1492:forest degradation
1456:REDD+ activities.
1120:
1083:
1059:Green Climate Fund
993:Indigenous peoples
979:Indigenous peoples
938:ecosystem services
671:#UN-REDD Programme
637:Implementing REDD+
616:Green Climate Fund
582:Enhancing removals
566:Reducing emissions
258:forest degradation
209:
177:forest degradation
146:
7174:Forest governance
7100:UN-REDD Programme
7043:
7042:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6916:Radiative forcing
6759:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6579:Adaptive capacity
6464:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6324:Energy transition
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
5915:Tropical cyclones
5841:Urban heat island
5755:
5754:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5628:Carbon accounting
5582:Greenhouse effect
5548:
5547:
5464:
5463:
5421:Plants portal
5207:green woodworking
4395:
4394:
3952:(5): 1229–p1254.
3905:(6045): 988–993.
3788:. 2 February 2015
3369:978-602-8693-80-6
3293:World Development
3276:978-602-8693-80-6
2119:on 13 August 2017
1968:Nature Geoscience
1733:Emissions trading
1659:UN-REDD Programme
1322:decisions on the
1242:
1241:
683:knowledge sharing
675:partner countries
667:UN-REDD Programme
576:eligible activity
484:Additional issues
382:ecological region
374:plantation timber
243:forest monitoring
169:forest management
131:
130:
110:UN-REDD Programme
80:
79:
72:
43:quality standards
34:This article may
7236:
7031:
7030:
7019:
7018:
7007:
7006:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6959:Paleoclimatology
6776:
6775:
6765:
6764:
6526:Ecological grief
6509:Climate movement
6484:
6483:
6470:
6469:
6450:Plant-based diet
6341:Renewable energy
6219:
6218:
6206:
6205:
6041:Economic impacts
5968:Invasive species
5824:Coastal flooding
5774:
5773:
5761:
5760:
5697:Svante Arrhenius
5673:
5672:
5643:from agriculture
5633:Carbon footprint
5618:Greenhouse gases
5567:
5566:
5554:
5553:
5506:
5505:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5468:
5467:
5454:
5453:
5444:
5443:
5435:Trees portal
5433:
5432:
5419:
5418:
5405:
5404:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5348:
5347:
5069:Forest gardening
5026:Timber recycling
4973:Invasive species
4861:Tree measurement
4422:
4415:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4385:
4384:
4373:
4372:
4361:
4360:
4304:Papua New Guinea
4114:British Columbia
4083:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3969:
3940:
3922:
3883:
3881:
3869:
3867:
3842:
3840:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3711:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3633:
3624:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3579:. Archived from
3573:
3564:
3550:
3544:
3539:
3520:
3519:
3514:. Archived from
3508:
3483:
3482:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:10.3390/f5092136
3444:(9): 2136–2162.
3429:
3423:
3422:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3381:
3373:
3361:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3268:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3207:
3205:10.18352/ijc.593
3183:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3161:, archived from
3156:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3098:. Archived from
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3018:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2956:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2874:. Archived from
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2769:. 21 August 2017
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2600:. 27 March 2017.
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2495:on 8 August 2012
2491:. Archived from
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2465:. Archived from
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2439:. Archived from
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:"Eliasch Review"
2345:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2314:. Archived from
2308:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2286:. 15 March 2012.
2285:
2277:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2246:on 5 March 2014.
2245:
2239:. Archived from
2238:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2181:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2112:. Archived from
2111:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2030:
2019:
2018:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1926:
1915:
1914:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1798:
1676:A year later at
1642:Bali Action Plan
1575:Papua New Guinea
1324:Bali Action Plan
1238:
1235:
1233:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1130:
1123:
1119:
954:green capitalism
679:targeted support
384:or forest type.
351:-equivalents (CO
335:Reference levels
165:greenhouse gases
142:Malaysian Borneo
126:
123:
90:
89:
82:
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
29:
28:
21:
7244:
7243:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7149:
7148:
7144:Wayback Machine
7117:Wayback Machine
7065:Wayback Machine
7049:
7044:
7039:
6992:
6990:
6973:
6920:
6911:Orbital forcing
6805:
6770:
6751:
6725:Paris Agreement
6703:
6699:Warming stripes
6638:
6604:Managed retreat
6599:Loss and damage
6560:
6494:Business action
6478:
6456:
6433:
6356:
6350:
6307:
6268:Climate finance
6213:
6192:
6124:
5982:
5958:Extinction risk
5934:Flora and fauna
5929:
5890:Permafrost thaw
5885:Ozone depletion
5814:Extreme weather
5768:
5751:
5678:
5659:
5596:
5561:
5544:
5511:
5500:
5495:
5465:
5460:
5427:
5413:
5399:
5387:
5385:
5373:
5371:
5359:
5357:
5336:
5213:
5190:spruce-pine-fir
5163:Christmas trees
5045:
4961:Illegal logging
4893:
4887:
4602:Controlled burn
4587:
4578:
4559:Social forestry
4539:Energy forestry
4519:Bamboo forestry
4514:Analog forestry
4488:
4431:
4426:
4396:
4391:
4349:
4340:Illegal logging
4308:
4275:
4247:
4149:
4120:Central America
4084:
4075:
4032:
4023:
4018:
3879:
3807:
3805:Further reading
3802:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3762:redd.unfccc.int
3756:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3739:
3738:on 8 April 2016
3730:
3729:
3725:
3709:10.1038/462011a
3682:
3681:
3677:
3634:
3627:
3621:Wayback Machine
3610:
3606:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3561:Wayback Machine
3551:
3547:
3540:
3523:
3510:
3509:
3486:
3463:
3459:
3430:
3426:
3395:
3391:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3227:
3223:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3169:
3168:on 3 March 2016
3165:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3102:on 13 July 2009
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3046:Administrator.
3044:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2981:
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2922:
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2866:
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2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
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2832:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2772:
2770:
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2756:
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2738:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
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2379:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2351:
2347:
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2342:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2022:
2007:
2003:
1988:10.1038/ngeo671
1974:(11): 737–738.
1964:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1927:
1918:
1891:Climatic Change
1886:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1841:www.un-redd.org
1836:
1830:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1776:
1771:
1738:Illegal logging
1719:
1694:
1667:
1644:
1631:
1559:
1509:
1504:
1481:
1469:Wayback Machine
1453:
1444:
1417:Wayback Machine
1406:
1394:
1385:
1377:Wayback Machine
1366:
1357:Wayback Machine
1346:
1344:Executive Board
1314:(UNDP) and the
1304:
1285:
1230:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1118:
1105:climate justice
1068:
1036:
981:
950:
942:drainage basins
848:
835:
821:
806:
796:
787:
687:observer status
659:
639:
608:
589:
584:
568:
555:
486:
446:
393:
354:
350:
337:
300:
271:
225:
213:land use change
127:
121:
118:
91:
87:
76:
65:
59:
56:
49:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7242:
7232:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7184:World forestry
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7164:Carbon finance
7161:
7147:
7146:
7134:
7129:
7120:
7119:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7055:
7048:
7047:External links
7045:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7025:
7013:
7001:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6928:
6926:
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6919:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6866:
6864:Cloud feedback
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6819:
6813:
6811:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6782:
6780:
6772:
6771:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6722:
6720:Kyoto Protocol
6717:
6711:
6709:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6674:
6672:Media coverage
6669:
6664:
6662:Climate spiral
6659:
6654:
6648:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6570:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6551:Public opinion
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6506:
6501:
6499:Climate action
6496:
6490:
6488:
6480:
6479:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6411:REDD and REDD+
6408:
6403:
6395:
6390:
6388:Carbon farming
6385:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6368:
6362:
6360:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6249:
6248:
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6233:
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6225:
6215:
6214:
6202:
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6197:
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6193:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6134:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6120:Water security
6117:
6115:Water scarcity
6112:
6110:Urban flooding
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5963:Forest dieback
5960:
5955:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5900:Sea level rise
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5873:stratification
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5780:
5778:
5770:
5769:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5638:Carbon leakage
5635:
5630:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5579:
5577:Climate system
5573:
5571:
5563:
5562:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5502:
5501:
5498:Climate change
5494:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5471:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5448:
5438:
5424:
5410:
5396:
5382:
5368:
5354:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5322:Timber cruiser
5319:
5317:Shingle weaver
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5155:
5153:Rail transport
5150:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5094:pulp and paper
5091:
5086:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5064:Forest farming
5061:
5055:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5014:
5012:slash-and-char
5009:
5007:slash-and-burn
5004:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4931:Forest dieback
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4574:Urban forestry
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4402:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4379:
4367:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4285:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4271:United Kingdom
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4195:
4190:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4017:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3970:
3941:
3884:
3870:
3843:
3823:(12): 123001.
3806:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3774:
3749:
3723:
3675:
3648:(3): 433–442.
3625:
3604:
3586:
3565:
3545:
3521:
3484:
3457:
3424:
3405:(5): 679–691.
3389:
3368:
3345:
3324:
3310:
3282:
3275:
3252:
3241:(2): 540–549.
3221:
3178:
3140:
3113:
3086:
3075:. Planvivo.org
3064:
3038:
3010:
2988:
2975:
2942:
2916:
2889:
2860:
2839:
2825:
2800:
2780:
2754:
2736:
2719:
2694:
2672:
2647:
2625:
2603:
2589:
2567:
2541:
2527:
2506:
2480:
2454:
2428:
2402:
2377:
2357:
2340:
2329:
2303:
2289:
2263:
2249:
2225:
2204:
2169:
2130:
2098:
2081:
2050:
2020:
2001:
1955:
1916:
1877:
1846:
1821:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1693:
1690:
1666:
1663:
1643:
1640:
1630:
1627:
1622:carbon trading
1614:Kyoto Protocol
1558:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1532:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1480:
1477:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1405:
1402:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1365:
1362:
1345:
1342:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1284:
1281:
1240:
1239:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:Mario Boccucci
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1117:
1114:
1067:
1064:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1035:
1032:
1028:Carbonfund.org
980:
977:
949:
946:
847:
844:
834:
831:
819:
804:
795:
792:
786:
783:
782:
781:
774:
768:
752:
742:
739:
727:
716:
715:
714:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
692:
691:
658:
655:
638:
635:
607:
604:
587:
583:
580:
567:
564:
554:
551:
550:
549:
534:
515:
509:
498:Kyoto Protocol
485:
482:
473:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
445:
442:
433:
432:
429:
426:
423:
401:Remote sensing
392:
389:
352:
348:
336:
333:
299:
296:
291:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
270:
267:
250:
249:
246:
239:
236:
224:
221:
129:
128:
94:
92:
85:
78:
77:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7241:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7179:Deforestation
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7169:Reforestation
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7123:
7118:
7114:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7036:
7035:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6937:Climate model
6935:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6923:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6869:Cloud forcing
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6808:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6766:
6762:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6700:
6697:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6644:Communication
6641:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6624:Vulnerability
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6594:Flood control
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6467:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6416:reforestation
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6401:afforestation
6399:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6353:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6336:Nuclear power
6334:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6310:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6231:Carbon budget
6229:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6203:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6068:Mental health
6066:
6065:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6004:United States
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5858:deoxygenation
5856:
5854:
5853:acidification
5851:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5674:
5670:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5648:from wetlands
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:Deforestation
5606:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5492:
5487:
5485:
5480:
5478:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5457:
5449:
5447:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5312:Rubber tapper
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5240:Choker setter
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5079:Manufacturing
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:Deforestation
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4892:Environmental
4890:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4793:reforestation
4791:
4789:
4788:afforestation
4786:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:Arboriculture
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4549:Permaforestry
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4507:
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4202:East Malaysia
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4145:United States
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4022:
4021:Deforestation
4015:
4010:
4008:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3985:(1): 378–400.
3984:
3980:
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3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3399:Human Ecology
3393:
3385:
3379:
3371:
3365:
3362:. Indonesia.
3358:
3357:
3349:
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3337:
3328:
3320:
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2490:
2484:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2442:
2438:
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2416:
2412:
2406:
2391:. UNFCC. 2009
2387:
2381:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2333:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2299:
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2091:
2085:
2067:
2061:
2059:
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2035:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1908:
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1900:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1882:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1835:
1834:"About REDD+"
1828:
1826:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
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1764:
1761:
1759:
1758:Tree planting
1756:
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1751:
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1736:
1734:
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1626:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:deforestation
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1530:
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1526:
1525:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1471:and provides
1470:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1433:arrangements.
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
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308:
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295:
288:
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279:
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275:
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266:
263:
259:
255:
254:deforestation
247:
244:
240:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
223:Main elements
220:
218:
214:
206:
201:
197:
196:negotiations.
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:carbon stocks
178:
174:
173:deforestation
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
143:
139:
135:
125:
116:
112:
111:
106:
105:
100:
99:
93:
84:
83:
74:
71:
63:
60:December 2021
53:
48:
44:
40:
39:
32:
23:
22:
19:
7121:
7032:
7020:
7008:
6989:
6822:Carbon cycle
6779:Measurements
6474:Society and
6410:
6358:carbon sinks
6263:Climate debt
6253:Carbon price
6075:Human rights
5905:Season creep
5863:heat content
5789:Anoxic event
5702:James Hansen
5426:
5412:
5398:
5384:
5370:
5356:
5349:
5327:Tree planter
5307:Resin tapper
5287:Truck driver
5282:River driver
5031:Tree hugging
5016:
4999:
4966:timber mafia
4956:High grading
4941:Ghost forest
4911:Clearcutting
4834:Silviculture
4810:Horticulture
4654:Fire ecology
4569:Urban forest
4544:Mycoforestry
4504:
4500:Agroforestry
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4448:Forest areas
4446:
4439:
4374:
4362:
4261:Roman Empire
3982:
3978:
3949:
3945:
3902:
3896:
3889:Phillips, O.
3875:
3855:
3851:
3820:
3816:
3790:. Retrieved
3777:
3765:. Retrieved
3761:
3752:
3740:. Retrieved
3736:the original
3726:
3691:
3687:
3678:
3645:
3641:
3607:
3599:the original
3589:
3581:the original
3548:
3516:the original
3470:
3466:
3460:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3355:
3348:
3335:
3327:
3313:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3262:
3255:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3170:, retrieved
3163:the original
3150:
3143:
3131:. Retrieved
3127:the original
3116:
3104:. Retrieved
3100:the original
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3067:
3055:. Retrieved
3051:
3041:
3029:. Retrieved
3001:. Retrieved
2991:
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2959:the original
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2919:
2907:. Retrieved
2903:the original
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2876:the original
2870:
2863:
2851:. Retrieved
2842:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2812:
2803:
2771:. Retrieved
2766:
2757:
2739:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2706:
2697:
2685:. Retrieved
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2606:
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2554:the original
2544:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2493:the original
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2467:the original
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2441:the original
2431:
2419:. Retrieved
2415:the original
2405:
2393:. Retrieved
2380:
2374:. June 2014.
2343:
2337:Stern Review
2332:
2320:. Retrieved
2316:the original
2306:
2292:
2252:
2241:the original
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2191:
2160:. Retrieved
2121:. Retrieved
2114:the original
2101:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2041:. Retrieved
2014:
2010:
2004:
1971:
1967:
1946:. Retrieved
1939:the original
1934:
1894:
1890:
1868:. Retrieved
1840:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:
1753:Tree credits
1711:
1706:
1703:
1695:
1683:
1675:
1668:
1652:
1645:
1632:
1601:
1599:
1572:
1567:
1563:11th session
1560:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1496:
1482:
1458:
1454:
1451:Transparency
1445:
1436:
1421:
1407:
1395:
1386:
1367:
1347:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1326:and REDD at
1305:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1187:Membership
1176:Headquarters
1110:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1056:
1049:
1037:
1024:
1018:
1010:
1007:
1002:
991:
987:
983:
982:
974:
968:
966:
961:
958:
951:
934:biodiversity
931:
927:
924:
881:
875:
869:
867:
863:
858:Mother Earth
850:
849:
840:
836:
827:
824:
817:
814:
811:
801:Amazon biome
797:
788:
776:
770:
754:
744:
729:
719:
686:
682:
678:
677:may receive
674:
666:
660:
648:
643:
640:
624:
619:
613:
609:
585:
575:
571:
569:
556:
536:
526:
517:
511:
493:
487:
478:
474:
447:
438:
434:
416:
409:
398:
394:
386:
361:
346:
342:
338:
320:
317:
313:
309:
301:
292:
272:
251:
230:
226:
210:
192:
152:
148:
147:
119:
108:
102:
96:
66:
57:
50:Please help
46:
35:
18:
6849:Carbon sink
6827:atmospheric
6692:video games
6366:Blue carbon
5994:Agriculture
5973:Marine life
5920:Water cycle
5878:temperature
5613:Fossil fuel
5351:WikiProject
5275:smokejumper
5255:Firefighter
5218:Occupations
5202:Woodworking
4783:Forestation
4714:restoration
4669:informatics
4534:Ecoforestry
4330:Forestation
4299:New Zealand
4223:Philippines
3858:: 333–338.
3133:15 February
3106:23 November
3079:18 December
3057:16 February
3031:11 December
3003:18 December
2968:23 November
2935:23 November
2909:25 November
2853:11 December
2813:www.fao.org
2687:18 December
2665:23 November
2640:18 December
2618:18 December
2598:"Indonesia"
2582:23 November
2560:23 November
2395:28 December
2322:27 February
2218:11 December
2197:21 February
2162:21 February
2123:27 February
2074:21 February
2043:21 February
1948:24 November
1897:: 115–158.
1870:21 February
1814:21 February
1698:COP 19
1686:COP 17
1678:COP 16
1671:COP 15
1669:In 2009 at
1648:COP 13
1636:sustainable
1610:free market
1606:rainforests
1507:Terminology
1158:Established
765:soil carbon
735:Congo Basin
369:subsistence
321:Reaffirming
262:land tenure
54:if you can.
7153:Categories
7122:Partners:
6881:Cryosphere
6842:permafrost
6614:Resilience
6566:Adaptation
6541:Litigation
6531:Governance
6476:adaptation
6258:Carbon tax
6211:Mitigation
6148:Antarctica
6036:Disability
5297:Lumberjack
5292:Log scaler
5175:engineered
5126:non-timber
5099:sawmilling
5051:Industries
5018:svedjebruk
4729:transition
4709:protection
4699:old-growth
4684:governance
4639:Dendrology
4589:management
4455:Ministries
4187:Kalimantan
4130:Costa Rica
4066:Madagascar
3215:10535/9924
3198:(2): 909.
3172:10 January
3022:"No Redd!"
1769:References
1655:World Bank
1612:system to
1579:Costa Rica
1302:Governance
1168:2008-09-24
871:Eucalyptus
833:Criticisms
600:regenerate
592:replanting
444:Safeguards
329:hydropower
305:adaptation
191:(UNFCCC).
159:to reduce
6896:Feedbacks
6667:Education
6168:Caribbean
6163:Australia
6090:Migration
6053:Fisheries
5999:Livestock
5925:Wildfires
5831:Heat wave
5245:Ecologist
5158:Tree farm
5059:Coppicing
5001:chitemene
4901:Acid rain
4849:allometry
4771:SmartWood
4719:secondary
4704:pathology
4679:inventory
4617:driftwood
4483:Arbor Day
4289:Australia
4228:Sri Lanka
4183:Indonesia
4103:Argentina
3670:154430556
3662:1465-5489
3473:: 40–48.
3419:153840627
3378:cite book
3299:: 37–52.
3269:. CIFOR.
2882:1 October
2636:. Fao.org
2614:. Fao.org
1996:129188479
1539:REDD-plus
1081:in Madrid
940:(such as
771:Australia
738:results".
644:Reddiness
161:emissions
153:REDD-plus
7140:Archived
7113:Archived
7061:Archived
7022:Glossary
7010:Category
6832:biologic
6546:Politics
6438:Personal
6143:Americas
6011:Children
5777:Physical
5570:Overview
5510:Overview
5446:Category
5260:handcrew
5230:Arborist
5225:Forester
5185:mahogany
5131:palm oil
5121:charcoal
5106:Products
5041:Wildfire
4854:breeding
4815:GM trees
4664:dynamics
4476:Journals
4469:Colleges
4429:Forestry
4364:Category
4335:Forestry
4293:Victoria
4238:Thailand
4208:Mongolia
4198:Malaysia
4168:Cambodia
4125:Colombia
4112:Canada (
4090:Americas
4056:Ethiopia
4051:DR Congo
3966:16140886
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