1330:
31:
1179:
885:
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764:. The relocation of the active front gave rise to new volcanoes further westward or increased their activity. The formerly broad magmatic belt narrowed, retaining vigorous activity only in its westernmost parts. Associated with these changes are the oldest rocks of PCCVC, those that belong to Sierra Nevada. Sierra Nevada grew over time to form a large
1258:
type lava flows emitted from the vents along the N135° trending fissure. A third phase followed with the appearance of short north-north west (N165°) oriented vents transverse to the main fissure which also erupted rhyodacitic lava. The third phase ended temporarily with viscous lava obstructing the
1209:
of 9.5. Being located between two sparsely populated and by then isolated Andean valleys the eruption had few eyewitnesses and received little attention by local media due to the huge damages and losses caused by the main earthquake. The eruption was fed by a 5.5 km (3 mi) long and north
920:
Eruptive records in Cordón Caulle, the only active centre in the
Puyehue-Cordón Caulle system in historical times, are relatively scarce. This is explained by the geographical position of Cordón Caulle and the history of Spanish and Chilean settlement in southern Chile. After a failed attempt in
1391:. The temperatures of the vapour systems range from 260 to 340 °C (500 to 644 °F) and 150–180 °C (302–356 °F) for the aquifer. The uppermost part of the geothermal system, at 1,500–2,000 m (4,900–6,600 ft), is characterized by fumaroles and acid-
751:
Some 300,000 years ago, important changes occurred in the area of
Puyehue. The old Pliocene volcano Mencheca, currently exposed just northeast of Puyehue's cone, declined in activity. This decline was probably due a regional change in the location of the active front of the
1356:
By 15 June a dense column of ash was still erupting 10 km into the air, with the ash cloud spreading across the
Southern Hemisphere; scientists expected intensifying eruptions of Puyehue in the following days, and said the volcano showed no signs of slowing down.
768:, during the same time Cordón Caulle was also being built up having rather silicic products compared to coeval Sierra Nevada and Mencheca. The oldest rocks from proper Puyehue volcano are 200,000 years old, representing the youngest possible age for this volcano.
1241:
about 8 km in height. The erupting N135° trending fissure had two craters of major activity emplaced at each end; the Gris Crater and El
Azufral Crater. Volcanic vents of Cordón Caulle that were not in eruption produced visible
1740:; Guzmán-Marín, Pedro; Lira, María Paz; Labarca, Rafael; Corgne, Alexandre (2 March 2019). "The procurement and use of knappable glassy volcanic raw material from the late Pleistocene Pilauco site, Chilean Northwestern Patagonia".
953:
west of Cordón Caulle had been settled by
Chileans and European immigrants and an eruption was reported in 1893. The next report came in 1905, but the eruption of 8 February 1914 is the first one certain to have occurred.
1441:, J. A. Naranjo, S. Matthews, C. Pérez de Arce (2006). "Magmatic Evolution of the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex (40° S), Southern Andean Volcanic Zone: From shield to unusual fissure volcanism".
560:
in the south. The fact that
Puyehue volcano is named after Puyehue Lake reflects that it is better seen and more accessible from the south. Cordillera Nevada is a 9 km (6 mi) wide semicircular
1726:
Sepúlveda, Fabián; Lahsen, Alfredo; Dorsch, Klaus; Palacios, Carlos and Bender, Steffen. Geothermal
Exploration in the Cordón Caulle Region, Southern Chile. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005.
1968:
1267:
Following the end of the 1960 eruption, Cordón Caulle has remained relatively quiet if compared with the first half of the 20th century. On 2 March 1972 there was a report of an eruption west of
822:. In mid or late glacial times cordillera Nevada produced its last lavas which were andesitic to dacitic in composition. Cordón Caulle evolved during this time from being a shield volcano to a
565:
and corresponds to the remnants of a collapsed volcano. Cordillera Nevada covers an area of 700 km (270 sq mi). Cordón Caulle is a northwest trending ridge that hosts a volcanic-
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1502:
2078:
2098:
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A new eruption started on 4 June 2011. By this time, 3,500 people had been evacuated from nearby areas, while an ash cloud reaching 12,000 m (39,370 ft) blew toward the city of
799:
During the
Llanquihue glaciation volcanism occurred on all three vents, Cordillera Nevada, Cordón Caulle and Puyehue volcano. During most of this time the volcano was covered by the
2032:
1525:
548:. Puyehue is located in the southeast, Cordón Caulle in the center, and Cordillera Nevada, which owes its name to its often snowy appearance from the relatively densely populated
2124:
853:
around 30,000 years ago until around 19,000 years ago when
Puyehues started to produce lava domes and flows of dacitic to rhyolitic composition, a trend that lasted until 12,000
937:. No eruption record is known from this era. From 1602 to the mid-18th century there were no Spanish settlements within a radius of 100 km (62 mi). The closest were
520:. The track ascends ca 1,000 m through dense forest to the Cordón Caulle area. From the relatively flat Cordón Caulle there is further ca 600 m of ascent over
504:. According to the homepage of Puyehue National Park the shelter can be reached after four hours walking. The access through El Caulle is not public as it is not inside
904:, and until 2011 only Cordón Caulle had recorded historical eruptions. In the interval between 7,000 and 5,000 years ago Puyehue had rhyolitic eruptions that produced
783:
called San Pablo was produced. This ignimbrite covers an estimated area of 1,500 km (370,658 acres) immediately west of
Cordillera Nevada, stretching across the
1604:
1807:
908:. The lava domes were later destroyed after a sequence of strong eruptions that were part of an explosive eruptive cycle. These last eruptions were likely of
677:. In the past 300,000 years, there have been a series of changes in magmatic composition, locus of volcanic activity, magma output rates and eruptive styles.
922:
1975:
584:. Its cone hosts a 2.4 km (1.5 mi) wide crater, and products of Puyehue volcanism cover an approximate area of 160 km (62 sq mi).
79:
857:. Between 15,000 and 12,000 years ago Puyehue also erupted basaltic andesite. During the Llanquihue glaciation Puyehue volcano produced some of the most
512:, as of 2009, has to be paid, of which 3,000 are refunded if visitor packs out his garbage. From the north, there are tracks from the vicinities of
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407:. The volcanic complex has shaped the local landscape and produced a huge variety of volcanic landforms and products over the last 300,000 years.
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that develop on it. The geothermal system in Cordón Caulle consists of a vapour dominated system overlain by a more superficial steam heated
665:
The volcanic complex that comprises Puyehue, Cordón Caulle and Cordillera Nevada has a long record of active history spanning from 300,000
1952:
2027:
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vents, but continued soon with explosive activity restricted to the Gris and El Azufral craters. The eruption came to an end on 22 July.
1210:
west-west (N135°) trending fissure along which 21 individual vents have been found. These vents produced an output of about 0.25 km
2291:
1928:
1605:"Geochemical Characteristics of the Southern andes Basaltic Volcanism Associated with the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault between 39° and 46° S"
1342:
712:
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and Pérez de Arce, C. Geocronología K-Ar y geoquímica del volcanismo plioceno superior-pleistoceno de los Andes del sur (29–42°S).
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all of them out of sight of the volcano. In 1759 an eruption was noticed in the Cordillera, although this is mainly attributed to
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from the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle. Yet these rocks were imported by humans to the site as nearby rivers have not transported them.
3025:
3015:
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1299:. This prompted ONEMI to invoke an emergency action committee, however soon afterward unrest ceased. Between 4 and 17 May 2011
929:
in 1558, the only Spanish settlement in the zone, 80 km (50 mi) west of Cordón Caulle. This settlements had to be
669:
to the present. The older parts of the Cordillera Nevada caldera and Mencheca volcano reflect even older activity from the
1821:
1619:
1304:
1197:. The eruption was believed to have been caused by the earthquake. The earthquake had struck the whole of Chile between
1713:, PhD-Thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Geo-Department, in German with English and Spanish abstracts.
896:
Panorama of Puyehue's crater from near the summit. In the background, black lavas from the 1960 Cordón Caulle eruption.
3005:
2955:
1536:"Recent Volcanism in the Puyehue-Cordon Caulle Region, Southern Andes, Chile (40.5° S): Petrogeneis of Evolved Lavas"
1329:
738:
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1898:, Región de Los Ríos, Complejo Volcánico Puyehue – Cordón Caulle, 4 June 2011. Hora del reporte: 15:15 hora local.
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of 3 and ended in February 1922. In 1929 and 1934 the Cordón Caulle had fissure eruptions, both with an estimated
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were found without activity. From accounts of local inhabitants of the area it is inferred that a small
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1275:(Oficina Nacional de Emergencia del Ministerio del Interior) organized a flight over the area with two
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Eruptive history, geochronology, and magmatic evolution of the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex
1366:
1596:
1531:
791:. The San Pablo ignimbrite has been associated with the formation of the Cordillera Nevada Caldera.
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2250:
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1190:
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2255:
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springs. Cordón Caulle is considered one of the main sites of geothermal exploration in Chile.
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whose main shock came on 22 May 1960, Cordón Caulle started to erupt along its southern flank.
950:
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1920:
1534:, Stasiuk1, S. J. Lane, C. R. Adam, M. D. Murphy, R. S. J. Sparks and J. A. Naranjo (1988).
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1202:
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In Cordillera Nevada this volcanism was expressed from about 117,000 years ago primarily as
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Apart from this, the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle area is one of the main sites of exploration for
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2016:
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Hydrogeologische Untersuchungen der Geothermalfelder von Puyehue und Cordón Caulle, Chile.
30:
8:
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2381:
1705:
1372:
1211:
446:
2177:"Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcano (Chile): strong ash emissions and incandescence at night"
1805:
Lori D Daniels, Thomas T Veblen. Altitudinal treelines of the southern Andes near 40ºS.
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further east in Argentina was also closed due to the ash cloud. Airports as far away as
143:
2910:
2742:
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Singer, Brad S., Jicha, Brian R., Harper. Melissa A., Naranjo, José A., Lara, Luis E.,
1757:
1737:
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611:
400:
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2053:"Puyehue volcano (Chile), activity update: continuous ash eruptions reaching 10–12 km"
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located on the southeastern end of Cordón Caulle, just east of the main fault of the
139:
1658:; 40.5°S) after the 1960 (Mw:9.5) Chilean earthquake: a structural interpretation".
1341:, Argentina, where the local airport was closed. At approximately 16:30 local time,
2915:
2905:
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2604:
2366:
2341:
2199:"NASA – NASA Satellite Gallery Shows Chilean Volcano Plume Moving Around the World"
1749:
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at around 34,000 years ago. The onset of this change was marked by the eruption of
772:
501:
442:
297:
287:
253:
818:. These lava flows partly filled the caldera and flowed north, out to what is now
438:. With a magnitude of 9.5, it remains the largest recorded earthquake in history.
372:). Four volcanoes constitute the volcanic group or complex, the Cordillera Nevada
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1956:
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1688:, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005: Antalya, Turkey, 24–29 April 2005
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emissions. After this explosive phase the eruption changed character to a more
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619:, lying around 1,500 m (4,921 ft) elevation, is mostly made up of
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Puyehue, Cordón del Caulle, and Cordillera Nevada form a northwest trending
484:
From the south, the Cordón Caulle can be approached from Fundo El Caulle on
2920:
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Lahsen, Alfredo; Sepúlveda, Fabián; Rojas, Juan; Palacios, Carlos (2005),
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830:. This was accompanied by emission of ignimbrites and dacitic lava flows.
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2727:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2519:
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Bariloche entró en alerta roja por las cenizas del volcán chileno Puyehue
2004:
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and loose rocks to the summit of Puyehue. In the Nilahue area there are
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2619:
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2574:
2544:
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2421:
2416:
2376:
2221:"Chilean eruption shows no sign of abating | euronews, world news"
2125:"Puyehue's volcanic ash cloud grounds flights out of Argentine capital"
1376:
1292:
1159:
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873:
842:
780:
553:
552:, is at the northwestern end. The massif is located between two lakes,
517:
469:
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40:
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and craters can be found in the area apart from the widest variety of
2737:
2722:
2699:
2664:
2644:
2629:
2484:
2464:
2099:"Volcanic Ash from Puyehue Halts Argentina's Air Traffic Again Today"
1999:
Reporte No. 21 Actividad volcánica REGIÓN DE LOS RIOS: Mayo de 2011.
1595:
1380:
1350:
1338:
1268:
1234:
1215:
1158:, with a 6.2 km (4 mi) high plume, periodic explosions and
1073:, with a 6.2 km (4 mi) high plume, periodic explosions and
934:
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616:
493:
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is manifested on the surface of Puyehue and Cordón Caulle as several
412:
399:, Puyehue and Cordón Caulle are along the intersection of a traverse
2346:
912:
and sub-plinian type and occurred around 1,100 years ago (~850 CE).
690:
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2609:
2539:
2534:
2504:
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2406:
2401:
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1307:(OVDAS). The activity concentrated around and in Cordillera Nevada
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901:
757:
670:
566:
473:
454:
431:
377:
2802:
2679:
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Puyehue-Cordón Caulle started an eruption that lasted until 1920.
771:
It is estimated that some 100,000 years ago in the period between
761:
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2669:
2654:
2559:
2529:
2361:
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500:. Some 1,000 m up on forested slope there is a campsite and
416:
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341:
239:
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569:
537:
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345:
62:
633:. The main plant species present in these high elevations are
2509:
2396:
2000:
1969:"Spanish language report of green alert status in march 2010"
1903:
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1243:
1198:
861:
basalts of the Southern Volcanic Zone with a magnesium oxide
794:
353:
326:
165:
151:
1678:
1193:, the largest earthquake recorded in history, Cordón Caulle
303:
2937:
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
807:
on many lava outcrops and affecting the volcanic activity.
332:
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35:
Aerial view of the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex.
1303:
partly attributed to the movements of fluids was detected
259:
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was formed around 1990. In 1994 a temporarily emplaced
900:
Only Puyehue and Cordón Caulle have erupted during the
43:
can be seen in the top left and top right respectively.
1360:
1149:
323:
315:
300:
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1353:, had to be closed temporarily due to volcanic ash.
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849:(MgO). The bimodal activity continued with a small
592:The lower parts of the mountains are covered by an
320:
306:
262:
243:Location of Puyehue-Cordón Caulle (PCCVC) in Chile
2150:Critchlow, Andrew; Craymer, Lucy (11 June 2011).
1682:Present Status of Geothermal Exploration in Chile
1654:"Rhyodacitic fissure eruption in Southern Andes (
2947:
2152:"Ash Disrupts Flights in Australia, New Zealand"
2149:
2029:Volcán Puyehue: Gobierno evacua a 3.500 personas
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1793:Lonely Planet: Trekking in the Patagonian Andes
1154:On 13 December 1921, Cordón Caulle began a sub-
1661:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1444:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1279:aboard. Puyehue and Cordón Caulle as well the
2285:
1889:Reporte Especial de Actividad Volcánica No 28
1699:
1697:
1695:
1421:
949:. By the end of the 19th century most of the
464:(dated to c. 12.5 to 13.5 ka BP) are made of
1914:
1912:
1574:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1487:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1311:and on western Cordón Caulle. This prompted
1007:in Cordón Caulle is believed to have formed
958:Recorded eruptions at Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
528:who offer horseback trips to Cordón Caulle.
1271:in Argentina. The Chilean emergency office
756:that also affected other volcanoes such as
719:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
423:in all the Southern Zone, for example both
2292:
2278:
1692:
1646:
1644:
1642:
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1578:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
888:View from Puyehue's summit into its crater
795:Volcanism during the Llanquihue glaciation
434:. Cordón Caulle erupted shortly after the
1909:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1559:
1503:"Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería"
1472:
1143:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle might have erupted
1130:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle might have erupted
1117:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle might have erupted
833:Puyehue was characterized by eruption of
739:Learn how and when to remove this message
1918:
1790:
1328:
1325:2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption
1182:Eruption of Cordón Caulle following the
1177:
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845:mingled with basaltic andesite rich in
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1931:from the original on 15 September 2018
1861:
1722:
1720:
1703:
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1526:Gerlach, David C.; Frederick A. Frey,
1519:
1333:2011 eruption of Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
1295:which reached IV and V degrees on the
1291:registered tremors north of Puyehue's
680:
544:of the Andes. The three volcanoes are
479:
366:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex
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1591:
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1318:
1189:Two days after the main shock of the
837:to dacites until its activity turned
460:Most of the stone artifacts found in
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2179:. Volcanodiscovery.com. 15 June 2011
1919:Pallardy, Richard (17 August 2018).
717:adding citations to reliable sources
684:
344:edifices that form a major mountain
2055:. Volcanodiscovery.com. 6 June 2011
1844:
1717:
1361:Geothermal activity and exploration
1305:Southern Andean Volcano Observatory
1262:
915:
660:
576:is developed. Puyehue Volcano is a
13:
1586:
1495:
1150:1921–1922, 1929 and 1934 eruptions
233:– Fundo El Caulle – Puyehue's peak
14:
3037:
2238:
1371:Cordón Caulle is a major area of
391:Like most stratovolcanoes in the
1465:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.04.010
1315:-OVDAS to declare yellow alert.
1173:
689:
508:; and an entrance fee of 10,000
380:Mencheca volcano, Cordón Caulle
296:
252:
29:
2213:
2191:
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2021:
2010:
1993:
1961:
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1925:Encyclopaedia Britannica Online
1882:
1814:
1799:
1784:
1768:
1375:, as manifested by the several
122:means place of small fishes in
1729:
1104:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle erupted
1053:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle erupted
1039:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle erupted
603:, where plant species such as
601:Valdivian temperate rainforest
1:
3026:Landforms of Los Lagos Region
3016:Mountains of Los Lagos Region
2981:Volcanoes of Los Lagos Region
1781:. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
1415:
933:due to conflicts with native
3021:Landforms of Los Ríos Region
3011:Mountains of Los Ríos Region
2976:Volcanoes of Los Ríos Region
2223:. Euronews.net. 15 June 2011
2103:International Business Times
2017:NASA - Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
1612:7°Congreso Geológico Chileno
1508:(in Spanish). Archived from
1205:(43°S) and had an estimated
531:
403:with the larger north–south
360:, in the South of Chile. In
67:2,236 m (7,336 ft)
7:
1618:: 1388–1393. Archived from
1398:
989:2011 Cordón Caulle eruption
364:this group is known as the
10:
3042:
1921:"Chile earthquake of 1960"
1856:Revista Geológica de Chile
1791:McCarthy, Carolyn (2009).
1650:Lara, L.E., Naranjo J.A.,
1561:10.1093/petrology/29.2.333
1410:List of volcanoes in Chile
1364:
1322:
1168:Volcanic Explosivity Index
1164:Volcanic Explosivity Index
1077:. Ended in February 1922.
2934:
2891:
2713:
2440:
2307:
1955:18 September 2009 at the
1950:El Correo: Volcán Puyehue
1367:Geothermal power in Chile
923:García Hurtado de Mendoza
814:lava flows erupted along
625:. Above this line lies a
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16:Volcanic complex in Chile
3006:Mountain ranges of Chile
2956:Stratovolcanoes of Chile
2251:Global Volcanism Program
2085:MDZ online, 4 June 2011
1850:Lara, L., Rodríguez C.,
1775:SENDEROS SECTOR ANTICURA
1736:Navarro-Harris, Ximena;
1297:Mercalli intensity scale
1225:The eruption began in a
1191:1960 Valdivia earthquake
1184:1960 Valdivia earthquake
1069:Cordón Caulle had a sub-
1023:1960 Valdivia earthquake
943:missions of Nahuel Huapi
587:
582:Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone
436:Great Chilean Earthquake
2256:Smithsonian Institution
2246:"Puyehue-Cordón Caulle"
2156:The Wall Street Journal
2039:La Nacion, 4 June 2011
2714:Southern Volcanic Zone
2500:Andagua volcanic field
2308:Northern Volcanic Zone
1808:The Forestry Chronicle
1704:Dorsch, Klaus (2003),
1597:Leopoldo López-Escobar
1532:Leopoldo López-Escobar
1334:
1186:
897:
889:
865:of 14.32, which is in
785:Chilean Central Valley
754:Southern Volcanic Zone
550:Chilean Central Valley
393:Southern Volcanic Zone
284:Spanish pronunciation:
244:
200:Southern Volcanic Zone
2892:Austral Volcanic Zone
2818:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
2490:Huambo volcanic field
2441:Central Volcanic Zone
2127:. CNN. Archived from
1826:Puyehue National Park
1779:Puyehue National Park
1332:
1229:creating a column of
1181:
1162:. The eruption had a
895:
887:
880:Postglacial volcanism
777:Llanquihue glaciation
506:Puyehue National Park
496:in Argentina through
350:Puyehue National Park
242:
95:40.59028°S 72.11722°W
24:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
2986:Hot springs of Chile
2427:Licto volcanic field
1894:27 June 2011 at the
1540:Journal of Petrology
1351:Melbourne, Australia
925:founded the city of
855:years before present
801:Patagonian Ice Sheet
787:almost reaching the
713:improve this section
636:Gaultheria mucronata
397:Andean Volcanic Belt
100:-40.59028; -72.11722
2991:South Volcanic Zone
2081:8 June 2011 at the
2035:6 June 2011 at the
1552:1988JPet...29..333G
1457:2006JVGR..157..343L
1405:Geology of Valdivia
1379:, boiling springs,
1373:geothermal activity
959:
789:Chilean Coast Range
681:Ancestral volcanoes
480:Approach and ascent
447:Geothermal activity
405:Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault
91: /
2971:Mountains of Chile
2813:Carrán-Los Venados
2758:Nevados de Chillán
2743:Descabezado Grande
1811:, 2003, 79:237–241
1335:
1319:2011–2012 eruption
1187:
957:
898:
890:
835:basaltic andesites
622:Nothofagus pumilio
612:Nothofagus dombeyi
488:, which goes from
340:are two coalesced
245:
49:Highest point
2961:Calderas of Chile
2943:
2942:
2753:Nevado de Longaví
2695:Cueros de Purulla
2675:Cordón del Azufre
2337:Nevado del Tolima
2131:on 2 January 2013
1754:10.1002/gea.21736
1227:sub-plinian style
1147:
1146:
941:and the sporadic
931:abandoned in 1602
749:
748:
741:
597:plant association
556:in the north and
288:[puˈʝewe]
237:
236:
3033:
2996:Active volcanoes
2938:
2808:Mocho-Choshuenco
2342:Nevado del Huila
2301:Andean volcanoes
2294:
2287:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2025:
2019:
2014:
2008:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1974:. Archived from
1973:
1965:
1959:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1916:
1907:
1886:
1880:
1869:Moreno-Roa, Hugo
1865:
1859:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1828:. Archived from
1818:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1782:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1701:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1676:
1665:
1664:. vol 138. 2004.
1648:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1624:
1609:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1565:
1563:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1515:on 27 June 2011.
1514:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1478:
1476:
1434:
1301:seismic activity
1263:1960–2011 period
1214:both in form of
1207:moment magnitude
1156:plinian eruption
1071:plinian eruption
1063:
960:
956:
916:Recent eruptions
744:
737:
733:
730:
724:
693:
685:
661:Geologic history
615:are common. The
502:mountain shelter
443:geothermal power
384:and the Puyehue
339:
338:
335:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
318:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
290:
285:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
226:
161:
116:Language of name
106:
105:
103:
102:
101:
96:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
33:
21:
20:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3001:VEI-5 volcanoes
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2930:
2893:
2887:
2715:
2709:
2705:Ojos del Salado
2635:Aguas Calientes
2442:
2436:
2332:Nevado del Ruiz
2309:
2303:
2298:
2260:
2258:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:Wayback Machine
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:Wayback Machine
2026:
2022:
2015:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1981:on 23 July 2011
1978:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1957:Wayback Machine
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1917:
1910:
1896:Wayback Machine
1887:
1883:
1866:
1862:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1804:
1800:
1789:
1785:
1773:
1769:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1668:
1649:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1625:on 30 June 2007
1622:
1607:
1601:Hugo Moreno-Roa
1594:
1587:
1567:
1566:
1528:Hugo Moreno-Roa
1524:
1520:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1480:
1479:
1435:
1422:
1418:
1401:
1369:
1363:
1343:Neuquén airport
1327:
1321:
1289:seismic network
1265:
1176:
1152:
1061:
921:1553, governor
918:
910:phreatomagmatic
882:
869:with melt from
863:mass percentage
847:magnesium oxide
797:
745:
734:
728:
725:
710:
694:
683:
663:
648:Hordeum comosum
642:Empetrum rubrum
627:volcanic desert
606:Chusquea coleou
590:
534:
482:
451:boiling springs
319:
299:
295:
283:
255:
251:
224:
183:Complex volcano
159:
99:
97:
93:
90:
85:
82:
80:
78:
77:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3039:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2625:Purico complex
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2240:
2239:External links
2237:
2235:
2234:
2212:
2190:
2168:
2142:
2116:
2090:
2066:
2044:
2020:
2009:
1992:
1960:
1942:
1908:
1881:
1860:
1843:
1832:on 9 June 2011
1813:
1798:
1783:
1767:
1748:(5): 592–612.
1742:Geoarchaeology
1728:
1716:
1691:
1666:
1636:
1585:
1518:
1494:
1451:(4): 343–366.
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1362:
1359:
1323:Main article:
1320:
1317:
1277:volcanologists
1264:
1261:
1250:one marked by
1175:
1172:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1021:Following the
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1001:
998:
996:
992:
991:
986:
983:
980:
976:
975:
972:
967:
964:
951:Central Valley
917:
914:
881:
878:
805:glacial striae
796:
793:
766:shield volcano
747:
746:
697:
695:
688:
682:
679:
662:
659:
654:Cissus striata
631:alpine tundras
589:
586:
542:Ranco Province
533:
530:
514:Nilahue Valley
481:
478:
421:volcanic rocks
358:Ranco Province
235:
234:
228:
220:
219:
215:
214:
209:
203:
202:
197:
186:
185:
180:
174:
173:
169:
168:
163:
155:
154:
137:
133:
132:
128:
127:
117:
113:
112:
108:
107:
75:
69:
68:
65:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
46:
45:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3038:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2966:Fissure vents
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Michinmahuida
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:San Francisco
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:Aucanquilcha
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Hualca Hualca
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:(6° N – 3° S)
2306:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2222:
2216:
2200:
2194:
2178:
2172:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2105:. 9 June 2011
2104:
2100:
2094:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2054:
2048:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1795:. p. 90.
1794:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1656:Cordón Caulle
1653:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1437:Lara, L. E.;
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Carrán crater
1278:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1174:1960 eruption
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
977:
973:
971:
968:
965:
962:
961:
955:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
913:
911:
907:
903:
894:
886:
877:
875:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
828:fissure vents
825:
821:
820:Nilahue River
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
743:
740:
732:
722:
718:
714:
708:
707:
703:
698:This section
696:
692:
687:
686:
678:
676:
673:or the early
672:
668:
658:
656:
655:
650:
649:
644:
643:
638:
637:
632:
628:
624:
623:
618:
614:
613:
608:
607:
602:
598:
595:
585:
583:
579:
578:stratovolcano
575:
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386:stratovolcano
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382:fissure vents
379:
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294:
293:Cordón Caulle
289:
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225:Easiest route
221:
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207:Last eruption
204:
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178:Mountain type
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2817:
2798:Quetrupillán
2660:Llullaillaco
2525:Huaynaputina
2259:. Retrieved
2249:
2225:. Retrieved
2215:
2203:. Retrieved
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2155:
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2129:the original
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2102:
2093:
2087:(in Spanish)
2074:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2047:
2041:(in Spanish)
2028:
2023:
2012:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1976:the original
1963:
1945:
1935:14 September
1933:. Retrieved
1924:
1884:
1877:GSA Bulletin
1872:
1863:
1858:, July 2001.
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:the original
1816:
1806:
1801:
1792:
1786:
1770:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1706:
1681:
1659:
1655:
1627:. Retrieved
1620:the original
1615:
1611:
1570:cite journal
1546:(2): 67–83.
1543:
1539:
1521:
1510:the original
1497:
1483:cite journal
1474:10533/177928
1448:
1442:
1370:
1355:
1347:Buenos Aires
1336:
1266:
1231:volcanic gas
1224:
1188:
1153:
919:
899:
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711:Please help
699:
664:
652:
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640:
634:
620:
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604:
591:
574:fissure vent
558:Puyehue Lake
535:
486:Route 215-CH
483:
462:Pilauco Bajo
459:
440:
409:Cinder cones
390:
369:
365:
292:
247:
246:
160:Parent range
119:
37:Puyehue Lake
18:
2894:(49°–55° S)
2878:Mate Grande
2728:Tupungatito
2716:(33°–46° S)
2595:Olca-Paruma
2590:Irruputuncu
2580:Tata Sabaya
2520:Pichu Pichu
2450:Quimsachata
2443:(14°–27° S)
2327:Cerro Bravo
2005:SERNAGEOMIN
1900:SERNAGEOMIN
1738:Pino, Mario
1377:hot springs
1313:SERNAGEOMIN
1285:pumice cone
1254:blocky and
1252:rhyodacitic
1201:(30°S) and
1062:13 December
1005:pumice cone
867:equilibrium
816:ring faults
675:Pleistocene
572:in which a
498:Samoré Pass
362:volcanology
231:Entre Lagos
98: /
73:Coordinates
2950:Categories
2838:Hornopirén
2823:Casablanca
2793:Villarrica
2788:Sollipulli
2748:Cerro Azul
2620:Licancabur
2615:Sairecabur
2575:Guallatiri
2565:Parinacota
2545:Purupuruni
2455:Auquihuato
2422:Tungurahua
2417:Chimborazo
2377:Reventador
2352:Doña Juana
2201:. Nasa.gov
1852:Moreno, H.
1836:25 October
1652:Moreno, H.
1416:References
1381:solfataras
1365:See also:
1235:pyroclasts
1216:lava flows
1160:seismicity
1098:8 February
1075:seismicity
935:Huilliches
906:lava domes
874:peridotite
843:rhyodacite
803:, leaving
781:ignimbrite
554:Ranco Lake
518:Ranco Lake
470:rhyodacite
445:in Chile.
413:lava domes
150:communes,
140:Lago Ranco
124:Mapudungun
86:72°07′02″W
83:40°35′25″S
41:Ranco Lake
2858:Corcovado
2778:Lonquimay
2738:Calabozos
2723:Tupungato
2700:Incahuasi
2665:Lastarria
2645:Chiliques
2485:Sabancaya
2465:Sara Sara
2382:Pichincha
2317:Paipa-Iza
1875:, Chile.
1762:134905257
1614:. Actas.
1439:H. Moreno
1385:fumaroles
1339:Bariloche
1269:Bariloche
1047:7 January
859:primitive
773:Río Llico
700:does not
667:years ago
617:tree line
546:coalesced
532:Geography
494:Bariloche
455:fumaroles
432:rhyolites
425:primitive
212:2011–2012
189:Volcanic
144:Río Bueno
131:Geography
63:Elevation
2926:Fueguino
2911:Aguilera
2863:Mentolat
2773:Callaqui
2610:Zapaleri
2540:Yucamane
2535:Tutupaca
2505:Chachani
2475:Coropuna
2470:Solimana
2412:Quilotoa
2407:Cotopaxi
2402:Illiniza
2387:Antisana
2079:Archived
2033:Archived
1953:Archived
1929:Archived
1892:Archived
1629:25 April
1603:(1994).
1399:See also
1248:effusive
1003:A small
939:Valdivia
902:Holocene
779:a large
758:Tronador
729:May 2017
671:Pliocene
567:tectonic
526:arrieros
474:rhyolite
417:calderas
401:fracture
378:Pliocene
342:volcanic
218:Climbing
136:Location
2901:Lautaro
2853:Chaitén
2833:Calbuco
2768:Copahue
2685:Peinado
2670:Lazufre
2655:Socompa
2560:Taapaca
2530:Ticsani
2372:Cayambe
2362:Azufral
2357:Galeras
2322:Romeral
2261:28 June
2161:12 June
1879:. 2008.
1822:"Flora"
1548:Bibcode
1453:Bibcode
1393:sulfate
1389:aquifer
1309:caldera
1195:erupted
1033:6 March
839:bimodal
812:dacitic
721:removed
706:sources
563:caldera
540:in the
428:basalts
395:of the
374:caldera
352:in the
248:Puyehue
172:Geology
148:Puyehue
120:Puyehue
57:Puyehue
2921:Burney
2916:Reclus
2906:Viedma
2883:Hudson
2843:Huequi
2828:Osorno
2783:Llaima
2763:Antuco
2650:Aracar
2640:Lascar
2630:Pacana
2605:Azufre
2585:Isluga
2555:Tacora
2550:Casiri
2515:Ubinas
2495:Ampato
2460:Firura
2432:Sangay
2367:Chiles
2347:Puracé
2227:7 July
2205:7 July
2183:7 July
2135:9 June
2109:9 June
2059:7 July
1985:7 July
1760:
1220:tephra
1203:Chiloé
1170:of 2.
1015:24 May
982:4 June
974:Notes
927:Osorno
871:mantle
851:hiatus
824:graben
594:alpine
570:graben
538:massif
522:tephra
490:Osorno
466:dacite
376:, the
346:massif
291:) and
111:Naming
2803:Lanín
2733:Maipo
2680:Galán
2570:Lauca
2510:Misti
2397:Soche
2392:Aliso
2001:OVDAS
1979:(PDF)
1972:(PDF)
1904:OVDAS
1758:S2CID
1711:(PDF)
1686:(PDF)
1623:(PDF)
1608:(PDF)
1513:(PDF)
1506:(PDF)
1273:ONEMI
1244:steam
1199:Talca
947:Mocho
826:with
762:Lanín
588:Flora
516:near
370:PCCVC
354:Andes
166:Andes
152:Chile
2873:Macá
2263:2021
2229:2011
2207:2011
2185:2011
2163:2011
2137:2011
2111:2011
2061:2011
1987:2011
1937:2018
1902:and
1838:2009
1631:2009
1580:link
1576:link
1489:link
1383:and
1349:and
1293:cone
1237:and
1218:and
1135:1759
1122:1893
1109:1905
1095:1914
1082:1919
1058:1921
1044:1929
1030:1934
1012:1960
995:1990
979:2011
966:Date
963:Year
775:and
760:and
704:any
702:cite
651:and
629:and
609:and
472:and
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430:and
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