Punishment in Australia

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correctional workers. Outsourcing prison services to private companies has allowed for costs to be cut in half. Compared with $ 270 a day in a government-run West Australian jail, each prisoner in the privately operated Acacia facility near Perth costs the taxpayer $ 182. Glushko also says that positive prisoner treatment was observed during privatisation in Australia by including more respectful attitudes to prisoners and mentoring schemes, increased out-of-cell time and more purposeful activities. As Australia’s prison population has grown and existing facilities have aged, public-private partnerships have provided opportunities to build new correctional centers while enabling governments to defer much needed cash flow. Glushko points out that at

2507:(CSI), an arm of the state justice department. Prisoners sew national and state flags and ambulance flags, and paint boomerangs. CSI said in 2017 that 84.9% of NSW inmates who can work, do so. In 2017, NSW prisoners were paid from $ 24.60 to $ 70.55 for a 30-hour work week. This is about $ 0.82 to $ 2.35 per hour, compared to the Australian minimum wage of $ 17.70 per hour. CSI made $ 113 million revenue and $ 46.6 million profit in 2016. CSI said that prison work helped prisoners pass time, and that 1% of their sales went to the Victims Compensation Levy (a government compensation fund for crime victims). 115:. In the June quarter of 2018, there were 42,855 people imprisoned in Australia, which represents an incarceration rate of 222 prisoners per 100,000 adult population, or 172 per 100,000 total population. This represents a sharp increase from previous decades. In 2016-2017 the prison population was not representative of the Australian population, for example, 91% of prisoners were male, while males were only half of the population, and 27% of prisoners were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders, while Indigenous people were only 2.8% of the population. In 2018, 18.4% of prisoners in Australia were held in 1668: 31: 2639:) as well as other figures, said community correctional orders are argued to be significantly cheaper than the cost of private or public incarceration (roughly 10% of the cost of putting people behind bars), "16 per cent of offenders who completed a CCO returned to corrective services within two years" compared to the nearing 50% in traditional prisons. Community-correctional orders CCOs are increasingly commonplace in Victoria and show that crime rates can be meaningfully affected. 7933: 2690: 1792:

examples in Queensland and Victoria. Western Australia provided much information about the running of private prisons in the state to the public, making it easier to assess performance. However the authors note that in spite of this, overall it is difficult to compare the performance and costs of private and public prisons as they often house different kinds and numbers of prisoners, in different states with different regulations. They note that

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per week. The mining union United Voice said that this was akin to "slave labour", that these workers were undercutting other workers, and that if anyone is working in the mines they should be paid at a market rate. Territory Correctional Services Minister John Elferink said the work provided inmates with valuable work experience, because otherwise they would be sitting in a "concrete box".

1163:, a project called Maranguka Justice Reinvestment has police officers meeting with local Indigenous leaders each day, helping to identify at-risk youth, and includes giving free driving lessons to young people. There have been reductions in domestic violence and juvenile offending (such as driving without a license), and an increase in school retention. Project Walwaay in 1147:(ALRC) in October 2016 to examine the factors leading to the disproportionate numbers of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australian prisons, and to look at ways of reforming legislation which might ameliorate this "national tragedy". The result of this in-depth enquiry was a report titled 2539:

In 2013, NT prisoners were working at a salt mine in remote center of the NT. The prisoners earned about $ 16 per hour, compared to $ 35 for a regular union employee. 5% of earnings went to the Victims Compensation Fund and some funds were deducted for board, and the prisoners had $ 60 spending money

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From 1989-1991 until now, people aged 25–39 have been overall the most represented group in police deaths, followed by people aged under 25, then 40-54 year olds, then people aged 55+. However, as noted above, in 2013-2015 the majority of deaths were people aged over 40. Furthermore from 1989-1990 to

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sees an Aboriginal youth team help to build relationships and engage young people in activities on a Friday night, which is now the second lowest day of crime, compared with being the busiest day before. The activities are also a pathway to the Indigenous Police Recruitment Delivery Our Way (IPROWD),

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In the 30 years from 1988 to 2018, Australia's incarceration rate per 100,000 adults more than doubled. However, since 2018 it has decreased. The highest rate of increase was seen among prisoners on remand (ie: unsentenced, awaiting trial or sentencing), women and Indigenous Australians. From 2012 to

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In 1979-1980, there were only 15 deaths in prison custody. This increased until in 1997-1998 there were 80 deaths in prison custody. Deaths then decreased sharply to 28 in 2005-2006, before rising again to 54 in 2013-2014 and 61 in 2014-2015. In the late 1990s there was a large disparity between the

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In June 2018, an investigation by the ABC revealed high rates of inmate violence, prison guard brutality and overcrowding at Arthur Gorrie Correctional Centre in Queensland. At that time, the contract for the prison was up for tender. In 2016, the rate of prisoner assault at the prison was more than

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Convicts in the 19th century were subject to forced hard labour, such as quarrying sandstone. William Ulthorne, an English Catholic Bishop described convict labourers in the 1830s: “They are fettered with heavy chains, harassed with heavy work, and fed on salt meat and coarse bread, Their faces are

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found that in general, all states of Australia lacked a comprehensive approach to hold private prisons accountable to the government. The authors said that of all the states, Western Australia had the "most developed regulatory approach" to private prison accountability, as they had learnt from the

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In 2013-2015, there were 149 deaths in custody in Australia, the majority occurred in prison while a minority occurred in police custody. The majority of prisoners who died in prison and police custody were male, over 40 years of age and non-Indigenous. For deaths in immigration detention, see the

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A 2016 article by Anastasia Glushko (a former worker in the private prison sector) argues in favour of privately operated prisons in Australia. According to Glushko, private prisons in Australia have decreased the costs of holding prisoners and increased positive relationships between inmates and

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said "we have been told numerous times that the products that are made by NTCI are sold at a competitive price in the open market. But you're not paying all the overheads of employing people; you're not paying superannuation, you're not paying insurance, you're not paying payroll tax, you're not

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However, these rates are not age-standardised, meaning they do not account for the fact that different groups tend to be younger or older on average. This matters, because teenagers and young adults are much more likely to commit crime than older adults. For instance the Sudanese-born population

401:(ICCPR) is a multilateral treaty outlining the obligations of its parties to respect and promote the civil and political rights of individuals. Article 6 of the ICCPR states the death penalty may only be used in countries that have not abolished capital punishment for the severest of crimes. The 1088:

In 2021 the female imprisoned population in Australia was 7.7% of the total adults who are incarcerated. The percentage of the total female prison population rose from 7.2% of the population in 2000 to 12.8% in 2021 (from 1,385 to 3,302 per 100,000), based on the national population (with these

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From 2008-2018, 56% of Indigenous people who died in custody had not been found guilty. They were on remand, died while fleeing police or during arrest, or were in protective custody. A majority were suspected of non-indictable offences, which typically carry sentences of less than five years.

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As of June 2022, the Northern Territory had by the country's highest incarceration rate at 1,027 per 100,000 adult population, which is over five times the incarceration rate of the country overall and an increase from 2017, when the territory's incarceration rate was 878 per 100,000. With the

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In Australia the second optional protocol to the ICCPR has been signed and ratified into domestic law. This is seen through the Crimes Legislation Amendment (Torture Prohibition and Death Penalty Abolition) Act 2010. The act fully abolished the death penalty and effectively ensured no state or

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is of indeterminate length. The sentencing judge usually sets a non-parole period after which the prisoner can apply for release under parole conditions, or in the case of a criminal who has committed particularly heinous crimes, the sentencing judge may order that the person is "never to be

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were assembling computers. The identity of the company using this labour was unknown, but CSI overseer Jasvinder Oberai said that the program provided inmates with work experience, that PC parts came from government donations and the assembled PCs were given back to government departments.

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As of August 2020, the Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children reports that "Prohibition is still to be achieved in the home in all states/territories and in alternative care settings, day care, schools and penal institutions in some states/territories".

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paying all those expenses associated with employing someone and that is a big saving." The NT Corrections Commissioner Mark Payne denied that prison labour is competing with local businesses, and that if they think they are competing, they stop doing that work.

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in Victoria, the operator is compensated on the basis of the recidivism rate, and this strategy may make the operator more concerned about the wellbeing of its inmates after prison which in return would benefit the entire Australian correctional system.

2127:, against 26 former child detainees. The alleged crimes span from recent years back to the 1970s. In September 2021, it was announced that Ashley Youth Detention Centre would close within three years, and be replaced by two new facilities. 461:

Each state and territory runs its own department to oversee correctional services; for example the South Australian Department for Correctional Services is responsible for prisoners and the provision of the rehabilitation opportunities in

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had their own traditional punishments, some of which are still practised. The most severe punishment by law which can be imposed in Australia is life imprisonment. In the most extreme cases of murder, and some severe sex offences, such as

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Federal prisoners are persons sentenced under commonwealth (federal) law, or transferred from another country to serve their sentence in Australia. In June 2022 there were 1,390 federal prisoners serving sentences in Australia.

2108: 1095:, founder of Sisters Inside, is a well-known advocate for prison reform for female prisoners, who has noted several ways in which the current criminal justice system has failed in its mission to punish and rehabilitate women. 5735: 3029: 2646:

also found that in the short term, for a certain kind of prisoner (comprising roughly 15% of prisoners in Victoria), dealing with them via community corrections orders had similar outcomes to prison but was 9 times cheaper.

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In the June 2018, there were 69,397 people in community corrections, an increase of 1,406 (4%) from June 2017. 55,867 (81%) were male and all of the remainder were female (Australia allows people to legally register as

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decided to investigate the matter. Calls to increase the minimum age have increased in recent years. Doctors, lawyers, and a range of experts have called for the minimum age to be raised to 14. Among other bodies, the

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In 2015, NTCI made $ 20 revenue and $ 2 million profit. In 2016, concerns were raised that prison labour in the NT was competing unfairly with private businesses and taking jobs away from free people. NT lawmaker

1073:. In addition, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women and women with disabilities are disproportionately represented in the statistics. Until amendments to legislation were introduced in 2020, many women in 2122:

by former child detainees. One former worker was accused of abusing 11 children over the course of 3 decades. Another former staff member was accused of using sexual violence and intimidation, including forced

149:. It has been stated the different purposes make little practical difference between immigration detention and imprisonment, and that detainees often experience immigration detention as if it were punishment. 2221:

in 1987, which delivered its report in 1991. However, in general there has been a lack of action on reports into deaths, including a failure to implement the recommendations of the 1987 royal commission, and

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on 28 March 2018. The report listed 13 recommendations, covering many aspects of the legal framework and police and justice procedures, including that fine default should not result in the imprisonment.

2257:. The rate of deaths per 100,000 prisoners was 0.16 for sentenced prisoners (ie prisoners who were convicted and serving a sentence) and 0.18 for unsentenced prisoners (ie: in prison awaiting trial). 1491:

The Australia Bureau of Statistics classifies prisoners (sentenced and unsentenced) according to the "most serious" crime with which they are charged. In 2022, statistics for charges were as follows:

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Overall, foreign-born people are less likely to be imprisoned than people born in Australia. In 2017, foreign-born people were 35% of the adult population, but only 18% of the prison population.

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From 2000-2018 there have been dozens of deaths in immigration detention, many from suicide. Additionally, some people have died after being released, for reasons connected with being detained.

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population in Australia aged 18 years and over was approximately 2%, while Indigenous prisoners accounted for 32 percent of the adult prison population. As of August 2022, 40 per cent of

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voted to increase the age of criminal responsibility to 14 in line with UN standards, a move welcomed by Indigenous advocates. The support is in principle only, and dependent upon the

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The various states and territories all formally legally abolished capital punishment in their laws, with the first being Queensland in 1922 and the last being New South Wales in 1985.

4582: 1721: 5727: 282:, as the founding site for British colonisation Australia in 1788, has had prisons for as long as Australia has had European settlement. The first Australian colony was founded at 6597: 4475: 3409: 2504: 7540: 5519: 5636: 5033: 1172:

NSW, which encourages young people to become police officers. This was first run in Dubbo in 2008 and has now been expanded to other locations across the state. Since 2021,

2107:, then a minor, had his face covered with a spit hood and was strapped into a mechanical restraint chair for 2 hours. As a result the Australian government established the 2596:

In June 2013 there were 57,354 people in community corrections. From 2013 to 2018, females serving community corrections orders increased by 40% compared to males by 26%.

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Indigenous Australians are highly over-represented among deaths in custody, they were only 3.2% of the general population in 2021. This led the government to establish a

6609: 6579: 438:, dated to the early 19th century, is written from the perspective of a convict wanting to take revenge on those who flogged him. The last men flogged in Australia were 5785: 4437: 5907: 5264: 5183: 2553:

Community Corrections is the term used for various punishments and court orders in Australia that do not involve prison time. Types of community corrections include:

3205: 1385:†Note that Indigenous Australians make up 25% of the Northern Territory's population, compared to under 5% in all other states and territories, and 2.8% nationally. 5347: 5067: 4205: 4179: 3490: 100:, courts in the states and territories can impose life imprisonment without parole, thus ordering the convicted person to spend the rest of their life in prison. 2238:

Of the 34 deaths that occurred in police custody in 2013-2015, 50% resulted from gunshot wounds. Of those, 13 were police shootings while 4 were self-inflicted.

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2017 the number of people in prison on remand grew 87 percent. This might be due to more people being refused bail, and a backlog of cases in the courts.

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According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, as of June 2022, the number of adult prisoners according to each state and territory were as follows:

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to the ICCPR was created as an accompaniment to the ICCPR and altered Article 6 to ensure the abolishment of the death penalty in all cases worldwide.

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Singing - an elder sings, which is believed to call evil spirits/misfortune upon the offender. There are reports of this happening as recently as 2016.

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is 10 years old, meaning children under 10 cannot be charged with a crime. In 2018, law experts called for the age to be raised to 16 and the various

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exception of the Northern Territory and Queensland, all other states and territories saw a decrease in incarceration rate over the same time period.

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Prisoners in Australia are expected to work while in custody. Inmates typically earn between $ 0.80 and $ 3.00 per hour. No prison worker is paid

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rate of death (per 100,000 prisoners) for sentenced and unsentenced prisoners, peaking at 1.18 for unsentenced prisoners to 0.28 for sentenced.

6652: 3917: 3888: 4548: 6539: 6504: 4632: 3837: 5372: 3000: 6779: 6686: 6091: 4762: 3276: 2579:- where a person is found guilty, but does not get a criminal record provided they go for a certain period without committing another crime 2446: 2086: 2005: 453:

Corporal punishment of school children is legally banned in public schools nationwide, but remains legal in private schools in Queensland.

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In June 2022, there were 40,591 people imprisoned in Australia, and an incarceration rate of 201 prisoners per 100,000 adult population.

130: 5660: 4661: 3164: 317:. Both were abandoned shortly after. Later, after a free settlement had been established, some convicts were transported to the region. 7562: 6774: 6529: 6401: 6328: 5225: 137:, pending their deportation and to prevent them from entering the Australian community. Controversially this includes the detention of 5547: 4411: 103:

Prisons in Australia are operated by state-based correctional services departments, for the detention of minimum, medium, maximum and

7641: 7423: 6662: 6519: 5477: 2920: 1796:, sometimes held up as an example of how private prisons can be well run, cannot serve as a general example of prison privatisation. 5869: 5416: 1761:

As of November 2018, there were no private prisons located in Tasmania, the Northern Territory or the Australian Capital Territory.

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were imprisoned for non-payment of fines. The amendments were partly the result of recommendations of the coronial inquest into the

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Pathways to Justice – Inquiry into the Incarceration Rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples: Final report (ALRC 133)

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In 2017, Indigenous people were over 15 times more likely than non-Indigenous people to be imprisoned. As of June 2022, the total

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was sentenced in 2007 to 24 years in prison for murder on Norfolk Island, the absence of prisons meant he was imprisoned in NSW.

4382: 3464: 3308: 7837: 6657: 5208: 134: 5316: 5143: 5114: 6394: 6333: 6308: 5775: 5290:"Criminal responsibility age to be raised from 10 to 14 if ACT Labor re-elected, after Government endorses reform - ABC News" 4735: 4698: 4690:

Pathways to Justice – Inquiry into the Incarceration Rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (ALRC 133 Summary)

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In Victoria prisoners fabricate metal and make timber products. Both male and female inmates also pack airline headsets for

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Additionally, there was the punishment of young children. John Hudson was reportedly only nine years old when sentenced for

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was revoked as a result of higher levels of assaults, with Queensland Corrective Services taking over control in July 2021.

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7 of the 34 occurred during motor vehicle pursuits, while 6 occurred in sieges and 2 in raids. 10 were listed as "other".

7936: 7351: 6492: 6313: 6293: 5888: 5377: 4640: 4556: 2643: 2092: 1883: 1181: 339: 5816: 4763:"Three projects linking Aboriginal communities and police that are helping to stop more Indigenous people going to jail" 2624:

In 2016-2017 financial year, Australia spent $ 500 million ($ 0.5 billion) Australian dollars on community corrections.

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2014-2015, the overall most common situation for deaths in police custody to occur, was during a motor vehicle pursuit.

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tends to be much younger on average, and this can help to explain their over-representation in the prison population.

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Various programs in New South Wales have been having a positive effect on keeping Indigenous people out of prison. In

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and assault. The majority are jailed for relatively minor, non-violent crimes which are often related to poverty and

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won the bid to take over the prison. In 2012 Borallon closed. In 2016 it reopened as a government-operated prison.

1144: 1104: 388: 4523: 7975: 7900: 7893: 7625: 7237: 6629: 6615: 6603: 6441: 6149: 4605: 4471: 2925: 2100: 1177: 1152: 422: 370: 3554: 342:), the site of two penal colonies from 1788–1814 and 1824-1856, has no prisons at all in the 21st century. When 7816: 6769: 6466: 6359: 6303: 6241: 5034:"Prison Privatisation in Australia: The State of the Nation. Accountability, Costs, Performance and Efficiency" 1654: 1140: 238: 4828: 391:, abolishing the death penalty amongst federal law however not prohibiting its use in state or territory law. 7360: 6221: 5799: 2834:

was a soap opera which ran from 1979 until 1986 and depicted life in a fictional women's prison in Australia.

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Additionally, community corrections orders have been argued to be cheaper and equally as effective as public

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Modern prison privatisation began in the U.S. and Australia followed shortly thereafter. On 2 January 1990,

7604: 6634: 6436: 6417: 6318: 6272: 6226: 6124: 2464: 2223: 2212: 2031: 1946: 1717: 1684: 1108: 1082: 329: 49: 23: 4468:"Parliament passes comprehensive reform package to WA's fine enforcement regime [media statement]" 4234: 1180:, in a bid to connect Indigenous inmates with their culture, and reduce reoffending and the high rates of 1149:

Pathways to Justice – Inquiry into the Incarceration Rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

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In the year ending 30 June 2020, there were almost 600 children aged 10 to 13 in detention in Australia.

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has submitted a report to the Council of Attorneys-General Age of Criminal Responsibility Working Group.

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In 1993, New South Wales became the second Australian state to privatise prisons after Queensland, when

7802: 7781: 7409: 7296: 6864: 6716: 6691: 6667: 6544: 6262: 6195: 6139: 6129: 5417:"Ashley Youth Detention Centre in Tasmania's north to close down and be replaced by two new facilities" 5159:"Ten-year-olds do not belong in detention. Why Australia must raise the age of criminal responsibility" 2935: 2672: 1860: 167: 4601:"4517.0: Prisoners in Australia, 2018: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Prisoner Characteristics" 1113:

From 2008 to 2017 there was an increase in the rate of Indigenous people imprisoned, from 1.8% of the

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In 2017 males made up 91.9% of prisoners, despite males only being roughly half the adult population.

7687: 7597: 7555: 6482: 6446: 6375: 6267: 4463: 3627: 1894: 1755: 1070: 418: 97: 88: 3779:"No. 130 Imprisonment in Australia: Trends in Prison Populations & Imprisonment Rates 1982–1998" 1720:

opened as the first private prison in Australia, located in Queensland. Borallon was managed by the

7648: 7092: 6898: 6706: 6571: 5987: 4560: 3303: 2910: 2900: 2873: 2468: 439: 5935:"How much does prison really cost? Comparing the costs of imprisonment with community corrections" 7907: 7830: 7583: 7395: 6967: 6749: 6670: 6487: 6216: 3315: 3004: 2800: 1160: 435: 227: 3602: 2854:

is a drama series which depicts the lives of Australian criminals, including many prison scenes.

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Spearing - a corporal punishment where someone is pierced with a spear, often through their leg.

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Please note that people may receive two or more different corrections orders at the same time.

2035: 1125: 1121: 108: 92: 3588: 3330: 7809: 7760: 7611: 7381: 6349: 5632: 5394:"Inquiry told 55 workers at controversial youth detention centre were alleged sexual abusers" 4851:"Fact check: Do Sudanese people account for only 1 per cent of crimes committed in Victoria?" 3525: 3374: 2838: 1729: 291: 270: 4524:"Debbie Kilroy's friend was murdered in front of her in jail. Now she's freeing other women" 3509: 7726: 7485: 7374: 7046: 3299: 2830: 2773: 2053:

On an average night in June 2019, there were 949 minors imprisoned in Australia. Of these:

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until 2018 when it came back into public hands. Now a women's drug rehabilitation facility.

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The number of female prisoners in Australia rose 47% between 2009 and 2019. They are often

314: 274: 199: 5265:"Australian Capital Territory votes to raise age of criminal responsibility from 10 to 14" 2869:

is a 1980 prison film written by former prisoner Bob Jewson, based on his own experiences.

446:, Victoria on 1 April 1958 (technically William was flogged second, and so was the last). 166:- had their own traditional punishments which they carried out on people who broke tribal 8: 7662: 7402: 6728: 2905: 2805: 2666: 2628: 2483:. Other jobs for female prisoners include sewing Australian flags and making bed linen. 1917: 1902: 1868: 1845: 1748: 1537:

The incarceration rate differed depending on country of birth. People born in Australia,

431: 384: 80: 3179:"Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016" 2109:

Royal Commission into the Protection and Detention of Children in the Northern Territory

1667: 7874: 7774: 7767: 7669: 7432: 6981: 6974: 6912: 6754: 6190: 6100: 5588: 5555: 5520:"More than half of 147 Indigenous people who died in custody had not been found guilty" 3778: 3346: 2895: 2768: 2748: 2562: 2074: 2001: 1725: 1581:

all had incarceration rates higher than the national average. Meanwhile people born in

1482: 380: 325: 185: 126:, Australia spent $ 3.1 billion on prisons and $ 0.5 billion on community corrections. 112: 69: 45: 19: 5968: 5348:"Quick Facts: The age of criminal responsibility in Australia and youth incarceration" 5060:"Media Statements - WA's first rehab prison to open as Wandoo returns to public hands" 3628:"Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" 7867: 7844: 7633: 7618: 7590: 7576: 7289: 7152: 6850: 6175: 6165: 6119: 6058: 5942: 5760: 4731: 4694: 4438:"Sisters Inside: How Debbie Kilroy went from prisoner to protector of women's rights" 3378: 3350: 3294: 2930: 2915: 2790: 2785: 2738: 2599:

In June 2006, there were 52,212 persons in community-based corrections in Australia.

2467:. Prison workers are not legally considered workers, and as such are not entitled to 2050:

article, around 600 children under 14 are locked up in Australian prisons each year.

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occurs in Australia, with prisoners involved in many types of paid work. Before the

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Davidson, Helen; Allam, Lorena; Wahlquist, Calla; Evershed, Nick (30 August 2018).

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is a drama that started broadcasting in 2013. It is a contemporary re-imagining of

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Many films and television shows have depicted the punishment of early convicts and

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private incarceration. See the section on community corrections for more details.

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For extremely high-risk offenders, Australia operates several supermax prisons.

7569: 7548: 7416: 7344: 7180: 7173: 7166: 7106: 7053: 6386: 3700:"Are teachers still hitting students? Because it's still legal in some schools" 3342: 2945: 2795: 2763: 2728: 2708: 2660: 2557: 2460: 2261:

Deaths in prison custody in Australia, 2013-2015, by sentence status and cause

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Death - this could be either directly through execution, or indirectly through

138: 123: 116: 5501:"'People will continue to die': coroners' 'deaths in custody' reports ignored" 2602:

In June 2018 most common type of community corrections orders were, in order:

56:, as well as community corrections (various non-custodial punishments such as 7964: 7492: 7212: 7201: 7002: 6062: 5946: 4633:"Yarning circles in NSW prisons aim to reduce Indigenous incarceration rates" 3723:

Services, D. F. (25 October 2017). About us. Retrieved 26 January 2018, from

2881: 2758: 2743: 2532: 2254: 2047: 1924: 1887: 1793: 1606: 1092: 84: 76: 5548:"Police custody and custody-related operations - Crime Statistics Australia" 3491:"Prisons at breaking point but Australia is still addicted to incarceration" 2253:

7/10 prison deaths were due to natural causes, and 1/3 of those were due to

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have been introduced in men's and women's prisons across NSW, starting with

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figures approximately doubling if based on the national female population).

7694: 7655: 7319: 7303: 7085: 7039: 6821: 6431: 2753: 2590: 2124: 2104: 1949:- Australia's first private prison, currently a government operated prison. 1602: 283: 2226:

remain disproportionately high as a proportion of the general population.

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Acts intended to cause injury: 10,557 individuals (26.0% of all prisoners)

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in Australia after he killed a prison officer whilst attempting to escape

7471: 7439: 7312: 7273: 7266: 7159: 7138: 7099: 7060: 6988: 6836: 5934: 5870:"Corrective Services, Australia, June quarter 2018 - Summary of findings" 3724: 2817: 1634: 1598: 1574: 1566: 1538: 376: 358: 2877:

is a 1988 drama film set in a fictional Australian prison in the desert.

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Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Indigenous people of Australia -

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had the highest rate of young people in detention on an average night.

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In 2018, 18.4% of prisoners in Australia were held in private prisons.

357:

and 13 when transported to Australia. He was one of 34 children on the

299: 241: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5686:"Bed linen and boomerangs — the surprising products made by prisoners" 5455: 4662:"Incarceration rates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples" 4583:"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander prisoner characteristics, 2017" 2689: 7120: 6069: 5908:"Call to pay convicted criminals to work to cut high recidivism rate" 5478:"Australia: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population summary" 3562: 2335:

Deaths in prison custody in Australia, 2013-2015, by state/territory

2103:

in the Northern Territory. This included an incident where, in 2015,

1969:- Management transitioned to Queensland Corrective Services in 2020. 1594: 1586: 290:) on 26 January 1788, and marked the commencement of many decades of 61: 4829:"Prisoners in Australia, 2017 - Prisoner Characteristics - Table 22" 2114:

In 2022, a Tasmanian Government inquiry revealed that 55 workers at

216: 6875: 6843: 6733: 2495:

and doors. Female prisoners cut up used clothes to turn into rags.

1504: 427: 354: 303: 193: 180: 104: 5839:"Union says prisoners working at NT salt mine 'like slave labour'" 5518:

Wahlquist, Calla; Evershed, Nick; Allam, Lorena (29 August 2018).

5373:"The royal commission into NT youth detention has failed children" 3806:"Australian Prisoners 1990: Results of the National Prison Census" 3365:

Turnbull, S (March 2017), "Immigration Detention and Punishment",

1151:, which was received by the Attorney-General in December 2017 and 6933: 6905: 6884: 5708: 5448:"National Deaths in Custody Program - Crime Statistics Australia" 5144:"Experts back call to raise age of criminal responsibility to 16" 5089: 3652: 1626: 1558: 1546: 1542: 320:

No penal colonies were located in the areas that have now become

142: 68:

etc.). When awaiting trial, prisoners may be kept in specialised

53: 6790: 4723: 4686: 4383:"Prisoners in Australia, 2022 | Australian Bureau of Statistics" 4342:"Prisoners in Australia, 2021 | Australian Bureau of Statistics" 4316:"Prisoners in Australia, 2020 | Australian Bureau of Statistics" 4290:"Prisoners in Australia, 2019 | Australian Bureau of Statistics" 3367:

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice

3277:"Australia's indefinite detention of refugees illegal, UN rules" 313:

Two penal colonies were briefly founded in the area that is now

298:. Penal colonies were also founded in what is now the states of 6944: 5817:"The Northern Territory $ 20 million prison workforce business" 2733: 2701: 2480: 2206: 1747:

opened, as the second private prison in Queensland, managed by

1630: 1622: 1618: 1610: 434:, was used from 1788 up until 1958. The Australian folk ballad 287: 57: 7541:

Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted

5498: 2700:

Former Australian prisons which are now open to the public as

7858: 6891: 5115:"Southern Queensland Correctional Centre transition complete" 5017:"Doing Well and Doing Good: The Case for Privatising Prisons" 4761:

Brown, Simon Leo; Bullock, Chris; Arnold, Ann (9 July 2020).

3331:"Immigration detention vs imprisonment: Differences explored" 2492: 2447:

Immigration detention in Australia § Deaths in detention

1976: 1960: 1932: 1737: 1614: 1590: 1582: 1578: 1570: 1562: 1182:

incarceration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

1164: 6550:

Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (AUSTRAC)

5238:"Why Australia is facing calls to stop jailing 10-year-olds" 3678:

Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children

129:

Australia also detains non-citizens in a separate system of

3869:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. December 1999. p. 3 1638: 1554: 1550: 1169: 44:

arises when an individual has been accused or convicted of

3410:"Aboriginal Customary Laws and the Notion of 'Punishment'" 3030:"Cop sees the sense in lashing out as corporal punishment" 1388: 1196:

Adult Prisoner Statistics Per State/Territory (June 2022)

350:

awful to behold, and their existence one of desperation.”

6622:

Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission (IBAC)

2491:

In Queensland inmates make tents, chairs, coffee tables,

1853: 1838: 1641:

had incarceration rates lower than the national average.

1187: 6025:"Apprehended Violence Orders (AVOs) - Domestic Violence" 2885:

is a 2002 heist film partly set in an Australian prison.

2523:

In the Northern Territory, prison labour is overseen by

2066:

53% were Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander youth.

5581:"Deaths in prison custody - Crime Statistics Australia" 4853:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 6 September 2018 4412:"Australia's booming prison population in three charts" 5517: 3603:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" 387:. A few years later the Federal Parliament passed the 5811: 5809: 5704:"In Victoria's prisons, women pay for men's violence" 5587:. Australian Institute of Criminology. Archived from 5554:. Australian Institute of Criminology. Archived from 5454:. Australian Institute of Criminology. Archived from 5209:"Review of the age of criminal responsibility (2020)" 157: 6048:"NSW Inmate Census 2018: Summary of Characteristics" 5876:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6 September 2018. 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5317:"ACT agrees to raise age of criminal responsibility" 4973:"Borallon prison re-opens as 'training centre' jail" 4005:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 21 September 2006 3976:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 22 September 2005 3950:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 23 September 2004 2669:

cars used in offences, confiscating contraband) etc.

399:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

6712:

Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity

5414: 5022:. Vol. 32, no. 1. Policy. pp. 19–23. 4996:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 June 2018 4589:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 8 December 2017. 4418:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 14 June 2017 4241:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 11 December 2015 4082:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 10 December 2009 3895:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 20 February 2003 412: 6535:Australian Securities & Investments Commission 5889:"Australian passports to have third gender option" 5886: 5831: 5806: 4831:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 8 December 2017 4760: 4724:Australian Law Reform Commission (December 2017). 4687:Australian Law Reform Commission (December 2017). 4134:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 8 December 2011 4108:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 9 December 2010 3924:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 22 January 2004 3024: 3022: 2503:In New South Wales, prisoner work is organised by 2440: 2219:Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody 2099:report which revealed abuse of youth occurring at 1498:Sexual assault and related offences: 6,446 (15.9%) 1398:Incarceration Rate by State/Territory (June 2022) 364: 5667: 3815:. Australian Institute of Criminology. p. 17 3653:"Australian Folk Songs - Jim Jones at Botany Bay" 3287: 1648: 1513:Offences against justice procedures: 2,891 (7.1%) 7962: 7881:United Kingdom and British overseas territories 6697:Australian Customs and Border Protection Service 6515:Australian Competition & Consumer Commission 6416: 4994:"Inside Australia's 'powder keg' private prison" 3797: 3785:. Australian Institute of Criminology. p. 3 3064:"Tribal punishment, customary law & payback" 6057:(47). NSW Government. Corrective Services NSW. 4160:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2 April 2013 3844:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 12 June 2001 3804:Walker, John; Hallinan, Jennifer (April 1991). 3100:"Highest to Lowest - Prison Incarceration Rate" 3019: 3003:. National Library of Australia. Archived from 2650: 2030:In August 2020 the Legislative Assembly of the 1983: 190:Compensation - such as by adoption or marriage. 141:, including children, while their claims to be 6653:Australian Defence Force Investigative Service 4943:"Borallon to stay shut despite prisoner surge" 4870: 4868: 3803: 3507: 6806: 6540:Australian Security Intelligence Organisation 6505:Australian Communications and Media Authority 6402: 6085: 5391: 4966: 4964: 4730:. Commonwealth of Australia. pp. 1–524. 4549:"Prisoners in Australia by Indigenous status" 4406: 4404: 4030:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. March 2007 3358: 2136:section on immigration detention facilities. 419:Flagellation § Australian penal colonies 147:detained indefinitely without charge or trial 145:are determined. Non-citizens can be lawfully 6687:Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service 5776:"What tops the grocery list of NSW inmates?" 5575: 5573: 5346:Creek, Simon; Nims, Siobhan (30 July 2020). 4988: 4986: 4693:. Commonwealth of Australia. pp. 1–42. 3912: 3910: 3832: 3830: 3777:Carach, Carlos; Grant, Anna (October 1999). 3258:"All children to be off Nauru by year's end" 3200: 3198: 3196: 3136:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. June 1998 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 2970: 2968: 2207:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander deaths 2087:Juvenile detention in the Northern Territory 2080: 2006:Juvenile detention in the Northern Territory 6598:Independent Commissioner Against Corruption 6510:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission 5749:Linnane, Damien (host) (7 September 2021). 4897:"Successful Qld prison tenderers announced" 4865: 3776: 3322: 3167:. Productivity Commission. 25 January 2018. 2958:Australian immigration detention facilities 2675:(a type of injunction or restraining order) 2016:age of criminal responsibility in Australia 2010:Age of criminal responsibility in Australia 430:(also called whipping, lashing), a form of 423:School corporal punishment § Australia 7563:International Network of Prison Ministries 6813: 6799: 6530:Australian Prudential Regulation Authority 6409: 6395: 6092: 6078: 6046:Corben, Simon; Tang, Helen (August 2019). 6045: 5905: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5138: 5136: 4961: 4430: 4401: 3668: 3666: 3526:"Ronald Ryan - Australia's last execution" 3465:"McNeill to appeal evidence admissibility" 3250: 3171: 2642:Additionally, a June 2018 report from the 2525:Northern Territory Correctional Industries 2140:Deaths in custody in Australia, 2013-2015 2060:83% were aged 10–17 (the remainder 18–20); 6663:Royal Australian Corps of Military Police 6610:Independent Commission Against Corruption 6580:Independent Commission Against Corruption 6520:Australian Fisheries Management Authority 5800:"Sydney PC assembler using prison labour" 5697: 5695: 5570: 5542: 5540: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5345: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5294:ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) 4983: 3907: 3827: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3549: 3547: 3407: 3355:(2004) 29(5) Alternative Law Journal 228. 3193: 3114: 2965: 2921:Crime in the Australian Capital Territory 2543: 1098: 475:Prison population of Australia over time 257:Learn how and when to remove this message 7389:Mentally ill people in the United States 6004: 5887:Staff and agencies (15 September 2011). 5415:Alexandra Humphries (9 September 2021). 5058:Cabinet, Department of the Premier and. 4891: 4889: 4789:"Five takeaways from Australia's census" 4264:"Prisoners in Australia, 2017 - Summary" 4229: 4227: 3993: 3991: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3697: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3364: 3232:"Immigration detention and human rights" 2688: 2548: 2233: 2038:government being re-elected in October. 1814:Private prisons in Australia, June 2019 1689: 1666: 29: 5941:. Australian Institute of Criminology. 5853: 5773: 5603: 5314: 5156: 5133: 5014: 4921: 4630: 4626: 4624: 4521: 4462: 3663: 3274: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 2779: 1973:Southern Queensland Correctional Centre 1389:State and territory incarceration rates 164:Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders 7963: 7642:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland) 6099: 5932: 5728:"Compensation Claims whilst in Prison" 5692: 5642:from the original on 25 February 2021. 5537: 5431: 5334: 3725:http://www.corrections.sa.gov.au/about 3544: 3514:, First Fleet Fellowship Victoria Inc. 3375:10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.231 3328: 3229: 2995: 2993: 2811: 2160:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander 1188:State and territory prison populations 469: 6794: 6432:Australian Capital Territory Policing 6390: 6073: 5701: 5663:from the original on 16 October 2021. 5419:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 5396:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 5262: 4970: 4940: 4886: 4769:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4258: 4256: 4224: 3988: 3729: 3390: 3268: 3223: 2976:"Managing offenders in the community" 1995: 1218:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander 1115:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander 456: 409:territory is able to reintroduce it. 7944: 6525:Australian Maritime Safety Authority 5176: 4922:Harding, Richard (3 November 2017). 4621: 4522:Gleeson, Hayley (15 February 2019). 3698:Matthews, Alice (12 December 2018). 3435:"Norfolk Island History and Culture" 3238:. Australian Human Rights Commission 3165:"Report on Government Services 2018" 3148: 3070: 3061: 3048: 2130: 1807:List of private prisons in Australia 1501:Illicit drug offences: 5,515 (13.6%) 239:adding citations to reliable sources 210: 6500:National Anti-Corruption Commission 5969:"Pay your fines - australia.gov.au" 5939:Aic Reports. Research Report Series 5774:Leeming, Lachlan (8 January 2018). 5738:from the original on 22 March 2021. 5716:from the original on 25 March 2021. 5613:. Monash University. September 2018 5611:"Australian Border Deaths Database" 5378:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 5057: 4928:Australian Institute of Criminology 4641:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4557:Australian Institute of Criminology 2990: 2644:Australian Institute of Criminology 1975:- Private management contract with 1955:- Opened in 2012 on former site of 1787:Conversely, a 2016 report from the 13: 6775:Police tactical units in Australia 6590:Law Enforcement Conduct Commission 6039: 5985: 5966: 5654:"Chapter 2 : Going to Prison" 5213:Australian Human Rights Commission 4360: 4253: 3092: 2346:Percent of national prison deaths 2331:Prison deaths by state/territory: 2025:Australian Human Rights Commission 1734:Corrections Corporation of America 1703: 158:Traditional Indigenous punishments 14: 7987: 6820: 5788:from the original on 23 May 2021. 5392:Mahmood Fazal (6 February 2022). 5315:Jenkins, Keira (20 August 2020). 4903:. Fairfax Media. 4 September 2007 4809:. Australian Bureau of Statistics 4270:. Australian Bureau of Statistics 4212:. Australian Bureau of Statistics 4186:. Australian Bureau of Statistics 4056:. Australian Bureau of Statistics 3230:Dillon, Sarah (8 November 2013). 3181:. Australian Bureau of Statistics 3080:. Australian Bureau of Statistics 3001:"Capital Punishment in Australia" 2684: 2679: 2527:(NTCI) and their Advisory Panel. 2463:, and their employers do not pay 1967:Arthur Gorrie Correctional Centre 1745:Arthur Gorrie Correctional Centre 1529: 206: 7943: 7932: 7931: 6585:New South Wales Crime Commission 6237:Indigenous Australians and crime 6017: 5998: 5979: 5967:Agency, Digital Transformation. 5960: 5926: 5899: 5880: 5792: 5767: 5742: 5720: 5646: 5625: 5263:Allam, Lorena (20 August 2020). 5184:"age of criminal responsibility" 4025:"Corrective Services, Australia" 3062:Jens, Korff (23 February 2020). 2941:Health of prisoners in Australia 2512:Dawn De Loas Correctional Centre 2454: 2248: 1957:Rangeview Juvenile Remand Centre 1770:double the next highest prison. 1722:Corrections Company of Australia 1696:Supermax prison § Australia 1145:Australian Law Reform Commission 1105:Indigenous Australians and crime 413:Corporal punishment in Australia 389:Death Penalty Abolition Act 1973 215: 107:security prisoners convicted in 7713:Countries by incarceration rate 7626:Prison Fellowship International 6780:Reasonable and probable grounds 6630:Corruption and Crime Commission 6604:Crime and Corruption Commission 6564:State and Territory authorities 6442:Northern Territory Police Force 6029:www.domesticviolence.nsw.gov.au 5702:Poole, Melanie (29 July 2019). 5511: 5492: 5470: 5408: 5385: 5365: 5308: 5282: 5256: 5230: 5201: 5157:Cunneen, Chris (22 July 2020). 5150: 5107: 5094:The GEO Group Australia Pty Ltd 5082: 5051: 5026: 5008: 4934: 4915: 4843: 4821: 4799: 4781: 4754: 4717: 4680: 4654: 4631:Ormonde, Bill (8 August 2022). 4606:Australian Bureau of Statistics 4593: 4575: 4541: 4515: 4490: 4472:Government of Western Australia 4456: 4334: 4308: 4282: 4198: 4172: 4146: 4120: 4094: 4068: 4042: 4017: 3962: 3936: 3881: 3864:"Corrective Services Australia" 3856: 3717: 3691: 3645: 3620: 3595: 3587:. 29 March 2010. Archived from 3577: 3518: 3508:Cheryl Timbury (October 2015), 3501: 3483: 3457: 3427: 3131:"Corrective Services Australia" 2926:Crime in the Northern Territory 2510:In 2019, about 20 prisoners at 2441:Deaths in immigration detention 2101:Don Dale Youth Detention Centre 1516:Robbery/extortion: 2,586 (6.4%) 1178:Broken Hill Correctional Centre 1168:an 18-week program run through 371:Capital punishment in Australia 365:Capital punishment in Australia 340:external territory of Australia 226:needs additional citations for 6770:Mass surveillance in Australia 6570:Australian Capital Territory: 6467:Western Australia Police Force 6360:List of massacres in Australia 5119:Queensland Corrective Services 4924:"Private prisons in Australia" 4807:"Prisoners in Australia, 2017" 4235:"Prisoners in Australia, 2015" 4206:"Prisoners in Australia, 2014" 4180:"Prisoners in Australia, 2013" 4154:"Prisoners in Australia, 2012" 4128:"Prisoners in Australia, 2011" 4102:"Prisoners in Australia, 2010" 4076:"Prisoners in Australia, 2009" 4050:"Prisoners in Australia, 2008" 3999:"Prisoners in Australia, 2006" 3970:"Prisoners in Australia, 2005" 3944:"Prisoners in Australia, 2004" 3918:"Prisoners in Australia, 2003" 3889:"Prisoners in Australia, 2002" 3838:"Prisoners in Australia, 2000" 3078:"Prisoners in Australia, 2018" 2665:Confiscation of property (eg: 1655:Life imprisonment in Australia 1649:Life imprisonment in Australia 1207:Percent Change From June 2021 1141:Attorney-General for Australia 473: 379:was the last individual to be 1: 5841:. ABC News. 12 September 2013 5752:Broken Chains: Modern Slavery 5688:. news.com.au. 28 March 2017. 5064:www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au 4971:Moore, Tony (15 March 2016). 4767:ABC News (ABC Radio National) 2951: 2593:on some identity documents). 2505:Corrective Service Industries 2428:Australian Capital Territory 2116:Ashley Youth Detention Centre 2041: 1953:Wandoo Reintegration Facility 1487:Illicit drug use in Australia 1467:Australian Capital Territory 1364:Australian Capital Territory 131:immigration detention centres 7605:Prison Advice and Care Trust 6635:Gold Stealing Detection Unit 6437:New South Wales Police Force 6418:Law enforcement in Australia 6005:VicRoads (26 October 2018). 5819:. ABC News. 21 February 2016 5039:. University of Sydney. 2016 3585:"Death Penalty in Australia" 3408:Anonymous (18 August 2010). 3275:Doherty, Ben (17 May 2016). 2978:. New South Wales Government 2651:Other non-prison punishments 2224:Indigenous deaths in custody 2213:Aboriginal deaths in custody 2073:From June 2015 to 2019, the 1988:In 2016-17, Australia spent 1984:Cost of prisons in Australia 1947:Borallon Correctional Centre 1718:Borallon Correctional Centre 1685:list of prisons in Australia 1109:Aboriginal deaths in custody 330:Australian Capital Territory 194:Exclusion from the community 24:Law enforcement in Australia 7: 6723:Police Integrity Commission 6702:Australian Crime Commission 5986:Police, Western Australia. 5933:Morgan, A. (25 June 2018). 5802:. crn.com.au. 20 June 2019. 5015:Glushko, A. (Autumn 2016). 2889: 2633:Institute of Public Affairs 1876:Parklea Correctional Centre 1476: 34:The main cell block of old 10: 7992: 7937:Imprisonment and detention 6865:Stanford prison experiment 6717:Office of Police Integrity 6692:Australian Customs Service 6668:Royal Australian Air Force 6658:Joint Military Police Unit 6545:Australian Taxation Office 5906:Adam Carey (13 May 2018). 4876:"Privatisation of Prisons" 4553:Crime Statistics Australia 3343:10.1177/1037969X0402900505 2936:Crime in Western Australia 2693:A recreation 1855 cell in 2673:Apprehended violence order 2444: 2210: 2084: 1999: 1861:Fulham Correctional Centre 1693: 1682: 1678: 1652: 1505:Unlawful entry with intent 1480: 1102: 1056: 442:and John Henry Taylor, at 416: 368: 268: 152: 135:Department of Home Affairs 133:, operated by the federal 111:, as well as prisoners on 17: 7971:Penal system in Australia 7926: 7736: 7704: 7679: 7598:Prison abolition movement 7556:Florida Justice Institute 7532: 7336: 7251: 7211: 7130: 7077: 6952: 6943: 6874: 6828: 6742: 6679: 6645: 6563: 6483:Australian Federal Police 6475: 6447:Queensland Police Service 6424: 6368: 6342: 6286: 6255: 6209: 6158: 6107: 4941:Cowen (9 November 2013). 4880:www.parliament.nsw.gov.au 3262:The Sydney Morning Herald 3211:. Productivity Commission 2631:, citing a report by the 2275:External/multiple trauma 2081:Abuse in juvenile prisons 1895:Junee Correctional Centre 1813: 1774:Arguments for and against 1765:Violence and overcrowding 1756:Junee Correctional Centre 89:colonisation of Australia 72:or within other prisons. 7649:The Prison Phoenix Trust 7093:Administrative detention 6707:National Crime Authority 6572:ACT Integrity Commission 5992:Western Australia Police 5635:. Victorian Government. 2911:Crime in South Australia 2901:Crime in New South Wales 2874:Ghosts of the Civil Dead 2278:Alcohol and other drugs 1048: 403:Second Optional Protocol 109:state and federal courts 79:has been abolished, and 7727:Films featuring prisons 7584:Mount Tamalpais College 7238:Prisoner-of-war escapes 6968:Corrective labor colony 6760:Punishment in Australia 6750:Australian police ranks 6671:Airfield Defence Guards 6493:Maritime Border Command 6488:Australian Border Force 6055:Statistical Publication 6011:www.vicroads.vic.gov.au 3335:Alternative Law Journal 3316:High Court of Australia 3206:"8 Corrective Services" 2801:HM Prison Morwell River 2570:Community service order 436:Jim Jones at Botany Bay 50:criminal justice system 48:through the Australian 42:Punishment in Australia 7976:Punishments by country 7361:Contemplative programs 7068:Youth detention center 6920:Prisoner of conscience 6765:Terrorism in Australia 6555:Commonwealth Ombudsman 6452:South Australia Police 6108:States and territories 4949:. The Queensland Times 3236:www.humanrights.gov.au 2697: 2620:Cost and effectiveness 2544:Non-prison punishments 1941:Former private prisons 1709:History and statistics 1675: 1510:Homicide: 3,257 (8.0%) 1136:are Indigenous women. 1126:Torres Strait Islander 1099:Indigenous Australians 1083:died in police custody 93:Indigenous Australians 38: 7612:Prison-Ashram Project 6369:Crime internationally 6350:Convicts in Australia 6247:Immigration and crime 6007:"Vehicle impoundment" 5585:crimestats.aic.gov.au 5552:crimestats.aic.gov.au 5452:crimestats.aic.gov.au 3300:[2004] HCA 37 2692: 2549:Community Corrections 2469:workers' compensation 2234:Police custody deaths 2085:Further information: 2063:63% were unsentenced; 1730:Wormald International 1690:High-security prisons 1670: 1117:population to 2.43%. 440:William John O'Meally 271:Convicts in Australia 33: 7796:Ireland, Republic of 7486:Solitary confinement 7047:Prisoner-of-war camp 6616:Integrity Commission 6596:Northern Territory: 5988:"Impounded vehicles" 5973:www.australia.gov.au 5734:. 2 September 2019. 3102:. World Prison Brief 2780:Other former prisons 2774:HM Prison Beechworth 2118:had been accused of 2046:According to a 2018 1831:Mount Gambier Prison 1789:University of Sydney 1724:(which was owned by 1204:Number of Prisoners 1153:tabled in Parliament 1065:themselves, such as 275:History of Australia 235:improve this article 7663:Prison Reform Trust 6729:Commonwealth Police 6626:Western Australia: 5732:Caxton Legal Centre 5381:. 21 November 2017. 5146:. 22 November 2018. 4563:on 14 November 2018 3497:. 27 December 2019. 3439:Norfolk Online News 3066:. Creative Spirits. 2906:Crime in Queensland 2812:Cultural depictions 2806:HM Prison Pentridge 2606:Sentenced probation 2577:Non-conviction bond 2567:Good behaviour bond 2417:Northern Territory 2336: 2262: 2141: 1918:GEO Group Australia 1903:GEO Group Australia 1869:GEO Group Australia 1846:Port Phillip Prison 1822:State or territory 1749:GEO Group Australia 1459:Northern Territory 1406:Incarceration rate 1399: 1344:Northern Territory 1197: 476: 470:Number of prisoners 432:corporal punishment 375:On 3 February 1967 83:is no longer used. 81:corporal punishment 7670:WriteAPrisoner.com 7433:Protective custody 6982:Extermination camp 6913:Political prisoner 6755:Crime in Australia 6101:Crime in Australia 5659:. NSW Government. 5591:on 3 November 2018 5558:on 3 November 2018 5505:Guardian Australia 5480:. ABS. 1 July 2022 5458:on 6 November 2018 5215:. 26 February 2020 4713:Summary report PDF 4502:World Prison Brief 4478:on 26 October 2021 3565:on 5 November 2018 3329:Groves, M (2004). 3309:"judgment summary" 3264:. 1 November 2018. 3007:on 5 November 2018 2896:Crime in Australia 2769:Old Melbourne Gaol 2749:Mount Gambier Gaol 2698: 2563:Suspended sentence 2519:Northern Territory 2384:Western Australia 2334: 2260: 2139: 2075:Northern Territory 2002:Juvenile detention 1996:Youth imprisonment 1929:Western Australia 1825:Operating company 1726:John Holland Group 1676: 1609:, United Kingdom, 1483:Crime in Australia 1443:Western Australia 1397: 1304:Western Australia 1195: 474: 457:Adult imprisonment 326:Northern Territory 170:. These included: 39: 20:Crime in Australia 7958: 7957: 7894:England and Wales 7634:Prison Legal News 7619:Prison Fellowship 7577:Justice Defenders 7247: 7246: 6851:Prison healthcare 6788: 6787: 6646:Military agencies 6608:South Australia: 6576:New South Wales: 6384: 6383: 6242:Human trafficking 6232:Police misconduct 5912:www.theage.com.au 5761:City of Newcastle 5633:"Going to Prison" 5352:Welcome to Mondaq 4737:978-0-9943202-8-5 4700:978-0-9943202-9-2 4668:. 1 December 2016 4609:. 6 December 2018 3591:on 29 March 2010. 3532:. 20 January 2015 3295:Al-Kateb v Godwin 2931:Crime in Victoria 2916:Crime in Tasmania 2791:HM Prison Geelong 2786:HM Prison Fairlea 2739:HM Prison Geelong 2612:Community service 2438: 2437: 2325: 2324: 2204: 2203: 2131:Deaths in custody 2020:Attorneys General 1938: 1937: 1671:The gatehouse of 1661:life imprisonment 1521:Federal prisoners 1474: 1473: 1383: 1382: 1143:commissioned the 1075:Western Australia 1067:domestic violence 1039: 1038: 308:Western Australia 267: 266: 259: 66:community service 52:. Australia uses 7983: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7939: 7935: 7934: 7919: 7910: 7903: 7901:Northern Ireland 7896: 7889: 7882: 7877: 7870: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7729: 7722: 7715: 7697: 7690: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7637: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7465: 7458: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7370: 7363: 7354: 7347: 7329: 7322: 7315: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7262: 7240: 7231: 7224: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7176: 7169: 7162: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7107:Maximum security 7102: 7095: 7088: 7070: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7026: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6950: 6949: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6792: 6791: 6680:Defunct agencies 6476:Federal agencies 6411: 6404: 6397: 6388: 6387: 6376:Crime by country 6222:Illicit drug use 6159:Cities and towns 6094: 6087: 6080: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6052: 6033: 6032: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5866: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5813: 5804: 5803: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5781:Newcastle Herald 5771: 5765: 5764: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5699: 5690: 5689: 5682: 5665: 5664: 5658: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5577: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5544: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5444: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5343: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5296:. 20 August 2020 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5244:. 21 August 2020 5234: 5228: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5163:The Conversation 5154: 5148: 5147: 5140: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5066:. Archived from 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5038: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4968: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4893: 4884: 4883: 4872: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4628: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4559:. Archived from 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4474:. Archived from 4466:(17 June 2020). 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4408: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4389:. 5 October 2023 4379: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4260: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4231: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4029: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3914: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3868: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3810: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3774: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3561:. Archived from 3551: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3471:. 31 August 2007 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3441:. Archived from 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3405: 3388: 3387: 3362: 3356: 3354: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3318:. 6 August 2004. 3313: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3210: 3202: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3161: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3135: 3127: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3059: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3026: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2972: 2719:Fremantle Prison 2695:Fremantle Prison 2635:(a conservative 2395:South Australia 2351:New South Wales 2340:State/territory 2337: 2333: 2266:Sentence status 2263: 2259: 2145:Type of custody 2142: 2138: 1991: 1910:Ravenhall Prison 1899:New South Wales 1880:New South Wales 1835:South Australia 1811: 1810: 1781:Ravenhall Prison 1673:Fremantle Prison 1435:South Australia 1411:New South Wales 1403:State/Territory 1400: 1396: 1284:South Australia 1224:New South Wales 1201:State/Territory 1198: 1194: 1132:in the state of 1063:victims of crime 477: 444:Pentridge Prison 385:Pentridge Prison 292:convict arrivals 262: 255: 251: 248: 242: 219: 211: 46:breaking the law 36:Fremantle Prison 7991: 7990: 7986: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7961: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7942: 7930: 7922: 7915: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7885: 7880: 7873: 7866: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7745: 7732: 7725: 7718: 7711: 7700: 7693: 7686: 7675: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7539: 7528: 7519: 7514:Women in prison 7512: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7461: 7454: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7422: 7417:Private prisons 7415: 7408: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7350: 7343: 7332: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7258: 7243: 7236: 7227: 7220: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7078:Security levels 7073: 7066: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6939: 6932: 6927:Prisoner of war 6925: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6824: 6819: 6789: 6784: 6738: 6675: 6641: 6559: 6471: 6462:Victoria Police 6457:Tasmania Police 6425:Police agencies 6420: 6415: 6385: 6380: 6364: 6338: 6334:Private prisons 6282: 6273:Law enforcement 6256:Law enforcement 6251: 6227:Organised crime 6205: 6154: 6103: 6098: 6050: 6042: 6040:Further reading 6037: 6036: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6003: 5999: 5984: 5980: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5931: 5927: 5917: 5915: 5904: 5900: 5885: 5881: 5868: 5867: 5854: 5844: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5822: 5820: 5815: 5814: 5807: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5772: 5768: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5700: 5693: 5684: 5683: 5668: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5639: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5614: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5579: 5578: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5546: 5545: 5538: 5528: 5526: 5516: 5512: 5497: 5493: 5483: 5481: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5446: 5445: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5390: 5386: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5344: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5313: 5309: 5299: 5297: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5218: 5216: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5155: 5151: 5142: 5141: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5019: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4992: 4991: 4984: 4969: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4939: 4935: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4894: 4887: 4874: 4873: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4795:. 27 June 2017. 4787: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4759: 4755: 4750:Full report PDF 4742: 4740: 4738: 4722: 4718: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4629: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4419: 4410: 4409: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4381: 4380: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4348:. 13 April 2022 4340: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4322:. 4 August 2021 4314: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4262: 4261: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4233: 4232: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3916: 3915: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3836: 3835: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3808: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3775: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3553: 3552: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3506: 3502: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3445:on 12 July 2012 3433: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3414:www.alrc.gov.au 3406: 3391: 3385: 3363: 3359: 3327: 3323: 3311: 3307: 3292: 3288: 3273: 3269: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3163: 3162: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3060: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3036:. 20 March 2014 3028: 3027: 3020: 3010: 3008: 2999: 2998: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2974: 2973: 2966: 2954: 2892: 2814: 2782: 2724:Fannie Bay Gaol 2714:Boggo Road Gaol 2687: 2682: 2655:These include: 2653: 2551: 2546: 2499:New South Wales 2457: 2449: 2443: 2269:Natural causes 2251: 2236: 2215: 2209: 2133: 2120:child sex abuse 2089: 2083: 2044: 2012: 1998: 1989: 1986: 1819:Private prison 1706: 1704:Private prisons 1698: 1692: 1687: 1681: 1657: 1651: 1532: 1489: 1481:Main articles: 1479: 1391: 1213:Percent Female 1190: 1174:yarning circles 1134:New South Wales 1130:women in prison 1111: 1103:Main articles: 1101: 1079:death of Ms Dhu 1059: 1051: 720: 715: 703: 688: 605: 472: 464:South Australia 459: 425: 415: 373: 367: 322:South Australia 280:New South Wales 277: 269:Main articles: 263: 252: 246: 243: 232: 220: 209: 160: 155: 122:In the 2016-17 117:private prisons 98:aggravated rape 26: 12: 11: 5: 7989: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7940: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7904: 7897: 7890: 7878: 7871: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7848: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7820: 7813: 7806: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7778: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7750: 7742: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7691: 7688:Rehabilitation 7683: 7681: 7680:Leaving prison 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7629: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7570:Justice Action 7566: 7559: 7552: 7549:Black and Pink 7545: 7536: 7534: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7510: 7503: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7468: 7467: 7466: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7436: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7340: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7300: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7270: 7263: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7222:Prison escapes 7217: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7117: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7020: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6956: 6954: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6880: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6861: 6854: 6847: 6840: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6818: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6795: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6574: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6485: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6391: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6213: 6211: 6210:Crime dynamics 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6104: 6097: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6016: 5997: 5978: 5959: 5925: 5898: 5879: 5874:www.abs.gov.au 5852: 5830: 5805: 5791: 5766: 5741: 5719: 5691: 5666: 5645: 5624: 5602: 5569: 5536: 5510: 5491: 5469: 5430: 5407: 5384: 5364: 5333: 5307: 5281: 5255: 5229: 5200: 5175: 5149: 5132: 5106: 5081: 5070:on 5 July 2018 5050: 5025: 5007: 4982: 4977:Brisbane Times 4960: 4933: 4914: 4901:Brisbane Times 4885: 4864: 4842: 4820: 4798: 4780: 4753: 4736: 4716: 4699: 4679: 4653: 4620: 4592: 4587:www.abs.gov.au 4574: 4540: 4514: 4489: 4455: 4444:. 7 March 2021 4429: 4416:www.abc.net.au 4400: 4387:www.abs.gov.au 4359: 4346:www.abs.gov.au 4333: 4320:www.abs.gov.au 4307: 4294:www.abs.gov.au 4281: 4268:www.abs.gov.au 4252: 4239:www.abs.gov.au 4223: 4210:www.abs.gov.au 4197: 4184:www.abs.gov.au 4171: 4158:www.abs.gov.au 4145: 4132:www.abs.gov.au 4119: 4106:www.abs.gov.au 4093: 4080:www.abs.gov.au 4067: 4054:www.abs.gov.au 4041: 4016: 4003:www.abs.gov.au 3987: 3974:www.abs.gov.au 3961: 3948:www.abs.gov.au 3935: 3922:www.abs.gov.au 3906: 3893:www.abs.gov.au 3880: 3855: 3842:www.abs.gov.au 3826: 3796: 3728: 3716: 3690: 3662: 3657:folkstream.com 3644: 3619: 3594: 3576: 3543: 3517: 3500: 3482: 3456: 3426: 3389: 3383: 3357: 3321: 3286: 3267: 3249: 3222: 3192: 3170: 3147: 3113: 3091: 3069: 3047: 3034:The Herald Sun 3018: 2989: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2946:Justice Action 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2878: 2870: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2847: 2835: 2826: 2825: 2820:in Australia. 2813: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2796:HM Prison Sale 2793: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2764:Wentworth Gaol 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2729:Gladstone Gaol 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2709:Old Dubbo Gaol 2686: 2685:Prison museums 2683: 2681: 2680:Former prisons 2678: 2677: 2676: 2670: 2663: 2652: 2649: 2627:An article in 2622: 2621: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2560: 2558:Home detention 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2521: 2520: 2501: 2500: 2489: 2488: 2477: 2476: 2461:superannuation 2456: 2453: 2445:Main article: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2343:Prison deaths 2341: 2323: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2250: 2247: 2235: 2232: 2211:Main article: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2132: 2129: 2082: 2079: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2057:90% were male; 2043: 2040: 1997: 1994: 1990:A$ 3.1 billion 1985: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1970: 1964: 1950: 1943: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1776: 1775: 1767: 1766: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1702: 1694:Main article: 1691: 1688: 1680: 1677: 1659:In Australia, 1653:Main article: 1650: 1647: 1531: 1530:Place of birth 1528: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1507:: 3,305 (8.1%) 1502: 1499: 1496: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1390: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1189: 1186: 1100: 1097: 1058: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1037: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1002: 998: 997: 995: 992: 989: 985: 984: 982: 979: 976: 972: 971: 969: 966: 963: 959: 958: 956: 953: 950: 946: 945: 943: 940: 937: 933: 932: 930: 927: 924: 920: 919: 917: 914: 911: 907: 906: 904: 901: 898: 894: 893: 891: 888: 885: 881: 880: 878: 875: 872: 868: 867: 865: 862: 859: 855: 854: 852: 849: 846: 842: 841: 839: 836: 833: 829: 828: 826: 823: 820: 816: 815: 813: 810: 807: 803: 802: 800: 797: 794: 790: 789: 787: 784: 781: 777: 776: 774: 771: 768: 764: 763: 761: 758: 755: 751: 750: 748: 745: 742: 738: 737: 735: 732: 729: 725: 724: 722: 717: 712: 708: 707: 705: 700: 697: 693: 692: 690: 685: 682: 678: 677: 675: 672: 669: 665: 664: 662: 659: 656: 652: 651: 649: 646: 643: 639: 638: 636: 633: 630: 626: 625: 623: 620: 617: 613: 612: 610: 607: 602: 598: 597: 595: 592: 589: 585: 584: 582: 579: 576: 572: 571: 569: 566: 563: 559: 558: 556: 553: 550: 546: 545: 543: 540: 537: 533: 532: 530: 527: 524: 520: 519: 517: 514: 511: 507: 506: 504: 501: 498: 494: 493: 490: 484: 481: 471: 468: 458: 455: 414: 411: 369:Main article: 366: 363: 336:Norfolk Island 296:United Kingdom 265: 264: 223: 221: 214: 208: 207:Colonial times 205: 204: 203: 196: 191: 188: 186:Public shaming 183: 178: 175: 159: 156: 154: 151: 139:asylum seekers 124:financial year 91:by Europeans, 70:remand centres 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7988: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7950: 7941: 7938: 7929: 7928: 7925: 7918: 7917:United States 7914: 7909: 7905: 7902: 7898: 7895: 7891: 7888: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7876: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7860: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7786: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7728: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7692: 7689: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7627: 7623: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7533:Organizations 7531: 7522: 7521:United States 7518: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7469: 7464: 7463:United States 7460: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7448: 7447:United States 7444: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7425: 7424:United States 7421: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7396:Mobile phones 7393: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7353: 7352:United States 7349: 7348: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7337:Social issues 7335: 7328: 7324: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7287: 7282: 7281:United States 7278: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7239: 7235: 7230: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7203: 7199: 7196: 7195:Trusty system 7192: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7122: 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6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6400: 6398: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6171:Alice Springs 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6090: 6088: 6083: 6081: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6044: 6043: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5840: 5834: 5818: 5812: 5810: 5801: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5757:Broken Chains 5754: 5753: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5698: 5696: 5687: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5662: 5655: 5649: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5612: 5606: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5541: 5525: 5521: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5479: 5473: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5418: 5411: 5395: 5388: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5121:. 7 July 2021 5120: 5116: 5110: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5035: 5029: 5018: 5011: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4965: 4948: 4947:www.qt.com.au 4944: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4852: 4846: 4830: 4824: 4808: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4751: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4720: 4714: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4683: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4627: 4625: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4464:Quigley, John 4459: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4296:. 12 May 2019 4295: 4291: 4285: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4026: 4020: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3992: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3865: 3859: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3726: 3720: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3667: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3633: 3632:www.ohchr.org 3629: 3623: 3608: 3607:www.ohchr.org 3604: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3548: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3513: 3512: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3386: 3384:9780190264079 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3317: 3310: 3305: 3302:, (2004) 219 3301: 3297: 3296: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3207: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3180: 3174: 3166: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3132: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3101: 3095: 3079: 3073: 3065: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3023: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2977: 2971: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2884: 2883: 2882:The Hard Word 2879: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2759:Maitland Gaol 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2744:Adelaide Gaol 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2696: 2691: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2648: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2533:Robyn Lambley 2528: 2526: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2508: 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Managed by 1958: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1925:Acacia Prison 1923: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888:Broadspectrum 1885: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1794:Acacia Prison 1790: 1785: 1782: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1743:In 1992, the 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1701: 1697: 1686: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607:United States 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1527: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1395: 1386: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1210:Percent Male 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1193: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1110: 1106: 1096: 1094: 1093:Debbie Kilroy 1090: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1054: 1046: 1042: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 778: 775: 772: 769: 766: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 726: 723: 718: 713: 710: 709: 706: 701: 698: 695: 694: 691: 686: 683: 680: 679: 676: 673: 670: 667: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 614: 611: 608: 603: 600: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 573: 570: 567: 564: 561: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 495: 491: 489: 488:100k adults) 485: 482: 479: 478: 467: 465: 454: 451: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 420: 410: 406: 404: 400: 395: 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 372: 362: 360: 356: 351: 347: 345: 344:Glenn McNeill 341: 337: 333: 331: 327: 323: 318: 316: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 276: 272: 261: 258: 250: 247:November 2018 240: 236: 230: 229: 224:This section 222: 218: 213: 212: 201: 197: 195: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 176: 173: 172: 171: 169: 168:customary law 165: 150: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 127: 125: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 101: 99: 94: 90: 86: 85:Prison labour 82: 78: 77:death penalty 73: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 37: 32: 28: 25: 21: 16: 7852:Soviet Union 7746: 7695:Work release 7656:Prison Radio 7632: 7403:Overcrowding 7086:House arrest 7040:Penal colony 6759: 6602:Queensland: 6277: 6268:Criminal law 6054: 6028: 6019: 6010: 6000: 5991: 5981: 5972: 5962: 5950:. 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