Capital punishment

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the outcome. Researchers have shown that white Americans are more likely to support the death penalty when told that it is mostly applied to black Americans, and that more stereotypically black-looking or dark-skinned defendants are more likely to be sentenced to death if the case involves a white victim. However, a study published in 2018 failed to replicate the findings of earlier studies that had concluded that white Americans are more likely to support the death penalty if informed that it is largely applied to black Americans; according to the authors, their findings "may result from changes since 2001 in the effects of racial stimuli on white attitudes about the death penalty or their willingness to express those attitudes in a survey context."

4644: 3651:. But on 10 February 2012, Iran's parliament changed controversial laws relating to the execution of juveniles. In the new legislation the age of 18 (solar year) would be applied to accused of both genders and juvenile offenders must be sentenced pursuant to a separate law specifically dealing with juveniles. Based on the Islamic law which now seems to have been revised, girls at the age of 9 and boys at 15 of lunar year (11 days shorter than a solar year) are deemed fully responsible for their crimes. Iran accounted for two-thirds of the global total of such executions, and currently has approximately 140 people considered as juveniles awaiting execution for crimes committed (up from 71 in 2007). The past executions of 2408: 2206: 1578: 2089: 2721: 2797: 4545:

prisoners have almost certainly been executed. The National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty claims that between 1976 and 2015, 1,414 prisoners in the United States have been executed while 156 sentenced to death have had their death sentences vacated. It is impossible to assess how many have been wrongly executed, since courts do not generally investigate the innocence of a dead defendant, and defense attorneys tend to concentrate their efforts on clients whose lives can still be saved; however, there is strong evidence of innocence in many cases.

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precipitously, with 3,000 executed in 2012 versus 12,000 in 2002. A poll in South Africa, where capital punishment is abolished, found that 76% of millennial South Africans support re-introduction of the death penalty due to increasing incidents of rape and murder. A 2017 poll found younger Mexicans are more likely to support capital punishment than older ones. 57% of Brazilians support the death penalty. The age group that shows the greatest support for execution of those condemned is the 25 to 34-year-old category, in which 61% say they support it.

4219: 2690: 1669:) criticised the principle of revenge, because once the damage is done it cannot be cancelled by any action. So, if the death penalty is to be imposed by society, it is only to protect the latter against the criminal or for a dissuasive purpose. "The only right that Protagoras knows is therefore human right, which, established and sanctioned by a sovereign collectivity, identifies itself with positive or the law in force of the city. In fact, it finds its guarantee in the death penalty which threatens all those who do not respect it." 3475: 1788:

magistrate, scheming to kidnap a person and sell them into slavery and opening a coffin while desecrating a tomb. Decapitation was the method of execution prescribed for more serious crimes such as treason and sedition. Despite the great discomfort involved, most of the Tang Chinese preferred strangulation to decapitation, as a result of the traditional Tang Chinese belief that the body is a gift from the parents and that it is, therefore, disrespectful to one's ancestors to die without returning one's body to the grave intact.

2604: 1648: 3353:. In contrast, the rapid industrialisation in Asia has seen an increase in the number of developed countries which are also retentionist. In these countries, the death penalty retains strong public support, and the matter receives little attention from the government or the media; in China there is a small but significant and growing movement to abolish the death penalty altogether. This trend has been followed by some African and Middle Eastern countries where support for the death penalty remains high. 3680:, which take into account factors such as the number of victims, brutality and social impact of the crimes. The standards have been used in determining whether to apply the death sentence in murder cases. Teruhiko Seki, convicted of murdering four family members including a 4-year-old daughter and raping a 15-year-old daughter of a family in 1992, became the second inmate to be hanged for a crime committed as a minor in the first such execution in 20 years after Nagayama on 19 December 2017. 3572:, capital punishment for children under the age of 11 was no longer foreseen by 1770. The death penalty was, also for juveniles, nearly abolished in 1787 except for emergency or military law, which is unclear in regard of those. It was reintroduced for juveniles above 14 years by 1803, and was raised by general criminal law to 20 years in 1852 and this exemption and the alike one of military law in 1855, which may have been up to 14 years in wartime, were also introduced into all of the 1780:(r. 712–756). When abolishing the death penalty, Xuanzong ordered his officials to refer to the nearest regulation by analogy when sentencing those found guilty of crimes for which the prescribed punishment was execution. Thus, depending on the severity of the crime a punishment of severe scourging with the thick rod or of exile to the remote Lingnan region might take the place of capital punishment. However, the death penalty was restored only 12 years later in 759 in response to the 2167: 1854: 2924: 4414: 13182: 4345:

criminal show want of respect for property, or imprisoning him, for personal freedom? Just as unreasonable is it to think that to take the life of a man who has taken that of another is to show want of regard for human life. We show, on the contrary, most emphatically our regard for it, by the adoption of a rule that he who violates that right in another forfeits it for himself, and that while no other crime that he can commit deprives him of his right to live, this shall.

2848: 4021: 418: 3273: 3250: 3050: 4683: 1813: 14706: 3076: 3722: 3025: 2949: 4763: 14772: 4518: 14716: 3152: 3101: 3294: 2898: 3225: 3000: 3599:, the exclusion from the death penalty was extended for juveniles and young adults up to 19 years of age by 1835. In 1942, the death penalty was almost deleted in criminal law, as well for juveniles, but since 1928 persisted in military law during wartime for youth above 14 years. If no earlier change was made in the given subject, by 1979 juveniles could no longer be subject to the death penalty in military law during wartime. 4449:(close-range cannon fire) as quick and relatively painless alternatives to more torturous methods of executions used at that time. In the United States, electrocution and gas inhalation were introduced as more humane alternatives to hanging, but have been almost entirely superseded by lethal injection. A small number of countries, for example Iran and Saudi Arabia, still employ slow hanging methods, decapitation, and stoning. 3202: 3126: 2873: 2717:, there has been a trend toward abolishing the death penalty. 54 countries retain the death penalty in active use, 112 countries have abolished capital punishment altogether, 7 have done so for all offences except under special circumstances, and 22 more have abolished it in practice because they have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice against carrying out executions. 2974: 2821: 2334: 3177: 3471:. China, Pakistan, the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen have since raised the minimum age to 18. Amnesty International has recorded 61 verified executions since then, in several countries, of both juveniles and adults who had been convicted of committing their offences as juveniles. China does not allow for the execution of those under 18, but child executions have reportedly taken place. 2518:, there has been a trend toward abolishing capital punishment. Capital punishment has been completely abolished by 108 countries, a further seven have done so for all offences except under special circumstances and 26 more have abolished it in practice because they have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice against carrying out executions. 13020: 3914:

executions to be distasteful and most countries have outlawed the practice, throughout much of history executions were performed publicly as a means for the state to demonstrate "its power before those who fell under its jurisdiction be they criminals, enemies, or political opponents". Additionally, it afforded the public a chance to witness "what was considered a great spectacle".

1687:, for whom free will is proper to man, a person is responsible for their actions. If there was a crime, a judge must define the penalty allowing the crime to be annulled by compensating it. This is how pecuniary compensation appeared for criminals the least recalcitrant and whose rehabilitation is deemed possible. However, for others, he argued, the death penalty is necessary. 4572:

bypass legal procedures which are designed to designate the death penalty for the "worst of the worst" offenders. Opponents of execution volunteering cited the prevalence of mental illness among volunteers comparing it to suicide. Execution volunteers have received considerably less attention and effort at legal reform than those who were exonerated after execution.

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is found to be present or escaping from a location "proved or presumed to be used for the purpose of smoking or administering a controlled drug", if one is in possession of a key to a premises where drugs are present, if one is in the company of another person found to be in possession of illegal drugs, or if one tests positive after being given a mandatory

4204:, makes sure that convicted criminals do not offend again, and that it ensures justice for crimes such as homicide, where other penalties will not inflict the desired retribution demanded by the crime itself. Capital punishment for non-lethal crimes is usually considerably more controversial, and abolished in many of the countries that retain it. 1212:, in addition to drug trafficking, drug dealing, and drug possession, are capital crimes or enhancements. However, states have also imposed punitive executions, for an expansive range of conduct, for political or religious beliefs and practices, for a status beyond one's control, or without employing any significant due process procedures. 4623:. Earlier, there were appeals made to advocate for Abdul Kahar's death penalty be commuted to life imprisonment on humanitarian grounds, as Abdul Kahar came from a poor family and has struggled with drug addiction. He was also revealed to have been spending most of his life going in and out of prison, including a ten-year sentence of 4040:) or acting as drug couriers and had assisted the authorities in tackling drug-related activities, would be sentenced to life imprisonment instead of death, with the offender liable to at least 15 strokes of the cane if he was not sentenced to death and was simultaneously sentenced to caning as well. Notably, drug couriers like 1307: 1593:

Consequently, various classes of royalty, nobility, various commoners and slaves emerged. Accordingly, the systems of tribal arbitration were submerged into a more unified system of justice which formalized the relation between the different "social classes" rather than "tribes". The earliest and most famous example is

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When this country was founded, memories of the Stuart horrors were fresh and severe corporal punishments were common. Death was not then a unique punishment. The practice of punishing criminals by death, moreover, was widespread and by and large acceptable to society. Indeed, without developed prison

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Capital punishment, or 'the death penalty,' is an institutionalized practice designed to result in deliberately executing persons in response to actual or supposed misconduct and following an authorized, rule-governed process to conclude that the person is responsible for violating norms that warrant

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to remove capital punishment in all circumstances. It ratified Protocol 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights in February 2006. As a result, Europe is a continent free of the death penalty in practice, all states, having ratified Protocol 6 to the European Convention on Human Rights, with the

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was denied his imam in the room during his execution, instead only offered a Christian chaplain. After filing a complaint, a federal court of appeals ruled 5–4 against Ray's request. The majority cited the "last-minute" nature of the request, and the dissent stated that the treatment went against the

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Opponents of the death penalty argue that this punishment is being used more often against perpetrators from racial and ethnic minorities and from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, than against those criminals who come from a privileged background; and that the background of the victim also influences

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A study of executions carried out in the United States between 1977 and 2001 indicated that at least 34 of the 749 executions, or 4.5%, involved "unanticipated problems or delays that caused, at least arguably, unnecessary agony for the prisoner or that reflect gross incompetence of the executioner".

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since 2010, should not be executed due to an alleged intellectual disability, as they argued that Nagaenthran has low IQ of 69 and a psychiatrist has assessed him to be mentally impaired to an extent that he should not be held liable to his crime and execution. They also cited international law where

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who was executed for heresy, and his father had previously fled the island. At less than one day old, he was ordered to be burned by Bailiff Hellier Gosselin, with the advice of priests nearby who said the boy should burn due to having inherited moral stain from his mother, who had given birth during

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and a number of wartime military offences as capital crimes) for a five-year experiment in 1965 and permanently in 1969, the last execution having taken place in 1964. It was abolished for all offences in 1998. Protocol 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights, first entering into force in 2003,

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levied upon Christian communities by Muslim rulers in order to fund military campaigns, all of which contributed a significant proportion of income to the Islamic states while conversely reducing many Christians to poverty, and these financial and social hardships forced many Christians to convert to

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A range of amendments proposed by a small minority of pro-death penalty countries were overwhelmingly defeated. It had in 2007 passed a non-binding resolution (by 104 to 54, with 29 abstentions) by asking its member states for "a moratorium on executions with a view to abolishing the death penalty".

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The United Nations introduced a resolution during the General Assembly's 62nd sessions in 2007 calling for a universal ban. The approval of a draft resolution by the Assembly's third committee, which deals with human rights issues, voted 99 to 52, with 33 abstentions, in support of the resolution on

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contains a series of presumptions which shift the burden of proof from the prosecution to the accused. This conflicts with the universally guaranteed right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty". Singapore's Misuse of Drugs Act presumes one is guilty of possession of drugs if, as examples, one

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following the arbitrary arrest and detention of activists and critics of the government. The attendees of the meeting were requested to demand from their Bahraini counterparts to take into consideration the concerns raised by the MEPs, particularly for the release of Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja and Sheikh

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criticised Singapore for finalizing and carrying out Abdul Kahar's execution, and about 400 Singaporeans protested against the government's use of the death penalty merely days after Abdul Kahar's death sentence was authorised. Still, over 80% of the public supported the use of the death penalty in

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An execution is not simply death. It is just as different from the privation of life as a concentration camp is from prison. For there to be an equivalency, the death penalty would have to punish a criminal who had warned his victim of the date at which he would inflict a horrible death on him and

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In England in the 18th century, when there was no police force, Parliament drastically increased the number of capital offences to more than 200. These were mainly property offences, for example cutting down a cherry tree in an orchard. In 1820, there were 160, including crimes such as shoplifting,

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Some further forms of capital punishment were practiced in the Tang dynasty, of which the first two that follow at least were extralegal. The first of these was scourging to death with the thick rod which was common throughout the Tang dynasty especially in cases of gross corruption. The second was

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Some prisoners have volunteered or attempted to expedite capital punishment, often by waiving all appeals. Prisoners have made requests or committed further crimes in prison as well. In the United States, execution volunteers constitute approximately 11% of prisoners on death row. Volunteers often

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until its abolition for civil offences and military offences in peacetime in 1891. The penalty for crimes committed in peacetime was then reinstated and abolished again twice (1938–1953 and 1969–1978), but on those occasions it was restricted to acts of terrorism or subversion considered "internal

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is among the 111 UN member states that supported the resolution passed by the United Nations General Assembly that called for the removal of the death penalty, therefore affirming its opposition to the practice. South Sudan, however, has not yet abolished the death penalty and stated that it must

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has been lobbying for Council of Europe observer states who practice the death penalty, the U.S. and Japan, to abolish it or lose their observer status. In addition to banning capital punishment for EU member states, the EU has also banned detainee transfers in cases where the receiving party may

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Again in 2008, a large majority of states from all regions adopted, on 20 November in the UN General Assembly (Third Committee), a second resolution calling for a moratorium on the use of the death penalty; 105 countries voted in support of the draft resolution, 48 voted against and 31 abstained.

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prevented the pending execution of more than 15 death row inmates during the same period in the US, but DNA evidence is only available in a fraction of capital cases. As of 2017, 159 prisoners on death row have been exonerated by DNA or other evidence, which is seen as an indication that innocent

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A 2023 poll by Research Co. found that 54% of Canadians support reinstating the death penalty for murder in their country. In April 2021 a poll found that 54% of Britons said they would support reinstating the death penalty for those convicted of terrorism in the UK, while 23% of respondents said

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that abolished the death penalty and ordered the destruction of all the instruments for capital execution in his land. In 2000, Tuscany's regional authorities instituted an annual holiday on 30 November to commemorate the event. The event is commemorated on this day by 300 cities around the world

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In retentionist countries, the debate is sometimes revived when a miscarriage of justice has occurred though this tends to cause legislative efforts to improve the judicial process rather than to abolish the death penalty. In abolitionist countries, the debate is sometimes revived by particularly

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When a minister of the fifth grade or above received a death sentence the emperor might grant him a special dispensation allowing him to commit suicide in lieu of execution. Even when this privilege was not granted, the law required that the condemned minister be provided with food and ale by his

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or vendetta occurs when arbitration between families or tribes fails, or an arbitration system is non-existent. This form of justice was common before the emergence of an arbitration system based on state or organized religion. It may result from crime, land disputes or a code of honour. "Acts of

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was a member of the Council of Europe, and the death penalty remains codified in its law, it has not made use of it since becoming a member of the council – Russia has not executed anyone since 1996. With the exception of Russia (abolitionist in practice) and Belarus (retentionist), all European

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The moratorium resolution has been presented for a vote each year since 2007. On 15 December 2022, 125 countries voted in support of the moratorium, with 37 countries opposing, and 22 abstentions. The countries voting against the moratorium included the United States, People's Republic of China,

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Social historians note that beginning in the 20th century in the U.S. and western Europe, death in general became increasingly shielded from public view, occurring more and more behind the closed doors of the hospital. Executions were likewise moved behind the walls of the penitentiary. The last

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A public execution is a form of capital punishment which "members of the general public may voluntarily attend". This definition excludes the presence of a small number of witnesses randomly selected to assure executive accountability. While today the great majority of the world considers public

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By continent, all European countries but one have abolished capital punishment; many Oceanian countries have abolished it; most countries in the Americas have abolished its use, while a few actively retain it; less than half of countries in Africa retain it; and the majority of countries in Asia

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maintained their firm stance that despite his certified low IQ, it is confirmed that Nagaenthran is not mentally or intellectually disabled based on the joint opinion of three government psychiatrists as he is able to fully understand the magnitude of his actions and has no problem in his daily

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In 2018, at least 35 countries retained the death penalty for drug trafficking, drug dealing, drug possession and related offences. People had been regularly sentenced to death and executed for drug-related offences in China, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and Vietnam. Other

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And we may imagine somebody asking how we can teach people not to inflict suffering by ourselves inflicting it? But to this I should answer – all of us would answer – that to deter by suffering from inflicting suffering is not only possible, but the very purpose of penal justice. Does fining a

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is a sufficient substitute. It is also argued that the punishing of a killing with another death is a relatively unusual punishment for a violent act, because in general violent crimes are not punished by subjecting the perpetrator to a similar act (e.g. rapists are, typically, not punished by

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The United States and Japan are the only developed countries to have recently carried out executions. The U.S. federal government, the U.S. military, and 27 states have a valid death penalty statute, and over 1,400 executions have been carried in the United States since it reinstated the death

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ranked regionally third and globally fifth among the countries that carried out most executions in 2019. The country increasingly ignored international human rights concerns and criticism. In March 2021, Egypt executed 11 prisoners in a jail, who were convicted in cases of "murder, theft, and

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and Singapore. Indonesia carried out no executions between November 2008 and March 2013. Singapore, Japan and the United States are the only developed countries that are classified by Amnesty International as 'retentionist' (South Korea is classified as 'abolitionist in practice'). Nearly all

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The two most common forms of execution in the Tang dynasty were strangulation and decapitation, which were the prescribed methods of execution for 144 and 89 offences respectively. Strangulation was the prescribed sentence for lodging an accusation against one's parents or grandparents with a

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In certain parts of the world, nations in the form of ancient republics, monarchies or tribal oligarchies emerged. These nations were often united by common linguistic, religious or family ties. Moreover, expansion of these nations often occurred by conquest of neighbouring tribes or nations.

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on all executions until the passage of a new law that would abolish the death penalty. In April 2023, legislation abolishing the mandatory death penalty was passed in Malaysia. The death penalty would be retained, but courts have the discretion to replace it with other punishments, including

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The public opinion on the death penalty varies considerably by country and by the crime in question. Countries where a majority of people are against execution include Norway, where only 25% support it. Most French, Finns, and Italians also oppose the death penalty. In 2020, 55% of Americans

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Nearly all executions under the Tang dynasty took place in public as a warning to the population. The heads of the executed were displayed on poles or spears. When local authorities decapitated a convicted criminal, the head was boxed and sent to the capital as proof of identity and that the

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The support and sentencing of capital punishment has been growing in India in the 2010s due to anger over several recent brutal cases of rape, even though actual executions are comparatively rare. While support for the death penalty for murder is still high in China, executions have dropped

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calls for the abolition of the death penalty in all circumstances (including for war crimes). The majority of European countries have signed and ratified it. Some European countries have not done this, but all of them except Belarus have now abolished the death penalty in all circumstances

12902:, which holds that you cannot sue any state or federal government agency, or any of its officers or employees, for any wrong they may have committed against you, unless the state or federal government consents to being sued" (p. 20); the propriety of "the increasing resistance of the 3395:

According to Amnesty International's 2021 report, at least 483 people were executed in 2020 despite the COVID-19 pandemic. The figure excluded the countries that classify death penalty data as state secret. The top five executioners for 2020 were China, Iran, Egypt, Iraq and Saudi Arabia.

8940:: "The Convention on the Rights of the Child is the most widely and rapidly ratified human rights treaty in history. Only the United States has not ratified this celebrated agreement. By signing the Convention, the United States has signaled its intention to ratify but has yet to do so." 4596:

men, Ali Hakim al-Arab, 25, and Ahmad al-Malali, 24, were executed in Bahrain, despite the protests from the United Nations and rights group. Amnesty International stated that the executions were being carried out on confessions of "terrorism crimes" that were obtained through torture.

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Abolition was often adopted due to political change, as when countries shifted from authoritarianism to democracy, or when it became an entry condition for the EU. The United States is a notable exception: some states have had bans on capital punishment for decades, the earliest being

1676:, he considered necessary the execution of the animal or the destruction of the object which caused the death of a man by accident. For the murderers, he considered that the act of homicide is not natural and is not fully consented by the criminal. Homicide is thus a disease of the 1690:

This philosophy aims on the one hand to protect society and on the other hand to compensate to cancel the consequences of the crime committed. It inspired Western criminal law until the 17th century, a time when the first reflections on the abolition of the death penalty appeared.

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may vary from one jurisdiction to another) has become increasingly rare. Considering the age of majority is not 18 in some countries or has not been clearly defined in law, since 1990 ten countries have executed offenders who were considered juveniles at the time of their crimes:

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In 1977, the United Nations General Assembly affirmed in a formal resolution that throughout the world, it is desirable to "progressively restrict the number of offences for which the death penalty might be imposed, with a view to the desirability of abolishing this punishment".

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did so in 1865. The last execution in San Marino had taken place in 1468. In Portugal, after legislative proposals in 1852 and 1863, the death penalty was abolished in 1867. The last execution in Brazil was 1876; from then on all the condemnations were commuted by the Emperor

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or in some case an offer of a person for execution. The person offered for execution did not have to be an original perpetrator of the crime because the social system was based on tribes and clans, not individuals. Blood feuds could be regulated at meetings, such as the

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penalty in 1976. Japan has 108 inmates with finalized death sentences as of February 2, 2024, after Yuki Endo, who was sentenced to death on 18 January, by the Kofu District Court for murdering the parents of his love interest and setting fire to their home in

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brutal murders, though few countries have brought it back after abolishing it. However, a spike in serious, violent crimes, such as murders or terrorist attacks, has prompted some countries to effectively end the moratorium on the death penalty. One notable example is

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for this reason in the final years of the 18th century, while Britain banned hanging, drawing, and quartering in the early 19th century. Hanging by turning the victim off a ladder or by kicking a stool or a bucket, which causes death by strangulation, was replaced by

1410:, banishment and execution. In tribal societies, compensation and shunning were often considered enough as a form of justice. The response to crimes committed by neighbouring tribes, clans or communities included a formal apology, compensation, blood feuds, and 4694:

A number of regional conventions prohibit the death penalty, most notably, the Protocol 6 (abolition in time of peace) and Protocol 13 (abolition in all circumstances) to the European Convention on Human Rights. The same is also stated under Protocol 2 in the

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The use of formal execution extends to the beginning of recorded history. Most historical records and various primitive tribal practices indicate that the death penalty was a part of their justice system. Communal punishments for wrongdoing generally included

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wrote: "It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent man to death." He argued that executing an accused criminal on anything less than absolute certainty would lead to a slippery slope of decreasing

3993:) to apply for the reduction of their death sentences after the courts in Singapore confirmed that they committed murder without the intention to kill and thus eligible for re-sentencing under the new death penalty laws in Singapore. In October 2018 the 3356:

Some countries have resumed practising the death penalty after having previously suspended the practice for long periods. The United States suspended executions in 1972 but resumed them in 1976; there was no execution in India between 1995 and 2004; and

3684:, who was convicted of raping and strangling a 23-year-old woman and subsequently strangling her 11-month-old daughter to death on 14 April 1999, when he was 18, is another inmate sentenced to death, and his request for retrial has been rejected by the 15712: 4627:

from 1995 to 2005, and has not been given much time for rehabilitation, which made the activists and groups arguing that Abdul Kahar should be given a chance for rehabilitation instead of subjecting him to execution. Both the European Union (EU) and

1784:. At this time in the Tang dynasty only the emperor had the authority to sentence criminals to execution. Under Xuanzong capital punishment was relatively infrequent, with only 24 executions in the year 730 and 58 executions in the year 736. 4699:, which, however, has not been ratified by all countries in the Americas, most notably Canada and the United States. Most relevant operative international treaties do not require its prohibition for cases of serious crime, most notably, the 3655:

and Makwan Moloudzadeh became the focus of Iran's child capital punishment policy and the judicial system that hands down such sentences. In 2023 Iran executed a minor who had knifed a man that fought him for following a girl in the street.

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According to Amnesty International, in 2012, "public executions were known to have been carried out in Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia and Somalia". There have been reports of public executions carried out by state and non-state actors in

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Marian J. Borg and Michael L. Radelet. (2004). On botched executions. In: Peter Hodgkinson and William A. Schabas (eds.) Capital Punishment. pp. 143–68. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available from: Cambridge Books Online

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which might include material (for example, cattle, slaves, land) compensation, exchange of brides or grooms, or payment of the blood debt. Settlement rules could allow for animal blood to replace human blood, or transfers of property or

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Gail A. Van Norman. (2010). Physician participation in executions. In: Gail A. Van Norman et al. (eds.) Clinical Ethics in Anesthesiology. pp. 285–91. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available from: Cambridge Books Online

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The reason Canada has not ratified the Convention does not appear to be related to capital punishment, but because the Convention's provision on abortion is likely not consistent with the legal position in Canada relating to abortion:

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On 29 December 2021, after a 20-year moratorium, the Kazakhstan government enacted the 'On Amendments and Additions to Certain Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Abolition of the Death Penalty' signed by President

10112:"2019 Georgia Code Title 16 – Crimes and Offenses Chapter 8 – Offenses Involving Theft Article 2 – Robbery § 16-8-41. Armed robbery; robbery by intimidation; taking controlled substance from pharmacy in course of committing offense" 4557:. Urine drug screenings can be given at the discretion of police, without requiring a search warrant. The onus is on the accused in all of the above situations to prove that they were not in possession of or consumed illegal drugs. 15773: 8405: 15568: 15538: 15443: 9994: 8155: 10550: 2005:) in the lands invaded by the Arab Muslims on pain of death, they were banned from bearing arms, undertaking certain professions, and were obligated to dress differently in order to distinguish themselves from Arabs. Under 1269:

declares that the death penalty breaches human rights, specifically "the right to life and the right to live free from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment." These rights are protected under the

12379: 15924: 15563: 4771: 2745:. According to Amnesty International, around 1,000 prisoners were executed in 2017. Amnesty reported in 2004 and 2009 that Singapore and Iraq respectively had the world's highest per capita execution rate. According to 2475:

abolished it in his immediate lands. In Tuscany it was reintroduced in 1790 after Leopolds departure becoming emperor. Only after 1831 capital punishment was again at times stopped, though it took until 2007 to abolish

8438: 3583:, the death penalty for children and youth under the age of 16 was abolished in 1799 yet the country was already dissolved in 1803 whereas the law could remain in force if it was not replaced on cantonal level. In the 2182:, there were three types of capital punishment; hanging, decapitation, and death by shooting. Also, modern military organisations employed capital punishment as a means of maintaining military discipline. In the past, 2064:, until we would be convicting merely "according to the judge's caprice". Maimonides's concern was maintaining popular respect for law, and he saw errors of commission as much more threatening than errors of omission. 1249:

for all crimes, seven have abolished it for ordinary crimes (while maintaining it for special circumstances such as war crimes), and 24 are abolitionist in practice. The top 3 countries by the number of executions are

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systems, there was frequently no workable alternative. Since that time, successive restrictions, imposed against the background of a continuing moral controversy, have drastically curtailed the use of this punishment.

15493: 11252: 1764:. Intended to be a punishment, a humiliation, and a deterrent, the condemned could take up to a few days to die. Corpses of the crucified were typically left on the crosses to decompose and to be eaten by animals. 15543: 2740:

According to Amnesty International, 20 countries are known to have performed executions in 2022. There are countries which do not publish information on the use of capital punishment, most significantly China and

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defended a more extreme position, according to which every murderer deserves to die on the grounds that loss of life is incomparable to any penalty that allows them to remain alive, including life imprisonment.

4192:

effect, discriminates against minorities and the poor, and that it encourages a "culture of violence". There are many organizations worldwide, such as Amnesty International, and country-specific, such as the

15383: 14831: 14640: 4758:

Protocol 6, which prohibits the death penalty during peacetime, has been ratified by all members of the Council of Europe. It had been signed but not ratified by Russia at the time of its expulsion in 2022.

2149:

noted the incidence of increased violent criminality at the times and places of executions. Official recognition of this phenomenon led to executions being carried out inside prisons, away from public view.

8953: 1422:

retaliation underscore the ability of the social collective to defend itself and demonstrate to enemies (as well as potential allies) that injury to property, rights, or the person will not go unpunished."

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in 1813 for children and youth under 16 years. In Prussia, the exemption was extended to youth under the age of 16 in 1851. For the first time, all juveniles were excluded for the death penalty by the

15533: 3545:, capital punishment was reinstated for juveniles between 16 and 17 years in 1939. This was broadened to children and youth from age 12 to 17 in 1943. The death penalty for juveniles was abolished by 15498: 15237: 9571: 3405:

supported the death penalty for an individual convicted of murder, down from 60% in 2016, 64% in 2010, 65% in 2006, and 68% in 2001. In 2020, 43% of Italians expressed support for the death penalty.

8313: 4295:. Human rights activists oppose the death penalty, calling it "cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment". Amnesty International considers it to be "the ultimate irreversible denial of Human Rights". 15939: 15884: 5473:(bite) a reference to the heavy compensation one must pay for causing an unjust death. The "bite" one had to pay was used as a term for the crime itself: "Mordre wol out; that se we day by day." – 4540:

Some have claimed that as many as 39 executions have been carried out in the face of compelling evidence of innocence or serious doubt about guilt in the US from 1992 through 2004. Newly available

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on 12 October 2021, when Endo was 19 years old at the time of the double murder, withdrew the appeal to the High Court, which was filed by his attorney, thus Endo's death sentence was finalized.

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Human Rights Watch opposes the death penalty in all cases as a violation of fundamental rights – the right to life and the right not to be subjected to cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment.

3974:

Intentional homicide is punishable by death in most countries retaining capital punishment, but generally provided it involves an aggravating factor required by statute or judicial precedents.

2630: Abolitionist-in-practice countries (have not executed anyone during the past 10 years or more and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions): 23 5414: 15919: 15553: 10872: 5111: 15914: 15894: 15707: 15548: 14839: 14645: 14243: 13042: 15558: 15276: 14248: 6744: 9826: 8401: 3663:, a Sri Lankan domestic worker, who was believed to have been 17 years old at the time of the crime. Saudi Arabia banned execution for minors, except for terrorism cases, in April 2020. 2247:(1966–1976). Partly as a response to such excesses, civil rights organisations started to place increasing emphasis on the concept of human rights and an abolition of the death penalty. 16791: 15438: 12155: 9984: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15216: 9394: 7941: 3420:

they would be opposed. In 2020, an Ipsos/Sopra Steria survey showed that 55% of the French people support re-introduction of the death penalty; this was an increase from 44% in 2019.

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Several international organizations have made abolition of the death penalty (during time of peace, or in all circumstances) a requirement of membership, most notably the EU and the

15508: 15423: 9115: 2471:, the then emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, abolished in his immediate lands in 1787 capital punishment, which though only lasted until 1795, after both had died and Leopolds son 15783: 15473: 15408: 15378: 15353: 14296: 11307: 10220: 2158:

was often tempered by juries who refused to convict, or judges, in the case of petty theft, who arbitrarily set the value stolen at below the statutory level for a capital crime.

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Supporters of the death penalty argued that death penalty is morally justified when applied in murder especially with aggravating elements such as for murder of police officers,

2080:. From that moment on, capital punishment should be seen as useful to society through its dissuasive effect, but also as a means of protection of the latter vis-à-vis criminals. 17250: 16292: 15934: 15833: 15488: 15483: 15263: 15254: 15245: 4036:

The death penalty was mandated for drug trafficking in Singapore and Malaysia. Since 2013, Singapore ruled that those who were certified to have diminished responsibility (e.g.

1425:

In most countries that practice capital punishment, it is now reserved for murder, terrorism, war crimes, espionage, treason, or as part of military justice. In some countries,

6991:

Alexandre Juster, L'histoire de la Polynésie française en 101 dates : 101 événements marquants qui ont fait l'histoire de Tahiti et ses îles, Les éditions de Moana, 2016 (

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Some abolitionists argue that retribution is simply revenge and cannot be condoned. Others while accepting retribution as an element of criminal justice nonetheless argue that

4188:

Death penalty opponents regard the death penalty as inhumane and criticize it for its irreversibility. They argue also that capital punishment lacks deterrent effect, or has a

15828: 15428: 15358: 14233: 10009:"2019 Georgia Code Title 16 – Crimes and Offenses Chapter 5 – Crimes Against the Person Article 3 – Kidnapping, False Imprisonment, and Related Offenses § 16-5-40. Kidnapping" 8428: 12910:" (p. 22); and "the constitutionality of the death penalty... because of incontrovertible evidence that innocent people have been sentenced to death." (pp. 22, 24.) 10075: 16738: 15803: 15403: 15241: 13212: 10822:

In Nagaenthran (CM) (at and ), the High Court found that the appellant had borderline intellectual functioning; not that he was suffering from mild intellectual disability.

3647:, was the world's largest executioner of juvenile offenders, for which it has been the subject of broad international condemnation; the country's record is the focus of the 16748: 16682: 13368: 2202:). One method of execution, since firearms came into common use, has also been firing squad, although some countries use execution with a single shot to the head or neck. 2076:. These define the place of man within society no longer according to a divine rule, but as a contract established at birth between the citizen and the society, it is the 12869: 11845:"Directorate of Communication – The global campaign against the death penalty is gaining momentum – Statement by Terry Davis, Secretary General of the Council of Europe" 7472: 6940: 2487:(when the island was independent) was the first legislative assembly in the world to abolish the death penalty in 1824. Tahiti commuted the death penalty to banishment. 12039: 11945: 3659:

Saudi Arabia also executes criminals who were minors at the time of the offence. In 2013, Saudi Arabia was the center of an international controversy after it executed

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truncation, in which the convicted person was cut in two at the waist with a fodder knife and then left to bleed to death. A further form of execution called Ling Chi (

15995: 14981: 13884: 1828:

and early modern Europe, before the development of modern prison systems, the death penalty was also used as a generalised form of punishment for even minor offences.

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a country should be prohibiting the execution of mentally and intellectually impaired people in order to push for Singapore to commute Nagaenthran's death penalty to

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in 2016, showing that 88% of Taiwanese people disagree with abolishing the death penalty. Its continuation of the practice drew criticism from local rights groups.

2311:, saw their executives making moves to reinstate the death penalty. In the same year, passage of the law in the Philippines failed to obtain the Senate's approval. 14671: 12181: 10419: 10404: 7434: 1631:

later repealed Draco's code and published new laws, retaining capital punishment only for intentional homicide, and only with victim's family permission. The word

3609:'s tenure as president of Iran from 2013 until 2021, at least 3,602 death sentences have been carried out. This includes the executions of 34 juvenile offenders. 17197: 17152: 16718: 8343: 8257: 5440: 3824: 1936:

followed in 1641. Throughout the 19th century, U.S. states repealed death sentences from their sodomy laws, with South Carolina being the last to do so in 1873.

11721: 10834: 9549: 8279: 7844: 7566: 5388: 17290: 16796: 10787: 4829:

became part of the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which prohibits the use of the death penalty.

3602:

Between 2005 and May 2008, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Yemen were reported to have executed child offenders, the largest number occurring in Iran.

1216:

is the intentional and premeditated killing of an innocent person by means of capital punishment. For example, the executions following the show trials in the

10758: 8544: 2404:, published in 1516, debated the benefits of the death penalty in dialogue form, coming to no firm conclusion. More was himself executed for treason in 1535. 2276:, where it was abolished in 1846, while other states still actively use it today. The death penalty in the United States remains a contentious issue which is 16927: 16781: 16728: 16297: 12559: 11870: 10042: 7597: 4890:

considers the death penalty as "inadmissible" in any circumstance and denounces it as an "attack" on the "inviolability and dignity of the person." Both the

3930:, Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Yemen. Executions which can be classified as public were also carried out in the U.S. states of Florida and Utah as of 1992. 11992: 9563: 8305: 4774:, which has 90 parties; and the Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights to Abolish the Death Penalty (for the Americas; ratified by 13 states). 16677: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16557: 10097: 4700: 3644: 3637: 1265:

Capital punishment is controversial, with many people, organisations, and religious groups holding differing views on whether it is ethically permissible.

502: 9324: 6801: 3349:). Public support for the death penalty in the EU varies. The last execution in a member state of the present-day Council of Europe took place in 1997 in 16979: 16843: 16539: 10473: 4687: 1283: 15126: 13442: 9593: 8136: 6841: 4529:. The case was considered vital in bolstering opposition, which limited the scope of the penalty in 1957 and abolished it completely for murder in 1965. 2549:(2005; death penalty unconstitutional if defendant was under age 18 at the time the crime was committed). In the United States, 23 of the 50 states and 17654: 16502: 14966: 13512: 11536: 8100: 3954:

are usually punishable by death in countries retaining capital punishment. Death sentences for such crimes were handed down and carried out during the

12292: 9249: 8478: 16549: 15889: 14681: 13402: 12207: 11643: 10635: 5410: 4844:

are noted for their opposition to capital punishment. A number of such NGOs, as well as trade unions, local councils, and bar associations, formed a

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Mother Catherine Cauchés (center) and her two daughters Guillemine Gilbert (left) and Perotine Massey (right) with her infant son burning for heresy

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A map showing U.S. states where the death penalty is authorized for certain crimes, even if not recently used. The death penalty is also authorized

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for the signing of a Cooperation Agreement. A total of 16 MEPs undersigned the letter expressing their grave concern towards the extended abuse of

2624: Abolitionist-in-law countries for all crimes except those committed under exceptional circumstances (such as crimes committed in wartime): 10 1703:, the body of laws handed down from archaic Rome, prescribe the death penalty for a variety of crimes including libel, arson and theft. During the 10712: 10268: 9744: 4703:. This instead has, in common with several other treaties, an optional protocol prohibiting capital punishment and promoting its wider abolition. 1605:, blasphemy, and a wide range of sexual crimes, although evidence suggests that actual executions were exceedingly rare, if they occurred at all. 17749: 17441: 17182: 16969: 16801: 16786: 16347: 14986: 11747: 8452: 7315: 5637: 4807: 11405: 3434:

The death penalty for juvenile offenders (criminals aged under 18 years at the time of their crime although the legal or accepted definition of

2694: 2328: 1290:, which has 46 member states, has worked to end the death penalty and no execution has taken place in its current member states since 1997. The 17381: 17045: 17032: 17008: 16771: 16708: 16270: 14865: 14595: 13817: 12151: 11778: 11591: 9834: 9294: 7493: 6905: 6736: 4183: 3852: 2277: 9416: 9372: 8185: 6551: 3640:(whose Article 6.5 also states that "Sentence of death shall not be imposed for crimes committed by persons below eighteen years of age..."). 16341: 16280: 15601: 15322: 14068: 13618: 13558: 11211: 11128:

With 400 condemned on death row, Florida is an extremely aggressive death penalty state, a state that will even execute for drug trafficking.

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successfully applied to have their death sentences replaced with life imprisonment and 15 strokes of the cane in 2013 and 2015 respectively.

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One of the youngest children ever to be executed was the infant son of Perotine Massey on or around 18 July 1556. His mother was one of the

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Kazakhstan has abolished the death penalty, making permanent a nearly two-decade freeze on capital punishment in the Central Asian country.

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announced in November 2009 (reiterated in 2013) that it plans to ratify the Convention on the Rights of the Child. This move was lauded by

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In Taiwan, polls and research have consistently shown strong support for the death penalty at 80%. This includes a survey conducted by the

2438:"), published in 1764. In this book, Beccaria aimed to demonstrate not only the injustice, but even the futility from the point of view of 11930: 10948: 10583: 9715: 8044: 16834: 16723: 15433: 14752: 13358: 12092: 10384: 9887: 4060: 3985:

to reserve the mandatory death sentence for intentional murder while providing an alternative sentence of life imprisonment with/without

3828: 1521: 13373: 11303: 10216: 8916: 3341:. Many of these countries aspired to enter the EU, which strictly requires member states not to practice the death penalty, as does the 1493:, drug trafficking and often drug possession is also a capital offence. In China, human trafficking and serious cases of corruption and 17187: 16050: 13479: 11695: 9773: 9227: 8365: 7795: 7536: 4855:, Karen Melchior was sent to the European Commission ahead of the 26 January 2021 meeting of the Bahraini Minister of Foreign Affairs, 2754: 11897: 10605: 10242: 9966: 8492: 7717: 7078: 5371: 1566:. Systems deriving from blood feuds may survive alongside more advanced legal systems or be given recognition by courts (for example, 16482: 16447: 15448: 13457: 13326: 11156: 8387: 7967: 7451: 4845: 4790: 13132:

Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.

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While during the Middle Ages the expiatory aspect of the death penalty was taken into account, this is no longer the case under the

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case once again permitted the death penalty under certain circumstances. Further limitations were placed on the death penalty in

1847: 1547:

included peace settlements often done in a religious context and compensation system. Compensation was based on the principle of

1326:

on Earth. Until the nineteenth century, without developed prison systems, there was frequently no workable alternative to ensure

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King, D. R. (1 December 1978). "The Brutalization Effect: Execution Publicity and the Incidence of Homicide in South Carolina".

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Signatories to the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR: parties in dark green, signatories in light green, non-members in grey

4493:– further affirmed this principle, stating that while the ban on cruel and unusual punishment affirmatively bans penalties that 3699:

was buried up to her neck at a football stadium, then stoned to death in front of more than 1,000 people. Somalia's established

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prohibits the death penalty in all circumstances for those states that are party to it, including the United Kingdom from 2004.

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Electrocution and gas inhalation (some U.S. states, but only if the prisoner requests it or if lethal injection is unavailable)

2380: 2029: 314: 308: 17463: 12864:

O'Brien, Doireann. "Investigating the Origin of Europe and America's Diverging Positions on the Issue of Capital Punishment."

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Islam. Christians unable to pay these taxes were forced to surrender their children to the Muslim rulers as payment who would

17792: 17475: 16524: 16437: 16432: 16317: 14761: 14635: 14540: 14286: 14238: 14130: 14125: 13864: 12956: 12932: 12855: 12834: 12810: 12789: 12732: 12600: 12043: 11966: 11088: 9924: 9493: 7299: 7272: 7245: 7218: 7191: 7164: 6976: 6885: 6683: 6576: 6428: 6379: 6324: 6208: 5990: 5800: 5576: 5313: 5190: 5124: 3716: 3613: 3491: 3409: 3366: 2308: 2216: 1832: 1271: 1099: 13125: 10168: 9277: 5725: 4537:

through the wrongful execution of innocent persons. Many people have been proclaimed innocent victims of the death penalty.

4525:, who was executed in 1950 after being wrongfully convicted of two murders that had in fact been committed by his landlord, 1868:. In the early history of Islam (7th–11th centuries), there is a number of "purported (but mutually inconsistent) reports" ( 1597:

which set the different punishment and compensation, according to the different class or group of victims and perpetrators.

17115: 17057: 16492: 16382: 16255: 16200: 16165: 15874: 14835: 14345: 13894: 11004: 10347: 10194: 9179: 8156:"Pena di morte, il 43% degli italiani è a favore: l'odio è diventato quotidiano. Miseria e brutalità nel Paese di Beccaria" 4907: 4025: 3429: 2758: 2118: 1711:

being prescribed in place of the death penalty, whereby a convict could either choose to leave in exile or face execution.

1680:, which must be reeducated as much as possible, and, as a last resort, sentence to death if no rehabilitation is possible. 13341:: United States-based volunteer program for foreign lawyers, students, and others to work at death penalty defense offices 11818: 10111: 10008: 7916: 7743: 7619: 6766: 4548:

Improper procedure may also result in unfair executions. For example, Amnesty International argues that in Singapore "the

4308:

who, from that moment onward, had confined him at his mercy for months. Such a monster is not encountered in private life.

1730:) and was supported by the majority of senators; among the minority voices opposed to the execution, the most notable was 1707:, there was consensus among the public and legislators to reduce the incidence of capital punishment. This opinion led to 17692: 17412: 17091: 16713: 16519: 16462: 16442: 16417: 16407: 16397: 16387: 16377: 16357: 16332: 16312: 16240: 16145: 16105: 15972: 15041: 14090: 13150: 13100: 11477: 11062: 8082: 6816: 5154: 4735: 4696: 3989:

for murder with no intention to cause death, which allowed some convicted murderers on death row in Singapore (including

3966:

does not use capital punishment. The maximum penalty available to the International Criminal Court is life imprisonment.

3625: 2502: 1490: 488: 50: 13451: 13246: 13221: 12947:

A comparative analysis of capital punishment : statutes, policies, frequencies, and public attitudes the world over

12177: 11848: 11669: 11329: 11181: 10416: 10401: 9941: 8933: 7421: 4320:, on the other hand, it is an important idea that the right to life can be forfeited, as most other rights can be given 3616:, which forbids capital punishment for juveniles under article 37(a), has been signed by all countries and subsequently 16534: 16514: 16412: 16362: 16337: 16307: 16302: 16205: 16195: 16190: 16170: 15151: 15141: 14946: 14850: 14590: 14555: 14510: 14210: 13394: 9857: 7131: 6252: 5243: 5048: 4497:

pain and degradation, it does in no sense limit the possible infliction of pain in the execution of a capital verdict.

4468: 3856: 3621: 2683: 2137:(1764) was the first detailed analysis of capital punishment to demand the abolition of the death penalty. In England, 1989:, and Zoroastrians), which was inferior to the status of Muslims. Christians and other religious minorities thus faced 1295: 1011: 9541: 8335: 7558: 5436: 5384: 2292:

during which 132 students and 9 members of staff of the Army Public School and Degree College Peshawar were killed by

2141:(1748–1832), the founder of modern utilitarianism, called for the abolition of the death penalty. Beccaria, and later 1796:), or death by/of a thousand cuts, was used from the close of the Tang dynasty (around 900) to its abolition in 1905. 17510: 17324: 16903: 16497: 16422: 16372: 16265: 16120: 16035: 15798: 15594: 15528: 15388: 15348: 15315: 15156: 15046: 14976: 14480: 14475: 14370: 14190: 13068: 12680: 12579: 10930: 10661: 9525: 8613: 7769: 6996: 6625: 6126: 5932: 5829: 5709: 5682: 5001: 4794: 3844: 3769: 3753: 3674:

who had been convicted of shooting four people dead in the late 1960s. Nagayama's case created the eponymously named

3525:, children under the age of 14 were exempted from the death penalty in 1794. Capital punishment was cancelled by the 2742: 2573: 11359: 10514: 10439: 8548: 2055:

Despite the wide use of the death penalty, calls for reform were not unknown. The 12th-century Jewish legal scholar

17817: 17776: 17127: 16776: 16352: 16155: 16150: 16025: 15368: 15136: 15101: 15086: 15071: 15026: 14961: 14600: 14575: 14490: 14470: 14420: 14390: 14380: 14160: 14120: 14100: 14080: 13983: 13534: 12571: 12230:"South Sudan says death penalty remains until constitution amended – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan" 11874: 11617: 11040: 7691: 7593: 6936: 6642:"Internal Workings of the Soviet Union – Revelations from the Russian Archives | Exhibitions – Library of Congress" 4643: 3696: 2569: 17535: 13112: 12968: 12424: 11996: 10038: 8902: 1896:

for one sodomite and had another thrown head-first from the top of the highest building in the town; according to

17675: 17025: 16827: 16509: 16457: 16367: 16245: 16210: 16115: 16090: 15768: 15679: 15624: 15398: 15091: 14745: 14686: 14565: 14560: 14440: 14276: 14095: 13869: 13291: 11275: 10719: 5022: 4997: 4877: 4856: 4653: 4549: 4340:

explained in a speech given in Parliament against an amendment to abolish capital punishment for murder in 1868:

3879: 3848: 3813: 3809: 3700: 3652: 2671: 1598: 1291: 42: 17001: 10089: 8306:"The death penalty: Strike less hard – Most of the world's sharp decline in executions can be credited to China" 6183: 17838: 17812: 17802: 17192: 17174: 17074: 16878: 16854: 16230: 16180: 16135: 16125: 16110: 16100: 16085: 16065: 16040: 16030: 16020: 15669: 15659: 15644: 15191: 15166: 15016: 15011: 14991: 14956: 14941: 14630: 14580: 14535: 14515: 14505: 14405: 14281: 14228: 14175: 14170: 14145: 14003: 13140: 11123: 10911:

Paternoster, R. (18 September 2012). Capital Punishment. Oxford Handbooks Online. Retrieved 15 June 2016, from

9798: 9320: 6793: 5052: 4619:, which marked the first execution in Singapore since 2019 as a result of an informal moratorium caused by the 4566: 4194: 3883: 3868: 3785: 3773: 3648: 2472: 2443: 2416: 2285: 364: 38: 10462: 9004: 4782: 4428:

Trends in most of the world have long been to move to private and less painful executions. France adopted the

2040:

for defending their Christian faith through dramatic acts of resistance such as refusing to convert to Islam,

17285: 17213: 16250: 16225: 16130: 16070: 16045: 16015: 16005: 15674: 15649: 15629: 15413: 15393: 15176: 15146: 15131: 15116: 15106: 15096: 15061: 15056: 15006: 14951: 14926: 14821: 14781: 14605: 14520: 14500: 14385: 14375: 14200: 14150: 14110: 14063: 14058: 14048: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14008: 13993: 13988: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13812: 13226: 11022: 10687: 6849: 5615: 4985: 4951: 4803: 4064: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3777: 2649: 2494: 2468: 2289: 1753: 1585: 1581: 1240: 17: 13458:

Orthodox Union website: Rabbi Yosef Edelstein: Parshat Beha'alotcha: A Few Reflections on Capital Punishment

12343:"16 MEPs Urge Bahrain to Release EU-Bahraini Dual Nationals and End Death Penalty Ahead of Brussels Meeting" 8096: 4442: 4291:

is the most important, and capital punishment violates it without necessity and inflicts to the condemned a

4089:

Crimes against the state, such as attempting to overthrow government (most countries with the death penalty)

2720: 2407: 1749: 17685: 17575: 16888: 16185: 16140: 16080: 16055: 16010: 15909: 15654: 15634: 15587: 15418: 15363: 15308: 15186: 15181: 15121: 15076: 15036: 14931: 14912: 14860: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14786: 14650: 14585: 14550: 14485: 14465: 14455: 14415: 14400: 14395: 14291: 14195: 14185: 14165: 14155: 14140: 14135: 14115: 14085: 14053: 14038: 14013: 13949: 13236: 12898:, "a throwback to the postwar liberal Republican appointees", questioned the validity of "the doctrine of 12890: 12284: 10631: 10565: 5512: 5056: 5018: 5014: 4722: 4715: 4408: 4395: 4276: 4259: 3963: 3793: 3448: 3346: 2667: 2304: 691: 474: 257: 16812: 12470: 12444: 12203: 11432:"Looking Deathworthy: Perceived Stereotypicality of Black Defendants Predicts Capital-Sentencing Outcomes" 8633: 8593: 4262:, who says that the punishment must be painful in proportion to the crime. Eighteenth-century philosopher 4173:

or aggravated robbery (Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kenya, Zambia, Ethiopia, the US state of Georgia etc.)

3313:

The use of the death penalty is becoming increasingly restrained in some retentionist countries including

17871: 17295: 16215: 16095: 16060: 15823: 15813: 15793: 15740: 15639: 15478: 15161: 15111: 15066: 15051: 15031: 15021: 14996: 14936: 14870: 14855: 14845: 14791: 14691: 14610: 14570: 14545: 14525: 14460: 14435: 14425: 14410: 14180: 14105: 14075: 13739: 13527: 13305:: includes a monthly watchlist of upcoming executions and death penalty statistics for the United States. 11276:"Volunteers for Execution: Directions for Further Research into Grief, Culpability, and Legal Structures" 9623: 8870: 7888: 4370: 3864: 3860: 3817: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3781: 3765: 3633: 2679: 2675: 2663: 2584:

retained the penalty until 1984). In South Australia, under the premiership of then-Premier Dunstan, the

2477: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2130: 2037: 1347: 1236: 743: 445: 437: 17302: 9201: 7942:"Death penalty 2020: Despite Covid-19, some countries ruthlessly pursued death sentences and executions" 4200:

Advocates of the death penalty argue that it deters crime, is a good tool for police and prosecutors in

3365:

on the death penalty on 20 November 2004, although it has not yet performed any further executions. The

2521:

In the United States between 1972 and 1976 the death penalty was declared unconstitutional based on the

1672:

Plato saw the death penalty as a means of purification, because crimes are a "defilement". Thus, in the

1141:, and vary depending on the jurisdiction, but commonly include serious crimes against a person, such as 17680: 17280: 16820: 16698: 16260: 16220: 16175: 16075: 15904: 15856: 15778: 15664: 15373: 15171: 15081: 14971: 14896: 14826: 14801: 14796: 14738: 14530: 14495: 14450: 14445: 14354: 13933: 13879: 10759:"High Court found Malaysian drug trafficker did not have mild intellectual disability: Singapore envoy" 10709: 10272: 7661: 6420: 6371: 6316: 6244: 4454: 4438: 4350: 3982: 3872: 3761: 3757: 3660: 3534: 2045: 1921: 1655: 1323: 387: 46: 14771: 12118: 7322: 5629: 3330:. During the 1980s, the democratisation of Latin America swelled the ranks of abolitionist countries. 17886: 17448: 17386: 16755: 13576: 13390: 13250: 12704: 11670:"Singapore: Shameful resumption of executions after more than two years won't end drug-related crime" 11382: 8983: 8123:"Il 43% degli italiani vuole la pena di morte: Una conseguenza della crisi e della cultura dell'odio" 6363:

A History of the Crusades, Volume 1: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

6362: 6170: 4037: 3369:

re-introduced the death penalty in 1993 after abolishing it in 1987, but again abolished it in 2006.

3326:

signed a law which allows to use capital punishment against officials and soldiers convicted of high

2435: 2293: 2205: 1960: 1727: 1403: 812: 349: 11774: 11448: 9298: 8235: 7796:"AIUK : Sri Lanka: President urged to prevent return to death penalty after 29-year moratorium" 6901: 6842:"Kazakhstan's President Signs Law Abolishing Death Penalty and Law on Commissioner for Human Rights" 5795:. Historical guides to controversial issues in America. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood. p. 8. 2129:

which justifies punishment as a form of deterrence as opposed to retribution, can be traced back to

17630: 17498: 17470: 15616: 14362: 14338: 13050: 13046: 13030: 11946:

Kelly O'Connor, "Abortion in the Americas: Article 4(1) of the American Convention on Human Rights"

9420: 7456: 6166: 4526: 4418: 3691:

There is evidence that child executions are taking place in the parts of Somalia controlled by the

2746: 2561: 2357: 2114: 1990: 1948: 1933: 1777: 1577: 1035:, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct. The 113: 11207: 9461: 7992: 6523: 5513:"Shot at Dawn, campaign for pardons for British and Commonwealth soldiers executed in World War I" 4399:

functioning of life. Despite the international outcry, Nagaenthran was executed on 27 April 2022.

4218: 2319:

as part of series of Omnibus reformations of the Kazak legal system 'Listening State' initiative.

2232: 2088: 1846:. As a result, tens of thousands of women were prosecuted for witchcraft and executed through the 1529: 17756: 17419: 17013: 15965: 13682: 13189: 13144: 13083: 10246: 7032: 6097: 4864: 4391: 3918:

formal public executions occurred in 1868 in Britain, in 1936 in the U.S. and in 1939 in France.

2540: 2195: 1858: 1294:

has adopted, throughout the years from 2007 to 2020, eight non-binding resolutions calling for a

1177: 275: 11922: 9708: 6029: 5080: 4837:

first amend its Constitution, and until that happens it will continue to use the death penalty.

4437:

where the subject is dropped a longer distance to dislocate the neck and sever the spinal cord.

1900:, the latter punishment must be followed by stoning. Other medieval Muslim leaders, such as the 17881: 17369: 17309: 17147: 15733: 13588: 11443: 11005:"Thirty Years of Executions with Reasonable Doubts: A Brief Analysis of Some Modern Executions" 10579: 8052: 6312: 4798: 4534: 3685: 2451: 2420: 2384: 2211: 2117:. The period saw an increase in standing police forces and permanent penitential institutions. 1944: 1726:, argued in support of the killing of conspirators without judgment by decision of the Senate ( 1627:

in about 621 BC: the death penalty was applied for a particularly wide range of crimes, though

1004: 748: 713: 334: 13355: 12967: 12423: 12317: 10922: 10377: 9485: 9479: 7289: 7262: 7235: 7154: 6615: 6566: 5303: 5180: 4600:

On 30 March 2022, despite the appeals by the United Nations and rights activists, 68-year-old

17824: 17605: 17505: 17458: 17402: 14889: 13926: 13709: 13697: 13571: 13498: 13492: 12999: 12993: 12722: 12521:

Greenberg, David F.; West, Valerie (2 May 2008). "Siting the Death Penalty Internationally".

11748:"Majority of Singapore residents still support death penalty in latest MHA survey: Shanmugam" 10412: 9745:"The Big Read: Capital punishment – a little more conversation on a matter of life and death" 7799: 7429: 7208: 7074: 6966: 6408: 6357: 6308: 6088: 5273: 4629: 4292: 4287:

Abolitionists believe capital punishment is the worst violation of human rights, because the

3729: 3526: 2658:, have abolished capital punishment either in law or in practice; notable exceptions are the 2490:

In the United States, Michigan was the first state to ban the death penalty, on 18 May 1846.

2412: 2316: 2194:, shirking under enemy fire and disobeying orders were often crimes punishable by death (see 2061: 1994: 1952: 1651: 1327: 1266: 1107: 661: 577: 359: 218: 88: 13038: 12945: 12922: 12845: 12824: 12800: 12590: 10609: 9858:"Malaysian Government's plans to abolish death penalty could save Sydney grandmother's life" 9515: 7181: 6458: 6300: 5985:, Wellcome Trust–Funded Monographs and Book Chapters, Basingstoke (UK): Palgrave Macmillan, 3322:. The only retentionist country in Europe is Belarus and in March 2023 Belarusian President 1831:

In early modern Europe, a mass panic regarding witchcraft swept across Europe and later the

1800:

keepers and transported to the execution ground in a cart rather than having to walk there.

17739: 17493: 17453: 17429: 17069: 16915: 16703: 13837: 13677: 13474: 9892: 9862: 8429:"Majority of Canadians are in favour of bringing back the death penalty, new poll suggests" 8280:"Gang rapists sentenced to death in India: Is capital punishment making a global comeback?" 7721: 7350: 7070: 6459:"Improvement as the Foundation of Liberty: Locke on Labour, Equality, and Civic Membership" 5478: 4927: 4624: 4387: 3994: 3725: 3692: 3508: 3506:. The U.S. Supreme Court abolished capital punishment for offenders under the age of 16 in 3374: 3323: 2557: 2224: 2199: 2033: 807: 626: 213: 193: 15950: 13118:

Texas Department of Criminal Justice: list of executed offenders and their last statements

11149: 10141: 8594:"Pleading the Belly: A Sparing Plea? Pregnant Convicts and the Courts in Medieval England" 8570: 8496: 8383: 6118: 5701:

Platonisme politique et théorie du droit naturel: Le platonisme politique dans l'antiquité

5674:

Platonisme politique et théorie du droit naturel: Le platonisme politique dans l'antiquité

4891: 4051:

In April 2023, legislation abolishing the mandatory death penalty was passed in Malaysia.

2368:. However, the ban only lasted 12 years. Following his conversion to Christianity in 988, 8: 17670: 17647: 17540: 17527: 17436: 17376: 17357: 17329: 17157: 17110: 15690: 14660: 14331: 13714: 13702: 13631: 13377: 13344: 13255: 12724:

The ethics of medical involvement in capital punishment : a philosophical discussion

12701: 12369:"Letter from MEPs on Human Rights Abuses in Bahrain in Light of EU Cooperation Agreement" 10351: 7501: 6038: 4852: 4485: 4271: 4255: 3986: 3499: 3334: 2464: 2387: 2244: 2049: 1781: 1470: 1462: 1334:

times the executions themselves often involved torture with painful methods, such as the

775: 562: 540: 354: 31: 14730: 13199: 13107: 12781:

The Next Frontier: National Development, Political Change, and the Death Penalty in Asia

12710:

Davis, David Brion. "The movement to abolish capital punishment in America, 1787–1861."

11491:

Butler, Ryden; Nyhan, Brendan; Montgomery, Jacob M.; Torres, Michelle (1 January 2018).

10835:"Singapore executes Malaysian on drugs charges after rejecting mental disability appeal" 10788:"Death penalty protest at Speakers' Corner as it reopens 2 years after Covid-19 closure" 9141: 6505:

Marcello Maestro, "A pioneer for the abolition of capital punishment: Cesare Beccaria."

5336: 5150: 2753:, Iran has had the world's highest per capita execution rate. A 2012 EU report from the 17273: 16922: 16883: 15958: 13874: 13786: 13642: 12903: 12899: 12766: 12538: 12259: 11722:"Will 2022 signal sea change in the death penalty for drugs?: Jakarta Post contributor" 11469: 10545: 9690: 9682: 8018: 7695: 6543: 6488: 6174: 6148: 6132: 5874: 5777: 5755: 5269: 5025:

allow for it only in exceptional situations (such as treason committed during wartime).

4882:

The world's major faiths have differing views depending on the religion, denomination,

4841: 4814: 4604: 4506: 4446: 4333: 4317: 4153: 4095:

Rape (China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Brunei, etc.)

3789: 3588: 3530: 3494:

and in the United States, an estimated 365 juvenile offenders were executed by various

3030: 2588:(SA) was modified so that the death sentence was changed to life imprisonment in 1976. 2535: 2507: 2400: 2369: 1964: 1956: 1881: 1601:

lays down the death penalty for murder, kidnapping, practicing magic, violation of the

1553: 1379: 1169: 758: 753: 718: 666: 656: 582: 453: 236: 231: 208: 203: 198: 123: 68: 17040: 15579: 15300: 13320: 13261: 12342: 12119:"Transfers of detainees: legal framework, non-refoulement and contemporary challenges" 11796: 11233: 10978: 10322: 8660: 8518: 7105: 7045: 6024: 4793:, Turkey made some legal changes. The death penalty was removed from peacetime law by 4521:

Capital punishment was abolished in the United Kingdom in part because of the case of

17876: 17771: 17702: 17562: 17557: 17515: 17223: 16986: 16951: 14715: 13414: 12952: 12928: 12895: 12851: 12830: 12806: 12785: 12770: 12728: 12676: 12642: 12596: 12575: 12542: 12534: 12478: 12066: 11696:"Singapore: Statement by the Spokesperson on the execution of Abdul Kahar bin Othman" 11514: 11461: 11457: 11430:

Eberhardt, J. L.; Davies, P. G.; Purdie-Vaughns, V. J.; Johnson, S. L. (1 May 2006).

11401: 11016: 10926: 10491: 9989: 9920: 9830: 9803: 9694: 9674: 9521: 9489: 9077: 9052: 9022: 8609: 8122: 7494:"Quick policy insight The death penalty in the Middle East and North Africa (page 6)" 7295: 7268: 7241: 7214: 7187: 7160: 6992: 6972: 6881: 6621: 6572: 6492: 6480: 6424: 6375: 6330: 6320: 6248: 6204: 6200: 6152: 6140: 6122: 6092: 6052: 6047: 6020: 5996: 5986: 5938: 5928: 5893: 5866: 5825: 5796: 5705: 5678: 5609: 5572: 5309: 5218: 5186: 5130: 5120: 4917: 4707: 4620: 4601: 4383: 4325: 4127: 4074: 3741: 3580: 3569: 3342: 2689: 2655: 2523: 2514:

Many countries have abolished capital punishment either in law or in practice. Since

2484: 2447: 2041: 1940: 1901: 1889: 1776:(618–907) when the death penalty was abolished. This was in the year 747, enacted by 1739: 1594: 1287: 1158: 997: 621: 602: 597: 329: 280: 270: 249: 118: 56:"Capital case" redirects here. For the written representation of some languages, see 16991: 12690: 12229: 11473: 10736: 9346: 8212: 6305:

Christian Martyrs under Islam: Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World

4772:

Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

1924:

were the last two Englishmen to be executed for sodomy in 1835. In 1636 the laws of

1185: 17843: 17697: 17162: 17122: 16898: 16868: 13667: 13662: 13652: 13583: 13465: 13422: 13406: 12758: 12668: 12623: 12611: 12530: 12503: 12133: 11970: 11569: 11504: 11453: 11397: 10918: 10303: 9666: 9008: 8601: 7822: 7516: 7406: 6668: 6535: 6470: 6196: 6192: 6114: 6042: 5858: 5474: 4912: 4711: 4479: 4422: 4337: 4107:

Kidnapping (China, Singapore, Bangladesh, the US states of Georgia and Idaho, etc.)

3998: 3955: 3908: 3596: 3592: 3591:, capital punishment was generally, including for juveniles, abolished by 1849. In 3557: 3514: 3483: 3362: 2550: 2545: 2529: 2056: 1913: 1893: 1885: 1624: 1562: 1351: 1311: 1111: 975: 960: 787: 572: 567: 552: 466: 319: 173: 108: 16996: 13135: 11092: 6641: 4213: 3981:, made the death penalty mandatory for murder, though Singapore later changed its 2345: 2337: 17797: 17625: 17424: 17407: 17314: 17064: 17020: 16974: 16893: 16851: 13849: 13766: 13362: 13216: 13129: 13122: 13090: 12876: 12779: 12697: 12627: 12615: 11953: 11898:"'Inhumane': Critics slam US vote against UN resolution condemning death penalty" 10716: 10423: 10408: 10269:"Discussion of Recent Deterrence Studies | Death Penalty Information Center" 10176: 9281: 9274: 9171: 9084: 8937: 7016: 6875: 6404: 6353: 5729: 5699: 4887: 4785:. About 50 of them were executed, the last one 25 October 1984. Then there was a 4045: 3681: 3573: 2458:

blocked executions (the last was in 1769), Leopold promulgated the reform of the

2428: 2427:

More recent opposition to the death penalty stemmed from the book of the Italian

2391: 2300:, who condemned the attack. Since then, Pakistan has executed over 400 convicts. 2228: 2191: 2142: 1929: 1825: 1761: 1708: 1673: 1567: 1506: 1494: 1486: 1343: 1213: 723: 614: 609: 382: 128: 15725: 12762: 11066: 10355: 9250:"Man sentenced to death for killing mother, baby daughter in 1999 seeks retrial" 4868:

Mohammed Habib Al-Muqdad, the two European-Bahraini dual citizens on death row.

4731:

the death penalty for war crimes in 2012, becoming the last EU member to do so.

4028:

warning that drug trafficking is a capital crime in the Republic of China (2005)

3666:

Japan has not executed juvenile criminals after August 1997, when they executed

3643:

Iran, despite its ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and

3474: 1647: 17617: 17585: 17547: 17319: 17243: 16944: 16910: 16873: 14881: 13918: 13791: 13687: 13657: 13593: 13151:

U.S. and 50 State death penalty/capital punishment law and other relevant links

12647: 12567: 10813: 8750:

Straftheorie im Dritten Reich – Entwicklung des Strafgedankens im Dritten Reich

8737:

Straftheorie im Dritten Reich – Entwicklung des Strafgedankens im Dritten Reich

8479:"Massive jump in number of French people in favour of the death penalty – poll" 8137:"Covid, 2020 anno della paura. 43% degli italiani a favore della pena di morte" 8074: 7477: 6178: 5978: 5343: 4860: 4434: 4366: 4362: 4235: 4143: 3939: 3675: 3667: 3606: 3584: 2376:, along with torture and mutilation; corporal punishment was also seldom used. 2373: 2297: 2138: 2077: 1909: 1817: 1609: 1536: 1498: 1466: 1411: 1335: 1279: 1275: 1119: 1036: 708: 703: 681: 397: 183: 13185: 13113:

Updates on the death penalty generally and capital punishment law specifically

12137: 9888:"Malaysia passes sweeping legal reforms to remove the mandatory death penalty" 9564:"Haunting Images Emerge of Hamas Public Execution of 18 Alleged Collaborators" 8681:

General State Laws for the Prussian States (1794), Part 20, § 17, Part 1, § 25

8605: 8519:"Saudi Arabia ends executions for crimes committed by minors, says commission" 4457:" remained steady over the period of the study. A separate study published in 3595:, it was abolished for youth and young adults under the age of 20 in 1816. In 2092: 1632: 17865: 17807: 17744: 17642: 14709: 14323: 13842: 13692: 13462: 13418: 13365:: an Australian organisation opposed to the Death Penalty in the Asian region 12881: 12691:

Cutting the Hangman's Noose: African Initiatives to Abolish the Death Penalty

12482: 11844: 11518: 11509: 11492: 11333: 11185: 9678: 8930: 8917:"Iran executes female juvenile offender despite grossly unfair legal process" 8598:

Crossing Borders: Boundaries and Margins in Medieval and Early Modern Britain

7823:"Philippines death penalty: A fight to stop the return of capital punishment" 6484: 6102: 6056: 6034: 5942: 5870: 5554: 5222: 5134: 5116: 4941: 4612: 4522: 4483:) that lethal injection does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment. In 4378: 4329: 4288: 4263: 4189: 4170: 4041: 3737: 3538: 2929: 2750: 2439: 2223:

Various authoritarian states employed the death penalty as a potent means of

1731: 1704: 1700: 1617: 1570:

or blood money). One of the more modern refinements of the blood feud is the

1383: 1367: 1306: 1146: 933: 686: 651: 646: 592: 547: 13905: 11431: 11036: 7127: 6737:"Afghanistan: Afghan Taliban condemned 'un-Islamic' Pakistan school carnage" 6144: 2288:

which in December 2014 lifted a six-year moratorium on executions after the

2243:

publicly stated that "800,000" people had been executed in China during the

1853: 1722:'s allies when he attempted to seize power in December, 63 BC. Cicero, then 1228: 17595: 17364: 17352: 16842: 13603: 13314: 12820: 11537:"Justices Let Alabama Execute Death Row Inmate Who Wanted Imam By His Side" 11465: 10657: 10070: 8433: 6416: 6227: 6136: 6000: 4541: 4490: 4473: 4463:

in 2005 found that in 43% of cases of lethal injection, the blood level of

4413: 4354: 4296: 4243: 4231: 4201: 3959: 3671: 3617: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3460: 3338: 2853: 2714: 2515: 2349: 2179: 2171: 2110: 1820:

was used during the Middle Ages and was still in use into the 19th century.

1793: 1773: 1723: 1715: 1636: 1533: 1426: 1259: 1217: 1154: 1095: 828: 734: 698: 676: 557: 392: 265: 98: 13426: 13272: 12672: 10435: 10307: 9447:"Public Executions: Understand the "Cruel and Unusual Punishments" Clause" 8657:"Table of juvenile executions in British America/United States, 1642–1959" 6475: 4083:

Treason (a capital crime in most countries that retain capital punishment)

3587:, all juveniles were exempted from the death penalty at least in 1866. In 2556:

In the United Kingdom, it was abolished for murder (leaving only treason,

2166: 17707: 17600: 14719: 13832: 13672: 13647: 13637: 13598: 13491: 13376:, a 1900 photograph by William M. Vander Weyde, accompanied by a poem by 12992: 12907: 11355: 10518: 9594:"ISIS extremist reportedly kills his mother in public execution in Syria" 9268: 7993:"International Polls and Studies | Death Penalty Information Center" 7773: 7397: 5106: 4922: 4833: 4770:

There are also other international abolitionist instruments, such as the

4616: 4585: 4358: 4321: 4020: 3898:

Inert gas asphyxiation (Some U.S. states, Oklahoma, Mississippi, Alabama)

3278: 3255: 3055: 2572:(except for some military offences, with complete abolition in 1998); in 2454:, the first abolition in modern times. On 30 November 1786, after having 2395: 2236: 2155: 2126: 2122: 1998: 1843: 1757: 1745: 1430: 1395: 1391: 1355: 1339: 1221: 1150: 1123: 980: 918: 861: 856: 641: 631: 324: 223: 13395:

On death punishments: a paper read before the Dublin Statistical Society

11208:"Executed But Possibly Innocent | Death Penalty Information Center" 9097: 7642:"Belarus approves death penalty for officials convicted of high treason" 6241:

A Gay History of Britain: Love and Sex Between Men Since the Middle Ages

4682: 3748:

The following methods of execution have been used by various countries:

3628:

maintains that the death penalty for juveniles has become contrary to a

3620:

by all signatories with the exception of the United States (despite the

2073: 1812: 17590: 17570: 17336: 16934: 13796: 13760: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13734: 13446: 13084:

About.com's Pros & Cons of the Death Penalty and Capital Punishment

12743:

Ending the Death Penalty: The European Experience in Global Perspective

12715: 11251:. p. PART III EVIDENCE, ENFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT. Archived from 9686: 9654: 9098:"اختصاصی؛ حمیدرضا آذری، اعدام شده در زندان سبزوار، کمتر از ۱۸ سال داشت" 8453:"Slight Increase in Support for Death Penalty for Convicted Terrorists" 7848: 6547: 6510: 5878: 5846: 5092: 4840:

Among non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Amnesty International and

4755:

is the most recent country to ratify the protocol, on 19 October 2023.

4667:

15 November 2007 and was put to a vote in the Assembly on 18 December.

4459: 4429: 4313: 4312:

In the classic doctrine of natural rights as expounded by for instance

4223: 4166: 4149: 4110: 3990: 3927: 3721: 3629: 3444: 3381: 3081: 2459: 2240: 2002: 1978: 1912:), were often cruel in their punishments. In early modern England, the 1839: 1662: 1446: 1375: 1371: 1331: 1209: 1205: 938: 878: 873: 838: 833: 797: 422: 344: 168: 158: 103: 17103: 11644:"Man hanged in Singapore amid concern over surge of execution notices" 7492:

Calvieri, Anastasia; Hakala, Pekka; Bandone, Anete (4 December 2012).

5112:

Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI

4517: 17260: 17052: 16733: 13854: 13827: 13729: 13519: 13410: 9624:"Video: Taliban shoot woman 9 times in public execution as men cheer" 8571:"Stop Child Executions! Ending the death penalty for child offenders" 7845:"21-year-old man given death penalty for 2021 murder, arson in Japan" 6367: 6110: 5979:"Introduction: A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse" 5922: 5821: 5557:, "Whosoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed." 4946: 4608: 4554: 4374: 4247: 4069:

Other crimes that are punishable by death in some countries include:

3387:

According to an Amnesty International report released in April 2020,

3358: 3319: 2954: 2498: 2365: 2344:

In 724 AD in Japan, the death penalty was banned during the reign of

2187: 2183: 2146: 1897: 1873: 1735: 1684: 1502: 1474: 1319: 1193: 1173: 1165: 1052: 1047:. A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and awaits execution is 1039:

ordering that an offender be punished in such a manner is known as a

985: 948: 895: 890: 885: 868: 843: 802: 671: 587: 303: 163: 93: 57: 13231: 12980:

Steiker, Carol S. "Capital punishment and American exceptionalism."

11969:. Office of the UN High Commissioner on Human Rights. Archived from 11493:"Revisiting white backlash: Does race affect death penalty opinion?" 11429: 11356:"Racial Bias | National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty" 11115: 9670: 7156:

Murder and Its Consequences: Essays on Capital Punishment in America

6539: 6239:

Cook, Matt; Mills, Robert; Trumback, Randolph; Cocks, Harry (2007).

5862: 4762: 4197:(ACLU), whose main purpose includes abolition of the death penalty. 2356:

and it lasted until 1156. In China, the death penalty was banned by

1963:

multiple times at the hands of Arab Muslim officials and rulers. As

417: 17635: 17580: 17233: 17086: 16939: 13859: 13771: 13308: 13302: 13095: 13049:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

10632:"Ethics – Capital punishment: Arguments against capital punishment" 7402: 4464: 4251: 4239: 4133:

Blasphemy (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, certain states in Nigeria)

4003: 3978: 3951: 3456: 2273: 1986: 1982: 1877: 1857:

The burning of Jakob Rohrbach, a leader of the peasants during the

1836: 1835:. During this period, there were widespread claims that malevolent 1719: 1620: 1613: 1558: 1497:

are punished by the death penalty. In militaries around the world,

1434: 1407: 1387: 1197: 1181: 965: 955: 943: 928: 902: 851: 636: 523: 13471:

The Death Penalty: Why the Church Speaks a Countercultural Message

11383:"Persuasion and Resistance: Race and the Death Penalty in America" 10683: 7210:

Social Work and Human Rights: A Foundation for Policy and Practice

6334: 5596:. History-world.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2010 5017:

have completely abolished capital punishment, while a few such as

17719: 13781: 13776: 13724: 13719: 13608: 13566: 13297: 13286: 13241: 13156:

Two audio documentaries covering execution in the United States:

11184:. National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty. Archived from 8717:

North German Confederation Criminal Law (1871), § 57 par. 1 nr. 1

7863:"Kazakhstan scraps death penalty after nearly 20-year moratorium" 7646: 5372:

A Record 120 Nations Adopt UN Death-Penalty Moratorium Resolution

4818: 4817:

countries that have recently abolished the death penalty include

4752: 4162: 4136: 3733: 3707:

as a welcome attempt to secure children's rights in the country.

3626:

UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights

3565: 3561: 3522: 3350: 3327: 3299: 3157: 3106: 2903: 2239:

of 1936 to 1938, almost all by a bullet to the back of the head.

2113:, justice came to be increasingly associated with the concept of 1925: 1917: 1905: 1884:, apparently recommended toppling a wall on the culprit, or else 1602: 1478: 1363: 1359: 1245: 1189: 1115: 1103: 970: 923: 148: 13509:: offers a Catholic perspective and provides resources and links 13399:

Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland

7046:"Capital punishment | Definition, Debate, Examples, & Facts" 6283:

Gay and Lesbian Educators: Personal Freedoms, Public Constraints

6165: 5516: 4821:, which abolished the death penalty for all crimes in 2009, and 4361:

and Kokila Annamalai and even the international groups like the

4301:

Reflections on the Guillotine, Resistance, Rebellion & Death

2423:

in 1786, making it the first country in modern history to do so.

2333: 2329:

Use of capital punishment by country § Abolition chronology

17714: 17268: 13384:

Lead prosecutor apologizes for role in sending man to death row

13332: 12915:

Is the Death Penalty Dying?: European and American Perspectives

12471:"Pope Francis Declares Death Penalty Unacceptable in All Cases" 7260: 6188: 6106: 5182:

A Dictionary of Modern English Usage: The Classic First Edition

4778: 4593: 3704: 3314: 3230: 3005: 2361: 2353: 2024: 2019: 2007: 1969: 1865: 1510: 1442: 1438: 1201: 1142: 530: 339: 298: 138: 27:

Killing a person as punishment for allegedly committing a crime

13262:

Clark County, Indiana, Prosecutor's Page on capital punishment

12894:, vol. LXVI, no. 14 (26 September 2019), pp. 20, 22, 24. 12067:":: Multilateral Treaties – Department of International Law –" 11089:"The Innocence Project – News and Information: Press Releases" 10090:"The Anti-Sorcery Squad of Saudi Arabia – Mysterious Universe" 9967:"Duo who trafficked heroin escape gallows, get life in prison" 8788:

Publication Patent of the Austrian Criminal Law (1852), Art. 1

4033:

countries may retain the death penalty for symbolic purposes.

2511:

warfare" and all sentences were commuted and not carried out.

2215:

in retaliation for the assassination of 1 German policeman in

2154:

petty theft or stealing cattle. The severity of the so-called

1748:

was a form of punishment first employed by the Romans against

1742:, and especially for slaves, who were transferrable property. 13822: 12504:"Bahá'í Reference Library – The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Pages 203–204" 12405:"Death Penalty Development: A Conditional Advance of Justice" 11618:"Singapore hangs drug trafficker in resumption of executions" 5081:"The Abolition of Capital Punishment in Italy and San Marino" 4895: 4826: 4822: 4123: 3923: 3468: 3464: 3440: 3388: 3207: 3182: 3131: 2878: 2802: 2379:

In England, a public statement of opposition was included in

2013: 1872:) regarding the punishments of sodomy ordered by some of the 1666: 1628: 1501:

have imposed death sentences for offences such as cowardice,

1482: 1458: 1450: 1251: 1076: 12178:"Death Penalty: Hands Off Cain Announces Abolition in Gabon" 12152:"Burundi abolishes the death penalty but bans homosexuality" 11234:"Singapore – The death penalty: A hidden toll of executions" 10913:

Paternoster, Ray (29 September 2011). Tonry, Michael (ed.).

9827:"Malaysia to abolish death penalty; Bill may be tabled soon" 7373:"Amnesty: Almost 1,000 prisoners executed worldwide in 2017" 6968:

The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to Eastern Christianity

6269:

Chicago Whispers: A History of LGBT Chicago before Stonewall

4467:

was insufficient to guarantee unconsciousness. However, the

3384:

on 2 January 2021 after a moratorium dating back 2 decades.

3318:

retentionist countries are situated in Asia, Africa and the

2442:, of torture and the death penalty. Influenced by the book, 2109:

In the last several centuries, with the emergence of modern

1184:, along with crimes against the state such as attempting to 15980: 13338: 12646: 11490: 9228:"Japan hangs 2 inmates including man who killed 4 as minor" 9087:; BBCnews.co.uk; 6 December 2007; Retrieved 6 December 2007 8402:"Folha de S.Paulo: Notícias, Imagens, Vídeos e Entrevistas" 7535:. Singapore Democratic Party. 16 March 2010. Archived from 7452:"Zarif slams US silence on mass executions in Saudi Arabia" 5630:"capital punishment (law) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 5594:"Greece, A History of Ancient Greece, Draco and Solon Laws" 4883: 4279:, although it may be inflicted in Singapore, for example). 4116: 3452: 2979: 2826: 2762: 1974: 1677: 1571: 1544: 1454: 1418: 1255: 1161: 133: 13885:

Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations

13335:: American group dedicated to abolishing the death penalty 13315:

Amnesty International – Abolish the death penalty Campaign

10650: 9202:"Saudi Arabia ends death penalty for minors and floggings" 8903:"Annual report on the death penalty in Iran, October 2018" 7159:(2 ed.). Northwestern University Press. p. 143. 4802:

exceptions of Russia (which has entered a moratorium) and

2724:

Number of abolitionist and retentionist countries by year

2674:. Additionally, capital punishment is also carried out in 2501:

followed suit and abolished the death penalty in 1863 and

1639:

also used the death penalty for a wide range of offences.

1043:, and the act of carrying out the sentence is known as an 17098: 16847: 14760: 12974:

A manual of moral theology for English-speaking countries

12886:

The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years

12469:

Povoledo, Elisabetta; Goodstein, Laurie (2 August 2018).

12430:

A manual of moral theology for English-speaking countries

11775:"Journée contre la peine de mort : le monde décide!" 11592:"When will we stop killing "small people" who need care?" 11304:"Death Penalty and Race | Amnesty International USA" 11273: 10402:"The Death Penalty In 2011: Three Things You Should Know" 9917:

The Death Penalty for Drug Offences: Global Overview 2018

9347:"Methods of execution – Death Penalty Information Center" 9295:"UNICEF lauds move by Somalia to ratify child convention" 7316:"Abolitionist and Retentionist Countries as of July 2018" 6593:

The Story of Civilization, Volume IX: The Age of Voltaire

6564: 6098:

Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature

6082: 6080: 6078: 5465:

So common was the practice of compensation that the word

4533:

It is frequently argued that capital punishment leads to

3380:

The most recent country to abolish the death penalty was

2539:(2002; death penalty unconstitutional for people with an 1932:

included a sentence of death for sodomy and buggery. The

1714:

A historic debate, followed by a vote, took place in the

782: 13350: 11793:"Abolish the death penalty | Amnesty International" 10541:"The Death Penalty Needs to Be an Option for Punishment" 9172:"Sri Lankan maid Rizana Nafeek beheaded in Saudi Arabia" 8630:"Execution of Juveniles in the U.S. and other Countries" 4930:, sometimes referred to as the "corporate death penalty" 4690:

affirms the prohibition on capital punishment in the EU.

4575: 1864:

The death penalty also targeted sexual offences such as

1449:

carry the death penalty, as do religious crimes such as

1390:. Other methods which appear only in legend include the 15609: 15330: 13506: 13186:

Singapore's Mandatory Death Penalty on Drug Trafficking

12884:, "The Last of His Kind" (review of John Paul Stevens, 10569:, film about retributive justice and capital punishment 9774:"Singapore completes review of mandatory death penalty" 9767: 9765: 9481:

Public Executions: From Ancient Rome to the Present Day

8761:

Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana (1770), § 6 par. 1, 2

8258:"Taiwan woman faces execution over fire that killed 46" 8097:"In U.S., 64% Support Death Penalty in Cases of Murder" 7559:"Indonesia: First Execution in 4 Years a Major Setback" 7473:"Iran Wins World Record for Most Executions Per Capita" 7291:

Constitutional Law and Criminal Justice, Second Edition

6794:"Philippines Moves Closer to Reinstating Death Penalty" 6767:"465 prisoners sent to gallows since 2014, says report" 5569:

The Abolition of the Death Penalty in International Law

3886:, the People's Republic of China, Vietnam (after 2011)) 2761:

as having the highest per capita execution rate in the

13443:

Message supporting the moratorium on the death penalty

13369:

Winning a war on terror: eliminating the death penalty

10814:"Nagaenthran son of K Dharmalingam v Attorney-General" 10710:

Voluntary Euthanasia and the Inalienable Right to Life

9297:. Xinhua News Agency. 20 November 2009. Archived from 8366:"Why the death penalty won't solve SA's crime problem" 6238: 6075: 4806:, which are not members of the Council of Europe. The 3260: 3240: 3235: 3212: 3192: 3187: 3167: 3162: 3142: 3136: 3116: 3111: 3091: 3086: 3066: 3060: 3040: 3035: 3015: 3010: 2990: 2984: 2964: 2959: 2939: 2934: 2914: 2908: 2888: 2883: 2863: 2858: 2838: 2832: 2811: 2450:, abolished the death penalty in the then-independent 12347:

Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain

12019:"Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 187" 11995:. Amnesty International. 9 April 2013. Archived from 11923:"U.N. Assembly calls for moratorium on death penalty" 11155:. Death Penalty Information Center. 9 December 2015. 10917:. The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice. 10183: 7533:"Heroin smuggler challenges Singapore death sentence" 7491: 6524:"Bentham's Utilitarian Critique of the Death Penalty" 6437: 5983:

A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse

5437:"Furman v. Georgia – MR. JUSTICE BRENNAN, concurring" 5337:"Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union" 4789:

moratorium on the death penalty in Turkey. As a move

3636:. A majority of countries are also party to the U.N. 16749:

White defendants executed for killing a black victim

10782: 10780: 9762: 9513: 9118:. Amnesty International. 12 May 2009. Archived from 6711:"Map: Which countries still have the death penalty?" 5924:

China's golden age everyday life in the Tang dynasty

5374:, 18 December 2018, Death Penalty Information Center 4781:, over 500 people were sentenced to death after the 4701:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

4254:

and genocide. This argument is strongly defended by

3938:"Capital crimes" redirects here. For the novel, see 3645:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

3638:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

3529:

in 1751 for children under the age of 11 and by the

1406:

compensation by the wrongdoer, corporal punishment,

12558: 12436: 12204:"HANDS OFF CAIN against death penalty in the world" 10245:. Math.dartmouth.edu. 10 March 1973. Archived from 9856:Shelton, Tracey; Renaldi, Erwin (11 October 2018). 9142:"Saudi Arabia executes seven men for armed robbery" 9116:"Juveniles among five men beheaded in Saudi Arabia" 9053:"Iran Does Far Worse Than Ignore Gays, Critics Say" 8699:

Bavarian Criminal Law (1813), Art. 99, par. 1 nr. 1

7744:"HANDS OFF CAIN against death penalty in the world" 6271:. University of Wisconsin Press. 2012. p. 248. 5658: 4688:

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

4661: Death penalty in legislation, but not applied 2352:abolished the death penalty under the influence of 2348:but the abolition only lasted a few years. In 818, 1284:

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

13003:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 12944: 10340: 10039:"Idaho Statutes: Title 18: Crimes and Punishments" 9655:"Applying the Death Penalty to Crimes of Genocide" 8948: 8946: 8851:Swiss Military Criminal Law (1928), Art. 14 par. 1 7206: 6558: 4386:based on protection of human rights. However, the 4119:(Saudi Arabia, Iran, Qatar, Brunei, Nigeria, etc.) 37:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 15755: 13403:Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland 13210:Keep life without parole and death penalty intact 13033:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 12468: 11530: 11528: 10777: 9942:"A street urchin's journey to Death Row and back" 9011:, 17 September 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2008. 8495:. Internationaljusticeproject.org. Archived from 8075:"Troy Davis' execution and the limits of Twitter" 6413:The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book 5791:Melusky, Joseph Anthony; Pesto, Keith A. (2011). 5297: 5295: 4513:List of wrongful convictions in the United States 1967:, Christians under Muslim rule were subjected to 1129:Crimes that are punishable by death are known as 17863: 14911: 13948: 12778:Johnson, David T.; Zimring, Franklin E. (2009). 10733:"John Stuart Mill, Speech on Capital Punishment" 10320: 9849: 9709:"Understanding the International Criminal Court" 8384:"Study examines death penalty support in Mexico" 7179: 6684:"The Desperate Plight Behind "Darkness at Noon"" 6613: 6521: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6348: 6346: 6344: 4710:. The Council of Europe are willing to accept a 4349:In one of the most recent cases relating to the 4159:Arson (Algeria, Tunisia, Mali, Mauritania, etc.) 1322:has been used by nearly all societies since the 16970:Drug and precursor laws by country or territory 16787:National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty 13351:National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty 13294:International anti-death penalty campaign group 12064: 10169:"Cruel and Unusual: Executing the mentally ill" 8972: 8956:. Iranwpd.com. 10 February 2012. Archived from 8943: 6873: 5515:. Shot at Dawn Pardons Campaign. Archived from 5160: 4808:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 4797:in August 2002, and in May 2004 Turkey amended 2702: States with a valid death penalty statute 14353: 13389: 12777: 12462: 12093:"Death Penalty Cannot be Reinstated in Turkey" 11525: 11380: 11011:. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007. 9882: 9880: 9855: 9819: 9791: 9542:"Death penalty statistics, country by country" 7588: 7586: 7584: 7422:"death sentences and executions 2009 (page 8)" 7345: 7343: 7287: 7254: 7233: 7152: 6294: 6292: 5698:Neschke, Ada Babette; Follon, Jacques (1995). 5671:Neschke, Ada Babette; Follon, Jacques (1995). 5292: 4421:in California formerly used for executions by 4184:Capital punishment debate in the United States 16828: 16792:Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment 15966: 15741: 15595: 15316: 14897: 14746: 14339: 13934: 13910: 13535: 13347:: Demanding a Moratorium on the Death Penalty 13269:– Famous Quotes supporting Capital Punishment 13200:Studies showing the death penalty saves lives 12520: 12442: 12425:"Book 6: Part V. The Fifth Commandment" 11772: 11374: 11330:"Racial Bias | Equal Justice Initiative" 10869:A Ride to India across Persia and Baluchistan 10492:"Does Death Penalty Save Lives? A New Debate" 9908: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9419:. Executions.justsickshit.com. Archived from 8954:"Iran changes law for execution of juveniles" 8806:Austrian Military Criminal Law (1855), § 3 d) 8726:German Criminal Law (1872), § 57 par. 1 nr. 1 8273: 8271: 6447:, at 269–71 (Charles B. Chavel trans., 1967). 6388: 6341: 6301:"Introduction: Christian Martyrs under Islam" 5697: 5670: 5305:Human rights law and practice, second edition 5146: 5144: 5028: 4589:core principle of denominational neutrality. 4584:In Alabama in 2019, a death row inmate named 2038:were executed under the Islamic death penalty 1286:prohibits the use of capital punishment. The 1243:, 111 countries have completely abolished it 1005: 496: 15714:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 13323:: Information on anti-death penalty policies 12913:Sarat, Austin and Juergen Martschukat, eds. 12588: 12285:"Lebanon: Don't Resurrect the Death Penalty" 10580:"New York Law School :: Robert Blecker" 10243:"John W. Lamperti | Capital Punishment" 10160: 10134: 9985:"Saudi Arabia executed six people yesterday" 8980:"مجازات قصاص برای افراد زیر 18 سال ممنوع شد" 8797:Austrian Military Criminal Law (1855), § 121 8690:Codex Iuris Bavarici Criminalis (1751), § 14 7917:"Egypt executes 11 prisoners amid criticism" 7772:. Cadpnet.com. 31 March 2012. Archived from 7662:"Why a world day against the death penalty?" 7281: 7264:Encyclopedia of Death & Human Experience 7200: 7071:"Death Sentences and Executions Report 2015" 6869: 6867: 6565:Mark Jones; Peter Johnstone (22 July 2011). 6515: 5790: 5411:"Criminal Justice: Capital Punishment Focus" 5166: 4825:which did the same in 2010. On 5 July 2012, 3399: 1947:between the 7th and 10th centuries suffered 1224:were an instrument of political repression. 12965: 12421: 10912: 9877: 9020: 8931:Convention of the Rights of the Child – FAQ 8860:Swiss Military Criminal Law (1979), Art. 14 8234:蕭, 承訓; 陳, 志賢; 郭, 建伸; 周, 毓翔 (17 July 2018). 7581: 7340: 7308: 7227: 7063: 6617:The criminal law of Japan: the general part 6528:The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 6456: 6289: 6224:The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall. 6013: 5977:Ward, Richard (2015), Ward, Richard (ed.), 5051:abolished the death penalty in 1995, while 4851:An open letter led by Danish Member of the 4746: 4740: 4726: 4336:, in anticipation of an actual verdict. As 4061:Capital punishment for non-violent offenses 2390:, life was ensured as a basic right in its 2209:50 Poles tried and sentenced to death by a 2067: 1088: 1080: 1060: 16835: 16821: 15973: 15959: 15748: 15734: 15602: 15588: 15323: 15309: 14904: 14890: 14753: 14739: 14346: 14332: 13941: 13927: 13542: 13528: 13489: 13108:1000+ Death Penalty links all in one place 12826:Capital punishment: a balanced examination 12798: 12749:Hood, Roger (2001). "Capital Punishment". 12648:"Seventh Sunday: Capital Punishment" 12641: 11821:. Amnesty International. 9 December 2007. 10515:""Killing Time" | January 23rd, 2008" 10166: 9771: 9502: 9275:"Somalia to Ratify UN Child Rights Treaty" 8815:Helvetic Punishing Law (1799), § 48 par. 2 8268: 7398:"Singapore has highest death penalty rate" 7261:Clifton D. Bryant; Dennis L. Peck (2009). 7146: 7029:The death penalty: a worldwide perspective 6785: 5963: 5961: 5622: 5141: 4719:countries are classified as abolitionist. 4489:, the majority verdict – written by Judge 3945: 2755:Directorate-General for External Relations 2419:), abolished the death penalty throughout 1943:, the Christian populations living in the 1012: 998: 503: 489: 13287:World Coalition Against the Death Penalty 13069:Learn how and when to remove this message 12445:"The Death Penalty Is a Failed Sacrifice" 12097:International Federation for Human Rights 11508: 11447: 11142: 10702: 9659:The American Journal of International Law 9477: 8779:Austrian Criminal Law (1852), §§ 2 d), 53 8153: 7968:"Can Norwegian punishment fit the crime?" 7594:"Abolitionist and retentionist countries" 7213:. Columbia University Press. p. 89. 7173: 6864: 6735:Sridharan, Vasudevan (17 December 2014). 6734: 6474: 6046: 5916: 5914: 4846:World Coalition Against the Death Penalty 4177: 2340:banned the death penalty in Japan in 724. 1842:were operating as an organised threat to 1314:about to be guillotined in France in 1894 1051:and is commonly referred to as being "on 17762:World Intellectual Property Organization 13329:International news on capital punishment 12843: 12592:Capital Punishment: A Reference Handbook 11535:Schwartz, Matthew S. (8 February 2019). 11534: 11126:from the original on 11 September 2011. 10606:"Immanuel Kant, The Philosophy of Right" 10512: 10417:"Executions and Death Sentences in 2011" 10415:, 26 March 2012, in particular the map, 10144:. Amnesty International. 10 April 2013. 10142:"Death Sentences and Executions in 2012" 9919:. London: Harm Reduction International. 9738: 9736: 9440: 9438: 9005:Iranian activists fight child executions 8708:Prussian Criminal Law (1851), § 43 nr. 1 8154:Di Cesare, Donatella (5 December 2020). 6814: 6791: 6403: 6352: 5894:"Crucifixion in Antiquity: The Evidence" 5007: 4979: 4957:List of prisoners with whole life orders 4761: 4681: 4642: 4516: 4412: 4402: 4217: 4019: 3977:Some countries, including Singapore and 3720: 3624:decisions abolishing the practice). The 3473: 2719: 2688: 2406: 2332: 2204: 2165: 2087: 1852: 1811: 1752:, and throughout the Republican era was 1646: 1576: 1520: 1305: 1239:) allow capital punishment. As of 2021, 15982:Capital punishment in the United States 13890:Capital punishment for drug trafficking 13247:The Paradoxes of a Death Penalty Stance 13136:Answers.com entry on capital punishment 12847:Capital Punishment – Point-counterpoint 12819: 11967:"Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR" 11781:from the original on 15 September 2007. 11091:. Innoccenceproject.org. Archived from 10923:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195395082.001.0001 10436:"ACLU Capital Punishment Project (CPP)" 10193:. Amnesty International. Archived from 9914: 9772:Saad, Imelda; Ramesh, S (9 July 2012). 8547:. Amnesty International. Archived from 8336:"Youth 'want death penalty reinstated'" 8277: 8085:from the original on 23 September 2011. 7551: 7521:. London: Capital Punishments UK. 2022. 7321:. Amnesty International. Archived from 6877:13 ways of looking at the death penalty 6817:"Death penalty dead in Senate — Drilon" 5958: 5844: 5566: 5489:, ed. Alfred W. Pollard, et al. (1898). 5244:"Death Penalty 2021: Facts and Figures" 5078: 4962: 4016:Capital punishment for drug trafficking 2695:for certain federal and military crimes 2446:of Habsburg, the future emperor of the 2322: 1945:lands invaded by the Arab Muslim armies 1850:(between the 15th and 18th centuries). 1848:witch trials of the early modern period 14: 17864: 17767:World Intellectual Property Indicators 17291:Fictional pornography depicting minors 16739:Participation of medical professionals 14762:Capital punishment in the Middle East 13549: 13515:: Why The Death Penalty Is un-Islamic? 12990: 12295:from the original on 25 September 2015 12116: 11895: 11267: 11113: 10949:"Unusual Cruelty at the Supreme Court" 10502:from the original on 17 November 2015. 10489: 10479:from the original on 3 September 2015. 10271:. Deathpenaltyinfo.org. Archived from 10078:from the original on 18 December 2016. 10063: 9574:from the original on 15 September 2014 9552:from the original on 31 December 2015. 8632:. Deathpenaltyinfo.org. Archived from 8591: 8390:from the original on 28 December 2017. 8025:from the original on 18 September 2017 7630:from the original on 31 December 2015. 7440:from the original on 30 December 2020. 7237:An Introduction to Criminal Psychology 7186:. Oxford University Press. p. 3. 7183:The Handbook of Crime & Punishment 6985: 6298: 6184:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6019: 5911: 5815: 5308:. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 192. 5178: 5041: 4935:The Death Penalty: Opposing Viewpoints 4636: 4130:(Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan etc.) 3410:National Development Council of Taiwan 2735: Number of abolitionist countries 2729: Number of retentionist countries 2708: States without the death penalty 2381:The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards 2296:terrorists, a group distinct from the 1916:stipulated hanging as punishment for " 1543:Elaborations of tribal arbitration of 1241:56 countries retain capital punishment 16816: 15954: 15729: 15583: 15304: 14885: 14734: 14327: 13922: 13909: 13523: 13311:: Statistical information and studies 13273:Studies spur new death penalty debate 12969:"Book 6: On Capital Punishment" 12942: 12920: 12240:from the original on 28 February 2014 12210:from the original on 25 February 2014 12184:from the original on 25 February 2014 12158:from the original on 18 February 2014 12126:International Review of the Red Cross 11825:from the original on 15 February 2008 11390:American Journal of Political Science 11283:Northwestern University School of Law 11162:from the original on 12 December 2015 11043:from the original on 24 November 2010 10586:from the original on 2 September 2013 10553:from the original on 7 December 2016. 10390:from the original on 26 October 2015. 10323:"Why not all executions deter murder" 10321:Shepherd, Joanna (14 December 2005). 10122:from the original on 12 December 2020 9733: 9652: 9454:Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 9435: 9397:(in Norwegian). Amnesty International 9353:from the original on 25 February 2011 8883:from the original on 13 November 2008 8426: 7470: 7351:"Death sentences and executions 2022" 7099: 6708: 6086: 5640:from the original on 22 November 2012 5211:"Why Japan retains the death penalty" 5172: 5105: 4576:Racial, ethnic, and social class bias 4500: 4369:argued for Malaysian drug trafficker 3717:List of methods of capital punishment 3614:Convention on the Rights of the Child 3423: 2001:(for Christians, it was forbidden to 1939:Historians recognise that during the 1298:, with a view to eventual abolition. 1272:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 15331:Capital punishment in North America 13895:Capital punishment for homosexuality 13507:Catholics Against Capital Punishment 13502:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 13435: 13309:The Death Penalty Information Center 13013: 12748: 12720: 12659: 12385:from the original on 10 October 2022 11871:"UN General Assembly – News Stories" 11851:from the original on 28 October 2012 11480:from the original on 31 August 2017. 11381:Peffley, Mark; Hurwitz, Jon (2007). 11310:from the original on 9 February 2014 11107: 10946: 10638:from the original on 9 February 2014 10348:"The High Cost of the Death Penalty" 10293: 10219:. Amnestyusa.org. 22 February 2008. 10100:from the original on 2 January 2017. 10045:from the original on 8 December 2020 10019:from the original on 9 December 2020 9997:from the original on 25 August 2017. 9742: 9721:from the original on 10 October 2022 9444: 9182:from the original on 16 January 2017 9152:from the original on 27 October 2013 9059:from the original on 22 October 2012 9045: 9033:from the original on 4 December 2012 8842:Zurich Criminal Law (1835), §§ 81–82 8770:Austrian Criminal Law (1803), § 2(d) 8545:"Executions of juveniles since 1990" 8233: 8166:from the original on 5 December 2020 7889:"Kazakhstan abolishes death penalty" 7770:"China Against Death Penalty (CADP)" 7750:from the original on 3 February 2014 7600:from the original on 9 February 2014 7353:. Amnesty International. 16 May 2023 6964: 6920: 6554:from the original on 31 August 2017. 5976: 5920: 5891: 5818:Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome 5413:. criminaljusticedegreeschools.com. 5391:from the original on 27 January 2011 5387:. United Nations. 15 November 2007. 4972: 4908:Capital punishment for homosexuality 4026:Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport 3537:in 1871, which was continued by the 3430:Category:Executed juvenile offenders 2023:taxes, together with periodic heavy 2011:, Non-Muslims were obligated to pay 1491:countries that use the death penalty 1330:and incapacitation of criminals. In 1098:, but executions are carried out by 17750:UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 15610:Capital punishment in South America 13473:by Kenneth R. Overberg, S.J., from 13242:The Death Penalty is Constitutional 13101:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 12976:. Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd. 12432:. Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd. 11933:from the original on 17 April 2009. 11819:"UN set for key death penalty vote" 11065:. Mitglied.lycos.de. Archived from 10664:from the original on 30 August 2010 10287: 10223:from the original on 23 August 2017 9939: 9520:. SAGE Publications. pp. 4–5. 9375:(in Norwegian). Translate.google.no 9373:"Death penalty Bulletin No. 4-2010" 9023:"Iran rapped over child executions" 8998: 8441:from the original on 27 March 2023. 8408:from the original on 9 January 2018 8045:"U.S. Death Penalty Support at 60%" 7820: 7718:"Death Penalty – Council of Europe" 7688:"International Polls & Studies" 7518:Death sentences and executions 2022 7081:from the original on 14 August 2016 6728: 6119:10.18574/nyu/9780814761083.003.0006 5417:from the original on 27 August 2017 5301: 5280:from the original on 22 August 2016 5155:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4990: 4898:faiths support capital punishment. 4736:European Convention on Human Rights 4714:as an interim measure. Thus, while 4697:American Convention on Human Rights 4009: 3902: 2654:Most nations, including almost all 2595: 2586:Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 2497:banned capital punishment in 1849. 2250: 2231:claimed that more than one million 2042:repudiation of the Islamic religion 51:Capital punishment (disambiguation) 24: 12634: 12117:Droege, Cordula (September 2008). 11274:Rountree, Meredith Martin (2014). 11214:from the original on 13 April 2012 10845:from the original on 27 April 2022 10720:The Tanner Lecture on Human Values 10690:from the original on 13 April 2013 10684:"Death Penalty News & Updates" 10460: 10442:from the original on 12 April 2013 10217:"The Death Penalty and Deterrence" 10066:"Saudi Arabia's War on Witchcraft" 9321:"Methodes of execution by country" 9284:, allAfrica.com, 20 November 2013. 9055:. Foxnews.com. 25 September 2007. 8982:. Ghanoononline.ir. Archived from 8316:from the original on 3 August 2014 8103:from the original on 29 April 2012 7267:. Sage Publications. p. 144. 6880:. Seven Stories Press. p. 5. 6848:. 29 December 2021. Archived from 6804:from the original on 2 March 2017. 6025:"HOMOSEXUALITY ii. IN ISLAMIC LAW" 5885: 5847:"Freedom and Slavery in Roman Law" 5591: 5013:Most Latin American countries and 4871: 1833:European colonies in North America 1526:The Christian Martyrs' Last Prayer 1516: 25: 17898: 13818:Most recent executions by country 13490:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 13452:Buddhism & Capital Punishment 13298:Campaign to End the Death Penalty 13205:Criminal Justice Legal Foundation 13009: 12924:World issues – Capital Punishment 12829:. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 12443:Taylor Graham, E. (3 June 2021). 12042:. Treaties.un.org. Archived from 11896:Marcus, Josh (15 December 2022). 11847:. Wcd.coe.int. 16 November 2007. 11795:. Web.amnesty.org. Archived from 11777:(in French). Coalition Mondiale. 11596:Transformative Justice Collective 11248:Misuse of Drugs Act (CHAPTER 185) 10979:"Innocence and the Death Penalty" 10959:from the original on 4 April 2019 10875:from the original on 18 July 2011 10490:Liptak, Adam (18 November 2007). 9833:. 10 October 2018. Archived from 9743:Tang, Louisa (30 November 2018). 9327:from the original on 14 July 2011 9078:Iranian hanged after verdict stay 8833:Ticino Penal Code (1816), Art. 75 8824:Bern Criminal Law (1866), Art. 48 8592:Butler, Sara M. (21 March 2018). 8493:"Juvenile executions (except US)" 8210: 7134:from the original on 24 July 2010 6792:Villamor, Felipe (1 March 2017). 6747:from the original on 22 June 2018 6089:"Muhammad and Male Homosexuality" 5443:from the original on 18 July 2017 5385:"moratorium on the death penalty" 5179:Fowler, H. W. (14 October 2010). 4886:and the individual adherent. The 4092:Political protests (Saudi Arabia) 4054: 4006:and imprisonment of 30–40 years. 3878:Lethal injection (United States, 3549:, also generally, in 1949 and by 3512:(1988), and for all juveniles in 2618: Abolitionist countries: 109 2003:evangelise or spread Christianity 1642: 1094:, "head") refers to execution by 17777:International copyright treaties 16777:Death Penalty Information Center 15444:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15212:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 14982:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14770: 14714: 14705: 14704: 13480:Wrestling with the Death Penalty 13180: 13018: 12997:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 12572:Presses universitaires de France 12535:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2008.00105.x 12514: 12496: 12415: 12397: 12361: 12335: 12310: 12277: 12252: 12222: 12196: 12170: 12144: 12110: 12085: 12058: 12032: 12011: 11985: 11959: 11937: 11915: 11889: 11863: 11837: 11811: 11785: 11766: 11740: 11714: 11688: 11662: 11636: 11610: 11584: 11554: 11484: 11458:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01716.x 11423: 11402:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00293.x 11362:from the original on 2 June 2014 11348: 11322: 11296: 11239: 11226: 11200: 11174: 11133: 11116:"Casey Anthony Trial– Aftermath" 11081: 11055: 11029: 10997: 10985:from the original on 1 July 2008 10971: 10940: 10905: 10896: 10887: 10857: 10827: 10806: 10751: 10725: 10676: 10624: 10598: 10572: 10557: 10533: 10506: 10483: 10454: 10428: 10394: 10370: 10314: 10261: 10235: 10209: 10148:from the original on 4 July 2015 10104: 10082: 10057: 10031: 10001: 9977: 9959: 9940:Lum, Selina (24 November 2013). 9933: 9714:. International Criminal Court. 9701: 9646: 9634:from the original on 2 June 2016 9616: 9604:from the original on 31 May 2016 9586: 9556: 9534: 9471: 9409: 9387: 9365: 9339: 9313: 9287: 9242: 9220: 9194: 9164: 9134: 9108: 9090: 9071: 9014: 8923: 8909: 8895: 8863: 8854: 8845: 8836: 8827: 8818: 8809: 8800: 8791: 8782: 8773: 8764: 8755: 8742: 8729: 8720: 8711: 8702: 8693: 8684: 8675: 8648: 8622: 8585: 8563: 8537: 8511: 8485: 8471: 8445: 8420: 8394: 8376: 8358: 8346:from the original on 19 May 2014 8328: 8298: 8286:from the original on 6 July 2014 8278:Keating, Joshua (4 April 2014). 8250: 8227: 8204: 8178: 8147: 8129: 8115: 8089: 8067: 8037: 8011: 7999:from the original on 19 May 2014 7985: 7960: 7934: 7909: 7881: 7855: 7837: 7814: 7798:. Amnesty.org.uk. Archived from 7788: 7762: 7736: 7710: 7692:Death Penalty Information Center 7680: 7654: 7569:from the original on 28 May 2013 7471:Lynch, Colum (27 October 2015). 6908:from the original on 19 May 2011 6773:from the original on 6 July 2017 6522:Bedau, Hugo Adam (Autumn 1983). 6445:The Commandments, Neg. Comm. 290 6201:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4677 6063:from the original on 17 May 2013 6048:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_11037 5485:, l. 4242 (1387–1400), repr. In 5469:is derived from the French word 5353:from the original on 29 May 2010 3950:Crimes against humanity such as 3933: 3728:prisoners being executed by the 3695:(ICU). In October 2008, a girl, 3292: 3271: 3248: 3223: 3200: 3175: 3150: 3124: 3099: 3074: 3048: 3023: 2998: 2972: 2947: 2922: 2896: 2871: 2846: 2819: 2795: 2636: Retentionist countries: 53 2603: 2050:blasphemy towards Muslim beliefs 2032:to Muslim households where they 416: 16782:Most recent executions by state 13870:Religion and capital punishment 13356:NSW Council for Civil Liberties 13232:Pro Death Penalty Resource Page 13222:Why the death penalty is needed 12850:(2nd ed.). Chelsea House. 12552: 12449:Homiletic & Pastoral Review 12073:from the original on 7 May 2014 11411:from the original on 3 May 2014 11150:"Facts about the Death Penalty" 10064:Jacobs, Ryan (19 August 2013). 9799:"Death penalty to be abolished" 9445:Blum, Steven A. (Winter 1992). 8457:Redfieldandwiltonstrategies.com 8213:"ET民調／92.1％民眾支持維持死刑 93％挺政府立即執行" 8099:. Gallup.com. 8 November 2010. 7634: 7620:"Error – Amnesty International" 7612: 7525: 7509: 7485: 7464: 7444: 7414: 7390: 7365: 7130:. Newsbatch.com. 1 March 2005. 7120: 7102:"History of Capital Punishment" 7093: 7038: 7021: 7002: 6965:Ware, Timothy (29 April 1993). 6958: 6894: 6834: 6815:Romero, Alexis; Romero, Paolo. 6808: 6769:. tribune.com.pk. 6 July 2017. 6759: 6702: 6676: 6660: 6634: 6607: 6598: 6585: 6507:Journal of the History of Ideas 6499: 6450: 6275: 6261: 6232: 6217: 6159: 5970: 5949: 5838: 5809: 5784: 5770: 5744: 5718: 5691: 5664: 5652: 5585: 5560: 5548: 5541:(primarily discusses Icelandic 5531: 5505: 5492: 5459: 5429: 5403: 5377: 5365: 5329: 4878:Religion and capital punishment 4857:Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani 4654:Death penalty for homosexuality 4282: 4214:Revenge § Revenge dynamics 3701:Transitional Federal Government 2757:' policy department pointed to 2372:abolished the death penalty in 2161: 2034:were forced to convert to Islam 1734:. The custom was different for 1694: 1635:derives from Draco's laws. The 1348:hanging, drawing and quartering 1296:global moratorium on executions 1292:United Nations General Assembly 1204:. Also, in some cases, acts of 75:Criminal trials and convictions 43:Death sentence (disambiguation) 17839:List of international rankings 17813:Separation of church and state 16869:Candidacy for political office 15774:Federated States of Micronesia 14672:British Indian Ocean Territory 13345:American Civil Liberties Union 13303:Anti-Death Penalty Information 13267:In Favor of Capital Punishment 13147:TV programme documentary, 2008 12589:Kronenwetter, Michael (2001). 11773:Thomas Hubert (29 June 2007). 11568:. 28 July 2019. Archived from 11114:Lundin, Leigh (10 July 2011). 10947:Epps, Garrett (4 April 2019). 10735:. Sandiego.edu. Archived from 10608:. American.edu. Archived from 10173:Amnesty International Magazine 9417:"execution methods by country" 9395:"INFORMATION ON DEATH PENALTY" 9230:. Kyodo News. 19 December 2017 8748:Kasseckert, Christian (2009), 8735:Kasseckert, Christian (2009), 8427:Jiang, Kevin (17 March 2023). 7821:Jha, Preeti (16 August 2020). 6457:Kashiwazaki, Masanori (2021). 6299:Sahner, Christian C. (2020) . 6285:. Amethyst. 1997. p. 153. 5571:. Cambridge University Press. 5262: 5236: 5203: 5157:, access-date: 4 December 2022 5099: 5072: 4647:Same-sex intercourse illegal: 4567:Volunteer (capital punishment) 4445:introduced throat-cutting and 4207: 4195:American Civil Liberties Union 3790:Palestinian National Authority 3649:Stop Child Executions Campaign 3333:This was soon followed by the 2493:The short-lived revolutionary 2417:Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 2303:In 2017, two major countries, 1997:in that they were banned from 1807: 1665:(whose thought is reported by 365:Sexually violent predator laws 39:Death penalty (disambiguation) 13: 1: 15756:Capital punishment in Oceania 14913:Capital punishment in Africa 13950:Capital punishment in Europe 13813:Enforcement or use by country 13167: 9514:William J. Chambliss (2011). 9021:O'Toole, Pam (27 June 2007). 8573:. Amnesty International. 2004 7720:. Hub.coe.int. Archived from 6620:. F.B. Rothman. p. 289. 5487:The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer 5066: 5038:and some Caribbean countries. 4952:Capital punishment in Judaism 4560: 4098:Economic crimes (China, Iran) 4065:Capital punishment by country 2650:Capital punishment by country 2643: 2364:, replacing it with exile or 2233:Soviet citizens were executed 2133:, whose influential treatise 2083: 1608:A further example comes from 1586:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld 1582:Beheading of John the Baptist 17163:Legality of assisted suicide 15569:United States Virgin Islands 13463:Lists several Catholic links 13454:from The Engaged Zen Society 12966:Slater S.J., Thomas (1925). 12906:to most meaningful forms of 12891:The New York Review of Books 12799:McCafferty, James A (2010). 12628:10.1017/CBO9780511841361.051 12616:10.1017/CBO9780511489273.006 12422:Slater S.J., Thomas (1925). 12318:"Presentation & History" 11358:. Ncadp.org. 18 March 1999. 10893:Borg and Radelet, pp. 144–47 10566:Robert Blecker Wants Me Dead 10463:"Home – Stanford Law Review" 9484:. Chartwell Books. pp. 8190:National Development Council 6741:International Business Times 6709:Duggal, Hanna; Ali, Marium. 6571:. Routledge. pp. 150–. 4409:Cruel and unusual punishment 4299:wrote in a 1956 book called 3964:International Criminal Court 3820:, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Liberia) 3653:Mahmoud Asgari, Ayaz Marhoni 3449:Democratic Republic of Congo 3347:Capital punishment in Europe 2046:reconversion to Christianity 1465:(formal renunciation of the 1055:". Etymologically, the term 258:Cruel and unusual punishment 7: 17296:Simulated child pornography 16744:Race and capital punishment 14355:Capital punishment in Asia 13740:Hanged, drawn and quartered 13374:Electric Chair at Sing Sing 13317:: Human Rights organisation 13279: 13141:"How to Kill a Human Being" 12991:Willis, John Wiley (1911). 12888:, Little, Brown, 549 pp.), 12866:Social and Political Review 12784:. Oxford University Press. 12763:10.1177/1462474501003003001 11993:"The Death Penalty in 2012" 11122:. Orlando: Criminal Brief. 10658:"Abolish the death penalty" 10517:. Wweek.com. Archived from 10191:"Abolish the death penalty" 8739:, Logos: Berlin, pp. 99–100 8021:. Gallup. 24 October 2006. 7207:Elisabeth Reichert (2011). 6939:. p. 6. Archived from 6568:History of Criminal Justice 5927:. Oxford University Press. 5816:Bauman, Richard A. (2002). 5185:. OUP Oxford. p. 310. 4901: 4371:Nagaenthran K. Dharmalingam 3634:customary international law 2478:capital punishment in Italy 1804:execution had taken place. 1738:who did not hold rights as 1318:Execution of criminals and 10: 17903: 17655:Legality of cryptocurrency 16992:Legal status of Mephedrone 13493:"Capital Punishment" 12994:"Capital Punishment" 12939:for middle school students 12721:Gaie, Joseph B. R (2004). 12712:American Historical Review 9653:Ohlin, Jens David (2005). 8211:張, 乃文 (28 December 2019). 7294:. CRC Press. p. 188. 7240:. Routledge. p. 268. 6421:Jewish Publication Society 6372:Cambridge University Press 6317:Princeton University Press 6245:Greenwood World Publishing 5845:Shumway, Edgar S. (1901). 5498:Translated from Waldmann, 4875: 4615:for illegally trafficking 4564: 4510: 4504: 4443:Shah of Persia (1896–1907) 4439:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar 4406: 4351:death penalty in Singapore 4211: 4181: 4058: 4013: 3937: 3906: 3867:, and in the US states of 3825:People's Republic of China 3714: 3710: 3535:North German Confederation 3427: 3339:socialist states in Europe 2749:and UN Special Rapporteur 2647: 2383:, written in 1395. In the 2326: 1922:James Pratt and John Smith 1880:, the first caliph of the 1656:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1623:was first written down by 1324:beginning of civilisations 1301: 1227:As of 2023, only 2 out of 1208:, aggravated robbery, and 460: English/Welsh courts 55: 47:Execution (disambiguation) 36: 29: 17833: 17785: 17728: 17663: 17616: 17556: 17526: 17486: 17449:Censorship of LGBT issues 17395: 17345: 17259: 17232: 17206: 17173: 17140: 16997:Legal status of Methylone 16960: 16861: 16797:Women executed since 1976 16764: 16714:Dual sovereignty doctrine 16691: 16548: 16279: 15988: 15865: 15842: 15761: 15688: 15615: 15544:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 15462: 15336: 15225: 15200: 14919: 14777: 14768: 14700: 14659: 14619: 14361: 14305: 14257: 14219: 13956: 13916: 13911:Links to related articles 13805: 13617: 13557: 13292:Death Watch International 13179: 13174: 12705:Washington College of Law 12409:catholicmoraltheology.com 12154:. Amnesty International. 12138:10.1017/S1560775508000102 11332:. Eji.org. Archived from 11021:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 10818:Singapore Court of Appeal 10660:. Amnesty International. 10470:www.stanfordlawreview.org 10327:Christian Science Monitor 9478:Cawthorne, Nigel (2006). 8606:10.1163/9789004364950_009 8238:. China Times Group. 中國時報 7596:. Amnesty International. 7180:Michael H. Tonry (2000). 6614:Dando Shigemitsu (1999). 6358:"The Reign of Antichrist" 5921:Benn, Charles D. (2004). 5851:The American Law Register 5614:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5567:Schabas, William (2002). 5091:(2): 240–251 – via 5079:Shipley, Maynard (1906). 4324:is observed, such as the 4117:Unlawful sexual behaviour 4101:Human trafficking (China) 4038:major depressive disorder 3969: 3962:in 1948, but the current 3556:In the Hereditary Lands, 3467:, the United States, and 3400:Modern-day public opinion 2773: 2770: 2436:On Crimes and Punishments 2294:Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan 2186:, absence without leave, 2135:On Crimes and Punishments 2103:On Crimes and Punishments 2036:. Many Christian martyrs 1728:Senatus consultum ultimum 17631:Mergers and acquisitions 17499:Children in the military 17153:Law enforcement killings 15925:Northern Mariana Islands 15564:Turks and Caicos Islands 14967:Central African Republic 14421:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 13559:Current judicial methods 13215:16 December 2011 at the 13128:13 November 2013 at the 13123:Death Penalty Worldwide: 12875:21 December 2019 at the 12751:Punishment & Society 12660:Bohm, Robert M. (2016). 12595:(2 ed.). ABC-CLIO. 12523:Law & Social Inquiry 11873:. Un.org. Archived from 11562:"Bahrain executes 3 men" 11510:10.1177/2053168017751250 11210:. Deathpenaltyinfo.org. 10981:. Deathpenaltyinfo.org. 10563:Schillinger, Ted (2007) 10422:17 February 2013 at the 10167:Dan Malone (Fall 2005). 9460:(2): 415. Archived from 9349:. Deathpenaltyinfo.org. 8215:. 東森新媒體控股股份有限公司. ETtoday 7995:. Deathpenaltyinfo.org. 6937:House of Representatives 6928: 6902:"Encyclopedia of Shinto" 6874:Mario Marazziti (2015). 6846:Government of Kazakhstan 6591:Durant, Will and Ariel, 6181:, eds. (1986). "Liwāṭ". 5659:Jean-Marie Carbasse 2002 4967: 4859:with the members of the 4811:seek the death penalty. 4783:1980 Turkish coup d'état 4419:San Quentin State Prison 4104:Corruption (China, Iran) 3892:Stoning (Nigeria, Sudan) 3889:Beheading (Saudi Arabia) 2562:arson in royal dockyards 2553:ban capital punishment. 2432:Dei Delitti e Delle Pene 2358:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 2290:Peshawar school massacre 2256:retain it, for example, 2115:natural and legal rights 2099:Dei delitti e delle pene 2068:Enlightenment philosophy 1991:religious discrimination 1949:religious discrimination 1934:Massachusetts Bay Colony 1892:is said to have ordered 1778:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 1772:There was a time in the 1767: 1489:and witchcraft. In many 1229:38 OECD member countries 1222:Great Purge of 1936–1938 114:Presumption of innocence 30:Not to be confused with 17757:Antarctic Treaty System 17471:Video gaming censorship 17420:Cartographic censorship 16879:Criminal responsibility 16719:Execution drug shortage 15890:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 14682:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 13486:on AmericanCatholic.org 13361:15 October 2015 at the 13327:IPS Inter Press Service 13190:Government of Singapore 13158:Witness to an Execution 13089:18 January 2006 at the 12927:. Chrysalis Education. 12844:Marzilli, Alan (2008). 12653:Sermons from the Latins 11952:2 December 2021 at the 11503:(1): 2053168017751250. 11497:Research & Politics 11232:Amnesty International, 10871:. Explorion.net. 1901. 10715:21 October 2012 at the 10634:. BBC. 1 January 1970. 9915:Girelli, Giada (2019). 9280:3 December 2013 at the 9083:7 December 2007 at the 8936:25 January 2016 at the 8752:, Logos: Berlin, p. 100 8236:"本報民調 8成反廢死！8成6促盡速執行死刑" 7288:Cliff Roberson (2015). 7234:Russil Durrant (2013). 7153:Leigh B. Bienen (201). 7033:Oxford University Press 6095:; Roscoe, Will (eds.). 5483:The Nun's Priest's Tale 4865:human rights in Bahrain 4675:North Korea, and Iran. 4334:including provisionally 4073:Firearm offences (e.g. 3946:Crimes against humanity 3361:declared an end to its 2580:(although the state of 2541:intellectual disability 1616:legal system replacing 1599:The Torah/Old Testament 1282:(EU), Article 2 of the 1178:crimes against humanity 829:Avunculicide/Nepoticide 276:Indefinite imprisonment 17803:National legal systems 17370:International adoption 17148:Legality of euthanasia 15494:British Virgin Islands 13999:Bosnia and Herzegovina 13386:Shreveport Times, 2015 11009:Capital Defense Weekly 10461:Review, Stanford Law. 10094:mysteriousuniverse.org 8876:. Human Rights Watch. 6673:, New York, pp. 485–86 6509:34.3 (1973): 463–468. 6313:Woodstock, Oxfordshire 5704:. Peeters Publishers. 5677:. Peeters Publishers. 4767: 4747: 4741: 4727: 4691: 4663: 4535:miscarriage of justice 4530: 4425: 4347: 4310: 4227: 4178:Controversy and debate 4029: 3745: 3697:Aisha Ibrahim Dhuhulow 3686:Supreme Court of Japan 3479: 2774:Total executed (2022) 2737: 2710: 2568:Abolition occurred in 2452:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2424: 2341: 2220: 2175: 2119:Rational choice theory 2106: 1861: 1821: 1718:to decide the fate of 1659: 1589: 1540: 1315: 1089: 1081: 749:Voluntary manslaughter 714:Vehicle-ramming attack 335:Miscarriage of justice 17825:World Justice Project 17459:Television censorship 17403:Censorship by country 17251:Size of police forces 15868:and other territories 15434:Saint Kitts and Nevis 15127:São Tomé and Príncipe 14987:Republic of the Congo 13499:Catholic Encyclopedia 13482:by Andy Prince, from 13227:Pro Death Penalty.com 13000:Catholic Encyclopedia 12805:. AldineTransaction. 12673:10.4324/9781315673998 12264:Amnesty International 12206:. Handsoffcain.info. 12180:. Handsoffcain.info. 12065:Francisco J Montero. 11674:Amnesty International 11436:Psychological Science 11063:"Wrongful executions" 11039:. Justicedenied.org. 10413:Amnesty International 10378:"Death Penalty Facts" 10041:. Idaho Legislature. 9007:, Ali Akbar Dareini, 8081:. 23 September 2011. 7946:Amnesty International 7746:. Handsoffcain.info. 7430:Amnesty International 7075:Amnesty International 6595:New York, 1965, p. 71 6476:10.5206/ls.2021.11110 6409:"Under the New Order" 6309:Princeton, New Jersey 6023:(30 December 2012) . 5892:Zias, Joseph (1998). 5752:"Jean-Marie Carbasse" 5274:Amnesty International 5248:Amnesty International 4795:the National Assembly 4791:towards EU membership 4765: 4685: 4646: 4630:Amnesty International 4520: 4477:) and again in 2015 ( 4416: 4407:Further information: 4403:Non-painful execution 4390:and both Singapore's 4342: 4305: 4293:psychological torture 4221: 4023: 3839:, Ethiopia, Nigeria, 3724: 3527:Electorate of Bavaria 3477: 2723: 2692: 2444:Grand Duke Leopold II 2413:Grand Duke of Tuscany 2410: 2336: 2317:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 2227:. Anti-Soviet author 2208: 2170:Mexican execution by 2169: 2091: 1995:religious persecution 1953:religious persecution 1856: 1815: 1652:The Death of Socrates 1650: 1580: 1524: 1309: 1267:Amnesty International 767:Non-criminal homicide 662:Murder for body parts 578:Depraved-heart murder 360:Sex offender registry 80:Rights of the accused 17740:International waters 17454:Political censorship 17303:Internet pornography 17002:Legal status of MPDV 16916:Mandatory retirement 16704:Death-qualified jury 16683:Scheduled executions 14866:United Arab Emirates 14596:United Arab Emirates 13513:Kashif Shahzada 2010 13475:AmericanCatholic.org 13039:improve this article 12943:Simon, Rita (2007). 12921:Woolf, Alex (2004). 12714:63.1 (1957): 23–46. 12696:20 July 2012 at the 12655:. Benziger Brothers. 12570:(in French). Paris: 11929:. 18 December 2007. 11037:"Executed Innocents" 10407:31 July 2013 at the 9893:ABC News (Australia) 8481:. 17 September 2020. 8342:. 22 February 2013. 7698:on 27 September 2007 7626:. 28 February 2015. 7100:Stratford, Stephen. 6904:. kokugakuin.ac.jp. 6041:. pp. 441–445. 6030:Encyclopædia Iranica 5479:The Canterbury Tales 5151:'Capital Punishment' 4963:Notes and references 4928:Judicial dissolution 4625:preventive detention 4555:urine drug screening 4495:deliberately inflict 4388:Singapore government 3995:Malaysian Government 3693:Islamic Courts Union 3509:Thompson v. Oklahoma 3496:colonial authorities 3375:Yamanashi prefecture 3324:Alexander Lukashenko 2558:piracy with violence 2323:History of abolition 2225:political oppression 2217:Nazi-occupied Poland 2200:running the gauntlet 1859:German Peasants' War 1352:burning at the stake 1186:overthrow government 1031:and formerly called 1027:, also known as the 808:Justifiable homicide 627:Lonely hearts killer 446:English/Welsh courts 374:Related areas of law 17671:Corporal punishment 17648:Corporate liability 17528:Freedom of movement 17437:Internet censorship 17358:Minors and abortion 17158:Legality of suicide 17111:Psilocybin mushroom 16980:Alcohol consumption 16756:Wrongful executions 15449:Trinidad and Tobago 15344:Antigua and Barbuda 15202:States with limited 14623:limited recognition 14220:States with limited 13703:Republican marriage 13632:Damnatio ad bestias 13333:Death Penalty Focus 13256:The Washington Post 13161:The Execution Tapes 13051:footnote references 12951:. Lexington Books. 12727:. Kluwer Academic. 12702:American University 12560:Jean-Marie Carbasse 12508:reference.bahai.org 12376:European Parliament 12291:. 10 October 2010. 11973:on 21 November 2007 10612:on 17 February 2014 10352:Death Penalty Focus 10308:10.1093/sf/57.2.683 10179:on 16 January 2009. 9423:on 14 November 2010 8986:on 13 February 2012 8125:. 15 December 2020. 7502:European Parliament 7015:20 May 2011 at the 6946:on 20 November 2022 6852:on 22 February 2022 6690:. 19 September 2019 6405:Stillman, Norman A. 6087:Wafer, Jim (1997). 6039:Columbia University 6033:. Vol. XII/4. 5439:. law.cornell.edu. 5085:American Law Review 4853:European Parliament 4815:Sub-Saharan African 4734:Protocol 13 to the 4637:International views 4550:Misuse of Drugs Act 4486:Bucklew v. Precythe 4453:The rate of these " 4435:long drop "hanging" 4277:corporal punishment 4272:life without parole 4256:New York Law School 3612:The United Nations 3500:American Revolution 2656:developed countries 2527:case, but the 1976 2467:. Leopolds brother 2465:Cities for Life Day 2388:Republic of Poljica 2245:Cultural Revolution 2030:sell them as slaves 1973:status (along with 1782:An Lushan Rebellion 1754:reserved for slaves 1750:slaves who rebelled 563:Consensual homicide 518:Part of a series on 355:Restorative justice 32:Corporal punishment 17872:Capital punishment 17325:Child sexual abuse 16844:Lists of countries 16802:Women on death row 16699:Botched executions 16293:Federal government 15996:Federal government 15384:Dominican Republic 13875:Wrongful execution 13787:Suffocation in ash 13643:Blowing from a gun 13551:Capital punishment 13096:Capital Punishment 12904:U.S. Supreme Court 12900:sovereign immunity 12802:Capital Punishment 12643:Bellarmine, Robert 12568:Que sais-je ? 12475:The New York Times 12289:Human Rights Watch 11999:on 29 October 2013 11799:on 11 October 2008 11306:. Amnestyusa.org. 11120:Capital Punishment 10915:Capital Punishment 10865:"Ispahan – Shiraz" 10765:. 11 November 2021 10686:. People.smu.edu. 10546:The New York Times 10521:on 24 January 2008 10496:The New York Times 10197:on 19 January 2008 9837:on 10 October 2018 9600:. 8 January 2016. 9570:. 22 August 2014. 9301:on 13 January 2010 9178:. 9 January 2013. 9104:. 9 December 2023. 8551:on 4 December 2012 8264:. 21 January 2022. 8262:The Times of India 8143:. 4 December 2020. 7851:. 18 January 2024. 7776:on 27 October 2012 7724:on 5 February 2014 7563:Human Rights Watch 6798:The New York Times 6666:Conquest, Robert, 6443:Moses Maimonides, 6423:. pp. 22–28. 6374:. pp. 20–37. 6113:. pp. 88–96. 6093:Murray, Stephen O. 6021:Rowson, Everett K. 5793:Capital punishment 5732:on 29 October 2020 5726:"La peine de mort" 5302:Das, J.K. (2022). 4842:Human Rights Watch 4832:The newly created 4768: 4692: 4664: 4605:Abdul Kahar Othman 4592:In July 2019, two 4531: 4507:Wrongful execution 4501:Wrongful execution 4469:U.S. Supreme Court 4455:botched executions 4447:blowing from a gun 4426: 4373:, who has been on 4228: 4226:in Germany in 1946 4030: 3746: 3677:Nagayama standards 3531:Kingdom of Bavaria 3504:federal government 3480: 3455:, Japan, Nigeria, 3424:Juvenile offenders 2738: 2711: 2536:Atkins v. Virginia 2425: 2370:Vladimir the Great 2342: 2221: 2176: 2107: 1965:People of the Book 1957:religious violence 1882:Rashidun Caliphate 1862: 1822: 1660: 1590: 1541: 1380:blowing from a gun 1316: 1170:aircraft hijacking 1075:, derived via the 1025:Capital punishment 793:Capital punishment 759:Vehicular homicide 754:Negligent homicide 719:Wrongful execution 657:Misdemeanor murder 583:Felony murder rule 245:Capital punishment 237:Dangerous offender 124:Self-incrimination 69:Criminal procedure 49:, and 17859: 17858: 17853: 17852: 17772:Foreign ownership 17516:Human trafficking 17511:Same-sex marriage 17494:Children's rights 17286:Child pornography 17224:Life imprisonment 16810: 16809: 16772:Death row inmates 16692:Issues and ethics 15948: 15947: 15940:Wallis and Futuna 15885:Clipperton Island 15843:Associated states 15723: 15722: 15695:other territories 15577: 15576: 15466:other territories 15298: 15297: 15229:other territories 15002:Equatorial Guinea 14879: 14878: 14728: 14727: 14665:other territories 14321: 14320: 13903: 13902: 13880:Botched execution 13195: 13194: 13079: 13078: 13071: 12984:. 81 (2002): 97+ 12982:Oregon Law Review 12958:978-0-7391-2091-0 12934:978-1-59389-155-8 12896:John Paul Stevens 12857:978-0-7910-9796-0 12836:978-0-7637-3308-7 12812:978-0-202-36328-8 12791:978-0-19-533740-2 12734:978-1-4020-1764-3 12602:978-1-57607-432-9 12349:. 25 January 2021 12046:on 4 January 2014 11877:on 9 January 2009 11726:The Straits Times 11336:on 1 October 2012 11139:Van Norman p. 288 10902:Van Norman p. 287 10841:. 27 April 2022. 10820:. 16 April 2022. 10792:The Straits Times 10763:The Straits Times 10249:on 13 August 2001 9990:Independent.co.uk 9946:The Straits Times 9926:978-0-9935434-8-7 9831:Channel News Asia 9807:. 10 October 2018 9804:New Straits Times 9548:. 12 April 2013. 9495:978-0-7858-2119-9 9467:on 26 March 2014. 9323:. Nutzworld.com. 9256:. 30 October 2012 9148:. 13 March 2013. 8919:. 2 October 2018. 8905:. 8 October 2018. 8386:. 28 March 2017. 8312:. 3 August 2013. 7565:. 21 March 2013. 7377:www.aljazeera.com 7301:978-1-4987-2120-2 7274:978-1-4129-5178-4 7247:978-1-136-23434-7 7220:978-0-231-52070-6 7193:978-0-19-514060-6 7166:978-0-8101-2697-8 6978:978-0-14-192500-4 6887:978-1-60980-567-8 6578:978-1-4377-3491-1 6430:978-0-8276-0198-7 6381:978-0-521-34770-9 6326:978-0-691-17910-0 6319:. pp. 1–28. 6210:978-90-04-16121-4 6171:van Donzel, E. J. 5992:978-1-137-44401-1 5955:Benn, pp. 209–210 5802:978-1-4408-0057-3 5578:978-0-521-81491-1 5315:978-81-951611-6-4 5217:. 26 April 2022. 5192:978-0-19-161511-5 5167:Kronenwetter 2001 5126:978-0-307-74248-3 4973:Explanatory notes 4918:Execution chamber 4708:Council of Europe 4686:Article 2 of the 4621:COVID-19 pandemic 4602:Malay Singaporean 4384:life imprisonment 4353:, activists like 4326:right to property 4126:offences such as 4075:Arms Offences Act 3829:Republic of China 3742:Finnish Civil War 3581:Helvetic Republic 3570:Habsburg monarchy 3436:juvenile offender 3343:Council of Europe 3311: 3310: 2582:Western Australia 2578:Australia in 1973 2524:Furman v. Georgia 2485:Kingdom of Tahiti 2448:Holy Roman Empire 1941:Early Middle Ages 1890:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1886:burning him alive 1595:Code of Hammurabi 1288:Council of Europe 1274:, adopted by the 1033:judicial homicide 1022: 1021: 813:"License to kill" 622:Internet homicide 603:Child cannibalism 598:Human cannibalism 513: 512: 388:Criminal defenses 330:Habitual offender 281:Three-strikes law 271:Life imprisonment 250:Execution warrant 119:Exclusionary rule 16:(Redirected from 17894: 17887:Killings by type 17844:Lists by country 17698:Police brutality 17123:Salvia divinorum 17041:Amanita mushroom 16837: 16830: 16823: 16814: 16813: 16540:Washington, D.C. 16271:Washington, D.C. 15975: 15968: 15961: 15952: 15951: 15930:Pitcairn Islands 15900:French Polynesia 15880:Christmas Island 15809:Papua New Guinea 15789:Marshall Islands 15762:Sovereign states 15750: 15743: 15736: 15727: 15726: 15715: 15703:Falkland Islands 15617:Sovereign states 15604: 15597: 15590: 15581: 15580: 15534:Saint Barthélemy 15464:Dependencies and 15337:Sovereign states 15325: 15318: 15311: 15302: 15301: 15290: 15289:(United Kingdom) 15285:Tristan da Cunha 15281:Ascension Island 15273: 15260: 15251: 15227:Dependencies and 14920:Sovereign states 14906: 14899: 14892: 14883: 14882: 14774: 14755: 14748: 14741: 14732: 14731: 14718: 14708: 14707: 14677:Christmas Island 14363:Sovereign states 14348: 14341: 14334: 14325: 14324: 14258:Dependencies and 13957:Sovereign states 13943: 13936: 13929: 13920: 13919: 13907: 13906: 13589:Nitrogen hypoxia 13584:Lethal injection 13544: 13537: 13530: 13521: 13520: 13503: 13495: 13466:Priests for Life 13430: 13237:119 Pro DP Links 13184: 13183: 13172: 13171: 13074: 13067: 13063: 13060: 13054: 13022: 13021: 13014: 13004: 12996: 12977: 12971: 12962: 12950: 12938: 12861: 12840: 12816: 12795: 12774: 12738: 12686: 12656: 12650: 12606: 12585: 12564:La peine de mort 12547: 12546: 12518: 12512: 12511: 12500: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12489: 12466: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12455: 12440: 12434: 12433: 12427: 12419: 12413: 12412: 12401: 12395: 12394: 12392: 12390: 12384: 12373: 12365: 12359: 12358: 12356: 12354: 12339: 12333: 12332: 12330: 12328: 12314: 12308: 12307: 12302: 12300: 12281: 12275: 12274: 12272: 12270: 12256: 12250: 12249: 12247: 12245: 12226: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12215: 12200: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12174: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12163: 12148: 12142: 12141: 12132:(871): 669–701. 12123: 12114: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12103: 12089: 12083: 12082: 12080: 12078: 12062: 12056: 12055: 12053: 12051: 12036: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12025: 12015: 12009: 12008: 12006: 12004: 11989: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11978: 11963: 11957: 11941: 11935: 11934: 11919: 11913: 11912: 11910: 11908: 11893: 11887: 11886: 11884: 11882: 11867: 11861: 11860: 11858: 11856: 11841: 11835: 11834: 11832: 11830: 11815: 11809: 11808: 11806: 11804: 11789: 11783: 11782: 11770: 11764: 11763: 11761: 11759: 11744: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11733: 11718: 11712: 11711: 11709: 11707: 11692: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11666: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11640: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11629: 11614: 11608: 11607: 11605: 11603: 11588: 11582: 11581: 11579: 11577: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11549: 11547: 11532: 11523: 11522: 11512: 11488: 11482: 11481: 11451: 11427: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11416: 11410: 11387: 11378: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11367: 11352: 11346: 11345: 11343: 11341: 11326: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11315: 11300: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11289: 11280: 11271: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11260: 11243: 11237: 11230: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11219: 11204: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11178: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11161: 11154: 11146: 11140: 11137: 11131: 11130: 11111: 11105: 11104: 11102: 11100: 11085: 11079: 11078: 11076: 11074: 11059: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11033: 11027: 11026: 11020: 11012: 11001: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10990: 10975: 10969: 10968: 10966: 10964: 10944: 10938: 10936: 10909: 10903: 10900: 10894: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10882: 10880: 10861: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10850: 10831: 10825: 10824: 10810: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10799: 10784: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10755: 10749: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10729: 10723: 10706: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10680: 10674: 10673: 10671: 10669: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10602: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10576: 10570: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10537: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10526: 10510: 10504: 10503: 10487: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10467: 10458: 10452: 10451: 10449: 10447: 10432: 10426: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10382: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10358:on 28 April 2008 10354:. Archived from 10344: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10333: 10318: 10312: 10311: 10291: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10280: 10275:on 29 April 2009 10265: 10259: 10258: 10256: 10254: 10239: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10213: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10202: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10175:. Archived from 10164: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10138: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10108: 10102: 10101: 10086: 10080: 10079: 10061: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10035: 10029: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9993:. 11 July 2017. 9981: 9975: 9974: 9973:. 20 April 2015. 9963: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9937: 9931: 9930: 9912: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9901: 9884: 9875: 9874: 9872: 9870: 9853: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9842: 9823: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9778:Channel NewsAsia 9769: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9740: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9720: 9713: 9705: 9699: 9698: 9650: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9590: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9538: 9532: 9531: 9511: 9500: 9499: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9451: 9442: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9413: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9369: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9358: 9343: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9317: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9291: 9285: 9272: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9224: 9218: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9198: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9168: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9122:on 11 March 2014 9112: 9106: 9105: 9102:ایران اینترنشنال 9094: 9088: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9018: 9012: 9009:Associated Press 9002: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8960:on 29 April 2012 8950: 8941: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8913: 8907: 8906: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8882: 8875: 8867: 8861: 8858: 8852: 8849: 8843: 8840: 8834: 8831: 8825: 8822: 8816: 8813: 8807: 8804: 8798: 8795: 8789: 8786: 8780: 8777: 8771: 8768: 8762: 8759: 8753: 8746: 8740: 8733: 8727: 8724: 8718: 8715: 8709: 8706: 8700: 8697: 8691: 8688: 8682: 8679: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8659:. 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Archived from 8041: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8004: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7899: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7869:. 2 January 2021 7859: 7853: 7852: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7694:. Archived from 7684: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7668:. 9 October 2015 7658: 7652: 7651: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7590: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7539:on 23 March 2012 7529: 7523: 7522: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7498: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7460:. 24 April 2019. 7448: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7426: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7410:. 5 August 2010. 7407:Associated Press 7394: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7347: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7327: 7320: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7108:on 8 August 2010 7104:. Archived from 7097: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7077:. 5 April 2016. 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7042: 7036: 7025: 7019: 7006: 7000: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6945: 6934: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6871: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6680: 6674: 6671:: A Reassessment 6669:The Great Terror 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6611: 6605: 6602: 6596: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6519: 6513: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6478: 6454: 6448: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6401: 6386: 6385: 6354:Runciman, Steven 6350: 6339: 6338: 6296: 6287: 6286: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6236: 6230: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6193:Brill Publishers 6175:Heinrichs, W. P. 6163: 6157: 6156: 6084: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6050: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6007: 5974: 5968: 5965: 5956: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5918: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5824:. pp. 6–7. 5813: 5807: 5806: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5778:"1700 BC – 1799" 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5754:. Archived from 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5728:. Archived from 5722: 5716: 5715: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5613: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5509: 5503: 5496: 5490: 5475:Geoffrey Chaucer 5463: 5457: 5456: 5450: 5448: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5352: 5341: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5299: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5148: 5139: 5138: 5109:(3 April 2018). 5103: 5097: 5096: 5076: 5060: 5045: 5039: 5032: 5026: 5011: 5005: 4994: 4988: 4983: 4913:Death in custody 4799:its constitution 4750: 4744: 4730: 4660: 4651: 4480:Glossip v. Gross 4423:lethal injection 4338:John Stuart Mill 4330:right to freedom 4010:Drug trafficking 3958:in 1946 and the 3956:Nuremberg Trials 3909:Public execution 3903:Public execution 3740:during the 1918 3622:US Supreme Court 3558:Austrian Silesia 3515:Roper v. Simmons 3492:Colonial America 3484:Guernsey Martyrs 3298: 3296: 3295: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3262: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3242: 3237: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3214: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3194: 3189: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3169: 3164: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3144: 3138: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3118: 3113: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3093: 3088: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3068: 3062: 3054: 3052: 3051: 3042: 3037: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3017: 3012: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2992: 2986: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2966: 2961: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2941: 2936: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2916: 2910: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2890: 2885: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2865: 2860: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2840: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2813: 2801: 2799: 2798: 2768: 2767: 2734: 2728: 2707: 2701: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2607: 2596:Contemporary use 2551:Washington, D.C. 2546:Roper v. Simmons 2530:Gregg v. Georgia 2251:Contemporary era 2062:burdens of proof 2057:Moses Maimonides 1914:Buggery Act 1533 1894:death by stoning 1658:in New York City 1530:Jean-Léon Gérôme 1495:financial crimes 1461:crimes, such as 1429:, such as rape, 1312:Auguste Vaillant 1278:in 1948. In the 1139:capital felonies 1135:capital offences 1112:lethal injection 1092: 1084: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1014: 1007: 1000: 976:Suspicious death 788:Assisted suicide 774:Note: Varies by 573:Crime of passion 568:Contract killing 553:Attempted murder 539:Note: Varies by 515: 514: 505: 498: 491: 477: 469: 461: 456: 448: 440: 421: 420: 320:Criminal justice 174:Directed verdict 65: 64: 21: 17902: 17901: 17897: 17896: 17895: 17893: 17892: 17891: 17862: 17861: 17860: 17855: 17854: 17849: 17848: 17829: 17798:Immigration law 17781: 17731: 17724: 17659: 17612: 17561: 17552: 17522: 17506:Intersex rights 17482: 17425:Film censorship 17408:Book censorship 17391: 17341: 17315:Sex trafficking 17255: 17228: 17202: 17169: 17136: 17021:Methamphetamine 16962: 16956: 16857: 16852:law enforcement 16841: 16811: 16806: 16760: 16687: 16544: 16284: 16282: 16275: 15984: 15979: 15949: 15944: 15867: 15861: 15844: 15838: 15819:Solomon Islands 15757: 15754: 15724: 15719: 15713: 15696: 15694: 15684: 15611: 15608: 15578: 15573: 15467: 15465: 15458: 15332: 15329: 15299: 15294: 15293: 15288: 15271: 15258: 15249: 15230: 15228: 15221: 15205: 15203: 15196: 14915: 14910: 14880: 14875: 14775: 14764: 14759: 14729: 14724: 14696: 14664: 14655: 14636:Northern Cyprus 14622: 14615: 14357: 14352: 14322: 14317: 14301: 14259: 14253: 14239:Northern Cyprus 14221: 14215: 14131:North Macedonia 13952: 13947: 13912: 13904: 13899: 13865:List of methods 13850:Final statement 13801: 13622: 13620: 13613: 13553: 13548: 13518: 13438: 13436:Religious views 13433: 13363:Wayback Machine 13282: 13277: 13217:Wayback Machine 13181: 13175:External videos 13170: 13165: 13130:Wayback Machine 13098:article in the 13091:Wayback Machine 13075: 13064: 13058: 13055: 13036: 13027:This section's 13023: 13019: 13012: 13007: 12959: 12935: 12877:Wayback Machine 12858: 12837: 12821:Mandery, Evan J 12813: 12792: 12735: 12698:Wayback Machine 12683: 12637: 12635:Further reading 12603: 12582: 12555: 12550: 12519: 12515: 12502: 12501: 12497: 12487: 12485: 12467: 12463: 12453: 12451: 12441: 12437: 12420: 12416: 12403: 12402: 12398: 12388: 12386: 12382: 12371: 12367: 12366: 12362: 12352: 12350: 12341: 12340: 12336: 12326: 12324: 12316: 12315: 12311: 12298: 12296: 12283: 12282: 12278: 12268: 12266: 12260:"Death Penalty" 12258: 12257: 12253: 12243: 12241: 12228: 12227: 12223: 12213: 12211: 12202: 12201: 12197: 12187: 12185: 12176: 12175: 12171: 12161: 12159: 12150: 12149: 12145: 12121: 12115: 12111: 12101: 12099: 12091: 12090: 12086: 12076: 12074: 12063: 12059: 12049: 12047: 12038: 12037: 12033: 12023: 12021: 12017: 12016: 12012: 12002: 12000: 11991: 11990: 11986: 11976: 11974: 11965: 11964: 11960: 11954:Wayback Machine 11942: 11938: 11921: 11920: 11916: 11906: 11904: 11902:The Independent 11894: 11890: 11880: 11878: 11869: 11868: 11864: 11854: 11852: 11843: 11842: 11838: 11828: 11826: 11817: 11816: 11812: 11802: 11800: 11791: 11790: 11786: 11771: 11767: 11757: 11755: 11746: 11745: 11741: 11731: 11729: 11720: 11719: 11715: 11705: 11703: 11702:. 30 March 2022 11694: 11693: 11689: 11679: 11677: 11676:. 30 March 2022 11668: 11667: 11663: 11653: 11651: 11650:. 30 March 2022 11642: 11641: 11637: 11627: 11625: 11624:. 30 March 2022 11616: 11615: 11611: 11601: 11599: 11598:. 28 March 2022 11590: 11589: 11585: 11575: 11573: 11572:on 29 July 2019 11560: 11559: 11555: 11545: 11543: 11533: 11526: 11489: 11485: 11449:10.1.1.177.3897 11428: 11424: 11414: 11412: 11408: 11396:(4): 996–1012. 11385: 11379: 11375: 11365: 11363: 11354: 11353: 11349: 11339: 11337: 11328: 11327: 11323: 11313: 11311: 11302: 11301: 11297: 11287: 11285: 11278: 11272: 11268: 11258: 11256: 11255:on 5 March 2016 11245: 11244: 11240: 11231: 11227: 11217: 11215: 11206: 11205: 11201: 11191: 11189: 11188:on 18 July 2019 11180: 11179: 11175: 11165: 11163: 11159: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11143: 11138: 11134: 11112: 11108: 11098: 11096: 11087: 11086: 11082: 11072: 11070: 11061: 11060: 11056: 11046: 11044: 11035: 11034: 11030: 11014: 11013: 11003: 11002: 10998: 10988: 10986: 10977: 10976: 10972: 10962: 10960: 10945: 10941: 10933: 10910: 10906: 10901: 10897: 10892: 10888: 10878: 10876: 10863: 10862: 10858: 10848: 10846: 10833: 10832: 10828: 10812: 10811: 10807: 10797: 10795: 10786: 10785: 10778: 10768: 10766: 10757: 10756: 10752: 10742: 10740: 10731: 10730: 10726: 10722:, 1 April 1977. 10717:Wayback Machine 10708:Joel Feinberg: 10707: 10703: 10693: 10691: 10682: 10681: 10677: 10667: 10665: 10656: 10655: 10651: 10641: 10639: 10630: 10629: 10625: 10615: 10613: 10604: 10603: 10599: 10589: 10587: 10578: 10577: 10573: 10562: 10558: 10539: 10538: 10534: 10524: 10522: 10511: 10507: 10488: 10484: 10476: 10465: 10459: 10455: 10445: 10443: 10434: 10433: 10429: 10424:Wayback Machine 10409:Wayback Machine 10399: 10395: 10387: 10380: 10376: 10375: 10371: 10361: 10359: 10346: 10345: 10341: 10331: 10329: 10319: 10315: 10292: 10288: 10278: 10276: 10267: 10266: 10262: 10252: 10250: 10241: 10240: 10236: 10226: 10224: 10215: 10214: 10210: 10200: 10198: 10189: 10188: 10184: 10165: 10161: 10151: 10149: 10140: 10139: 10135: 10125: 10123: 10110: 10109: 10105: 10088: 10087: 10083: 10062: 10058: 10048: 10046: 10037: 10036: 10032: 10022: 10020: 10007: 10006: 10002: 9983: 9982: 9978: 9965: 9964: 9960: 9950: 9948: 9938: 9934: 9927: 9913: 9909: 9899: 9897: 9886: 9885: 9878: 9868: 9866: 9854: 9850: 9840: 9838: 9825: 9824: 9820: 9810: 9808: 9797: 9796: 9792: 9782: 9780: 9770: 9763: 9753: 9751: 9749:Today Singapore 9741: 9734: 9724: 9722: 9718: 9711: 9707: 9706: 9702: 9671:10.2307/3396668 9651: 9647: 9637: 9635: 9630:. 9 July 2012. 9622: 9621: 9617: 9607: 9605: 9592: 9591: 9587: 9577: 9575: 9562: 9561: 9557: 9540: 9539: 9535: 9528: 9512: 9503: 9496: 9476: 9472: 9464: 9449: 9443: 9436: 9426: 9424: 9415: 9414: 9410: 9400: 9398: 9393: 9392: 9388: 9378: 9376: 9371: 9370: 9366: 9356: 9354: 9345: 9344: 9340: 9330: 9328: 9319: 9318: 9314: 9304: 9302: 9293: 9292: 9288: 9282:Wayback Machine 9273: 9269: 9259: 9257: 9248: 9247: 9243: 9233: 9231: 9226: 9225: 9221: 9211: 9209: 9208:. 26 April 2020 9200: 9199: 9195: 9185: 9183: 9170: 9169: 9165: 9155: 9153: 9140: 9139: 9135: 9125: 9123: 9114: 9113: 9109: 9096: 9095: 9091: 9085:Wayback Machine 9076: 9072: 9062: 9060: 9051: 9050: 9046: 9036: 9034: 9019: 9015: 9003: 8999: 8989: 8987: 8978: 8977: 8973: 8963: 8961: 8952: 8951: 8944: 8938:Wayback Machine 8928: 8924: 8915: 8914: 8910: 8901: 8900: 8896: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8873: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8859: 8855: 8850: 8846: 8841: 8837: 8832: 8828: 8823: 8819: 8814: 8810: 8805: 8801: 8796: 8792: 8787: 8783: 8778: 8774: 8769: 8765: 8760: 8756: 8747: 8743: 8734: 8730: 8725: 8721: 8716: 8712: 8707: 8703: 8698: 8694: 8689: 8685: 8680: 8676: 8666: 8664: 8663:on 15 June 2006 8655: 8653: 8649: 8639: 8637: 8628: 8627: 8623: 8616: 8590: 8586: 8576: 8574: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8554: 8552: 8543: 8542: 8538: 8528: 8526: 8525:. 27 April 2020 8517: 8516: 8512: 8502: 8500: 8499:on 26 July 2011 8491: 8490: 8486: 8477: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8460: 8451: 8450: 8446: 8425: 8421: 8411: 8409: 8400: 8399: 8395: 8382: 8381: 8377: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8349: 8347: 8334: 8333: 8329: 8319: 8317: 8304: 8303: 8299: 8289: 8287: 8276: 8269: 8256: 8255: 8251: 8241: 8239: 8232: 8228: 8218: 8216: 8209: 8205: 8195: 8193: 8192:. 21 April 2016 8184: 8183: 8179: 8169: 8167: 8152: 8148: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8121: 8120: 8116: 8106: 8104: 8095: 8094: 8090: 8073: 8072: 8068: 8058: 8056: 8043: 8042: 8038: 8028: 8026: 8019:"Death Penalty" 8017: 8016: 8012: 8002: 8000: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7976: 7974: 7966: 7965: 7961: 7951: 7949: 7948:. 21 April 2021 7940: 7939: 7935: 7925: 7923: 7915: 7914: 7910: 7897: 7895: 7887: 7886: 7882: 7872: 7870: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7843: 7842: 7838: 7828: 7826: 7819: 7815: 7805: 7803: 7794: 7793: 7789: 7779: 7777: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7753: 7751: 7742: 7741: 7737: 7727: 7725: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7701: 7699: 7686: 7685: 7681: 7671: 7669: 7660: 7659: 7655: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7624:www.amnesty.org 7618: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7592: 7591: 7582: 7572: 7570: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7542: 7540: 7531: 7530: 7526: 7515: 7514: 7510: 7496: 7490: 7486: 7469: 7465: 7450: 7449: 7445: 7437: 7424: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7381: 7379: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7356: 7354: 7349: 7348: 7341: 7331: 7329: 7328:on 8 April 2021 7325: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7232: 7228: 7221: 7205: 7201: 7194: 7178: 7174: 7167: 7151: 7147: 7137: 7135: 7128:"Death Penalty" 7126: 7125: 7121: 7111: 7109: 7098: 7094: 7084: 7082: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7027:Roger G. Hood. 7026: 7022: 7017:Wayback Machine 7007: 7003: 6990: 6986: 6979: 6963: 6959: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6935:(in Japanese). 6932: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6921: 6911: 6909: 6900: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6872: 6865: 6855: 6853: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6825: 6823: 6813: 6809: 6790: 6786: 6776: 6774: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6750: 6748: 6733: 6729: 6719: 6717: 6707: 6703: 6693: 6691: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6665: 6661: 6651: 6649: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6599: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6563: 6559: 6540:10.2307/1143143 6520: 6516: 6504: 6500: 6469:: 56–87–56–87. 6455: 6451: 6442: 6438: 6431: 6402: 6389: 6382: 6351: 6342: 6327: 6297: 6290: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6247:. p. 109. 6237: 6233: 6222: 6218: 6211: 6187:. Vol. 5. 6167:Bosworth, C. E. 6164: 6160: 6129: 6085: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6018: 6014: 6005: 6003: 5993: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5959: 5954: 5950: 5935: 5919: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5898:www.mercaba.org 5890: 5886: 5863:10.2307/3306244 5857:(11): 636–653. 5843: 5839: 5832: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5789: 5785: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5735: 5733: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5669: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5607: 5606: 5599: 5597: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5565: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5497: 5493: 5464: 5460: 5446: 5444: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5300: 5293: 5283: 5281: 5270:"Death Penalty" 5268: 5267: 5263: 5253: 5251: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5193: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5149: 5142: 5127: 5119:. p. 153. 5104: 5100: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5063: 5046: 5042: 5033: 5029: 5012: 5008: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4904: 4888:Catholic Church 4880: 4874: 4872:Religious views 4662: 4658: 4656: 4649: 4639: 4578: 4569: 4563: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4471:ruled in 2008 ( 4411: 4405: 4396:Court of Appeal 4377:at Singapore's 4285: 4222:Execution of a 4216: 4210: 4202:plea bargaining 4186: 4180: 4067: 4057: 4046:Cheong Chun Yin 4018: 4012: 3983:laws since 2013 3972: 3948: 3943: 3936: 3911: 3905: 3719: 3713: 3682:Takayuki Otsuki 3574:Austrian Empire 3498:and (after the 3487:her execution. 3432: 3426: 3402: 3293: 3291: 3272: 3270: 3249: 3247: 3224: 3222: 3201: 3199: 3176: 3174: 3151: 3149: 3125: 3123: 3100: 3098: 3075: 3073: 3049: 3047: 3024: 3022: 2999: 2997: 2973: 2971: 2948: 2946: 2923: 2921: 2897: 2895: 2872: 2870: 2847: 2845: 2820: 2818: 2796: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2709: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2652: 2646: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2608: 2598: 2429:Cesare Beccaria 2392:Poljica Statute 2331: 2325: 2253: 2229:Robert Conquest 2192:insubordination 2164: 2143:Charles Dickens 2131:Cesare Beccaria 2086: 2078:social contract 2070: 2044:and subsequent 1930:Plymouth Colony 1902:Abbasid caliphs 1810: 1770: 1709:voluntary exile 1697: 1654:(1787), in the 1645: 1568:trial by combat 1519: 1517:Ancient history 1507:insubordination 1487:Mofsed-e-filarz 1304: 1214:Judicial murder 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1018: 724:Judicial murder 615:Child sacrifice 610:Human sacrifice 509: 480: 472: 467:Canadian courts 464: 459: 454:Scottish courts 451: 443: 435: 427: 415: 402: 383:Civil procedure 369: 290:Post-sentencing 285: 254: 228: 178: 143: 129:Double jeopardy 61: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17900: 17890: 17889: 17884: 17879: 17874: 17857: 17856: 17851: 17850: 17847: 17846: 17841: 17835: 17834: 17831: 17830: 17828: 17827: 17822: 17821: 17820: 17815: 17805: 17800: 17795: 17789: 17787: 17783: 17782: 17780: 17779: 17774: 17769: 17764: 17759: 17754: 17753: 17752: 17747: 17736: 17734: 17726: 17725: 17723: 17722: 17717: 17712: 17711: 17710: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17689: 17688: 17683: 17678: 17667: 17665: 17661: 17660: 17658: 17657: 17652: 17651: 17650: 17640: 17639: 17638: 17633: 17622: 17620: 17614: 17613: 17611: 17610: 17609: 17608: 17606:Riparian water 17598: 17593: 17588: 17583: 17578: 17573: 17567: 17565: 17554: 17553: 17551: 17550: 17545: 17544: 17543: 17532: 17530: 17524: 17523: 17521: 17520: 17519: 17518: 17513: 17503: 17502: 17501: 17490: 17488: 17484: 17483: 17481: 17480: 17479: 17478: 17468: 17467: 17466: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17445: 17444: 17434: 17433: 17432: 17422: 17417: 17416: 17415: 17405: 17399: 17397: 17393: 17392: 17390: 17389: 17384: 17379: 17374: 17373: 17372: 17362: 17361: 17360: 17349: 17347: 17343: 17342: 17340: 17339: 17334: 17333: 17332: 17327: 17320:Sexual assault 17317: 17312: 17307: 17306: 17305: 17300: 17299: 17298: 17293: 17278: 17277: 17276: 17265: 17263: 17257: 17256: 17254: 17253: 17248: 17247: 17246: 17244:Prisoner abuse 17238: 17236: 17230: 17229: 17227: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17210: 17208: 17204: 17203: 17201: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17179: 17177: 17171: 17170: 17168: 17167: 17166: 17165: 17155: 17150: 17144: 17142: 17138: 17137: 17135: 17134: 17133: 17132: 17131: 17130: 17120: 17119: 17118: 17108: 17107: 17106: 17096: 17095: 17094: 17084: 17083: 17082: 17077: 17072: 17062: 17061: 17060: 17050: 17049: 17048: 17035: 17030: 17029: 17028: 17018: 17017: 17016: 17006: 17005: 17004: 16999: 16994: 16984: 16983: 16982: 16972: 16966: 16964: 16958: 16957: 16955: 16954: 16949: 16948: 16947: 16945:Youth suffrage 16942: 16932: 16931: 16930: 16923:School-leaving 16920: 16919: 16918: 16908: 16907: 16906: 16896: 16891: 16886: 16881: 16876: 16871: 16865: 16863: 16859: 16858: 16840: 16839: 16832: 16825: 16817: 16808: 16807: 16805: 16804: 16799: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16768: 16766: 16762: 16761: 16759: 16758: 16753: 16752: 16751: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16701: 16695: 16693: 16689: 16688: 16686: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16554: 16552: 16546: 16545: 16543: 16542: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16506: 16505: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16483:South Carolina 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16448:North Carolina 16445: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16289: 16287: 16277: 16276: 16274: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16256:American Samoa 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16201:South Carolina 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16166:North Carolina 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 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15468: 15463: 15460: 15459: 15457: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15340: 15338: 15334: 15333: 15328: 15327: 15320: 15313: 15305: 15296: 15295: 15292: 15291: 15274: 15261: 15252: 15238:Canary Islands 15234: 15233: 15231: 15226: 15223: 15222: 15220: 15219: 15214: 15208: 15206: 15201: 15198: 15197: 15195: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14923: 14921: 14917: 14916: 14909: 14908: 14901: 14894: 14886: 14877: 14876: 14874: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14778: 14776: 14769: 14766: 14765: 14758: 14757: 14750: 14743: 14735: 14726: 14725: 14723: 14722: 14712: 14701: 14698: 14697: 14695: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14668: 14666: 14657: 14656: 14654: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14627: 14625: 14617: 14616: 14614: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14367: 14365: 14359: 14358: 14351: 14350: 14343: 14336: 14328: 14319: 14318: 14316: 14315: 14313:European Union 14309: 14307: 14306:Other entities 14303: 14302: 14300: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14263: 14261: 14260:other entities 14255: 14254: 14252: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14225: 14223: 14217: 14216: 14214: 14213: 14208: 14206:United Kingdom 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14019:Czech Republic 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13960: 13958: 13954: 13953: 13946: 13945: 13938: 13931: 13923: 13917: 13914: 13913: 13901: 13900: 13898: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13846: 13845: 13840: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13809: 13807: 13806:Related topics 13803: 13802: 13800: 13799: 13794: 13792:Upright jerker 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13706: 13705: 13695: 13690: 13688:Disembowelment 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13658:Breaking wheel 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13627: 13625: 13621:Post-classical 13615: 13614: 13612: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13580: 13579: 13569: 13563: 13561: 13555: 13554: 13547: 13546: 13539: 13532: 13524: 13517: 13516: 13510: 13504: 13487: 13477: 13468: 13460: 13455: 13449: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13431: 13391:James Haughton 13387: 13381: 13371: 13366: 13353: 13348: 13342: 13336: 13330: 13324: 13321:European Union 13318: 13312: 13306: 13300: 13295: 13289: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13275: 13270: 13264: 13259: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13207: 13202: 13196: 13193: 13192: 13177: 13176: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13163: 13154: 13148: 13138: 13133: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13093: 13080: 13077: 13076: 13031:external links 13026: 13024: 13017: 13011: 13010:External links 13008: 13006: 13005: 12988: 12978: 12963: 12957: 12940: 12933: 12918: 12911: 12882:Rakoff, Jed S. 12879: 12862: 12856: 12841: 12835: 12817: 12811: 12796: 12790: 12775: 12757:(3): 331–354. 12746: 12739: 12733: 12718: 12708: 12687: 12681: 12657: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12632: 12631: 12619: 12607: 12601: 12586: 12580: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12548: 12529:(2): 295–343. 12513: 12495: 12461: 12435: 12414: 12396: 12360: 12334: 12309: 12276: 12251: 12221: 12195: 12169: 12143: 12109: 12084: 12057: 12031: 12010: 11984: 11958: 11936: 11914: 11888: 11862: 11836: 11810: 11784: 11765: 11754:. 3 March 2022 11739: 11728:. 6 April 2022 11713: 11700:European Union 11687: 11661: 11635: 11609: 11583: 11566:Daily Sun Post 11553: 11524: 11483: 11442:(5): 383–386. 11422: 11373: 11347: 11321: 11295: 11266: 11238: 11236:(January 2004) 11225: 11199: 11173: 11141: 11132: 11106: 11095:on 2 July 2010 11080: 11069:on 22 May 2009 11054: 11028: 10996: 10970: 10939: 10931: 10904: 10895: 10886: 10856: 10826: 10805: 10794:. 3 April 2022 10776: 10750: 10724: 10701: 10675: 10649: 10623: 10597: 10571: 10556: 10532: 10513:James Pitkin. 10505: 10482: 10453: 10427: 10393: 10369: 10339: 10313: 10302:(2): 683–687. 10286: 10260: 10234: 10208: 10182: 10159: 10133: 10103: 10081: 10056: 10030: 10000: 9976: 9958: 9932: 9925: 9907: 9896:. 3 April 2023 9876: 9848: 9818: 9790: 9761: 9732: 9700: 9665:(4): 747–777. 9645: 9615: 9585: 9568:The Algemeiner 9555: 9533: 9526: 9501: 9494: 9470: 9434: 9408: 9386: 9364: 9338: 9312: 9286: 9267: 9241: 9219: 9206:news.yahoo.com 9193: 9163: 9133: 9107: 9089: 9070: 9044: 9013: 8997: 8971: 8942: 8922: 8908: 8894: 8862: 8853: 8844: 8835: 8826: 8817: 8808: 8799: 8790: 8781: 8772: 8763: 8754: 8741: 8728: 8719: 8710: 8701: 8692: 8683: 8674: 8654:Rob Gallagher, 8647: 8636:on 13 May 2008 8621: 8614: 8584: 8562: 8536: 8510: 8484: 8470: 8459:. 7 April 2021 8444: 8419: 8393: 8375: 8357: 8327: 8297: 8267: 8249: 8226: 8203: 8186:"八成八民眾不贊成廢除死刑" 8177: 8162:(in Italian). 8146: 8128: 8114: 8088: 8066: 8036: 8010: 7984: 7959: 7933: 7921:Anadolu Agency 7908: 7880: 7854: 7836: 7813: 7802:on 5 June 2011 7787: 7761: 7735: 7709: 7679: 7653: 7633: 7611: 7580: 7550: 7524: 7508: 7484: 7478:Foreign Policy 7463: 7443: 7413: 7389: 7364: 7339: 7307: 7300: 7280: 7273: 7253: 7246: 7226: 7219: 7199: 7192: 7172: 7165: 7145: 7119: 7092: 7062: 7037: 7020: 7001: 6984: 6977: 6971:. Penguin UK. 6957: 6919: 6893: 6886: 6863: 6833: 6807: 6784: 6758: 6727: 6701: 6688:The New Yorker 6675: 6659: 6648:. 15 June 1992 6633: 6626: 6606: 6604:Durant, p. 72, 6597: 6584: 6577: 6557: 6534:(3): 1033–65. 6514: 6498: 6449: 6436: 6429: 6387: 6380: 6340: 6325: 6288: 6274: 6260: 6254:978-1846450020 6253: 6231: 6216: 6209: 6158: 6127: 6074: 6012: 5991: 5969: 5957: 5948: 5933: 5910: 5884: 5837: 5830: 5808: 5801: 5783: 5769: 5758:on 9 July 2023 5743: 5717: 5710: 5690: 5683: 5663: 5651: 5634:Britannica.com 5621: 5584: 5577: 5559: 5547: 5530: 5519:on 3 July 2006 5504: 5491: 5458: 5428: 5402: 5376: 5364: 5344:European Union 5328: 5314: 5291: 5261: 5235: 5202: 5191: 5171: 5159: 5140: 5125: 5098: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5040: 5027: 5006: 4989: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4931: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4903: 4900: 4876:Main article: 4873: 4870: 4861:European Union 4657: 4648: 4638: 4635: 4607:was hanged at 4577: 4574: 4565:Main article: 4562: 4559: 4505:Main article: 4502: 4499: 4404: 4401: 4367:European Union 4363:United Nations 4284: 4281: 4260:Robert Blecker 4236:torture murder 4209: 4206: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4160: 4157: 4156:(Saudi Arabia) 4147: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4056: 4055:Other offences 4053: 4014:Main article: 4011: 4008: 3971: 3968: 3947: 3944: 3940:Capital Crimes 3935: 3932: 3907:Main article: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3876: 3835:(until 2011), 3823:Shooting (the 3821: 3715:Main article: 3712: 3709: 3668:Norio Nagayama 3607:Hassan Rouhani 3585:canton of Bern 3490:Since 1642 in 3425: 3422: 3401: 3398: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3258: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3210: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3146: 3145: 3139: 3134: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3058: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3008: 2994: 2993: 2987: 2982: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2918: 2917: 2911: 2906: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2815: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2791: 2790: 2784: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2731: 2725: 2704: 2698: 2684:Islamic states 2648:Main article: 2645: 2642: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2574:France in 1981 2570:Canada in 1976 2495:Roman Republic 2440:social welfare 2385:post-classical 2324: 2321: 2298:Afghan Taliban 2252: 2249: 2163: 2160: 2139:Jeremy Bentham 2085: 2082: 2069: 2066: 1908:(most notably 1818:breaking wheel 1809: 1806: 1769: 1766: 1740:Roman citizens 1696: 1693: 1644: 1643:Ancient Greece 1641: 1610:Ancient Greece 1537:Circus Maximus 1518: 1515: 1499:courts-martial 1467:state religion 1412:tribal warfare 1336:breaking wheel 1303: 1300: 1280:European Union 1276:United Nations 1131:capital crimes 1041:death sentence 1020: 1019: 1017: 1016: 1009: 1002: 994: 991: 990: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 952: 951: 946: 936: 931: 926: 921: 913: 912: 908: 907: 906: 905: 900: 899: 898: 893: 883: 882: 881: 876: 866: 865: 864: 859: 854: 846: 841: 836: 831: 823: 822: 818: 817: 816: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 769: 768: 764: 763: 762: 761: 756: 751: 746: 744:In English law 738: 737: 731: 730: 729: 728: 727: 726: 716: 711: 709:Torture murder 706: 704:Thrill killing 701: 696: 695: 694: 692:Angel of mercy 684: 682:Pseudocommando 679: 674: 669: 667:Murder–suicide 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 618: 617: 607: 606: 605: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 534: 533: 527: 526: 520: 519: 511: 510: 508: 507: 500: 493: 485: 482: 481: 479: 478: 470: 462: 457: 449: 441: 432: 429: 428: 426: 425: 423:Law portal 412: 409: 408: 404: 403: 401: 400: 395: 390: 385: 379: 376: 375: 371: 370: 368: 367: 362: 357: 352: 350:Rehabilitation 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 306: 301: 295: 292: 291: 287: 286: 284: 283: 278: 273: 268: 262: 261: 260: 253: 252: 247: 241: 240: 239: 234: 227: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 190: 187: 186: 180: 179: 177: 176: 171: 166: 161: 155: 152: 151: 145: 144: 142: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 85: 82: 81: 77: 76: 72: 71: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17899: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17882:Social policy 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17869: 17867: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17836: 17832: 17826: 17823: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17810: 17809: 17808:Religious law 17806: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17793:Animal rights 17791: 17790: 17788: 17784: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17745:Admiralty law 17743: 17742: 17741: 17738: 17737: 17735: 17733: 17730:International 17727: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17709: 17706: 17705: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17673: 17672: 17669: 17668: 17666: 17662: 17656: 17653: 17649: 17646: 17645: 17644: 17641: 17637: 17634: 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16538: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16530:West Virginia 16528: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16504: 16501: 16500: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16428:New Hampshire 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16393:Massachusetts 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16343: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16290: 16288: 16286: 16278: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16241:West Virginia 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16146:New Hampshire 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16106:Massachusetts 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15993: 15991: 15989:Jurisdictions 15987: 15983: 15976: 15971: 15969: 15964: 15962: 15957: 15956: 15953: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15915:New Caledonia 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15895:Easter Island 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15872: 15870: 15864: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15849: 15847: 15841: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15766: 15764: 15760: 15751: 15746: 15744: 15739: 15737: 15732: 15731: 15728: 15716: 15711: 15709: 15708:French Guiana 15706: 15704: 15701: 15700: 15698: 15692: 15687: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15622: 15620: 15618: 15614: 15605: 15600: 15598: 15593: 15591: 15586: 15585: 15582: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15471: 15469: 15461: 15455: 15454:United States 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15341: 15339: 15335: 15326: 15321: 15319: 15314: 15312: 15307: 15306: 15303: 15286: 15282: 15278: 15275: 15269: 15265: 15262: 15256: 15253: 15247: 15243: 15239: 15236: 15235: 15232: 15224: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15209: 15207: 15199: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15042:Guinea-Bissau 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14924: 14922: 14918: 14914: 14907: 14902: 14900: 14895: 14893: 14888: 14887: 14884: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14841: 14837: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14779: 14773: 14767: 14763: 14756: 14751: 14749: 14744: 14742: 14737: 14736: 14733: 14721: 14717: 14713: 14711: 14703: 14702: 14699: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14669: 14667: 14662: 14658: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14646:South Ossetia 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14628: 14626: 14624: 14618: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14368: 14366: 14364: 14360: 14356: 14349: 14344: 14342: 14337: 14335: 14330: 14329: 14326: 14314: 14311: 14310: 14308: 14304: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14272:Faroe Islands 14270: 14268: 14265: 14264: 14262: 14256: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14244:South Ossetia 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14226: 14224: 14218: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14091:Liechtenstein 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13961: 13959: 13955: 13951: 13944: 13939: 13937: 13932: 13930: 13925: 13924: 13921: 13915: 13908: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13844: 13843:Scharfrichter 13841: 13839: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13810: 13808: 13804: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13762: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13704: 13701: 13700: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13693:Dismemberment 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13633: 13629: 13628: 13626: 13624: 13616: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13594:Electrocution 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13578: 13575: 13574: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13564: 13562: 13560: 13556: 13552: 13545: 13540: 13538: 13533: 13531: 13526: 13525: 13522: 13514: 13511: 13508: 13505: 13501: 13500: 13494: 13488: 13485: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13444: 13441: 13440: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13404: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13388: 13385: 13382: 13379: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13364: 13360: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13346: 13343: 13340: 13337: 13334: 13331: 13328: 13325: 13322: 13319: 13316: 13313: 13310: 13307: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13284: 13274: 13271: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13257: 13252: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13214: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13197: 13191: 13187: 13178: 13173: 13162: 13159: 13155: 13152: 13149: 13146: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13131: 13127: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13103: 13102: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13088: 13085: 13082: 13081: 13073: 13070: 13062: 13052: 13048: 13047:inappropriate 13044: 13040: 13034: 13032: 13025: 13016: 13015: 13002: 13001: 12995: 12989: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12970: 12964: 12960: 12954: 12949: 12948: 12941: 12936: 12930: 12926: 12925: 12919: 12916: 12912: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12897: 12893: 12892: 12887: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12874: 12871: 12868:(2018): 98+. 12867: 12863: 12859: 12853: 12849: 12848: 12842: 12838: 12832: 12828: 12827: 12822: 12818: 12814: 12808: 12804: 12803: 12797: 12793: 12787: 12783: 12782: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12747: 12744: 12740: 12736: 12730: 12726: 12725: 12719: 12717: 12713: 12709: 12706: 12703: 12699: 12695: 12692: 12689:Curry, Tim. " 12688: 12684: 12682:9781315673998 12678: 12674: 12670: 12666: 12663: 12658: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12640: 12639: 12629: 12625: 12620: 12617: 12613: 12608: 12604: 12598: 12594: 12593: 12587: 12583: 12581:2-13-051660-2 12577: 12573: 12569: 12565: 12561: 12557: 12556: 12544: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12528: 12524: 12517: 12509: 12505: 12499: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12465: 12450: 12446: 12439: 12431: 12426: 12418: 12410: 12406: 12400: 12381: 12377: 12370: 12364: 12348: 12344: 12338: 12323: 12319: 12313: 12306: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12280: 12265: 12261: 12255: 12239: 12235: 12234:Sudan Tribune 12231: 12225: 12209: 12205: 12199: 12183: 12179: 12173: 12157: 12153: 12147: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12120: 12113: 12098: 12094: 12088: 12072: 12068: 12061: 12045: 12041: 12035: 12020: 12014: 11998: 11994: 11988: 11972: 11968: 11962: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11940: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11918: 11903: 11899: 11892: 11876: 11872: 11866: 11850: 11846: 11840: 11824: 11820: 11814: 11798: 11794: 11788: 11780: 11776: 11769: 11753: 11749: 11743: 11727: 11723: 11717: 11701: 11697: 11691: 11675: 11671: 11665: 11649: 11645: 11639: 11623: 11619: 11613: 11597: 11593: 11587: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11557: 11542: 11538: 11531: 11529: 11520: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11487: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11426: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11384: 11377: 11361: 11357: 11351: 11335: 11331: 11325: 11309: 11305: 11299: 11284: 11277: 11270: 11254: 11250: 11249: 11242: 11235: 11229: 11213: 11209: 11203: 11187: 11183: 11177: 11158: 11151: 11145: 11136: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11117: 11110: 11094: 11090: 11084: 11068: 11064: 11058: 11042: 11038: 11032: 11024: 11018: 11010: 11006: 11000: 10984: 10980: 10974: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10943: 10934: 10932:9780195395082 10928: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10908: 10899: 10890: 10874: 10870: 10866: 10860: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10830: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10809: 10793: 10789: 10783: 10781: 10764: 10760: 10754: 10739:on 8 May 2013 10738: 10734: 10728: 10721: 10718: 10714: 10711: 10705: 10689: 10685: 10679: 10663: 10659: 10653: 10637: 10633: 10627: 10611: 10607: 10601: 10585: 10581: 10575: 10568: 10567: 10560: 10552: 10548: 10547: 10542: 10536: 10520: 10516: 10509: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10486: 10475: 10471: 10464: 10457: 10441: 10437: 10431: 10425: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10403: 10400:Brian Evans, 10397: 10386: 10379: 10373: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10343: 10328: 10324: 10317: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10296:Social Forces 10290: 10274: 10270: 10264: 10248: 10244: 10238: 10222: 10218: 10212: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10163: 10147: 10143: 10137: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10107: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10085: 10077: 10073: 10072: 10067: 10060: 10044: 10040: 10034: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10004: 9996: 9992: 9991: 9986: 9980: 9972: 9968: 9962: 9947: 9943: 9936: 9928: 9922: 9918: 9911: 9895: 9894: 9889: 9883: 9881: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9852: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9822: 9806: 9805: 9800: 9794: 9779: 9775: 9768: 9766: 9750: 9746: 9739: 9737: 9717: 9710: 9704: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9649: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9619: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9589: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9559: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9537: 9529: 9527:9781452266435 9523: 9519: 9518: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9497: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9482: 9474: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9439: 9422: 9418: 9412: 9396: 9390: 9374: 9368: 9352: 9348: 9342: 9326: 9322: 9316: 9300: 9296: 9290: 9283: 9279: 9276: 9271: 9255: 9251: 9245: 9229: 9223: 9207: 9203: 9197: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9167: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9121: 9117: 9111: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9086: 9082: 9079: 9074: 9058: 9054: 9048: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9017: 9010: 9006: 9001: 8985: 8981: 8975: 8959: 8955: 8949: 8947: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8926: 8918: 8912: 8904: 8898: 8879: 8872: 8866: 8857: 8848: 8839: 8830: 8821: 8812: 8803: 8794: 8785: 8776: 8767: 8758: 8751: 8745: 8738: 8732: 8723: 8714: 8705: 8696: 8687: 8678: 8662: 8658: 8651: 8635: 8631: 8625: 8617: 8615:9789004364950 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8588: 8572: 8566: 8550: 8546: 8540: 8524: 8520: 8514: 8498: 8494: 8488: 8480: 8474: 8458: 8454: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8435: 8430: 8423: 8407: 8403: 8397: 8389: 8385: 8379: 8372:. 9 May 2015. 8371: 8367: 8361: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8331: 8315: 8311: 8310:The Economist 8307: 8301: 8285: 8282:. Slate.com. 8281: 8274: 8272: 8263: 8259: 8253: 8237: 8230: 8214: 8207: 8191: 8187: 8181: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8150: 8142: 8138: 8132: 8124: 8118: 8102: 8098: 8092: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8070: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8024: 8020: 8014: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7922: 7918: 7912: 7905: 7894: 7890: 7884: 7868: 7864: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7840: 7824: 7817: 7801: 7797: 7791: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7683: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7637: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7538: 7534: 7528: 7520: 7519: 7512: 7504: 7503: 7495: 7488: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7467: 7459: 7458: 7453: 7447: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7423: 7417: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7399: 7393: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7352: 7346: 7344: 7324: 7317: 7311: 7303: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7284: 7276: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7257: 7249: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7230: 7222: 7216: 7212: 7211: 7203: 7195: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7176: 7168: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7149: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7107: 7103: 7096: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7066: 7051: 7047: 7041: 7034: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7005: 6998: 6997:9782955686010 6994: 6988: 6980: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6961: 6942: 6938: 6931: 6923: 6907: 6903: 6897: 6889: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6870: 6868: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6822: 6818: 6811: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6772: 6768: 6762: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6716: 6712: 6705: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6672: 6670: 6663: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6629: 6627:9780837706535 6623: 6619: 6618: 6610: 6601: 6594: 6588: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6463:Locke Studies 6460: 6453: 6446: 6440: 6432: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6383: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6293: 6284: 6278: 6270: 6264: 6256: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6212: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6177:; Lewis, B.; 6176: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6128:9780814774687 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5964: 5962: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5934:0-19-517665-0 5930: 5926: 5925: 5917: 5915: 5899: 5895: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5833: 5831:9781134823949 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5804: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5779: 5773: 5757: 5753: 5747: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5713: 5711:9789068317688 5707: 5703: 5702: 5694: 5686: 5684:9789068317688 5680: 5676: 5675: 5667: 5660: 5655: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5617: 5611: 5595: 5588: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5551: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5501: 5495: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5477:(1340–1400), 5476: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5455: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5373: 5368: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5332: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5298: 5296: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5250:. 24 May 2022 5249: 5245: 5239: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5215:The Economist 5212: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5175: 5169:, p. 202 5168: 5163: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5145: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5117:Vintage Books 5114: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5071: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5037: 5036:United States 5031: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4942:Shame culture 4940: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4754: 4749: 4745:, and Russia 4743: 4737: 4732: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4655: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4613:Changi Prison 4610: 4606: 4603: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4587: 4586:Domineque Ray 4582: 4573: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4543: 4538: 4536: 4528: 4527:John Christie 4524: 4523:Timothy Evans 4519: 4514: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4379:Changi Prison 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4289:right to life 4280: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4265: 4264:Immanuel Kant 4261: 4258:'s Professor 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4191: 4190:brutalization 4185: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4077:of Singapore) 4076: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4042:Yong Vui Kong 4039: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4007: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3941: 3934:Capital crime 3931: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3738:North Savonia 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3661:Rizana Nafeek 3657: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3539:German Empire 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3485: 3476: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3431: 3421: 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Sir 2393: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2346:Emperor Shōmu 2339: 2338:Emperor Shōmu 2335: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2278:hotly debated 2275: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2168: 2159: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2111:nation states 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1999:proselytising 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874:early caliphs 1871: 1867: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1819: 1814: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 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687:Serial killer 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 652:Mass stabbing 650: 648: 647:Mass shooting 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 616: 613: 612: 611: 608: 604: 601: 600: 599: 596: 594: 593:Honor killing 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 548:Assassination 546: 545: 544: 543: 542: 536: 535: 532: 529: 528: 525: 522: 521: 517: 516: 506: 501: 499: 494: 492: 487: 486: 484: 483: 476: 471: 468: 463: 458: 455: 450: 447: 444: Not in 442: 439: 434: 433: 431: 430: 424: 419: 414: 413: 411: 410: 406: 405: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 378: 377: 373: 372: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 294: 293: 289: 288: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 263: 259: 256: 255: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 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13483: 13398: 13378:Jared Carter 13339:Reprieve.org 13254: 13251:Charles Lane 13099: 13065: 13056: 13041:by removing 13028: 12998: 12981: 12973: 12946: 12923: 12914: 12889: 12885: 12865: 12846: 12825: 12801: 12780: 12754: 12750: 12742: 12723: 12711: 12665: 12661: 12652: 12591: 12563: 12553:Bibliography 12526: 12522: 12516: 12507: 12498: 12486:. 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Dublin: 13168:Supporting 12389:22 January 12353:25 January 11977:8 December 11907:30 January 11622:Yahoo News 10201:25 January 10116:Justia.com 10013:Justia.com 9869:11 October 9841:11 October 9811:11 October 8667:5 February 8412:10 January 8049:Gallup.com 7867:Al Jazeera 7849:Kyodo News 7825:. BBC News 7457:Al Jazeera 7332:3 December 7050:Britannica 6929:死刑制度に関する資料 6826:10 October 6720:19 January 6715:Al Jazeera 6335:2017956010 5762:27 October 5736:26 October 5198:execution. 5093:HeinOnline 5067:References 5059:retain it. 4996:including 4725:abolished 4712:moratorium 4561:Volunteers 4511:See also: 4460:The Lancet 4430:guillotine 4392:High Court 4318:Blackstone 4212:See also: 4182:See also: 4167:brigandage 4150:Witchcraft 4122:Religious 4111:Separatism 4059:See also: 3999:moratorium 3997:imposed a 3991:Kho Jabing 3630:jus cogens 3445:Bangladesh 3428:See also: 3382:Kazakhstan 3363:moratorium 3082:Bangladesh 2747:Al Jazeera 2644:By country 2503:San Marino 2460:penal code 2327:See also: 2241:Mao Zedong 2196:decimation 2084:Modern era 1979:Samaritans 1736:foreigners 1663:Protagoras 1447:bestiality 1419:blood feud 1376:mazzatello 1372:impalement 1332:pre-modern 1328:deterrence 1320:dissidents 1310:Anarchist 1210:kidnapping 1206:recidivism 1174:war crimes 1159:aggravated 939:Gendercide 879:Sororicide 874:Fratricide 848:Prolicide 839:Mariticide 834:Familicide 798:Euthanasia 345:Recidivism 219:Guidelines 184:Sentencing 169:Not proven 159:Conviction 104:Jury trial 89:Fair trial 17732:ownership 17681:At school 17643:Corporate 17387:Surrogacy 17261:Obscenity 17198:Ownership 17053:Ayahuasca 16928:in the US 16904:in the US 16734:Last meal 16729:Juveniles 16493:Tennessee 16383:Louisiana 16246:Wisconsin 16211:Tennessee 16116:Minnesota 16091:Louisiana 15769:Australia 15680:Venezuela 15625:Argentina 15509:Greenland 15424:Nicaragua 15399:Guatemala 15092:Mauritius 14840:West Bank 14832:Palestine 14687:Hong Kong 14641:Palestine 14566:Sri Lanka 14561:Singapore 14441:Indonesia 14277:Gibraltar 14096:Lithuania 13855:Last meal 13828:Death row 13730:Gibbeting 13604:Beheading 13427:Q28925851 13419:0081-4776 13411:2262/7759 13393:(1850). 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1182:genocide 1108:shooting 1037:sentence 966:Regicide 961:Omnicide 956:Genocide 944:Femicide 929:Democide 903:Senicide 852:Filicide 637:Lynching 524:Homicide 398:Evidence 232:Totality 209:Periodic 17720:Slavery 17703:Smoking 17676:At home 16975:Alcohol 16963:alcohol 16952:Working 16889:Driving 16874:Consent 16550:By year 16535:Wyoming 16515:Vermont 16413:Montana 16363:Indiana 16348:Georgia 16338:Florida 16308:Arizona 16303:Alabama 16251:Wyoming 16226:Vermont 16131:Montana 16071:Indiana 16051:Georgia 16046:Florida 16016:Arizona 16006:Alabama 15935:Tokelau 15834:Vanuatu 15675:Uruguay 15650:Ecuador 15630:Bolivia 15504:Curaçao 15489:Bonaire 15484:Bermuda 15414:Jamaica 15394:Grenada 15349:Bahamas 15268:Réunion 15264:Mayotte 15255:Madeira 15250:(Spain) 15246:Melilla 15177:Tunisia 15147:Somalia 15132:Senegal 15117:Nigeria 15107:Namibia 15097:Morocco 15062:Liberia 15057:Lesotho 15007:Eritrea 14977:Comoros 14952:Burundi 14927:Algeria 14822:Lebanon 14782:Bahrain 14606:Vietnam 14521:Myanmar 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