Pseudohistory - Knowledge

47: 94: 896: 311:. The pejorative sense of the term, labelling a flawed or disingenuous work of historiography, is found in another 1815 attestation. Pseudohistory is akin to pseudoscience in that both forms of falsification are achieved using the methodology that purports to, but does not, adhere to the established standards of research for the given field of intellectual enquiry of which the pseudoscience claims to be a part, and which offers little or no supporting evidence for its plausibility. 2214:(2010), 226–229: "There is, however, a psychological or anthropological question to be answered about our consumption of pseudo-history and pseudoscience. I have now plowed through enough of these books to be able to state that, as a genre, they are badly written and, in their anxiety to establish their dubious neo-scholarly credentials, incredibly tedious. … Why do we read bad history books that have the added lack of distinction of not being in any way true or useful …" 128: 494: 1779:, p. 234. "Maintaining that 'the best defence is a good offence', the new strategy involved accusing Armenians in response for perpetrating genocide against the Turks. The violence committed by the Armenian committees under the Russian occupation of Eastern Anatolia and massacring of tens of thousands of Muslims (Turks and Kurds) in revenge killings in 1916–17 was extravagantly displayed, magnified and decontextualized." 2227:: "... Shakespeare scholars regard Oxfordianism as pseudo-scholarship which arbitrarily discards the methods used by real historians. ... In order to support their beliefs, Oxfordians resort to a number of tactics which will be familiar to observers of other forms of pseudo-history and pseudo-science." 732:

refers to a false interpretation of records, namely physical ones, often by unqualified or otherwise amateur archeologists. These interpretations are often baseless and seldom align with established consensus. Nazi archaeology is a prominent example of this technique. Frequently, people who engage in

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Mainstream historians have categorized psychohistory as pseudohistory. Psychohistory is an amalgam of psychology, history, and related social sciences and the humanities. Its stated goal is to examine the "why" of history, especially the difference between stated intention and actual behavior. It

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is a pseudohistorical ideology which argues that all languages are descended from a form of proto-Turkish. The theory may have been partially devised in order to legitimize Arabic and Semitic loanwords occurring in the Turkish language by instead asserting that the Arabic and Semitic words were

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define pseudohistory as "the rewriting of the past for present personal or political purposes". Other writers take a broader definition; Douglas Allchin, a historian of science, contends that when the history of scientific discovery is presented in a simplified way, with drama exaggerated and

847:, were built by a single ancient supercivilization, which Hancock claims thrived from 15,000 to 10,000 BC and possessed technological and scientific knowledge equal to or surpassing that of modern civilization. He first advanced the full form of this argument in his 1995 bestseller 1394:. Scholars point to overwhelming evidence that Stalin directly helped plan mass killings, that many prisoners were sent to gulags or executed extrajudicially, and that many prisoners did no productive work, often being isolated in remote camps or given pointless and menial tasks. 355:

Often maintains that history is nothing but mythmaking and that different histories are not to be compared on such traditional academic standards as accuracy, empirical probability, logical consistency, relevancy, completeness, fairness or honesty, but on moral or political

187:, and usage of the terms may occasionally overlap. Although pseudohistory comes in many forms, scholars have identified many features that tend to be common in pseudohistorical works; one example is that the use of pseudohistory is almost always motivated by a contemporary 2201:, James Alan Downie and J. T. Parnell, eds. (2000, 2001), paperback ed., 88–101; 100: "The possibility that Shakespeare may not really be Shakespeare, comic in the context of literary history and pseudo-history, is understandable in this world of double-agents . . ." 469:, which claims that recorded history actually began around AD 800 and all events that allegedly occurred prior to that point either never really happened at all or are simply inaccurate retellings of events that happened later. One of its outgrowths is the 3983:) states that "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus' or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary." in 1456:

of Nazareth never existed as a historical figure and that his existence was invented by early Christians. This argument currently finds very little support among scholars and historians of all faiths and has been described as pseudohistorical.

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pseudoarchaeology have a very strict interpretation of evidence and are unwilling to alter their stance, resulting in interpretations that often appear overly simplistic and fail to capture the complexity and nuance of the complete narrative.

1497:. Mainstream historians have widely panned the book, categorizing it as pseudohistory, and pointing out that the genealogical tables used in it are now known to be spurious. Nonetheless, the book was an international best-seller and inspired 1251:

power structures, and thus be misidentified as matriarchal. The idea that matriarchal societies existed and they preceded patriarchal societies was first raised in the 19th-century among Western academics, but it has since been discredited.

787:, which claims that ancient visitors from outer space constructed the pyramids and other monuments. He has since published other books in which he makes similar claims. These claims have all been categorized as pseudohistory. Similarly, 3716:"The view of matriarchy as constituting a stage of cultural development now is generally discredited. Furthermore, the consensus among modern anthropologists and sociologists is that a strictly matriarchal society never existed." 443:

The following are some common categories of pseudohistorical theory, with examples. Not all theories in a listed category are necessarily pseudohistorical; they are rather categories that seem to attract pseudohistorians.

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states: "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church’s imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that anymore." in

226:, insisting that there is really no such thing as historical truth and that any hypothesis is just as good as any other. Many works of pseudohistory conflate mere possibility with actuality, assuming that if something 4724: 4798: 1766:, pp. 65–66. "Some of the proponents of this official narrative have even gone so far as to claim that the Armenians were the real aggressors, and that Muslim losses were greater than those of the Armenians." 774:(1955), which became "instant bestsellers", demonstrated that pseudohistory based on ancient mythology held potential for tremendous financial success and became models of success for future works in the genre. 351:

Often denies that there is such a thing as historical truth, clinging to the extreme skeptical notion that only what is absolutely certain can be called 'true' and nothing is absolutely certain, so nothing is

1753:. The purpose of the publication is not only to reiterate all previous denials but also to demonstrate that it was in fact the Turkish people who were the victims of a genocide perpetrated by the Armenians." 1218:

The consensus among academics is that no unambiguously and strictly matriarchal society is known to have existed, though many societies are known to have or have had some matriarchal features, in particular

5943: 4773: 532:, a pseudohistorical work purporting to describe the ancient history and origins of the British people. The book synthesises earlier Celtic mythical traditions to inflate the deeds of the mythical 3447:

Svetozar Rajak, Konstantina E. Botsiou, Eirini Karamouzi, Evanthis Hatzivassiliou ed. The Balkans in the Cold War. Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World, Springer, 2017,

1088:, also known as Anglo-Israelism, the most famous example of this type, has been conclusively refuted by mainstream historians using evidence from a vast array of different fields of study. 2122:(1995), Rohl argues that the conventionally accepted dates for strata such as the Middle and Late Bronze Ages in Palestine are wrong" – in Daniel Jacobs, Shirley Eber, Francesca Silvani, 345:

Is neither critical nor skeptical in its reading of ancient historians, taking their claims at face value and ignoring empirical or logical evidence contrary to the claims of the ancients

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The Iğdır genocide monument is the ultimate caricature of the Turkish government's policy of denying the 1915 genocide by rewriting history and transforming victims into guilty parties.

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program have a periodic popularity in the US: "In a pop culture with a short memory and a voracious appetite, aliens and pyramids and lost civilizations are recycled like fashions."

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visited Earth in ancient times in search of gold, and that they genetically engineered humans to serve as their slaves. He claims that memories of these occurrences are recorded in

3955:(an atheist who denies the existence of Jesus) agrees that this perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars: Robert M. Price "Jesus at the Vanishing Point" in 1243:, features shared by nearly all current human societies) includes men being the "dominant element" in public political affairs, which is the contemporary opinion of mainstream 1127:

often replace the ethnonym "Bulgarians" with "Macedonians", or avoid it. North Macedonian scholars say the theory is intended to forge a national identity distinct from modern

1297:, most theories of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact have been classified as pseudohistory, including claims that the Americas were actually discovered by Arabs or Muslims. 373:

prefers the term "cryptohistory". He identifies two necessary elements as "a complete ignorance of the primary sources" and the repetition of "inaccuracies and wild claims".

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Often maintains that there is a conspiracy to suppress its claims because of racism, atheism or ethnocentrism, or because of opposition to its political or religious agenda

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in late 10th and early 11th centuries AD, is presented as "Macedonian", ruling a "medieval Macedonian state", because its capitals were located in what was previously the

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Ortiz de Montellano, Bernardo & Gabriel Haslip Viera & Warren Barbour (1997). "They were NOT here before Columbus: Afrocentric hyper-diffusionism in the 1990s".

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is a revised sequence of events that deviates from the standard timeline of world history accepted by mainstream scholars. An example of an "alternative chronology" is

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is a fraudulent work purporting to show a historical conspiracy for world domination by Jews. The work was conclusively proven to be a forgery in August 1921, when

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Is selective in its use of ancient documents, citing favorably those that fit with its agenda, and ignoring or interpreting away those documents which do not fit

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scientists romanticized, this creates wrong stereotypes about how science works, and in fact constitutes pseudohistory, despite being based on real facts.

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existed in ancient India. Many new age pseudohistorians who focus on converting mythological stories into history are well received among the crowd.

2797: 4849: 3203: 1330:(1826). The book is regarded by modern critics as one of the earliest works of modern American pseudohistory. Priest attacked Native Americans in 1161:

than that which they actually enjoyed. Dacianist historiography claims that the Dacians held primacy over all other civilizations, including the

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wrote around 1190 that "it is quite clear that everything this man wrote about Arthur and his successors, or indeed about his predecessors from

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has sold over four million copies of books promoting the pseudohistorical thesis that all the major monuments of the ancient world, including

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Is on a mission, not a quest, seeking to support some contemporary political or religious agenda rather than find out the truth about the past

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The arbitrary linking of disparate events so as to form – in the theorist's opinion – a pattern. This is typically then developed into a

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Sykes, Stephen W. (2007). "Paul's understanding of the death of Jesus". Sacrifice and Redemption. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36.

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or denialism specifically aims to outright deny the existence of confirmed events, often including various massacres, genocides, and

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Anastas Vangeli, Nation-building ancient Macedonian style: the origins and the effects of the so-called antiquization in Macedonia.

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Furthermore, similar conspiracy theories promote the idea of embellished, fabricated accounts of historical civilizations, namely

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to be an anachronistic invention of Joseph Smith, many members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)

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is a Romanian pseudohistorical current that attempts to attribute far more influence over European and world history to the

5360: 1307:, which argues for the idea that Chinese sailors discovered America, has also been categorized as a work of pseudohistory. 470: 4672: 2381: 2826:

Nationalist Imaginings of the Russian Past: Anatolii Fomenko and the Rise of Alternative History in Post-Communist Russia

2636: 2491: 1419: 1288: 901: 803:, as well as other mythologies all across the globe. These speculations have likewise been categorized as pseudohistory. 424:, or "law office history", evidence that helps the historical argument being made and suppressing evidence that hurts it. 4799:"Examination of 'pseudohistory' and how to uncover trustworthy accounts focus of next Modern China Lecture | CSUSB News" 721:

and humanities to understand the emotional origin of the behavior of individuals, groups and nations, past and present.

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nation. Mainstream historians instead support the traditional position, which holds that the American founding fathers

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Courses critiquing pseudohistory are offered as undergraduate courses in liberal arts settings, one example being in

1124: 1046: 1042: 741:(These following examples can belong to a variety of the above mentioned categories, or ones not mentioned as well). 506:, a scene from which is shown in this fifteenth-century illumination, was a popular work of pseudohistory during the 409:

Hypothesising the consequences of unlikely events that "could" have happened, thereby assuming tacitly that they did.

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postulating a hidden agent responsible for creating and maintaining the pattern. For example, the pseudohistorical

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Considers the possibility of something being true as sufficient to believe it is true if it fits with one's agenda

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Program in the History of Science and Technology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.

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Merriman, Nick, ed. (2004). "The comforts of unreason: the importance and relevance of alternative archaeology".

553: 1798: 1551:. Murray's claims have now been widely rejected by respected historians. Nonetheless, her ideas have become the 4982: 4017: 3992: 3964: 3452: 1024: 1563:

religion. Belief in Murray's alleged witch-cult is still prevalent among Wiccans, but is gradually declining.

5783: 3175:: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935 3066: 1575:

was technologically advanced to the extent of being a nuclear power is gaining popularity in India. Emerging

1232: 1189: 1186: 950: 792: 595: 587: 238: 100: 2829:. Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society. Vol. 86. Stuttgart, Germany: Ibidem-Verlag. p. 83. 2561: 1366:). Such misuse of Viking history and imagery reemerged in the twentieth century among some groups promoting 5995: 5250: 4205:

Counterknowledge. How We Surrendered to Conspiracy Theories, Quack Medicine, Bogus Science and Fake History

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is a related event when Capt. Anand J. Bodas, retired principal of a pilot training facility, claimed that

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Europe were matriarchies that worshipped a goddess. This belief is not supported by mainstream academics.

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or Ancient Macedonism, which postulates direct demographic, cultural and linguistic continuity between

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is believed to have been influenced by occultism and according to one theory, developed the SS base at

3139:(2006). "Pseudoscience and Postmodernism: Antagonists or Fellow-Travelers?". In Fagan, Garrett (ed.). 2188:(2009) 2nd ed., 3: "In short, this is a history written in opposition to the current prevailing view". 303:, a purportedly historical narrative describing an entirely fictional contest between the Greek poets 5616: 5063: 4481: 2414: 1899: 1656: 1638: 1390:

performed important construction work that helped the Soviet Union economically, particularly during

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and sparked 2018 mass protests there. A particular item of dispute is North Macedonian veneration of

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said the statement was politically motivated because it wrongly places blame for the Holocaust on

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in general are widely categorized as pseudohistory. Major proponents of Holocaust denial include

962: 515: 485:, which claims that the accepted timelines for ancient Egyptian and Israelite history are wrong. 474: 5298: 4072: 1591:, said in January 2017 that it was important to "understand the scientific significance" of the 287: 191:, religious, or personal agenda. Pseudohistory also frequently presents sensational claims or a 6043: 6038: 5813: 5681: 5594: 5569: 5559: 5417: 5120: 4987: 4869: 3976: 3229:"Turkish Linguists against the West: The Origins of Linguistic Nationalism in Atatürk's Turkey" 2750:

Fritze, Ronald H. (November 2009). "On the Perils and Pleasures of Confronting Pseudohistory".

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and other Nazi leaders the idea for the Holocaust. Historians across the world, along with the

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and other nineteenth-century American writers wrote pseudohistorical narratives that portrayed

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Archaeological Fantasies: How pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public

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Archaeological Fantasies: how pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public

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was coined in the early nineteenth century, which makes the word older than the related terms

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Likewise, some minority historian views assert that Muhammad either did not exist or was

1136: 1096: 1073: 867: 760: 755: 565: 561: 537: 331: 3814: 2328:"Selling the Idea of a Christian Nation: David Barton's Alternate Intellectual Universe" 2089: 1830: 1131:, which regards North Macedonia as an artificial nation. The theory is controversial in 293: 5974: 5873: 5848: 5686: 5636: 5511: 5345: 5293: 5180: 5160: 4915: 4630: 4065: 3854: 3849: 3302: 3277: 3126: 3084: 2775: 2101: 1987: 1449: 1443: 1411: 1403: 1236: 1112: 1050: 1028: 859: 750: 218:, often treated as literal historical truth—to support the thesis being promoted while 116: 66: 5313: 3904: 2492:

https://academic.oup.com/book/37362/chapter-abstract/331336915?redirectedFrom=fulltext

1386:, that executions of prisoners were legally justifiable, and that prisoners in Soviet 791:

has published numerous books claiming that a race of extraterrestrial beings from the

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The myth advanced by Joan Peters in her pseudo-historical book , From Time Immemorial

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The ancient astronaut hypothesis was further popularized in the United States by the

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has developed a list of criteria to identify pseudo-historic works. He states that:

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Novikov, S. P. (2000). "Pseudohistory and pseudomathematics: fantasy in our life".

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once existed in the Pacific Ocean has likewise been categorized as pseudohistory.

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also states as its goal the combination of the insights of psychology, especially

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Another example of historical revisionism is the thesis, found in the writings of

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Do Enigma de Rennes-le-Château ao Priorado de Siao – Historia de um Mito Moderno

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Armenian Atrocities in the Caucasus and Anatolia According to Archival Documents

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A large number of nationalist pseudohistorical theories deal with the legendary

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revealed that extensive portions of the document were directly plagiarized from

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Another hallmark of pseudohistory is an underlying premise that scholars have a

5868: 5843: 5833: 5828: 5793: 5788: 5763: 5456: 5397: 5230: 5195: 4993: 4935: 4925: 4403: 3204:"The Utilisation of Historically Revisionist Narratives by the FPÖ and the AfD" 2913: 1666: 1514: 1220: 1140: 1058: 1008: 958: 895: 828: 812: 714: 653:. The myth has also been used to obscure and downplay Irish involvement in the 421: 412: 266: 206:

to suppress the promotor's thesis—a premise commonly corroborated by elaborate

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Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?

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regime portrayed the Dacians as insurgents defying an "imperialist" Rome; the

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Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee

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Supporters of Soviet communist pseudohistory claim, among other things, that

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An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural

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The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during the World War II and the Holocaust

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cult has structural links to Christianity. Dacianism was most prevalent in

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and others, asserting that the United States was founded as an exclusively

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project with the explicit goal of hiding or destroying any evidence of the

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Dietz, Robert S. "Ark-Eology: A Frightening Example of Pseudo-Science" in

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has likewise been placed under this categorization. Among leading Nazis,

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observed that the pseudohistorical claims promoted by von Däniken and the

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is a book that purports to show that certain historical figures, such as

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The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations

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Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence

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and other top Soviet leaders did not realize the scope of mass killings

222:. Sometimes a work of pseudohistory will adopt a position of historical 5968: 5798: 5778: 5773: 5661: 5656: 5631: 5626: 5516: 5451: 5382: 5257: 5225: 5165: 4962: 4748:"Indian prime minister claims genetic science existed in ancient times" 3980: 3256: 3136: 2914:"Uriel's Machine – a Commentary on some of the Astronomical Assertions" 2763: 2305: 2019: 1548: 1247:. Some societies that are matrilineal or matrifocal may in fact have 1213: 1108: 1066: 832: 744: 482: 458: 395: 223: 3088: 2864:

Uriel's Machine – a Commentary on some of the Astronomical Assertions.

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circles, they argue that Jews are an alien element in both Europe and

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and limited government, rather than the preservation and expansion of

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edited by James K. Beilby & Paul Rhodes Eddy, 2009 InterVarsity,

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Ruth Whitehouse. "The Mother Goddess Hypothesis and Its Critics," in

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A Lie and a Libel: The History of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion

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Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum

3529:"Macedonia Agrees to Change Its Name to Resolve Dispute With Greece" 3465:Македонски историк призна: Да, има фалшификации в историографията ни 3418: 3047:"Clarence Walker encourages black Americans to discard Afrocentrism" 2242:"Defending the wall: Maintaining church/state separation in America" 1901:

Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-Religions

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more advanced than today's aircraft existed in ancient India at the

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were actually an attempt by chauvinistic Christians to annihilate a

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believe that it describes ancient historical events in the Americas.

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Treats myths, legends, sagas and similar literature as literal truth

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were actually written by someone other than William Shakespeare of

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Monthly magazine and British register, Volume 55 (February 1823),

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had formally attached "protochronism", as Dacianism was known, to

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during the 1990s and 2000s. The "crypto-history" developed within

5758: 5691: 5601: 5554: 5521: 4725:"Cow only animal to inhale and exhale oxygen: Rajasthan minister" 3781:

Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory

3407:

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 November 2018.

1650: 1610: 1355: 1201: 1158: 1045:) ideas have been identified as pseudohistorical, alongside the " 637:

in the United States to minimize the mistreatment experienced by

192: 164: 5858: 4861: 2563:

Clio and the Doctors: Psycho-History, Quanto-History and History

965:

which conclusively rejects it, this theory has been promoted in

163:, often by employing methods resembling those used in scholarly 5666: 4677:. New York: Kensington Publishing Corporation. pp. 32–35. 3905:"Germany tells Netanyahu: We are responsible for the Holocaust" 1622: 1603: 1282: 1132: 544:

onwards, was made up, partly by himself and partly by others".

308: 215: 176: 138: 3868:Мне говорят, что репрессий в СССР не было. Как с этим спорить? 3750: 3017:

Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory

2438:"Sinn Féin not allowing facts derail good 'Irish slaves' yarn" 2356:"Confronting Civil War Revisionism: Why the South Went To War" 5240: 3847:

Regal, Brian (2019). "Everything Means Something in Viking".

1556: 1494: 1493:, and contemporary aristocrats are the lineal descendants of 1453: 1430:, whom Netanyahu opposes, while implicitly absolving Hitler. 1387: 1174: 1170: 1015:

did not occur, or accounts of them were greatly exaggerated.

1004: 304: 4844: 2464:

Unhappy the Land: The Most Oppressed People Ever, the Irish?

2310:"Dissecting the religious right's favorite Bible Curriculum" 2294:

Boston Theological Institute Newsletter Volume XXXIV, No. 17

38:

Pseudoscholarship that attempts to distort historical record

4605:

A New History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics and Pagans

3704:(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), p. 137. 3497:"Who Owns Alexander the Great? It's a Diplomatic Minefield" 2316:, American Humanist Association. Retrieved on April 9, 2013 1719:

Turkey and the Armenian Ghost: On the Trail of the Genocide

1592: 1144: 840: 586:

Confederate revisionists (a.k.a. Civil War revisionists), "

519: 270: 211: 2407:"Howard Swint: Confederate revisionism warps U.S. history" 1018: 297:. In an attestation from 1815, it is used to refer to the 3387:

Christian Zionism: Navigating the Jewish-Christian Border

3299:

Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew

473:

conspiracy theory. Other, less extreme examples, are the

1326:

in an extremely negative light. Priest's first book was

927:

The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu

3358:

Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005).

2124:

Israel and The Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide

195:

about historical facts which would require unwarranted

4674:

The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism

1259:

assert that a matriarchy preceded the patriarchy. The

1077:

derived from the Turkish ones rather than vice versa.

406:

in an attempt to identify lineal descendants of Jesus.

3928:

In a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship,

4122: 3477:"Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него" 3242:(6). London: Frank Cass & Co (Routledge): 1–25. 1619:

Indian Science Congress ancient aircraft controversy

1513:

Although historians and archaeologists consider the

853:, which won popular acclaim, but scholarly disdain. 745:

Ancient aliens, ancient technologies, and lost lands

736: 522:, became widely circulated. In the twelfth century, 4666: 4664: 4662: 4099:

Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: Entries A–J

2566:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 3. 2531: 2314:

Americans United for Separation of Church and State

1602:told a gathering of doctors and medical staff at a 376:Other common characteristics of pseudohistory are: 4278:Etchegoin, Marie-France; Lenoir, Frédéric (2004). 4064: 3778: 3597:. Bucharest, Romania: Humanitas. pp. 160–161. 2126:, p. 424 (Rough Guides Ltd., 2nd rev. ed., 1998). 1587:, the education minister for the western state of 1583:in the political arena promote these discussions. 1338:(1843). Other nineteenth-century writers, such as 514:In the eighth century, a forged document known as 4062: 3785:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2637:"What did the Nazis have to do with archaeology?" 2270:"House Passes, Considers Evangelical Resolutions" 1755:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHovannisian2001 ( 1373: 1091:Another nationalistic pseudohistorical theory is 581:intended for church and state to be kept separate 107:ideology which falsely claims that the spread of 6030: 4670: 4659: 4602: 4307: 4095: 3816:American Antiquities and Discoveries in the West 3489: 3487: 3485: 3357: 2534:Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory 2532:Sa'di, Ahmad H.; Abu-Lughod, Lila (2007-04-10). 2210:Aaronovitch, David. "The anti-Stratfordians" in 2024:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons (2003), p. 305. 1332:American Antiquities and Discoveries of the West 625:. This myth, which was historically promoted by 4625: 4623: 4603:Russell, Jeffrey B.; Alexander, Brooks (2007), 4562: 4560: 4558: 4443:Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction 4277: 4012:by Richard A. Burridge and Graham Gould (2004) 3799:The Wonders of Nature, and Providence Displayed 3613: 3177:. Wellingborough, England: The Aquarian Press. 2598:. In Kramer Lloyd S. and Maza, Sarah C. (ed.). 1768:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCheterian2015 ( 1716: 1433: 1328:The Wonders of Nature and Providence, Displayed 4508: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4129:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 14–16. 2264: 2046:, p. 225 (Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2005 ed.). 1927: 1781:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGürpınar2016 ( 1039:Pre-Columbian Africa-Americas contact theories 665:While closely related to previous categories, 4902:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 4877: 4745: 4502: 3970: 3521: 3519: 3482: 3361:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3226: 2962: 2685: 2379: 1860:, Volume 1 ed. Tobias George Smollett, 1815, 1858:The Critical review: or, Annals of literature 1526:have also been categorized as pseudohistory. 171:is applied to pseudohistory derived from the 159:that attempts to distort or misrepresent the 4635:"Margaret Murray: Who Believed Her and Why?" 4620: 4555: 4522:Unexplained Phenomena: A Rough Guide Special 4371: 3751:"Did Muslims Visit America Before Columbus?" 3419:"Nationalistic Pseudohistory in the Balkans" 2990:, University of Nebraska Press, p. 97, 2975: 2718: 2467:. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. p. 19. 2353: 1717:Marchand, Laure; Perrier, Guillaume (2015). 1283:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories 949:that postulates the belief that the bulk of 884: 4671:Rabinovitch, Shelley; Lewis, James (2002). 4341: 4089: 3985:Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3525: 3009: 3007: 2791: 2789: 2066:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2018. p. 168. 1934:. Oakland: University of California Press. 1742: 911:The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion 598:'s prime motivation was the maintenance of 488: 452: 276: 69:. This was one of the earliest attempts at 4884: 4870: 4607:, London: Thames and Hudson, p. 154, 4265:La Table d'Isis ou Le Secret de la Lumière 4056: 3998: 3686:harvp error: no target: CITEREFEller2000 ( 3516: 2743: 2624:Psychohistory for the Twenty-First Century 2602:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 337–357. 2536:. Columbia University Press. p. 304. 1467: 428: 338:Pseudohistory is purported history which: 233:Notable examples of pseudohistory include 143:Armenians committed genocide against Turks 6010:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 5951:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 4650: 4402: 4372:Laura Miller (2006). Dan Burstein (ed.). 4116: 3922: 3557:"Whose Is Macedonia, Whose Is Alexander?" 3416: 3389:. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books. p. 151. 3255: 3201: 3060: 2931: 2600:A Companion to Western Historical Thought 1923: 1921: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1763: 1694:. Harvard University Press. p. 127. 1304:1421: The Year China Discovered the World 866:The claim that a lost continent known as 660: 633:, has in the modern-day been promoted by 560:that claims that the works attributed to 547: 220:ignoring valid sources that contradict it 4578:. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 4327:. Cornell University Press. p. 19. 4262: 4201: 3934:Forged : writing in the name of God 3776: 3761: 3555:Willi, Andreas (October–November 2009). 3333:. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 3013: 3004: 2874: 2786: 2247:Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 1928:Shermer, Michael; Grobman, Alex (2009). 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1776: 1397: 894: 857:has published numerous books, including 492: 5915:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 4771: 4629: 4566: 4231:Histoire du Trésor de Rennes-le-Château 4149: 4071:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 3878: 3595:Istorie și mit în conștiința românească 3493: 3384: 2712: 2460: 2287: 2236: 2075: 1954: 1541:witch trials in the early modern period 1310: 1019:Ethnocentric or nationalist revisionism 717:, with the research methodology of the 14: 6031: 4700:"The Threat of Pseudoscience in India" 4352: 4322: 4247: 4228: 3829: 3812: 3795: 3727: 3324: 2911: 2822: 2795: 2749: 2679: 2559: 2325: 2296:, Richard V. Pierard, January 25, 2005 2064:American Dialogue: The Founders and Us 1918: 1897: 1632: 1358:history to promote the superiority of 4865: 4697: 4470: 4436: 4295:Les sources secrètes du Da Vinci Code 3846: 3712: 3710: 3682: 3554: 3135: 3101: 3075:(2). Duke University Press: 199–234. 2981: 2660: 1866: 1827:Ringan Gilhaize: Or, The Covenanters 1069:in accordance with an esoteric plan. 77:was still ongoing. Scholars consider 4292: 3836:. Albany: C. van Bethuysen & Co. 3657: 3645: 3607: 3592: 2963:Philip Graves (August 16–18, 1921). 2688:"The Myth of a Sumerian 12th Planet" 2593: 1708: 1684: 724: 4409:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology 4308:Sanchez Da Motta, Bernardo (2005). 3833:Slavery, As It Relates to the Negro 3526:Kitsantonis, Niki (June 12, 2018). 3102:Nanda, Meera (January–March 2005). 3044: 2435: 2197:Potter, Lois. "Marlowe onstage" in 2172:The History of the Kings of Britain 1420:Palestinian Liberation Organization 1384:perpetrated under the Stalin regime 1336:Slavery, As It Relates to the Negro 1289:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact 902:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 609:Connected to the Lost Cause is the 24: 5964:James Randi Educational Foundation 4353:Miller, Laura (22 February 2004). 4150:Dickson, John (24 December 2012). 3707: 2380:Barrett Brown (27 December 2010). 2319: 2299: 2169: 1984:10.1023/B:SCED.0000025563.35883.e9 1799:"Joseph Goebbels On the "Big Lie"" 1295:Norse colonization of the Americas 447: 326: 141:promotes the false narrative that 135:Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum 25: 6065: 4891: 4830:"Pseudohistory and Pseudoscience" 4823: 4746:Maseeh Rahman (28 October 2014). 4731:. 16 January 2017. Archived from 4355:"The Last Word; The Da Vinci Con" 4256:The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail 4250:Les Archives de Rennes-le-Château 3735:Handbook of Gender in Archaeology 3673:(William Morrow & Co., 1973). 3494:Higgins, Andrew (June 19, 2024). 3202:Kristkoiz, Suzanne (2021-04-21). 2965:"The truth about "The Protocols"" 2939:"Protocols of the Elders of Zion" 1957:"Pseudohistory and pseudoscience" 1547:, which she claimed worshipped a 1474:The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail 1173:and all other languages, such as 1043:Ancient Egyptian race controversy 737:Various examples of pseudohistory 387:The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail 5361:Strauss–Howe generational theory 5339:Moon landing conspiracy theories 5136:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity 4791: 4772:Lakshmi, Rama (4 January 2015). 4765: 4739: 4717: 4698:Kumar, Ruchi (12 October 2018). 4691: 4596: 4542: 4464: 4430: 4396: 4365: 4316: 4301: 4286: 4271: 4241: 4222: 4195: 3957:The Historical Jesus: Five Views 2199:Constructing Christopher Marlowe 1579:trends and ideologies based on 1532:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 1402:In 2015, Israeli Prime Minister 1334:(1833) and African-Americans in 701: 402:Frankish dynasty and the artist 269:was not committed by the Soviet 126: 92: 45: 5989:The Natural History of Quackery 5931:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 4169: 4143: 4039: 4023: 3946: 3897: 3872: 3861: 3840: 3823: 3806: 3789: 3743: 3737:, Sarah Milledge Nelson (ed.), 3694: 3676: 3671:The Inevitability of Patriarchy 3663: 3651: 3639: 3601: 3586: 3548: 3469: 3458: 3441: 3410: 3393: 3378: 3351: 3318: 3288: 3227:Aytürk, İlker (November 2004). 3220: 3195: 3161: 3095: 3038: 2956: 2905: 2868: 2856: 2843: 2816: 2719:Carroll, Robert T (1994–2009). 2654: 2629: 2616: 2587: 2553: 2525: 2481: 2454: 2429: 2413:. June 15, 2011. Archived from 2399: 2373: 2347: 2258: 2230: 2217: 2204: 2191: 2178: 2163: 2136: 2112: 2098:10.1070/RM2000v055n02ABEH000287 2069: 2056: 2036: 2027: 2012: 1606:hospital that the story of the 1354:, seized upon false notions of 991:and others, who argue that the 554:Shakespeare authorship question 529:History of the Kings of Britain 503:History of the Kings of Britain 2796:Fritze, Ronald (8 July 2009). 2354:David Barton (December 2008). 2184:Hope, Warren and Kim Holston. 2033:Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 224, 225 1948: 1851: 1842:Remains of Hesiod the Ascraean 1834: 1825:, in reference to John Galt, 1815: 1791: 1678: 1374:Soviet communist pseudohistory 1271:as evidence that societies of 1025:Historiography and nationalism 179:. Pseudohistory is related to 13: 1: 6049:Barriers to critical thinking 4652:10.1080/0015587x.1994.9715877 4258:as a "monument of mediocrity" 4123:Robert E. Van Voorst (2000). 3621:"Doar o vorbă SĂȚ-I mai spun" 3329:Encyclopedia of Protestantism 3014:Lipstadt, Deborah E. (1994). 1672: 1462:not central to founding Islam 1207: 963:mainstream academic consensus 596:Confederate States of America 536:. The contemporary historian 261:, the 16th- and 17th-century 239:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 101:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 5996:The Psychology of the Occult 5251:Traditional Chinese medicine 5126:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills 4983:Superseded scientific theory 4850:"The Restoration of History" 3879:Botelho, Greg (2015-10-21). 3853:. Vol. 43, no. 6. 3819:. Albany: Hoffman and White. 3802:. Albany: E & E Hosford. 3627:(in Romanian). 26 March 1996 3405:10.1080/00905992.2010.532775 2326:Harvey, Paul (10 May 2011). 2078:Russian Mathematical Surveys 1803:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 1653: – Propaganda technique 1529:In her books, starting with 1434:Anti-religious pseudohistory 1121:ancient kingdom of Macedonia 230:have happened, then it did. 7: 5607:Electronic voice phenomenon 5464:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 5324:Chemtrail conspiracy theory 4293:Bedu, Jean-Jacques (2005). 4263:Chaumeil, Jean-Luc (1994). 3385:Shapiro, Faydra L. (2015). 3364:. Oxford University Press. 3248:10.1080/0026320042000282856 3020:. New York: Plume. p. 2982:Segel, Binjamin W (1996) , 2823:Sheiko, Konstantin (2012). 2225:Shakespeare Authorship Page 2186:The Shakespeare Controversy 1644: 1566: 1255:Despite this however, some 1125:North Macedonian historians 934:'s 1868 anti-Semitic novel 924:'s 1864 satirical dialogue 300:Contest of Homer and Hesiod 10: 6070: 6003:The Ragged Edge of Science 5734:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff 5677:Pseudoscientific metrology 5201:Miracle Mineral Supplement 4406:; Beck, Charlotte (1996). 4378:. Vanguard Press. p. 4181:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 4063:Mark Allan Powell (1998). 3777:Williams, Stephen (1991). 3325:Melton, J. Gordon (2005). 3173:The Occult Roots of Nazism 2661:Fagan, Garrett G. (1963). 2274:www.baltimorechronicle.com 2149:Columbia Journalism Review 2044:The Occult Roots of Nazism 2042:Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, 1904:. London: Reaktion Books. 1898:Fritze, Ronald H. (2009). 1829:, Oliver & Boyd, 1823. 1662:Pseudoscientific metrology 1437: 1362:(as well as to oppose the 1286: 1211: 1022: 961:) origin. In spite of the 888: 748: 705: 432: 199:of the historical record. 81:to be an integral part of 26: 5923: 5887: 5714: 5617:Facilitated communication 5547: 5477: 5281: 5016: 5003: 4908: 4899: 4482:Santa Barbara, California 4267:. Editions Guy Trédaniel. 4202:Thompson, Damian (2008). 4096:James L. Houlden (2003). 3573:10.5184/00098353.105.1.59 3417:Todorović, Miloš (2019). 3208:E-International Relations 3123:10.1080/02691720500084358 3049:. Davis Community Network 2665:. Routledge. p. 27. 1639:Claremont McKenna College 1265:The Chalice and the Blade 1237:human cultural universals 1181:; and sometimes that the 885:Antisemitic pseudohistory 655:transatlantic slave trade 649:) and oppose demands for 615:Irish indentured servants 265:, and the claim that the 145:, rather than vice versa. 73:, taking place while the 6017:The Skeptic's Dictionary 5575:Biological transmutation 5495:Faster-than-light travel 5469:Enneagram of Personality 5435:Recovered-memory therapy 5319:9/11 conspiracy theories 4323:Morley, Neville (1999). 4280:Code Da Vinci: L'Enquête 3168:Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke 3104:"Response to my critics" 2912:Tonkin, Stephen (2003). 2853:, Routledge, 2004 p. 260 2849:Merriman, Nick, editor, 2729:The Skeptic's Dictionary 2560:Barzun, Jacques (1989). 2021:The skeptic's dictionary 1657:List of pseudohistorians 1428:Palestinian nationalists 1352:The Goths in New England 1049:" theories published by 850:Fingerprints of the Gods 682:Armenian Genocide denial 489:Historical falsification 453:Alternative chronologies 371:Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke 277:Definition and etymology 251:Armenian genocide denial 27:Not to be confused with 5982:The Demon-Haunted World 5900:Bourgeois pseudoscience 5334:COVID-19 misinformation 5273:Young blood transfusion 5044:Anthroposophic medicine 4552:38:9 (Sept. 1993) p. 4. 4448:Oxford University Press 4414:Oxford University Press 4325:Writing Ancient History 4248:Jarnac, Pierre (1988). 4229:Jarnac, Pierre (1985). 3830:Priest, Josiah (1843). 3813:Priest, Josiah (1835). 3796:Priest, Josiah (1826). 3718:Encyclopædia Britannica 3660:, pp. 120, 154–156 2731:. John Wiley & Sons 1976:2004Sc&Ed..13..179A 1964:Science & Education 1627:Indian Science Congress 1535:(1921), English author 1524:Searches for Noah's Ark 1501:'s bestselling mystery 1468:Religious pseudohistory 1440:Bible conspiracy theory 516:Donation of Constantine 475:phantom time hypothesis 429:Categories and examples 5814:Corentin Louis Kervran 5682:Rapid prompting method 5570:Biodynamic agriculture 5560:Aquatic ape hypothesis 5418:Historical negationism 5121:Doctrine of signatures 4988:True-believer syndrome 3987:by Michael Grant 2004 3236:Middle Eastern Studies 2943:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 2721:"Zecharia Sitchin and 2622:Paul H. Elovitz, Ed., 2461:Kennedy, Liam (2015). 2018:Carroll, Robert Todd. 1545:secret, pagan religion 1117:First Bulgarian Empire 906: 676:Some examples include 667:historical negationism 661:Historical negationism 548:Historical revisionism 511: 435:Historical negationism 368: 29:Counterfactual history 5819:The Light (newspaper) 5804:William Donald Kelley 5697:Voice stress analysis 5329:Climate change denial 5268:Wind turbine syndrome 5263:Vertebral subluxation 5156:Germ theory denialism 4297:. Editions du Rocher. 4252:. Editions Belisane. 3593:Boia, Lucian (1997). 3561:The Classical Journal 2918:The Astronomical Unit 2752:Historically Speaking 2411:Charleston Daily Mail 1398:Israeli pseudohistory 1257:second-wave feminists 898: 784:Chariots of the Gods? 496: 433:Further information: 336: 5809:Robert F. Kennedy Jr 5769:Ignatius L. Donnelly 5440:Past life regression 5299:Arabian Judah theory 5246:Traditional medicine 5039:Alternative medicine 4968:Pathological science 4840:Skeptic's Dictionary 3045:Sherwin, Elisabeth. 2723:The Earth Chronicles 2144:"Before Jon Stewart" 1955:Allchin, D. (2004). 1725:. pp. 111–112. 1723:McGill-Queen's Press 1348:George Perkins Marsh 1340:Thomas Gold Appleton 1311:Racist pseudohistory 1111:medieval dynasty of 899:American edition of 816:. History professor 691:From Time Immemorial 524:Geoffrey of Monmouth 498:Geoffrey of Monmouth 263:Spanish Black Legend 259:clean Wehrmacht myth 75:genocide of the Jews 5905:Demarcation problem 5739:Brigitte Boisselier 5368:Hollow Earth theory 5351:Generational theory 5049:Applied kinesiology 4778:The Washington Post 4631:Simpson, Jacqueline 4528:. pp. 179–83. 4446:. Oxford, England: 4412:. Oxford, England: 4375:Secrets of the Code 4005:Richard A. Burridge 3295:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 3111:Social Epistemology 2700:on 20 November 2008 2686:Michael S. Heiser. 2594:Hunt, Lynn (2002). 2417:on 31 December 2013 2333:Religion Dispatches 2268:(14 January 2008). 2090:2000RuMaS..55..365N 1633:As a topic of study 1577:extreme nationalist 1491:Godfrey of Bouillon 1263:and Riane Eisler's 1137:Alexander the Great 1097:ancient Macedonians 1084:of ancient Israel. 1074:Sun Language Theory 761:Worlds in Collision 756:Immanuel Velikovsky 651:slavery reparations 566:Stratford-upon-Avon 562:William Shakespeare 538:William of Newburgh 332:Robert Todd Carroll 208:conspiracy theories 167:. The related term 165:historical research 5975:Skeptical Inquirer 5874:Paul Joseph Watson 5849:Hans Alfred Nieper 5687:Statement analysis 5637:Intelligent design 5512:Reactionless drive 5346:Conversion therapy 5294:Ancient astronauts 5181:Leaky gut syndrome 5161:HIV/AIDS denialism 4916:Cargo cult science 4852:from the American 4359:The New York Times 4208:. Atlantic Books. 4010:Jesus Now and Then 3855:Center for Inquiry 3850:Skeptical Inquirer 3700:Brown, Donald E., 3669:Goldberg, Steven, 3610:, pp. 149–151 3534:The New York Times 3502:The New York Times 3303:Palgrave Macmillan 2879:Public Archaeology 2862:Tonkin, S., 2003, 2851:Public Archaeology 2764:10.1353/hsp.0.0067 2062:Ellis, Joseph J. 1450:Christ myth theory 1444:Christ Myth Theory 1412:Mufti of Jerusalem 1404:Benjamin Netanyahu 1204:ideology by 1974. 1187:National Communist 1169:was the origin of 1115:, which ruled the 1055:Germanic mysticism 1051:Hindu nationalists 1029:National mysticism 983:in particular and 907: 855:Christopher Knight 810:television series 801:Sumerian mythology 751:Ancient astronauts 671:national histories 635:white supremacists 627:Irish nationalists 512: 288:pseudo-scholarship 117:American Civil War 67:Operation Reinhard 6026: 6025: 5937:Cults of Unreason 5910:Scientific method 5839:Ministry of Ayush 5784:Nicholas Gonzalez 5710: 5709: 5647:Law of attraction 5627:Flat Earth theory 5507:Quantum mysticism 5447:Scientific racism 5403:Pseudoarchaeology 5309:Conspiracy theory 5007:characterized as 4951:Pseudomathematics 4941:Pseudoarchaeology 4845:The Hall of Ma'at 4735:on 27 April 2019. 4614:978-0-500-28634-0 4495:978-0-313-37919-2 4472:Feder, Kenneth L. 4457:978-0-19-974107-6 4389:978-1-59315-273-4 4282:. Robert Laffont. 4215:978-1-84354-675-7 4136:978-0-8028-4368-5 4109:978-1-57607-856-3 4082:978-0-664-25703-3 4051:978-0-521-04460-8 4036:, 2012, Chapter 1 3941:978-0-06-207863-6 3857:. pp. 44–47. 3475:Коста Църнушанов 2543:978-0-231-50970-1 2513:Missing or empty 2132:978-1-85828-248-0 2052:978-1-86064-973-8 1941:978-0-520-26098-6 1911:978-1-86189-430-4 1732:978-0-7735-9720-4 1701:978-0-674038-59-2 1559:, a contemporary 1539:claimed that the 1507:The Da Vinci Code 1344:A Sheaf of Papers 1320:African Americans 1231:. Anthropologist 1101:main ethnic group 1086:British-Israelism 1047:Indigenous Aryans 1005:Assyrian genocide 1001:Armenian genocide 837:Egyptian pyramids 789:Zechariah Sitchin 779:Erich von Däniken 772:Earth in Upheaval 730:Pseudoarchaeology 725:Pseudoarchaeology 688:in the 1984 work 639:African Americans 619:enslaved Africans 611:Irish slaves myth 590:" advocates, and 439:Pseudoarchaeology 382:conspiracy theory 243:Irish slaves myth 235:British Israelism 185:pseudoarchaeology 161:historical record 157:pseudoscholarship 54:Sonderaktion 1005 33:Alternate history 16:(Redirected from 6061: 5879:Andrew Wakefield 5580:Creation science 5539:Water-fueled car 5501:Perpetual motion 5423:Holocaust denial 5393:Nibiru cataclysm 5388:Nazi archaeology 5191:Macrobiotic diet 5014: 5013: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4863: 4862: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4805:. 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Fritze 678:Holocaust denial 592:Neo-Confederates 255:Holocaust denial 130: 96: 71:Holocaust denial 65:committed under 49: 21: 18:Pseudohistorical 6069: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6022: 5919: 5895:Bogdanov affair 5883: 5863:Claude Vorilhon 5749:Robert Charroux 5724:Sucharit Bhakdi 5716: 5706: 5543: 5473: 5413:Genocide denial 5378:Japhetic theory 5373:Indigo children 5289:2012 phenomenon 5277: 5221:Patent medicine 5141:Energy medicine 5114:Colon cleansing 5099:Crystal healing 5034:Adrenal fatigue 5008: 5006: 4999: 4904: 4895: 4890: 4826: 4821: 4812: 4810: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4744: 4740: 4729:Hindustan Times 4723: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4669: 4660: 4628: 4621: 4615: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4565: 4556: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4404:Fagan, Brian M. 4401: 4397: 4390: 4370: 4366: 4351: 4342: 4335: 4321: 4317: 4306: 4302: 4291: 4287: 4276: 4272: 4261: 4246: 4242: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4200: 4196: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4061: 4057: 4044: 4040: 4028: 4024: 4003: 3999: 3975: 3971: 3953:Robert M. Price 3951: 3947: 3927: 3923: 3914: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3887: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3862: 3845: 3841: 3828: 3824: 3811: 3807: 3794: 3790: 3775: 3762: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3732: 3728: 3715: 3708: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3625:George Pruteanu 3619: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3591: 3587: 3577: 3575: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3536:. New York City 3524: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3504:. 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594:argue that the 550: 491: 463:Anatoly Fomenko 457:An alternative 455: 450: 448:Main categories 441: 431: 404:Nicolas Poussin 394:, the medieval 392:Knights Templar 329: 327:Characteristics 316:Michael Shermer 279: 150: 149: 148: 147: 146: 131: 122: 121: 120: 97: 88: 87: 86: 50: 39: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6067: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6013: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5888:Related topics 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5869:Randolph Stone 5866: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5844:Theodor Morell 5841: 5836: 5834:Joseph Mercola 5831: 5829:Jenny McCarthy 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5794:Graham Hancock 5791: 5789:Goop (company) 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5764:Vernon Coleman 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 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